The Maru: the Divine "Viewing Place" in the New Kingdom and Greco - Roman Sources Ahmed A
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An Analysis of Egypt's Foreign Policy During the Saite Period
AN ANALYSIS OF EGYPT'S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE SAITE PERIOD by JULIEN BOAST A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MPHIL(B) in EGYPTOLOGY Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham September 2006 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This study consists of an analysis of Egyptian foreign policy during the Saite period (including the reign of Necho I), and also briefly examines the actions of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in order to establish the correct context. Despite the large gaps in the historical record during this period, judicious use of sources from a number of different cultures allows the historian to attempt to reconstruct the actions of the time, and to discuss possible motivations for them, seeking to identify concerns linking the foreign policy of all the Saite kings. Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council, whose support has been vital in the undertaking of this study. I would also like to thank Dr. -
Insights Into a Translucent Name Bead*
INSIGHTS INTO A TRANSLUCENT NAME BEAD* [PLANCHES XIII-XIV] BY PETER PAMMINGER Institut für Ägyptologie der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Saarstr. 21 (Campus) D-55099 MAINZ Recently, while visiting a private collection in Belgium, I became aware of a rock- crystal bead of quite distinctive qualities, which might once have belonged to the royal entourage of the 25th dynasty King Piye. The object was acquired not long ago on the art market, unfortunately without any proof of provenance. Its owner was kind enough to grant me permission to publish it. The bead itself (diameter 1.8 to 2.5 cm) has been drilled through (the hole 1.0 to 1.1 cm wide), embodying a sheet of gold in its core. One side of the surface being decorated with a raised cartouche bearing the inscription Mn-Ìpr-R{, the opposite side depicting a vulture1 who is carrying in each claw a symbol of {nÌ. Inbetween these two motives are situated two raised circular dots, each obviously representing a sun-disc (fig. + pl. XIII). * Abbreviations generally in accordance with Helck, W. und W. Westendorf (eds.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie (=LÄ), vol. VII, 1989, p. IX-XXXVIII. In addition: — RMT: Regio Museo di Torino. — Andrews, Jewellery I: C.A.R. Andrews, Jewellery I. From the Earliest Times to the Seventeenth Dynasty. Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum VI, 1981. — Hall, Royal Scarabs: H.R.(H.) Hall, Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, etc., in the British Museum. Vol. I: Royal Scarabs, 1913. — Jaeger, OBO SA 2: B. Jaeger, Essai de classification et datation des scarabées Menkhéperrê (OBO SA 2), 1982. -
The Gift of the Nile Egypt
Egypt The Gift of the Nile Egypt Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Nubia Early History • Pre-Dynastic • Cultural development from at least 5000 BC. • First hieroglyphic scripts date to ca. 3400 • First Dynastic Period • 1st Dynasty 3150 – 2125 BC • 2nd Dynasty 2925 – 2700 BC • An homogenous, distinct, Egyptian culture. • Afro Asiatic is the parent language of Semitic. Old Kingdom 2700 – 1552 BC: 3rd to 12th Dynasties • 3rd Dynasty 2700 – 2625 • Pyramid of Djoser at saqqara Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty 2625 – 2510 Pyramids at Giza Established the nomes system Giza Giza Giza Khufu Khafre Sphinx Menkaure Old Kingdom • 5th – 8th Dynasties • 2510 - 2180 • 9th – 10th Dynasties • 2180 – 2040 • 9th and 10th Dynasties, capital at Herakleopolis • 11th Dynasty capital at Thebes (Luxor) • Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Mentuhotep II: 2040. 10th and 11th Dynasties Sais Memphis 10th Dynasty capital at Herakleopolis Herakleopolis 11th Dynasty capital at Thebes Thebes (Luxor) Middle Kingdom • Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1991 • 12th Dynasty 1991 – 1783 • The Classical Period of Egyptian history • Ammenemes I 1991 – 1962 • Seized the throne from Mentuhotep IV. • Official court moved from Thebes to Memphis • Sesostris I 1971 – 1926 • Began construction of the temple complex at Karnak The 12th Dynasty ends in decades of internal competition such that the 13th and 14 Dynasties are lost to obscurity 12th Dynasty Sais Memphis 10th Dynasty capital at Herakleopolis Herakleopolis 11th Dynasty capital at Thebes Karnak Thebes Hyksos Period Sais Hyksos – Lower Egypt Memphis -
Clarity Chronology: Egypt's Chronology in Sync with the Holy Bible Eve Clarity, P1
Clarity Chronology: Egypt's chronology in sync with the Holy Bible Eve Clarity, p1 Clarity Chronology This Egyptian chronology is based upon the historically accurate facts in the Holy Bible which are supported by archaeological evidence and challenge many assumptions. A major breakthrough was recognizing Joseph and Moses lived during the reigns of several pharaohs, not just one. During the 18th dynasty in which Joseph and Moses lived, the average reign was about 15 years; and Joseph lived 110 years and Moses lived 120 years. The last third of Moses' life was during the 19th dynasty. Though Rameses II had a reign of 66 years, the average reign of the other pharaohs was only seven years. Biblical chronology is superior to traditional Egyptian chronology Joseph was born in 1745 BC during the reign of Tao II. Joseph was 17 when he was sold into slavery (1728 BC), which was during the reign of Ahmose I, for the historically accurate amount of 20 pieces of silver.1 Moses (1571-1451 BC) was born 250 years after the death of the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham. Moses lived in Egypt and wrote extensively about his conversations and interactions with the pharaoh of the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt; thus providing a primary source. The history of the Hebrews continued to be written by contemporaries for the next thousand years. These books (scrolls) were accurately copied and widely disseminated. The Dead Sea Scrolls contained 2,000 year old copies of every book of the Bible, except Esther, and the high accuracy of these copies to today's copies in original languages is truly astonishing. -
Terminology and Chronology
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Excerpt More Information CHAPTER ONE TERMINOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY he period 1078/6–664 bce is commonly known as the ‘Third TIntermediate Period’ (the Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty). The once unified government in the preceding Ramesside Period (Nineteenth to Twentieth Dynasty, 1295–1078/6 bce) was replaced by considerable political fragmentation in the Twenty-First Dynasty. The pharaohs now ruled from the north at Tanis, and a line of Theban High Priests of Amun (HPA) and army commanders controlled the south from Thebes. Alongside this shift of power was the re-emergence of local centres under the control of quasi-pharaohs and local Libyan, or warrior-class, chiefs, starting in the Twenty-Second Dynasty, and concurrently ruling from the mid-Twenty-Second Dynasty onwards. The warrior-chiefs were of the Meshwesh and Libu tribes that had gradually entered Egypt during the reigns of Ramesses II and Ramesses III as prisoners of war,1 and had subsequently been settled in the Delta and Middle Egypt.2 The demographic structure of Egypt also changed at this time as the incoming peoples integrated with the native Egyptian population. Egypt itself became a more politically inward-looking country, while its power hold over the Levant and Nubia was reduced.3 These factors had consequences for the structure of Egyptian society.4 This chapter begins by discussing how we have come to view relative chronological phases relating to the period after the New Kingdom, the origin of the term ‘Third Intermediate Period’, and the political and cultural climate in which the term was devised. -
THE ARCHAEOLOGY of ACHAEMENID RULE in EGYPT by Henry Preater Colburn a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requ
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ACHAEMENID RULE IN EGYPT by Henry Preater Colburn A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Art and Archaeology) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Margaret C. Root, Chair Associate Professor Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre, University of Colorado Professor Sharon C. Herbert Associate Professor Ian S. Moyer Professor Janet E. Richards Professor Terry G. Wilfong © Henry Preater Colburn All rights reserved 2014 For my family: Allison and Dick, Sam and Gabe, and Abbie ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was written under the auspices of the University of Michigan’s Interdepartmental Program in Classical Art and Archaeology (IPCAA), my academic home for the past seven years. I could not imagine writing it in any other intellectual setting. I am especially grateful to the members of my dissertation committee for their guidance, assistance, and enthusiasm throughout my graduate career. Since I first came to Michigan Margaret Root has been my mentor, advocate, and friend. Without her I could not have written this dissertation, or indeed anything worth reading. Beth Dusinberre, another friend and mentor, believed in my potential as a scholar well before any such belief was warranted. I am grateful to her for her unwavering support and advice. Ian Moyer put his broad historical and theoretical knowledge at my disposal, and he has helped me to understand the real potential of my work. Terry Wilfong answered innumerable questions about Egyptian religion and language, always with genuine interest and good humor. Janet Richards introduced me to Egyptian archaeology, both its study and its practice, and provided me with important opportunities for firsthand experience in Egypt. -
Political Memory in and After the Persian Empire Persian the After and Memory in Political
POLITICAL IN MEMORY AND AFTER THE PERSIAN EMPIRE At its height, the Persian Empire stretched from India to Libya, uniting the entire Near East under the rule of a single Great King for the rst time in history. Many groups in the area had long-lived traditions of indigenous kingship, but these were either abolished or adapted to t the new frame of universal Persian rule. is book explores the ways in which people from Rome, Egypt, Babylonia, Israel, and Iran interacted with kingship in the Persian Empire and how they remembered and reshaped their own indigenous traditions in response to these experiences. e contributors are Björn Anderson, Seth A. Bledsoe, Henry P. Colburn, Geert POLITICAL MEMORY De Breucker, Benedikt Eckhardt, Kiyan Foroutan, Lisbeth S. Fried, Olaf E. Kaper, Alesandr V. Makhlaiuk, Christine Mitchell, John P. Nielsen, Eduard Rung, Jason M. Silverman, Květa Smoláriková, R. J. van der Spek, Caroline Waerzeggers, IN AND AFTER THE Melanie Wasmuth, and Ian Douglas Wilson. JASON M. SILVERMAN is a postdoctoral researcher in the Faculty of eology PERSIAN EMPIRE at the University of Helsinki. He is the author of Persepolis and Jerusalem: Iranian In uence on the Apocalyptic Hermeneutic (T&T Clark) and the editor of Opening Heaven’s Floodgates: e Genesis Flood Narrative, Its Context and Reception (Gorgias). CAROLINE WAERZEGGERS is Associate Professor of Assyriology at Leiden University. She is the author of Marduk-rēmanni: Local Networks and Imperial Politics in Achaemenid Babylonia (Peeters) and e Ezida Temple of Borsippa: Priesthood, Cult, Archives (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten). Ancient Near East Monographs Monografías sobre el Antiguo Cercano Oriente Society of Biblical Literature Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente (UCA) Edited by Waerzeggers Electronic open access edition (ISBN 978-0-88414-089-4) available at Silverman Jason M. -
Late-Egyptian Chronology and the Hebrew Monarchy Critical Studies in Old Testament Mythology, I K
Late-Egyptian Chronology and the Hebrew Monarchy Critical Studies in Old Testament Mythology, I K. A. KITCHEN University of Liverpool In modern times, but at varying intervals, much scholarly attention has been devoted to the respective chronologies of Late-Period Egypt and the Hebrew Monarchy. A salient feature is that Kings and Chronicles contain a running series of datelines and data from which modern scholars can derive a chronology of the Hebrew Monarchy which, today, varies only within quite narrow limits1 -while from roughly 110011070 B.C., Late-Period Egypt before the Saites (that is, to 664 B.C.) appears, in contrast, as a period of obscurity, even confusion, with rival lines of little-known kings and seemingly very uncertain dates. However, by patiently collect ing, sifting, and setting in order not merely a handful of regnal dates from the monuments and Manetho, liberally sprinkled with conjecture, but a whole range of evidence (regnal dates; Manetho; genealogies of officials; Apis-bulls; changes in dating; etc.), it is possible to bring relatively close and coherent order into the entire epoch, and even to set quite narrow limits for the dates of its kings (21st to 25th Dynasties), the contemporaries of the Hebrew Monarchy. This task, the writer has attempted in some detail elsewhere;2 but it may be of service here to set out clearly and separately for biblical scholars some salient aspects having especial reference to Old Testament history that are even yet not properly grasped, despite warnings on the subject. [n particular, Old Testament scholars are sometimes prone to elevating theories into dogmas, and, even after conrrary facts have been made plain, are loth to give up their cherished idols and associated mythologies. -
Chart 33 Copyright 2004, 2016 by Charles N
Chronology of the Theban Conquest Chart 33 Copyright 2004, 2016 by Charles N. Pope Babylon www.DomainOfMan.com Assyria Standard Date Adjusted Date 606 BC Nebuchadrezzar 449 BC Sennacherib besieges Jerusalem chases Assur-uballit II for the second time and loses army Psusennes (Josiah) names 604 BC Psusennes II (Jehoiakim) co-regent 447 BC Persia Esar-haddon elected successor 603 BC 446 BC Death of Shebitku (Hezekiah) Necho kills Psusennes (Josiah) Cyrus I (Ariaramnes-Cyaxares) Succession of Taharqa (Tirhaka/Manasseh) and opposes Nebuchadrezzar dies on a distant battlefield Esarhaddon at the Brook of Egypt 602 BC Nebuchadrezzar at the Brook of Egypt 445 BC Sennacherib murdered by Sharezer Death of Nabopolassar Esar-haddon seeks oracle before attack on Ashkelon Esarhaddon sacks Sidon, 600 BC Nebuchadrezzar sacks Ashkelon 443 BC beheads its king Abdi-milkutti Jehoiakim pays tribute to Nebuchadrezzar Nebuchadrezzar (Sharezer) sacks Gaza Esarhaddon renovates Babylon 599 BC 442 BC Building of new Assyrian capital, Kar-Esarhaddon, through triubte of King Baal of Tyre, Manasseh of Judah, and kings of Byblos, Gaza & Ashdod 598 BC 441 BC Esarhaddon defeated in Egypt 597 BC Nebuchadrezzar defeated at Migdol 440 BC by Taharqa (Necho) by Necho; Necho takes Gaza Psamtik pays tribute to Scythians Taharqa reclaims Ashkelon Jehoiakim of Judah withholds tribute Psamtik captures Ashdod Crown Prince Assurbanipal seeks oracle 595 BC 438 BC regarding sending Nabu-sharru-user (Sharezer) to Phoenicia and Egypt Jehoiakim captured Cambyses I dies without heir Tyre -
Annotations to the Egyptian Descent in the Descents from Antiquity Charts†
2 Journal of Royal & Noble Genealogy Annotations To The Egyptian Descent In The Descents From Antiquity Charts† by Chris Bennett, PhD FSO n 1986, the Augustan Society published a 2. Teti-sheri (daughter), d. ca 1545 B.C., m. series of 31 charts, the Descents from Senakhtenre Tao I Antiquity (DfA) charts, which illustrated Tetisheri’s name (little Teti) suggests she was I possible descent paths from antiquity to the related to a noble family of this period in which present day. It was originally intended to issue the name Teti is prominent. Tetihemet, the annotations and a bibliography along with these nurse of queen Ahmes-Nefertari, Tetisheri’s charts. However, at about the same time the granddaughter, also came from this family. Society became aware of the similar efforts by While only fragments of the family genealogy the French researcher, Christian Settipani, which are traceable, and the details of Tetisheri’s were eventually published in 1991 as Nos connection are unknown, its existence is ancêtres de l’antiquité. Accordingly, preparation traceable from Teti son of Minhotep, an and publication of these parts of the DfA project opponent of king Nubkheperre Inyotef.2 were suspended in order to avoid duplication of The theory that Tetisheri married Ta’o I, effort. although of very long standing, is a pure guess, The first several charts of the DfA project give based solely on the facts that Ta’o I was possible descents from the late 17th dynasty of probably Ta’o II’s immediate predecessor and Egypt till the conquest of Egypt by the Persians. -
The Egyptian Expansion in the Near East in the Saite Period
Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences Review Article Open Access The Egyptian expansion in the near east in the saite period Abstract Volume 3 Issue 2 - 2018 The Saite foreign policy in the Near East in the seventh and sixth centuries BC is revisited, the Saite expansion into the region is reconsidered and the existence of Hussein Bassir Egyptian empire and the nature of Egypt’s presence at the time and interests in the Director of Antiquities Museum, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt region are discussed. Correspondence: Hussein Bassir, Director of Antiquities Keywords: Saite, psamtik, nekau, apries, amasis, levant, nubia, Cyprus, Egyptians, Museum, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt, Email Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, trade, diplomacy, warfare [email protected] Received: November 16, 2017 | Published: March 16, 2018 Introduction Nikkû, Sharru-lu-dari and Paqruru, the kings whom my father had established in Egypt, violated the oath of Assur and the great gods, my The Saite foreign policy is well documented in Egyptian, biblical, lords and broke their word. They forgot the good my father had done Assyrian, Babylonian and Classical resources. We use these primary to them and planned evil in their hearts. They spoke false words and resources to reconstruct the history of the region in the period. While they counseled each other in a counterproductive way. “If they chase some scholars suggest that Egypt established an empire in the Levant Tarqû out of Egypt, where shall we stay?” They sent their emissaries in the Saite Period, this article demonstrates that after the end of the to swear an oath of peace, saying: “We want to establish peace and be Egyptian empire in the Levant by the Late New Kingdom in ca. -
The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt Free
FREE THE PHARAOHS OF ANCIENT EGYPT PDF Elizabeth Payne | 192 pages | 04 Feb 2002 | Random House USA Inc | 9780394846996 | English | New York, United States 10 Facts About the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt – History Hit The pharaohs of ancient Egypt reigned supreme. They were regarded as both gods and political figures. The pharaohs inherited the crown through the royal bloodline where the king, the father, left the throne after his death to his eldest son. Countless pharaohs have ruled over Egypt making it one of the greatest civilizations ever. Not all The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt these played a key role in molding the great history of Egypt but the ones who did are marked out forever in this golden period of history. The pharaohs were so important to their people that they were compared to Egyptian gods such as Horus and Osiris with titles such as the Son of Re being used too. Their role was so much more than simply emperor, which led to their god-like status. Architects worked hard to provide protection for the tombs by constructing pyramids over them. Hatshepsut bags the title of the most successful female pharaoh to ascend the throne of Egypt. As the wife, daughter, and sister of a king, Hatshepsut not only shared the royal bloodline but also inherited the art of ruling from her royal family. Although the status of woman in ancient Egypt was high, female The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt were rare. It is believed that King Thutmose I wanted his daughter to inherit the throne. She accomplished a lot more The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt many other pharaohs could have done during their reign.