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156 65 Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade 156 SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE CANÇADO TRINDADE table of contents Paragraphs I. PROLEGOMENA 1 II. The Long- Standing United Nations Acknowledgment of, and Commitment to, the Fundamental Right to Self- Determination of Peoples 6 1. UN General Assembly resolutions during the 1950s 9 2. UN General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 1960 — Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and People 13 3. Successive UN General Assembly resolutions (1961-1966) in support of the Declaration on the Granting of Indepen- dence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 18 4. UN General Assembly resolution 2066 (XX) of 1965 on the “Question of Mauritius” 21 5. UN General Assembly resolutions (1966-1967) in support of the right of peoples to self- determination 23 6. UN General Assembly resolution 2621 (XXV) of 1970 on the programme of action for the full implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colo- nial Countries and Peoples 25 7. UN General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) of 1970 — Declaration on Principles of International Law concern- ing Friendly Relations and Co- operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations 27 III. Eradication of Colonialism: Projection in Time of the 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and of Successive UN General Assembly Resolutions 29 IV. The International Law of Decolonization as a Manifes- tation of the Humanization of Contemporary Interna- tional Law 38 65 8 Avis 1164.indb 126 25/02/20 11:14 156 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE CANÇADO TRINDADE [Traduction] table des matières Paragraphes I. Prolégomènes 1 II. La reconnaissance, dès la première heure, du droit fon- damental des peuples à l’autodétermination par l’ONU, qui s’est attachée à le faire respecter 6 1. Résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies dans les années 1950 9 2. Résolution 1514 (XV) de 1960 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies — déclaration sur l’octroi de l’indépendance aux pays et aux peuples coloniaux 13 3. Résolutions successives de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (1961-1966) à l’appui de la déclaration sur l’octroi de l’indépendance aux pays et aux peuples colo- niaux 18 4. Résolution 2066 (XX) de 1965 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies sur la « Question de l’île Maurice » 21 5. Résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (1966-1967) à l’appui du droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes 23 6. Résolution 2621 (XXV) de 1970 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies établissant un programme d’action pour l’application intégrale de la déclaration sur l’octroi de l’indépendance aux pays et aux peuples coloniaux 25 7. Résolution 2625 (XXV) de 1970 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies — Déclaration relative aux principes du droit international touchant les relations amicales et la coopération entre les Etats conformément à la Charte des Nations Unies 27 III. L’élimination du colonialisme : projection dans le temps de la déclaration sur l’octroi de l’indépendance aux pays et aux peuples coloniaux de 1960 et de résolutions successives de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies 29 IV. Le droit international de la décolonisation en tant que manifestation de l’humanisation du droit international contemporain 38 65 8 Avis 1164.indb 127 25/02/20 11:14 157 separation of the chagos (sep. op. cançado trindade) V. The Right to Self- Determination in the Two UN Cov- enants on Human Rights of 1966 56 1. Article 1 of the two UN Covenants on Human Rights of 1966 56 2. Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 12 (of 1984) on Article 1 of the Covenant(s) (right to self- determination of peoples) 60 3. Human Rights Committee, observations on reports by States parties to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, focusing on Chagos islanders 63 4. Human Rights Committee: additional considerations 65 VI. The Acknowledgment of the Right to Self-Determination in the Case Law of the International Court of Justice 69 VII. The Acknowledgement of the Right to Self- Determination by the II UN World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) 77 VIII. A Question from the Bench to all Delegations of Par- ticipants in the Oral Advisory Proceedings 87 IX. The Answers from Delegations of Participants in the Oral Advisory Proceedings 88 1. Answers from delegations 88 2. Comments on the answers 105 3. General assessment 112 X. The Fundamental Right to Self- Determination in the Domain of JUS COGENS 120 1. Early acknowledgement of jus cogens 120 2. Reassertions of jus cogens in the present advisory proceed- ings 129 XI. Criticism of the Insufficiencies in the ICJ’s Case Law relating to JUS COGENS 151 XII. OPINIO JURIS COMMUNIS and JUS COGENS: Conscience above the “Will” 170 1. Jus cogens: The existence of opinio juris communis 171 2. Recta ratio: Jus cogens and the primacy of conscience above the “will” 175 XIII. Rights of Peoples, beyond the Strict Inter-State Out- look 201 66 8 Avis 1164.indb 128 25/02/20 11:14 séparation des chagos (op. ind. cançado trindade) 157 V. Le droit à l’autodétermination dans les deux Pactes relatifs aux droits de l’homme des Nations Unies de 1966 56 1 Article premier des deux Pactes relatifs aux droits de l’homme des Nations Unies de 1966 56 2. Comité des droits de l’homme, observation générale 12 (de 1984) sur l’article premier des Pactes (droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes) 60 3. Comité des droits de l’homme, observations sur les rap- ports présentés par les Etats parties au Pacte relatif aux droits civils et politiques, axées sur les habitants de l’archipel des Chagos 63 4. Comité des droits de l’homme : considérations supplémen- taires 65 VI. La reconnaissance du droit à l’autodétermination dans la jurisprudence de la Cour internationale de Justice 69 VII. La reconnaissance du droit à l’autodétermination à la deuxième conférence mondiale sur les droits de l’homme (Vienne, 1993) 77 VIII. La question adressée par la Cour à toutes les déléga- tions de participants à la procédure consultative orale 87 IX. Les réponses des délégations de participants à la procé- dure consultative orale 88 1. Réponses des délégations 88 2. Observations sur les réponses 105 3. Evaluation générale 112 X. Le droit fondamental à l’autodétermination dans le domaine des normes impératives de droit international général 120 1. La reconnaissance précoce du jus cogens 120 2. La réaffirmation du jus cogens dans la présente procédure consultative 129 XI. Critique des lacunes de la jurisprudence de la Cour se rapportant au JUS COGENS 151 XII. L’OPINIO JURIS COMMUNIS et le JUS COGENS : prévalence de la conscience sur la « volonté » 170 1. Le jus cogens et l’existence de l’opinio juris communis 171 2. La recta ratio : le jus cogens et la prévalence de la con- science sur la « volonté » 175 XIII. Les droits des peuples au-delà de la stricte conception interétatique 201 66 8 Avis 1164.indb 129 25/02/20 11:14 158 separation of the chagos (sep. op. cançado trindade) XIV. Conditions of Living: The Long- Standing Tragedy of Imposed Human Suffering 218 XV. OPINIO JURIS COMMUNIS in UN General Assembly Reso- lutions 231 XVI. The Duty to Provide Reparations for Breaches of the Right of Peoples to Self- Determination 241 1. Temporal perspective 241 2. Reassertions of the duty to provide reparations in the present advisory proceedings 244 3. The indissoluble whole of breaches of the right and duty of prompt reparations 256 XVII. The Vindication of the Rights of Peoples, with Repara- tions, and the Mission of International Tribunals 263 XVIII. The Vindication of the Rights of Individuals and of Peoples and the Important Role of General Principles of Law in the Realization of Justice 287 XIX. Epilogue: A Recapitulation 305 67 8 Avis 1164.indb 130 25/02/20 11:14 séparation des chagos (op. ind. cançado trindade) 158 XIV. Les conditions de vie et la tragédie de longue date que constituent les souffrances infligées à l’être humain 218 XV. L’OPINIO JURIS COMMUNIS dans les résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies 231 XVI. Le devoir d’accorder réparation pour les violations du droit des peuples à l’autodétermination 241 1. La dimension temporelle 241 2. La réaffirmation du devoir d’accorder réparation dans la présente procédure consultative 244 3. Le tout indissoluble formé par la violation du droit et le devoir de prompte réparation 256 XVII. La mission des tribunaux internationaux dans la défense des droits des peuples et l’obtention de réparations 263 XVIII. La défense des droits des personnes et des peuples, et le rôle important des principes généraux du droit dans la réalisation de la justice 287 XIX. Épilogue : une récapitulation 305 67 8 Avis 1164.indb 131 25/02/20 11:14 159 separation of the chagos (sep. op. cançado trindade) I. PROLEGOMENA 1. I vote in support of the adoption today, 25 February 2019, of the present Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), on the Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, for concurring with the conclusions that the Court has reached, set forth in the dispositif. As I have come to such conclusions on the basis of a reasoning at times clearly distinct from that of the Court, and as there are some points which, in my understanding, either have not been sufficiently dealt with by the ICJ, or deserve more attention, and even relevant points which have not been considered at all by the Court, I thus feel obliged, in the present separate opinion, to dwell upon them and to lay on the records the foundations of my own personal position thereon.
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