The International Legal Regime of Submarine Cables: a Global Public Interest Regime

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The International Legal Regime of Submarine Cables: a Global Public Interest Regime THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME OF SUBMARINE CABLES: A GLOBAL PUBLIC INTEREST REGIME Daria Shvets TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2020 DIRECTORS DE LA TESI Dra. Marta Abegón Novella Dr. Angel Rodrigo Hernández Departament de Dret ABSTRACT This thesis, entitled The International Legal Regime Of Submarine Cables: A Global Public Interest Regime, aims to analyze the legal regime governing submarine cables, identify its deficiencies and examine how they might be addressed by international law. The main idea of this research is that modern legal regime of submarine cables is fragmented and incomprehensive and consequently requires substantial and institutional changes. The study consists of three sections: the first section is devoted to the legal nature of submarine cables as an object of regulation; the second section addresses current legal regime of submarine cables on several levels such as public international law, domestic law of states and private international law; the third section, consolidating the analysis made in two previous sections, presents suggestions on how the existing legal regime might be changed to provide better submarine cables governance. RESUMEN La presente tesis doctoral, que lleva por título El régimen jurídico internacional de los cables submarinos: un régimen de interés público global, tiene como objetivo analizar el régimen jurídico que rige los cables submarinos, identificar sus deficiencias y examinar cómo podrían ser abordados por el derecho internacional. La idea principal de esta investigación es que el régimen jurídico moderno de los cables submarinos es fragmentado e incompleto y, en consecuencia, requiere cambios sustanciales e institucionales. El estudio consta de tres secciones: la primera sección está dedicada a la naturaleza jurídica de los cables submarinos como objeto de regulación; la segunda sección aborda el régimen jurídico actual de los cables submarinos en varios niveles, como el Derecho internacional público, el derecho interno de los Estados y el Derecho internacional privado; la tercera sección, que consolida el análisis realizado en dos secciones anteriores, presenta sugerencias sobre cómo se podría cambiar el régimen jurídico existente para proporcionar una mejor gobernanza de los cables submarinos. RESUM Aquesta tesi, titulada El règim jurídic internacional de cables submarins: un règim d'interès públic global, pretén analitzar el règim jurídic que regula els cables submarins, identificar-ne les deficiències i examinar com poden abordar el dret internacional públic. La idea principal d'aquesta investigació és que el règim jurídic modern dels cables submarins està fragmentat i incomprensiu i, per tant, requereix canvis substancials i institucionals. L’estudi consta de tres seccions: la primera secció està dedicada a la naturalesa jurídica dels cables submarins com a objecte de regulació; la segona secció aborda el règim jurídic actual dels cables submarins a diversos nivells com el dret internacional públic, el dret intern dels estats i el dret internacional privat; la tercera secció, que consolida l’anàlisi feta en dos apartats anteriors, presenta suggeriments sobre com es pot canviar el règim jurídic existent per proporcionar una millor governança dels cables submarins. АННОТАЦИЯ Настоящая диссертационная работа под названием Международный правовой режим подводных кабелей: режим, регулирующий глобальный общественный интерес, имеет своей целью проведение анализа правового режима подводных кабелей, выявление его недостатков и разработку способов их решения в международном праве. Основная идея данного исследования заключается в том, что современный правовой режим подводных кабелей является фрагментированным и неполным и, следовательно, требует изменений в материальном праве, а также институциональных изменений. Исследование состоит из трех разделов: первый раздел посвящен правовой природе подводных кабелей как объекта регулирования; во втором разделе рассматривается текущий правовой режим подводных кабелей на нескольких уровнях, таких как публичное международное право, национальное право государств и международное частное право; в третьем разделе, обобщающем анализ, проведенный в двух предыдущих разделах, представлены предложения касающиеся изменения существующего правового режима для обеспечения надлежащего регулирования подводных кабелей. INDEX Page ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3 FIRST SECTION THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLES REGIME CHAPTER I. THE ABSENCE OF AN ACCEPTED DEFINITION OF A SUBMARINE CABLE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW A) DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMARINE CABLES .... 19 1. Types of submarine cables .................................................................................. 19 2. Differences between submarine cables and pipelines .................................... 21 a. Environmentally friendly laying process of submarine cables .......... 22 b. Quick integration into the marine environment .................................. 24 c. The impact on the marine environment after damage ....................... 24 B) CURRENTLY EXISTING DEFINITIONS OF A SUBMARINE CABLE .. 26 1. Definitions included in international law instruments ................................... 26 2. Definitions contained in national legislation ................................................... 28 a. Oman ........................................................................................................... 30 b. New Zealand .............................................................................................. 30 c. Australia ...................................................................................................... 32 d. China ........................................................................................................... 33 e. United States .............................................................................................. 34 3. General science definitions ................................................................................. 35 4. Non-scientific definitions .................................................................................... 37 5. Legal academic definitions .................................................................................. 38 C) TENTATIVE DEFINITION OF AN INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLE AND ITS CRITERIA ........................................................................................ 39 1. Submarine cable is laid underwater ................................................................... 39 2. Submarine cable includes telecommunications and power cables ............... 40 3. Submarine cable is laid in accordance with international law and in one the maritime zones established by it ........................................................................ 40 i CHAPTER II. THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME OF SUBMARINE CABLES AS A HYBRID REGIME A) THE VARIETY OF RELATIONS ON THE SUBJECT OF SUBMARINE CABLES ............................................................................................................................... 43 1. Diversity of maritime spaces .............................................................................. 44 2. Diversity of actors ................................................................................................ 45 a. States ............................................................................................................ 45 b. Companies .................................................................................................. 46 1) Legal nature ................................................................................... 47 i. Publicly owned companies ................................................... 47 ii. Privately owned companies ................................................ 48 iii. Companies of a mixed nature ........................................... 48 2) Corporate profile .......................................................................... 49 i. Legal forms .............................................................................. 49 ii. Amount of entities ............................................................... 50 iii. Main profiles of companies ............................................... 51 iv. Territorial affiliation ............................................................ 52 v. Business models ................................................................... 53 3. Diversity of applicable law .................................................................................. 54 B) SUBMARINE CABLES AS A MULTI-FACETED OBJECT OF REGULATION .................................................................................................................. 55 1. Plurality of interests relating to submarine cables .......................................... 55 a. Interests of states ...................................................................................... 55 1) Primary interests ........................................................................... 56 2) Subsequent interests ..................................................................... 56 i. Economic interests ............................................................... 57 ii. Environmental interests .................................................... 57 iii. Security interests ...............................................................
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