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ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAER No. DC-55 Rock Creek Park Washington U&*=£> District of Columbia County T-TTTU.* District of Columbia ~DQ^

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ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAER No. DC-55 Rock Creek Park Washington U&*=£> District of Columbia County T-TTTU.* District of Columbia ~DQ^ ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAER No. DC-55 Rock Creek Park Washington U&*=£> District of Columbia County T-TTTU.* District of Columbia ~DQ^, PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C St. NW Washington, DC 20240 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAERNo.DC-55 LOCATION: Rock Creek Park is located in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. The park extends along the valley formed by Rock Creek from the National Zoo to the northwest corner of the District of Columbia and is roughly bordered by Oregon Avenue and Broad Branch Road on the west and Sixteenth Street, Colorado Avenue, and Adams Mill Road on the east. The total area of Rock Creek Park is 1,754.37 acres. The combined road mileage is 18.79 miles. CONSTRUCTION DATE: The development of the park road system can be divided into three successive phases: the initial development phases under the Board of Control of Rock Creek Park between 1897 and 1912, which resulted in the construction of Beach Drive, Glover Road, Morrow Drive, Ross Drive, Wise Road, and related bridges; the improvement and expansion of the park road system in the 1920s under the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, which included the construction of Bingham Drive, Sherrill Drive, and Joyce Road and the surfacing of outdated waterbound macadam pavements with penetration asphalt; and the renovation of the park road system by the National Park Service in the 1950s to accommodate the demands of modern motor traffic through more substantial roadbeds and pavements, modest realignments, new bridges and lighting fixtures, and underground drainage. The motor road in Piney Branch Parkway was constructed between 1933-1938. DESIGNER: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provided the primary technical expertise and leadership during the primary construction period prior to 1933, when the National Park Service took over responsibility for park management and the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads supplied engineering assistance. Key individuals associated with the development of the road system of Rock Creek Park included Capt. Lansing H. Beach, Lt. Col. Clarence O. Sherrill, and Maj. Ulysses S. Grant III of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Office of Public Buildings and Grounds landscape architects James G. Langdon and Irving Payne, who provided important design and evaluation services in the 1910s and 1920s; and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr, who served as a member of the Senate Park Commission and National Commission of Fine Arts and helped prepare important management plans and design guidelines for the park and parkway. ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAERNo.DC-55 (Page 2) PRESENT OWNER: National Park Service-National Capital Region, U.S. Department of the Interior PRESENT USE: The roads in Rock Creek Park provide access to the park's scenery and recreation features. Several of the roads, most notably Beach Drive and Piney Branch Parkway, also serve as important elements of the commuter traffic system of Washington, D.C. SIGNIFICANCE: Rock Creek Park was created in 1890 to preserve a large section of the wooded valley formed by Rock Creek as a "public park and pleasuring ground" for the nation's capital. Rock Creek Park is one of the largest "natural" urban parks in the United States and the only one owned and maintained by the federal government. The park road system was developed to afford access to the park's scenery and recreational areas and to provide opportunities for recreational driving. Rock Creek Park and its road system embody the classic principles of park development and park road design that played a prominent role in the development of the American urban landscape in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Several of the park's bridges are historically significant as pioneering American engineering accomplishments and outstanding examples of civic art. The park road system maintains a high degree of historical integrity despite considerable pressure to construct an express thoroughfare through the park in the 1950s. PROJECT INFORMATION: The documentation of the roads and bridges in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C, was undertaken as a multi-year joint effort of the Historic American Buildings Survey and the Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER), a combined division of the National Park Service, E. Blaine Cliver, chief. The project was sponsored by the Park Roads Program of the National Park Service, John Gingles, deputy chief, Engineering and Safety Services Division. Timothy Davis, an employee of the National Council of State Historic Preservation Officers working for HABS/HAER in 1996, wrote this overview of the park road system. Davis also wrote the related HABS report on Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway (HABS No. DC-697) in 1991/1992. Several teams of HABS/HAER historians and architects have prepared drawings and histories of individual bridges and related structures between 1988 and 1996. HABS photographer Jack Boucher and HAER photographer Jet Lowe made large format photographs of associated bridges. ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAERNo.DC-55 (Page 3) RELATED STRUCTURES DOCUMENTED BY HABS/HAER: HAERNo.DC-6 Connecticut Avenue Bridge (William H. Taft Bridge) HAERNo.DC-10 Shoreham Hill Bridge HAERNo.DC-U Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Bridge near P Street HAERNo. DC-12 Boulder Bridge HAERNo. DC-13 Ross Drive Bridge HAERNo. DC-14 Rapids Footbridge HAERNo. DC-15 Pinehurst Bridge HAERNo. DC-16 South Waterside Drive Overpass HAERNo. DC-17 Grant Road Bridge HAERNo. DC-18 Old Military Road Bridge HAERNo. DC-20 K Street Bridge HAERNo. DC-21 Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge HAERNo. DC-22 Massachusetts Avenue Bridge (Charles C. Glover Bridge) HAERNo. DC-23 Calvert Street Bridge (Duke Ellington Bridge) HAERNo. DC-24 Woodley Lane Bridge Abutment HAERNo. DC-25 Milkhouse Ford HAERNo. DC-26 Harvard Street Bridge, Old HAERNo. DC-27 Connecticut Avenue Bridge HAERNo. DC-28 Peirce Mill Bridge HAERNo. DC-29 Sixteenth Street Bridge HAERNo. DC-30 Morrow Drive Bridge HAERNo. DC-31 Rolling Meadow Footbridge HAERNo. DC-32 Riley Springs Footbridge HAERNo. DC-33 Bluffs Footbridge HAERNo. DC-34 Boundary Footbridge HAERNo. DC-35 Lyons Mill Footbridge (Devil's Chair Footbridge) HAERNo. DC-36 Saddle Club Footbridge (Shoreham Hill Footbridge) HAERNo. DC-37 M Street Bridge HAERNo. DC-38 Q Street Bridge (Dumbarton Bridge) HAERNo. DC-48 P Street Bridge HABS No. DC-14 Isaac Peirce House HABS No. DC-22 Peirce Mill HABS No. DC-168 Linnaean Hill HABS No. DC-571 Dumbarton Oaks Park HABS No. DC-697 Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway HABS No. DC-Ill National Zoological Park ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAERNo.DC-55 (Page 4) TABLE OF CONTENTS General Overview and Description 5 Beach Drive 6 Secondary Park Roads 13 Wise Road 13 Sherrill Drive 13 Bingham Drive 14 Joyce Road 14 Morrow Drive 15 Glover Road 15 Grant Road 16 Ross Drive 16 Miscellaneous Access Roads 17 Piney Branch Parkway 17 Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway 18 Context: Urban Parks in the Nineteenth Century 19 Origins of Rock Creek Park 22 Early Improvements to Rock Creek Park 35 The 1918 Olmsted Brothers Report 59 Road Construction in Rock Creek Park, 1919-1933 74 The National Park Service Takes Control: Rock Creek Park in the 1930s 83 Piney Branch Parkway 95 Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway 97 The Zoo Tunnel 106 Park Roads, Parkways, or Expressways? 110 The Proposed U.S. 240 Extension and the Capital Beltway 120 Major Park Road Improvements, 1945-1966 144 Rethinking Rock Creek Park: Accommodating Bicyclists and Forging a New Management Policy, 1966-1998 150 Illustrations 164 Sources Consulted 194 ROCK CREEK PARK ROAD SYSTEM HAERNo.DC-55 (Page 5) General Overview/Description Rock Creek Park is located in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. The park encompasses 1,754 acres of woodlands, clearings, recreation areas, roads, and assorted visitor and administration facilities. The park is roughly centered on the valley carved by Rock Creek, which winds for thirty-one miles from its origins in rural Montgomery County, Maryland to the Potomac River, which it enters between Georgetown and the Watergate apartment complex. In the nine-mile stretch between the Potomac waterfront and the District of Columbia boundary, where Rock Creek Park and Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway are located, the creek cleaves through the rocky strata of the piedmont physiographic region to create an attractively varied stream valley that ranges from picturesque rocky ravines to broader, gently sloping woodlands interspersed with occasional grassy clearings. Rock Creek Park was authorized by Congress in 1890 to preserve a relatively undeveloped area of farms and woodlands to serve as "a public park and pleasuring ground" for the nation's capital. The original reservation incorporated a number of existing farm roads, military traces, and public thoroughfares, but these roadways were not well-suited for providing access to the park's scenic features or supporting its function as a recreation area. Constructing a convenient and attractive road system was one of the primary concerns of early park administrators. Subsequent park managers focused on maintaining the road system, linking it more efficiently with the surrounding urban fabric, and trying to accommodate new technical demands introduced by the spread of automobile ownership and the growth of commuter suburbs. Current park managers continue to address these concerns while attempting to balance traditional
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