Complete Crime Scene Investigation Workbook

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Complete Crime Scene Investigation Workbook BAXTER, JR. BAXTER, FORENSICS & CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMPLETE COMPLETE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION COMPLETE CRIME SCENE WORKBOOK This specially developed workbook can be used in conjunction with the Complete Crime Scene Investigation Handbook (ISBN: 978-1-4987-0144-0) in group training environments, or for individuals looking for independent, step-by-step self-study INVESTIGATION guide. It presents an abridged version of the Handbook, supplying both students and professionals with the most critical points CRIME SCENE and extensive hands-on exercises for skill enhancement. Filled with more than 350 full-color images, the Complete Crime WORKBOOK Scene Investigation Workbook walks readers through self-tests and exercises they can perform to practice and improve their documentation, collection, and processing techniques. Most experienced crime scene investigators will tell you that it is virtually impossible to be an expert in every aspect of crime scene investigations. If you begin to “specialize” too soon, you risk not becoming a well-rounded crime scene investigator. INVESTIGATION Establishing a complete foundation to the topic, the exercises in this workbook reinforce the concepts presented in the Handbook with a practical, real-world application. As a crime scene investigator, reports need to be more descriptive than they are at the patrol officer level. This workbook provides a range of scenarios around which to coordinate multiple exercises and lab examples, and space is included to write descriptions of observations. The book also supplies step-by-step, fully illustrative photographs of crime scene procedures, protocols, and evidence collection and testing techniques. WORKBOOK This lab exercise workbook is ideal for use in conjunction with the Handbook, both in group training settings, as well as a stand-alone workbook for individuals looking for hands-on self-study. It is a must-have resource for crime scene technicians, investigators, and professionals who want a complete manual of crime scene collection and processing techniques. K24564 EVERETT BAXTER, JR. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com K24564_cover8.5soft.indd 1 4/16/15 2:03 PM COMPLETE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION WORKBOOK COMPLETE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION WORKBOOK EVERETT BAXTER, JR. Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150413 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0143-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................................xix About the Author .......................................................................................................................................................................xxi Course Format .........................................................................................................................................................................xxiii ISO/ IEC ..............................................................................................................................................................xxiii SWG ...................................................................................................................................................................xxiii Student Input ............................................................................................................................................................................. xxv SECTION I Introduction Chapter 1 The Investigative Team ........................................................................................................................................... 3 The Initial Responding Officer ............................................................................................................................... 3 Natural Boundary ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Artificial Boundary ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Start a Crime Scene Log .................................................................................................................................... 3 The Crime Scene Investigator ................................................................................................................................. 3 Goals of the Crime Scene Investigator ............................................................................................................... 4 The Detective .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 The Analyst ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 The Prosecutor ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 The Defense Attorney ............................................................................................................................................. 5 The Crime Scene Analyst/ Reconstructionist .......................................................................................................... 5 Exercises .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Exercise 1.1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Exercise 1.2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Exercise 1.3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Exercise 1.4 ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Exercise 1.5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Exercise 1.6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Exercise 1.7 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2 Forensic Search and Seizure ................................................................................................................................... 9 Do We Have the Right to Be at the Scene? ............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Testing the Capability of Close-Range Photogrammetry to Document Outdoor Forensic Scenes with Skeletal Remains Using Mock Scenarios
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2018 Testing the Capability of Close-Range Photogrammetry to Document Outdoor Forensic Scenes With Skeletal Remains Using Mock Scenarios Kevin Gidusko University of Central Florida Part of the Anthropology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Gidusko, Kevin, "Testing the Capability of Close-Range Photogrammetry to Document Outdoor Forensic Scenes With Skeletal Remains Using Mock Scenarios" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6026. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6026 TESTING THE CAPABILITY OF CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO DOCUMENT OUTDOOR FORENSIC SCENES WITH SKELETAL REMAINS USING MOCK SCENARIOS by KEVIN A. GIDUSKO BA Anthropology University of Central Florida, 2011 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2018 Major Professor: John J. Schultz © 2018 Kevin A. Gidusko ii ABSTRACT More rigorous methodological protocols are needed to document outdoor forensic scenes containing skeletal remains. However, law enforcement protocols rarely provide specific guidelines for processing these scenes. Regardless, the need to preserve contextual information at crime scenes is of paramount importance and it is worth exploring new technological applications that will allow for better documentation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role and Impact of Forensic Evidence in the Criminal Justice System, Final Report
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Role and Impact of Forensic Evidence in the Criminal Justice System, Final Report Author: Tom McEwen, Ph.D. Document No.: 236474 Date Received: November 2011 Award Number: 2006-DN-BX-0095 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. 1219 Prince Street, Suite 2 Alexandria, Virginia Phone: 703-684-5300 The Role and Impact of Forensic Evidence in the Criminal Justice System Final Report December 13, 2010 Prepared by Tom McEwen, PhD Prepared for National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs U.S. Department of Justice This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Scene Investigation
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Crime Scene Investigation A Guide for Law Enforcement research report U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General Daniel Marcus Acting Associate Attorney General Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General Noël Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice Department of Justice Response Center 800–421–6770 Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij Cover photograph of man on the ground by Corbis Images. Other cover photographs copyright © 1999 PhotoDisc, Inc. Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement Written and Approved by the Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation January 2000 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis, J.D. Director Richard M. Rau, Ph.D. Project Monitor Opinions or points of view expressed in this document are a consensus of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 178280 The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Jus- tice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. Message From the Attorney General ctions taken at the outset of an investigation at a crime scene can Aplay a pivotal role in the resolution of a case.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Study of Alternate Light Sources January 2018 January 2018 Sq
    Landscape Study of Alternate Light Sources January 2018 January 2018 sq FTCoE Contact: Landscape Study of Jeri Ropero-Miller, PhD, F-ABFT Director, FTCoE Alternate Light Sources [email protected] NIJ Contact: Gerald LaPorte, MSFS Director, Office of Investigative and Forensic Sciences [email protected] 0 Landscape Study of Alternate Light Sources January 2018 Technical Contacts Rebecca Shute, MS [email protected] Ashley Cochran, MS [email protected] Richard Satcher, MS, MBA [email protected] Acknowledgments We would like to offer our sincerest thanks to Heidi Nichols, CFPH and Detective Sergeant Kyle King, who have provided guidance throughout the development of this report and have ensured accuracy and objectivity. Ms. Nichols graciously provided photos for this report to demonstrate the use of ALS in a forensic setting. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Antonio Cantu for his thoughtful review of this landscape report and for providing valuable feedback, which we believe strengthens the report. Dr. Cantu was the chief forensic scientist for the U.S. Secret Service until he retired in 2007. Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of DOJ. This publication must be reproduced and distributed in its entirety, and may not be altered or edited in any way. Citation of the source is appreciated. Electronic copies of this publication can be downloaded from the FTCoE website at http://www.forensiccoe.org/.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Scene Investigation
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Crime Scene Investigation A Guide for Law Enforcement research report U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General Daniel Marcus Acting Associate Attorney General Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General Noël Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice Department of Justice Response Center 800–421–6770 Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij Cover photograph of man on the ground by Corbis Images. Other cover photographs copyright © 1999 PhotoDisc, Inc. Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement Written and Approved by the Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation January 2000 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis, J.D. Director Richard M. Rau, Ph.D. Project Monitor This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or criminal. Opinions or points of view expressed in this document are a consensus of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 178280 The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Jus- tice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT the Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging Was
    ABSTRACT The Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging was launched in 2013 with the aim to collate the literature and demonstrate high-quality case studies on image-based modalities across the forensic sciences. Largely, the focus of this journal has been on the transmissive aspect of forensic imaging, and therefore a significant number of high-quality case studies have been published focusing on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. As a result, the ‘and imaging’ aspect is often neglected. Since 2013, technology has fundamentally evolved, and a number of new techniques have become accessible or have been demonstrated as particularly useful within many sub-disciplines of forensic science. These include active and passive surface scanning techniques, and the availability of three-dimensional printing. Therefore, this article discusses non-contact techniques, their applications, advantages, and considerations on the current state of play of imaging in forensic science. HIGHLIGHTS • We discuss the application of 3D imaging within the context of forensic science. • We highlight the available documentation techniques assessing their advantages and disadvantages. • This article provides several recommendations for future best practice. 1. Introduction In 2013, the Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging (JOFRI) was launched to help collate the literature on imaging-based modalities across the forensic sciences. This was achieved by presenting high-quality case studies and specialist reviews with the underlying theme of non- invasive documentation techniques. Arguably, the use of imaging techniques within this discipline and the development of this journal was instigated by the large amount of research undertaken on virtual autopsies. However, now five years on, the use of imaging has rapidly developed across many sub-disciplines within the forensic sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime-Scene-Technician-Curriculum-Guide
    © A Curriculum Guide for Contextualized Instruction in Workforce Readiness Crime Scene Technician The Literacy Institute at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Adult Learning Resource Center 3600 W Broad St. Ste 112 Richmond, VA 23230 www.valrc.org Southwest Virginia Community College 724 Community College Road Cedar Bluff, VA 24609 1 www.pluggedinva.com This work by Virginia Commonwealth University is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. PluggedInVA© is a project of the Virginia Adult Learning Resource Center at Virginia Commonwealth University. PluggedInVA© has received funds from the Governor's Productivity Investment Fund, The Chancellor's Elearning Enhancement & Development Grant, the Virginia Department of Education Office of Adult Education & Literacy, the Virginia Community College System, the Virginia Employment Commission, and the Department of Labor. This curriculum guide was developed as part of a Department of Labor Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training grant to Southwest Virginia Community College. 2 October, 2013 Table of Contents I. PluggedInVA Introduction and Project Rationale II. PluggedInVA Curriculum Framework III. Instructional Schedules Monthly Objectives Weekly Instructional Template IV. Capstone Project Project Description Project Planning Template V. Instructional Approaches and Strategies VI. Materials and Resources Appendices i. Sample Instructional Activities ii. College Survival Resources iii. Online Collaboration Tool Example v. Phlebotomy Classroom Activities and Resources A. Career Assessment B. Ethics and Justice C. Mythbusting in Forensic Science D. What is Leadership? And What is Its Value? Information about the PluggedInVA project, including resources for planning and implementation, are available on the PluggedInVA website. 3 I. Introduction PluggedInVA is a career pathways program that prepares adult learners with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in postsecondary education, training, and high-demand, high-wage careers in the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • NFSTC Crime Scene Investigation Guide
    2013 Crime Scene Investigation A Guide For Law Enforcement Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION A Guide for Law Enforcement Crime Scene Investigation A Guide for Law Enforcement September 2013 Original guide developed and approved by the Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation, January 2000. Updated guide developed and approved by the Review Committee, September 2012. Project Director: Kevin Lothridge Project Manager: Frank Fitzpatrick National Forensic Science Technology Center 7881 114th Avenue North Largo, FL 33773 www.nfstc.org i CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION A Guide for Law Enforcement Revision of this guide was conducted by the National Forensic Science Technology Center (NFSTC), supported under cooperative agreements 2009-D1-BX-K028 and 2010-DD-BX-K009 by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, and 2007-MU-BX-K008 by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter, civil or criminal. Opinions or points of view expressed in this document represent a consensus of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. www.nfstc.org ii CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION A Guide for Law Enforcement Contents A. Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/ Prioritization of Efforts ................................. 1 1. Initial Response/ Receipt of Information .......................................................................... 1 2. Safety Procedures ................................................................................................................... 2 3. Emergency Care ...................................................................................................................... 2 4. Secure and Control Persons at the Scene ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation
    Avens Publishing Group JInvi Forensicting Innova Investigationtions Open Access Review Article September 2013 Vol.:1, Issue:2 © All rights are reserved by Lee et al. Forensic Evidence and Crime Journal of Forensic Scene Investigation Investigation Introduction Henry C. Lee1* and Elaine M. Pagliaro2 Contemporary law enforcement has greatly expanded its ability 1Distinguished Professor, University of New Haven; Founder, Henry to solve crimes by the adoption of forensic techniques and procedures C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science, USA [1]. Today, crimes often can be solved by detailed examination of 2Henry C. Lee Institute, University of New Haven, USA the crime scene and analysis of forensic evidence [2]. The work of Address for Correspondence forensic scientists is not only crucial in criminal investigations and Henry C. Lee , Ph.D., Distinguished Professor, University of New Haven, prosecutions, but is also vital in civil litigations, major man-made Founder, Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science, USA, Tel: 203-479- and natural disasters, and the investigation of global crimes. The 4594; Fax: 203-931-6074; E-mail: [email protected] success of the analysis of the forensic evidence is based upon a system Submission: 10 August 2013 that emphasizes teamwork, advanced investigative skills and tools Accepted: 11 September 2013 Published: 13 September 2013 (such as GPS positioning, cell phone tracking, video image analysis, artificial intelligence and data mining), and the ability to process a crime scene properly by recognizing, collecting and preserving all reconstruction of the crime scene [9]. Even in agencies where the relevant physical evidence [3]. crime scene tasks are assigned by levels, all personnel working a crime Recognition of physical evidence is a vital step in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Scene Investigation
    2013 Crime Scene Investigation A Guide For Law Enforcement Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION A Guide for Law Enforcement Crime Scene Investigation A Guide for Law Enforcement September 2013 Original guide developed and approved by the Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation, January 2000. Updated guide developed and approved by the Review Committee, September 2012. Project Director: Kevin Lothridge Project Manager: Frank Fitzpatrick National Forensic Science Technology Center 7881 114th Avenue North Largo, FL 33773 www.nfstc.org i CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION A Guide for Law Enforcement Revision of this guide was conducted by the National Forensic Science Technology Center (NFSTC), supported under cooperative agreements 2009-D1-BX-K028 and 2010-DD-BX-K009 by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, and 2007-MU-BX-K008 by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter, civil or criminal. Opinions or points of view expressed in this document represent a consensus of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. www.nfstc.org ii CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION A Guide for Law Enforcement Contents A. Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/ Prioritization of Efforts ................................. 1 1. Initial Response/ Receipt of Information .......................................................................... 1 2. Safety Procedures ................................................................................................................... 2 3. Emergency Care ...................................................................................................................... 2 4. Secure and Control Persons at the Scene ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Science 1 Forensic Science
    Forensic science 1 Forensic science "Forensics" redirects here. For other uses, see Forensics (disambiguation). Forensic science Physiological sciences • Forensic anthropology • Forensic archaeology • Forensic odontology • Forensic entomology • Forensic pathology • Forensic botany • Forensic biology • DNA profiling • Bloodstain pattern analysis • Forensic chemistry • Forensic osteology Social sciences • Forensic psychology • Forensic psychiatry Forensic criminalistics • Ballistics • Ballistic fingerprinting • Body identification • Fingerprint analysis • Forensic accounting • Forensic arts • Forensic footwear evidence • Forensic toxicology • Gloveprint analysis • Palmprint analysis • Questioned document examination • Vein matching Digital forensics • Computer forensics • Forensic data analysis • Database forensics • Mobile device forensics • Network forensics • Forensic video • Forensic audio Related disciplines • Fire investigation Forensic science 2 • Fire accelerant detection • Forensic engineering • Forensic linguistics • Forensic materials engineering • Forensic polymer engineering • Forensic statistics • Forensic taphonomy • Vehicular accident reconstruction People • William M. Bass • George W. Gill • Richard Jantz • Edmond Locard • Douglas W. Owsley • Werner Spitz • Auguste Ambroise Tardieu • Juan Vucetich Related articles • Crime scene • CSI effect • Perry Mason syndrome • Pollen calendar • Skid mark • Trace evidence • Use of DNA in forensic entomology • v • t [1] • e Forensic science is the scientific method of gathering and examining
    [Show full text]
  • A Short Note on Forensic Science
    A SHORT NOTE ON FORENSIC SCIENCE - Yash Vardhan Singh Definition of Forensic Science Forensic science is the application of natural sciences to matters of the law. In practice, forensic science draws upon physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific principles and methods. Forensic science is concerned with the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence. Forensic scientists present their findings as expert witnesses in the court of law. The word “forensic” means “pertaining to the law”; forensic science resolves legal issues by applying scientific principles to them. Forensic Science is the application of the methods and techniques of the basic sciences to legal issues. As you can imagine Forensic Science is a very broad field of study. Crime Laboratory Scientists, sometimes called Forensic Scientists or, more properly, Criminalists, work with physical evidence collected at scenes of crimes. Forensic science is the scientific analysis and documentation of evidence suitable for legal proceedings. Many people have heard the term “forensics” used to describe school debate clubs. There is a similarity between these two forms of the word. In academic forensics, political or other issues are debated between two teams using a logical approach, and likewise in forensic science the debate (or comparison) is between the physical evidence and the known or suspected circumstances about an event. The word forensic comes from the Latin adjective forensis, meaning "of or before the forum." In Roman times, a criminal charge meant presenting the case before a group of public individuals in the forum. Both the person accused of the crime and the accuser would give speeches based on their side of the story.
    [Show full text]