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New York Recentered Historical Studies of Urban America Edited by Lilia Fernández, Timothy J

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New York Recentered Historical Studies of Urban America Edited by Lilia Fernández, Timothy J New York Recentered Historical Studies of Urban America Edited by Lilia Fernández, Timothy J. Gilfoyle, Becky M. Nicolaides, and Amanda I. Seligman James R. Grossman, Editor Emeritus RECENT TITLES IN THE SERIES The Gateway to the Pacific: Japanese Americans and the Remaking of San Francisco Meredith Oda Bulls Markets: Chicago’s Basketball Business and the New Inequality Sean Dinces Newsprint Metropolis: City Papers and the Making of Modern Americans Julia Guarneri Evangelical Gotham: Religion and the Making of New York City, 1783– 1860 Kyle B. Roberts Crossing Parish Boundaries: Race, Sports, and Catholic Youth in Chicago, 1914– 1954 Timothy B. Neary The Fixers: Devolution, Development, and Civil Society in Newark, 1960– 1990 Julia Rabig Chicago’s Block Clubs: How Neighbors Shape the City Amanda I. Seligman The Lofts of SoHo: Gentrification, Art, and Industry in New York, 1950– 1980 Aaron Shkuda The Newark Frontier: Community Action in the Great Society Mark Krasovic Making the Unequal Metropolis: School Desegregation and Its Limits Ansley T. Erickson Confederate Cities: The Urban South during the Civil War Era Andrew L. Slap and Frank Towers, eds. A complete list of series titles is available on the University of Chicago Press website. New York Recentered Building the Metropolis from the Shore KARA MURPHY SCHLICHTING The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London PUBLICATION OF THIS BOOK HAS BEEN AIDED BY A GRANT FROM THE BEVINGTON FUND . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2019 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2019 Printed in the United States of America 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 61302- 4 (cloth) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 61316- 1 (e- book) DOI: https:// doi .org /10 .7208 /chicago /9780226613161 .001 .0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Schlichting, Kara Murphy, author. Title: New York recentered : building the metropolis from the shore / Kara Murphy Schlichting. Other titles: Historical studies of urban America. Description: Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press, 2019. | Series: Historical studies of urban America | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:LCCN 2018051008 | ISBN 9780226613024 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226613161 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: New York (N.Y.)—History. | City planning—New York (State)—New York—History—19th century. | City planning—New York (State)—New York— History—20th century. | Cities and towns—New York (State)—New York—Growth. | Urban ecology (Sociology)—New York (State)—New York—History. Classification:LLC F128.47.S35 2019 | DDC 974.7/1—dc23 LC rcord available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018051008 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48- 1992 (Permanence of Paper). This book is lovingly dedicated to my mother, Mary Murphy Schlichting Contents Introduction 1 1 Benefactor Planning: Barnum’s Bridgeport and Steinway’s Queens 15 2 Laying Out the Trans- Harlem City 48 3 Working- Class Leisure on the Upper East River and Sound 80 4 Designing a Coastal Playland around Long Island Sound 120 5 “They Shall Not Pass”: Opposition to Public Leisure and State Park Planning 158 6 “From Dumps to Glory”: Flushing Meadows and the New York World’s Fair of 1939– 1940 188 Epilogue: The Limits of the World of Tomorrow 221 Acknowledgments 233 Notes 237 Selected Bibliography 299 Index 309 Introduction [In t]his unified metropolis of the East— the greatest New York, if one may so call it . the overflowing of big towns toward each other must strike forcibly whoever travels observantly. the omni-present suburban villas, improved residential parks, beach properties, trolley car stations and clanging trolleys, telephone pay stations, newsboys hawking late editions of the metropolitan “yellows”— these assure the traveler that he has not left the city universe behind. It is the city of the future. — Frederick Coburn, “The Five- Hundred Mile City”1 Before F. Scott Fitzgerald’s famous 1925 novel The Great Gatsby was about a man, it was about a place. Fitzgerald’s original title was Among the Ash Heaps and Millionaires, which captured the diversity of the edge of greater New York City, a place of palatial estates but also a landscape of marshes, like Flushing Meadows, the site of the novel’s ash dump.2 Fitzgerald’s fic- tionalized account of New York’s wealthy in the Roaring Twenties unfolds in the real spaces of Manhattan and the borough of Queens, although East and West Egg were imaginary composites of Long Island’s exclusive North Shore. The ash heap of Flushing Meadows is also an introduction to the ecological fabric of the city’s environs. Shallow bays lined with extensive mudflats and salt marshes characterized greater New York’s coast, an envi- ronment that influenced not just Fitzgerald’s story but regional patterns of expansion and metropolitan development. In New York Recentered: Building the Metropolis from the Shore, I argue that the New York metropolis of today was built over a hundred years of development in the diverse spaces of its edge. If the skyscraper symbolizes Manhattan, the greater metropolis is cap- tured by a more subtle yet nevertheless equally salient feature— its coast. Focusing on this waterway as a place of connection rather than a boundary brings to light how environmental issues of the shore, topography, and ri- parian land-use patterns unified the region. Urban growth occurred in a discernible geographic region best identified as the coastal metropolitan 2 INTRODUCTION corridor. It includes the Bronx and Queens on the upper East River and the adjacent counties along the Sound. Westchester County in New York and Fairfield County in Connecticut form the Sound’s north shore. Queens and Nassau counties on Long Island form the opposite coast. I sometimes take a broader, county- level view that tracks inland but always with an eye to the specific environments and places of the coast. While New York has been studied extensively, the city merits a new look through the spaces of its environs. Regionally situated actors across greater New York directed much of the metropolis’s formation. Manhattan’s role as an economic engine and its concentrated wealth and population dominate histories of the city. This interest is logical, but the nineteenth- century city also has a rich history beyond Manhattan. The histories of the Bronx and Long Island, for example, tend to be told as twentieth- century stories, but their nineteenth- century evolutions are more than prequels to twentieth- century suburbanization, slum clearance, and urban decline. This book shifts the historical gaze from Manhattan to the city’s dynamic environs to reassess the avenues of power and engines of growth that shaped greater New York. This shift frees greater New York from two interconnected myths concerning the twentieth- century city. The first is the myth that urbanization is inherently unidirectional and linear, radiating outwards from an urban core. A foundation of this myth is that areas beyond the center city were undifferentiated and unimportant until they were “trans- formed” by suburbanization.3 The second is that professional planners and the powerful administrative center that Manhattan represented were solely responsible for shaping large- scale development. Even places that power brokers considered peripheral, in terms of both geography and con- sequence, had their own histories and planning. From City to Region In 1874 New York City, confined to Manhattan for two centuries, stretched beyond its island shores and annexed its first mainland territory. Annex- ation of southern Westchester County— the future South Bronx— initiated a transformative era of expansion that accelerated changes in urban form. In 1886 city reformer and early planner George Waring announced that ju- risdictional expansion combined with urbanization heralded a new type of city. While the city’s coastal environs had their own distinct history of de- velopment, they were increasingly knit into greater New York’s networks. Waring argued that “to limit [the city’s] population, its industries, and its INTRODUCTION 3 achievements to what we now find on Manhattan Island” was a misleading view of the city. Rather, “each great metropolis should be credited with the natural outgrowth of the original nucleus.”4 Waring identified metropolitan connectivity in the wider canvas of what became the five- borough city in 1898. Metropolises emerged nationwide in this period: Chicago became the premier city in the urban hierarchy of the Midwest, and Boston ma- tured as the hub of New England. New York led them all, becoming the nation’s chief city. At midcentury New York Harbor grew to be one of the world’s greatest industrial regions, and Manhattan Island was its epicenter. Commerce and industry crowded lower Manhattan’s business districts and its waterfront. Walt Whitman famously captured the vitality of the port at midcentury, ex- alting the busyness of “mast- hemm’d Manhattan” and the harbor churning with the wake of steamers, tugs, schooners, and sloops. In 1860 New York ranked first in the nation in the value of its manufacturers; its neighboring ports of Brooklyn and Newark, New Jersey, ranked fifth and sixth, respec- tively.5 New York led the nation’s sugar refining and garment industries, produced a third of its printing and publishing, and manufactured an array of machines, engines, and specialty goods. A vast network of advertising and merchandising firms, financial markets and credit facilities supported this prodigious manufacturing economy. New York’s economic supremacy attracted immigrants and American migrants; by 1850 over half a million people lived on the twenty-three- square- mile island.
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