1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3089

emancipation in the worst possible form-far worse than if done by our DEATH OF REPRESENTATIVE JAMES BRECK PERKINS. own voluntary act, instead of being compelled to adopt it at the bidding of a dominant section whose interest and sympathy for them, and hos­ A message from the House of Representatives, by W. J. tility to us, would combine to reverse the present relations between the Browning, its Chief Clerk, communicated to the Senate the in­ two races in the South by raising the inferior to be the favored and superior and sinking the superior to be the inferior and despised. telligence of the death of Hon. JAMES BRECK PERKINS, late a Representative from the State of New York, and transmitted The horrors of reconstruction, the alienation of the races, the resolutions of the House thereon. intensifying 'Of the natural antipathy, the long weary years of The message also announced that the Speaker of the House humiliation and suffering attest his prophetic power. had appointed Mr. PAYNE, l\Ir. FITZGERALD, l\Ir. ALEXANDER of That he foresaw the result of these false principles introduced New York, l\Ir. FORNES, Mr. CALDER, l\Ir. FASSETT, l\Ir. CoNRY, into our real life is marvelously revealed in the facts of to-day. l\Ir. MICHA.EL E. DRISCOLL, 1\fr. PARSONS, Mr. DANIEL A. DBIS- I In speaking on the question of a protective tariff, in 1842, in COLL, l\Ir. GOULDEN, Mr. COCKS of New York, Mr. FOSTER of Ver­ reference to the tariff, he said : mont, Mr. HowARD, l\Ir. WooD of New Jersey, l\Ir. HITCHCOCK, The question in what manner the loss and gain of the system dis­ l\Ir. DENBY, l\Ir. LowDEN, Mr. FERRIS, and Mr. EDWARDS of Geor­ tribute themselves among several classes of society is intimately con­ gia members of the committee on the part of the House to nected with that of their distribution among the several sections. attend the funeral. Few subjects present more important points for considerntion. No system can be more efficient to rear up a monied aristocracy. Its The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Chair lays before the Senate tendency is to make the poor poorer and the rich richer. Heretofore resolutions of the House of Representatives, which will be read. in our country this tendency has displayed itself principally in its The Secretary read as follows : efforts as regards the di1ferent sections. But the time will come when It will produce the same results between the several classes in the House resolution 496. manufacturing States. After we are exhaui:;ted the contest will be Resol'l:ed, That the House has heard with profound sorrow of the between capital and operatives, for into these two classes it must, death of Hon. JAMES BRECK PERKINS, late a Representative from the ultimately, divide society. State of New York. · Resolved, That the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House be authorized and directed to take charge of the body of the deceased, and to make such Do the strikes, labor troubles that ha\e convulsed our in­ arrangements as may be necessary for the funeral, and that the neces­ dustrial life from time to time since this remarkable declara­ sary expenses in connection therewith be paid out of the contingent tion, and of which we are having a fearful example just now fund of the House. in a neighboring State and city, attest the wisdom and pro­ Resol,,;ed, That a committee of this House consisting of 20 Members be appointed to attend his funeral. , phetic power of this statesman and patriot? Was he not in Resol>Ved, That the Clerk communicate these resolutions to the Senate the highest sense a patriot and a statesman when pleading for and transmit a copy thereof to the family of the deceased. the defeat of an act which, once incorporated into law, he fore­ :Mr. DEPEW. Mr. President, I offer the resolutions I send ·to saw would grow into that gigantic abuse which would lead to the desk. the disasters that have followed? The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Senator from New York sub- In the light of the legislation and the discussions incident mits resolutions which will be read. · thereto that occupied the first half of the present Congress, I The Secretary read the resolutions (S. Res. 199) as follows:·_ can not refrain from quoting his summing up of the same prin­ Senate resolution 199. ciples involved in the debate of 1842. He says: Resol,,;ed, That the Senate has heard with profound sorrow the an­ On what ground do they ask protection? Protection against what? nouncement of the death of Hon. JAMES BRECK PERKIXS, late a Repre­ Against violence, oppression, or fraud? If so, government is bound to sentative from the State of New York. afford it. If it comes within the sphere of its powers, cost what it Resol>Ved That a committee of five Senators be appointed by the Vice­ may it is the object for which government is instituted; and if it President to join a committee appointed on the part of the House of fails in this it fails in the highest point of duty. No; it is against Representatives to take -order for superintending the funeral of l\Ir. neither violence, oppression, nor fraud. There is no complaint of being PERKIXS at Rochester. N. Y. . disturbed in property or pursuits, or of being defrauded out of the Resolved That the Secretary communicate a copy of these resolutions proceeds of industry. Against what, then, is protection asked? It to the House of Representatives and to the family of the deceased. is against low prices. The manufacturers complain that they can not The VICE-PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the carry on their pursuits at prices as low as the present, and that unless they can get higher they must give up manufacturing. The resolutions submitted by the Senator from New York. evil, then, is low prices, and what t_hey ask of government is to give The resolutions were unanimously agreed to. them· higher; but how do they ask it to be done? Do they ask gov­ The VICE-PRESIDENT, under the second resolution, ap­ ernment to compel those who want to purchase to give them higher? No· that would be a hard task and not a little odious; difficu1t to pointed as the committee on the part of the Senate Mr. DEPEW, · be 'defended on the principles of ·equity, justice,_ or the Constitution, Mr. RooT, :Mr. GAMBLE, Mr. CLAY, and Mr. OVERMAN. or to be enforced, if it could be. Do they ask that a tax should be Mr. DEPEW. Mr. President, I move as a further mark of laid on the rest of the community and the proceeds divided among them to make up for low prices? Or, in other words, do tbey ask for respect to the memory of the deceased Representative that the a bounty? No ; that would be rather too open, oppressive, and inde­ Senate do now adjourn. fensible. How, then, do they ask it to be done? By putting down The motion was tmanimously agreed to; and (at 1 o"clock and competition ; by the imposition of taxes on the part of others, so as to give them the exclusion of the market, or at least a decided advan­ 25 minutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until Monday, March 14, tage over others, and thereby enable them to sell at higher prices. 1910, at 12 o'clock meridian. Stripped of all disgl?-ise, this is their .request, and this they call pr?­ tection·. Call it tribute, levy, exaction, monopoly, plunder; or, if these be too harsh, call it charity, assistance, aid-anything rather than protection, with which it has not a feature in common. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. This was his exposition of the theory of protection. SATURDAY, M m·ch 1910. How fittingly might these words have been spoken in the year n, 1909 ! Foreseeing as he did the tremendous lengths to which The House met at 12 o'clock noon. unrestrained greed might go, and the frauds that it might per­ Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D. petrate, and the dangers to our Government it might entail, as The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and a true statesman and patriot he brought to bear his powers approved. and logic and reasoning to avert the wrong. EULOGIES ON THE LATE REPRESENTATIVE ROBERT C. DAVEY. To sum it all up, what was the theme of all his speeches? Mr. BROUSSARD: Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for To what great principles was his life devoted? It was the great the present consideration of the order which I send to the aim of struggling humanity through all the ages, culminating in Clerk's desk. the war of the Re\olution, and approaching its nearest perfect ·The SPEAKER. The gentleman . from Louisiana offers the expression in the Constitution of the United States: Equal following order, which the Clerk will report. . rights to all, under the law, and special privileges to none. The Clerk read as follows : For this in every department of life he plead. To him truth, !honor, righteousness, equity, and justice were the basis of all Order 7. Ot·dered, That there be a session of the House at 1 o'clock p. m. proper personal character, the foundation of all enduring go-v­ Sunday, March 20, 1910, for the delivery of eulogies on the life, char­ ernments. And so long as free institutions shall exist, so long acter, and public services of the Hon. ROBER1: ~- DAVEY, late a Mem­ as humanity shall battle to overcome the weaknesses of human ber of the House of Representatives from Loms1ana. selfishness, so long will the name of John C. Calhoun be re­ The order was agreed to. vered and honored. And in the Hall of Fame there can be INCOME-TAX AMENDMENT. erected no monument in free democratic America more fitting, The SPEAKER. The Chair calls the attention of the House more expressive of the principles upon which her government is to the resolution submitting the income-tax amendment, agreed founded, and the practical application of which, God willing, to by the House and the Senate, which concludes as follows: she will ultimately attain, than the statue of John C. Calhoun, And that he (the President) request the executive of each State that the South Carolina patl'iot and statesman. [Applause on the may ratify said amendment to transmit to the Secretary of State a fioor and in the galleries.] certified copy of such ratification.

XLV-194 3090 OONGRES-SiONAL RECORD-'HOUSE. 11ARCH 12,

That is the concurrent action of the House and Senate. The ·si-011s. .and so :forth, mn :not be disposed ·of in conference by governor of South Carolina, -out -0f courtesy seeming1y and by th.e Hem~ -Oo~erees agreeing to them_, but that an -0pportunity direction -of the legislature, transmits t-0 the -House and, the will be given m the Honse to consider them apart from the Chair is inf-0rmed, to the &mate 'also, the following eommnn1ea­ conference report. tion, which the Clerk will report. , Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. Mr: Speaker, in respon to The Clerk read as follows: the gentleman from Illinois, I will assure the Hou e, speaking Hon. .Tos·EPH G. CANNON, for myself, und I think 'I can speak for the conferee , that Speak.er of the House of Representati-ves, Washington., D~ 0. unless an -agreement can be .secured by which a greater pa.rt Sm: In ob.edience t o the provisions of the joint resolution ratifying the income-tax amendment on the part of the State .of South Carolina, of the matter to which the gentleman refers that has been it gives me pleasure to heTewith inclose to you a certified e-opy of the placed in the bill in the way of legislation is eliminated that joint resolution as Jlassed ·by both branches of the .general· assembly of there will be no agreement and that the Hou e will have an this State. Very .respectfully, M. F. ANSEL, Gover-nor. opportunity to vote upon the legislative provisions. Tlle SPEAKER. Without -Objection, the letter and resolution Mr. MANN. I am satisfied with that statement. will be printed in the RECORD and will lie upon the table. Mr. STEPHENS ()f Texas. Will the gentleman from UlinoIS Mr. KEIFER. Mr.. Speaker, I do not understand that the yield to allow .me to ask the gentleman if he ha.s ever been· on resolutions -0f state legislatures ratifying the income tax amend­ .a co:afei·ence commlttee wh.en he had his own way? but Mr. MANN~ I have been on :a conference committee when I ment should be submitted to the House, should be sent, as had the resolution provides, to the .Secretary of State. have my -own way. The SPEAKER. T.hat is what the concurrent resolution .an­ Mr. STEPHENS o-f 'I'ex,a.s. .In regard to all disputes in mat­ ters in eontroversy? ticipated, that they should be forwarded to the Secretary of State. Mr. MANN. Oh, wen, I am not asking that. Mr. KEIFER. That is -pr-0-vided for in the concurrent reso­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection? [After a pause.] The Ohair lution, I think. heaTs none, and the Ohair announces ihe following conferees. The SPIDA.KER. The ~resident may send a message in the The Cler,k read as foTiow.s : premises as to the ratification or nonratification. The Ohair Mr. BURKE 'Of South Dakota, Mr. CAMPBELL, and Mr. STEPHEN13 ot does not understand that it is. necessary for the States to report Texas. ORDER OF BUSINESS. t-0 CoRgress, =but ~e State of South Carolina has report-ed .and, without objection, the letter. and action of the legislature -of The .SPEAKER. The Clerk will read the order for to-day. the State bjection. from th~ ;:state of South Carolina :of the statue of John C. Cal houn, erected m Statuary Hall 1n the Capitol, ·be made the special order for The resolution is as follows: Saturday, March 12, 1910. A joint ·resolution ratifying the -sixteenth amenClment to tlle Constitu­ tion of tire United States ·of America. The SPEAKER. There is but one Member [Mr.. .ErIERnE], Whereas both Houses of the Sixty-first -cmtgress of the United States as the Chair·is informed, of the South Carolina delegati~n pres­ IOf America, at :its first session. :by a -con1;titutional majority of two­ ent. They held the ceremonies in Statuary Hall at 11 o'clock. thirds thereof, made the following proposi·tion to amend ·the Constitu­ iion ot the United States of America in the following w-0r.ds, to wit : .After consu1ting with. the 1\Ieniber present, it was suggested if A joi:nt resolutio.n proposing an amendment to the Constitution ot the it meets the :approval of the House, .that the Ol'dinaxy busm'ess United States. ·of the House _proceed until "3 o.,elock, and then that the commit­ ".ResoLve.d 1J1J the .senate and :the H(}use of Repruenta'tives of the tee rise, should it be in sessionJ .and the order be -executed.. ls U nit ed. States of .A1nerica in Oongress assembled. (two-tniras o.r each there objection? House concurring therein ), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, whiCh when rati­ There was no objection. fi ed by the leg.is'latnres of three-fourths ·Of the several States, shall be LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, A.ND JUDICIAL .APPROPRIKT'ION BILL. valid to all intents and purposes as a part of the Constitution, namely, Article XVI. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes Mr. GILLETT. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House resolv.e ·on incomes, from whatever source 'derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard .to any census or enIDIJ.eration:" itself into the Committee of the Whole Ho.use on the state of Therefore be it the Union for the further ·COnsidera tion of the bill H. 'R. 22G43 Resolved by t1ie senate ·ana 'house ·of ·representatives of the State 'Of the Jegis:lativ:e, executive, .and judicial appropriation bill. -' 'South -Carolina-, That the said proposed amendment to th.e C001sti.tu±ion -0-f the United States of America be, and the same is bereby, .ratifi.ed by The motion was agreed to. the general assembly of the State of South Carolina. · Accordingly the House resolved i-tself into the Committee -of SEC. 2. That certified copies of this preamble and joint resolution be the Whole House on the

II'reasurer's office) ; 82 clerks of class 1 (one transferred to Dlvlslon of The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? [After a pause.] The Printing and Stationery) • 19 clerks, at $1,000 each; 6 clerks, at $900 each; skilled laborer, $!)06; messenger; 5 assistant messengers; and 12 Chair hears none. 1aborers ; in all, $380,760. Mr. GILLETT. Mr. Chairman, the matter the gentleman refers to was not brought before the committee by the depart­ Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out ment. We gave them exactly what they asked, and I can only the Jnst word in order to get some information. In this depart­ presume the reason they did not ask for more was because they ment have been filed the claims for bounty and back pay, or expected this flood, being so sudden, would also subside rapidly, whatever might be due soldiers of the civil war, in settlement and with the present force they would be able to meet the of their accounts. business. It was not suggested to us, and we gaye exactly what Mr. MANN. Which department? the department asked. Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. Auditor for the War Department. Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. This condition has been in ex­ The auditor has been behind, I think, with that work nearly istence for a year or more, and there seems to be the same con­ two years. He claims to be so busy down there that he can not dition now as there was a couple of years ago. even answer a letter of inquiry in reference to these claims that Mr. GILLETT. I can only say that we gave them all they have been :filed by these soldiers. It occurs to me, and I ask asked. Only a certain number of men can work on the old rolls the chairman the question-- to ndvantage. That may not be so as to the new rolls. Mr. TAWNEY. If the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. FosTER] Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. I understand that there are more will pn rdon me-- than 200,000 of these claims filed that are waiting disposition. Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. Yes. l\Ir. GILLETT. We simply gave what they asked. Mr. TAWNEY (continuing). I would not like the unqualified l\Ir. FOSTER of Illinois. I am not criticising the chairman of statement in the HECORD that he is behind two years. the committee; I am simply making an inquiry. Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. In this class of claims. z l\Ir. TAWNEY. l\Ir. Chairman, if the gentleman from Illi­ Mr. TAWNEY. In no class of claims. -- nois will permit me, I can give him the statement made by the Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. I desire to say to the chairman of the auditor, as shown in the hearing given him before the subcom­ Appropriations Committee that I have had word from there that mittee on the sundry civil appropriation bill a week or ten he is behind nearly two years, in a letter to me, saying a claim days ago. He says : was filed at such a time, which is nearly two years ago. I may, This vear I have disbursed so far $233,292.24. I have settled 31,778 however, be mistaken as to the two years, but, at least, quite a claims up to this time. In 9,719 of that number something was found long time, enough to cause the claimant to inquire. to be due the claimants. Nothing was found to be due in tbe other cases. I have on hand about 42,000 claims unsettl~d of the enlii:::ted Mr. 1\1.ANN. Does the gentleman, my colleague from Illinois men of the army, and there remains of that approprw.tion $166,707.70. [Mr. FosTER], understand why the auditor is now so fur be­ I asked him: hind? You estimate that that will be sufficient to carry you up to July 1? Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. That is what I am trying to find l\Ir. Harper said: out. I do not. I have settled up to date, by reason of reorganization, as Mr. MANN. I may tell the gentleman that Inst year, I think manv claims as I settled all last year, and I have but $166,707.76 re­ it was, there was an amendment inserted in the bill that passed mai.ri.ing. It will require another approprlatlon, I think ; an additional through Congress, a Senate amendment, harmless upon its face, amount. which I think no one understood, possibly, except the claims He said that they were coming in at the rate of about $2,500 attorney, who Yery likely had prepared it, providing in effect per month. for the removal of the statute of limitations upon neufly all Then I asked him : Do you expect to clean up those that you now have by the end of classes of those claims, and authorizing, wherever a claim the fiscal year ? should be allowed by the Court of Claims under certain condi­ tions, the allowance of those claims, regardless of the statute l\Ir. Harper said: I do not. I think that would require about ten or twelve months. of limitations, and all similar claims, should be allowed in the That will depend upon how rapidly the claimants return the evidence office of the Auditor for the War Department. The result has called for. been, having secured the allowance of the few claims of differ­ That is one of the causes of delay. When the auditor calls ent classes in the Court of Claims which are subject to allow­ for eYidence, he finds that the claimants are not quite as anx­ ance, because not barred by the statute of limitations, that all ious to facilitate their cases as they are when the claim is in claims of a similar kind which were barred by the statute of the department. I then asked him: limitations, are now subject to allowance through application Are you now receiving claims in the same number that you did a to the auditor's office, and, of course, the auditor's office has year ago? been flooded with these claims for the last year. And, doubt­ Ile answered : less, when that flood passes away, the Auditor's office will be Not so many. able, as it was formerly, to take care of claims quite conven­ I asked him: iently. They are beginning to fall off, are they? l\!r. FOSTER of Illinois. I thank my colleague for that in­ He answered: formation. I would like to ask the chairman of the committee Yes; tbl'y came all at once, these claim!=!, after March 4, 1~07, be~n­ a question. Does not the gentleman think that it would be wi e ning about l\fay, and up to January, 1V08, there were over 200,000 in view of the fact that these men who have filed these claims are claims filed, and they have been coming in at about, I would say, be­ tween two and three thousand a month since that time, and I have re­ old, Yery old, and unable to get an adjustment of the8e claims duced the whole number by settlement to about 42,000. within a year-I will cut it down one year for the benefit of the chairman of the committee-but within one year would it Then I asked: '!'hen you expect you will require the whole of this $400,000 during not be wise that this force should be increased temporarily, so the next year, do you? that the department may be able at least to answer letter , let­ ting them know the status of their claims, when an inquiry is He answered me: made, or that they may be settled sooner tl.Jan they are able to I think so; yes, sir. do now? It may be, as suggested by my colleague, that the ex­ Then he speaks of the work of payments made for arr.ears of tra amount of work in the office has increased so that they pay and allowances on account of the army, and be explained are Imply flooded with this business; but I beliern that the the manner in which the work is being completed. committee, pos ihly, have not looked into that matter sufficiently Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. l\Iay I ask the chairman of the to determine whether there ought not to be some additional aid committee if he thinks the auditor has all the clerks necessary? given to this department. Mr. TAW~EY. I do. I thin1~ he has all the clerks be can I I.lave no renson to doubt the auditor is examining these work, and the committee has had no request for additional claims as fast n he can, but I submit to this committee t:I.mt, in clerks, because the work is gradually drawing to a close. There view of the :financial condition of many of this worthy class of are only 42,000 accumulate

Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. It wn.s signed by Mr. Harper, n.s I statement shows the number of employees of different classes and ap­ now rernerul>er it. propriations by fiscal years from 1897 to lOOU, inclusive: l\Ir. TAW ~ rEY. There has been no request for any addi­ Number of em'[Jloyees of different cfo,qses mid appropriation.11, b11 '(isoal 11cars from 1891 to 1909, inolusi"t;e, office of the A.uditor for the Interior tional force in the office of the auditor; and so far as that Dcpm·tment. work relates to the adjustment of these claims, it is very much less now than it has been heretofore. The auditor has always '° . J. ~ public sen-ice. I ha\e never before heard from any source W< ~ <# f;;. ~ ct;;. f# E-< "'l whatever as to the bureau not being able to answer letters ad­ ------dressed to it, inquiring about claims, when such letters were ]897 ••.•• 4 8 19 39 30 11 6 1 1 10 .... 1 130 $174, 940 l \18 ••••• 4 8 1!) S9 so 11 6 1 1 10 .... 1 130 17(, 940 addressed by .Members of Congress. 1SU9 ••••• 4 8 19 35 22 11 7 1 1 10 ...... 1 119 lGO,&.J.O Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. There was some complaint in this 1900 .•••. 4 s 19 35 22 11 7 1 1 10 .... 1 119 lGO, &!O letter to me, and because of what was said in that letter I ha\"e 1901 ••••• 4 8 19 S5 25 11 7 1 l 10 .... 1 122 164,210 heli'itated e>er to inquire again. 1902 ••••• 4 8 19 35 25 11 7 1 1 10 1 122 lti4,240 1903 ••.•. 4 10 17 so 25 12 14 ...... 1 10 1 .... 124 164,:!20 l\Ir. GOULDEN. I will ask the gentleman if he has hn.cl 1!)04.. ••• _ 4 10 16 28 28 16 14 ...... 5 6 1 ..... 12 ]()7, 660 many complnints of that character? 1005 .•••• 4 10 16 2S 28 16 14 ..... 5 6 1 ...... 12S IG7, 6GO Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. I will say to the gentleman from 1906 ••••· 4 10 16 28 28 16 14 ...... 6 6 1 . . -- l:.!8 167, f.60 HJ07 ••••· 4 12 16 28 28 15 10 ...... 6 6 1 ...... 126 1G7, 380 New York that they are not complaints, except that it is an 1003 ·•··• 4 12 16 28 28 15 10 .... 6 6 1 ...... 126 167,3 0 anxiety to ha -re these claims settled n.ftcr they hn:ve been filed 1009 ••••• 4 13 16 28 29 15 10 ···- 6 6 l . --- 128 liO, 380 in the department for a long time. ' Mr. GOULDEN. What I mean is, has the gentleman had a Includes sn.lunes of auditor a.nd deputy n.uditor ($6,uOOJ. much trouble in securing replies from the auditor? The followin~ statement shows the amounts invol"f'ed in settlem ts Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. In the early purt of the time of made In this office for the fl.seal years ended June ~o, 1898, to June 30, the filing of these applications there was not any complaint, 1U09, inclusive : but after a while there came this letter to me, in which the Amounts involved in settlements by tlla Auditor for the Interior De~ partment for the fiscaZ years ended June 30, 1898, to June SO, 1909~ auditor intimated that they did not want to be bothered by these inclusii:e. inquiries, so that I have not asked him any more in reference to 1808 ______$149,319,3G0.04 them. 18DO______In, 598, 2:~:3. 38 1noo ______IG3,o~ri.4G4. so Mr. GOULD~. My experience has been the same as that of the gentleman from Illinois. If any additional force is l!lOL------rno:L______176,ms, UH,oRo, 711U.uoG. OG03 needed, I think they ought to ha1e it. 1003______~01, 309, 04!1. Gl The Clerk read as follows : 1oo:ilfl04------______180,sns,010.103,001,217. Glus Office of Auditor for Interior Department: Auditor, $4,000; deputy moo______1 ·G, mo, H22. 12 auditor, $2,500; law clerk, $2,000; 3 chiefs of division, at $2,0QO E>ach ; 1007 ______4 l87,GfiG,nU2. 43 13 clerks of class 4 ; 16 clerks of class 3 ; 28 clerks of cla ·s 2 ; 20 mos______~os, 624. o4o. 43 clerks of class 1; 15 clerks, at U,000 each; 10 clerks, at $900 each; 2 assistant messengers; 3 skilled laborers, at $720 each ; 4 la.bore1·s ; lUOD-----7 ------~~8,930,953.59 female laborer, $600; in all, $1G8,340. It is apparent from the fore oing statements that the reduction in l\lr. BUilh.ll} of South Dakota. l\Ir. Chairman, I mo>e to the appropriations amounting in the aggregate-by C'omparison ith the appropriations for 1807 and prior ye rs-to ~ lOG.780, covering a strike out the last word. I should like to ask the gentleman in period of material expansion in tlle expenses of ndmini trn.tion in nearly charge of tho bill u question. I notice that this Item is de­ all other uranches of the public s nice, is not due to a smalle-r a.mount of buslne s transacted, und, furthermore, the clerks who do the higher creased a little more than $2,000 below what the appropriation grades of work now actually receive better compensation than they did was for the last year. I refer to the appropriation for tllc office \Yh<'n tlle gro s ap1Jropria.tions were lar"'cr. of the Auditor for the Interior Department, on page 57. It is not practicable to show even approximately the real increni'le in I was much interested in what the gentleman said yesterday the quantity of work performed. The methods now employed r~quire n. thoroughness in the examination of accounts which was unknown to in relation to the allegeed efllciency a.monA" the employees nnrl is now viewed with fa>or this paragraph are three laborers, not a Yery tremendous change hy tlle more ambitious clerl{s, a.s it proviment of talent and offol'ds better opportunity for promotion. to affect the efficjency of tbe office. Other retrenchments in the es:penscs of the office, amounting to many The gentlem::m is mhitaken in saying that the appropriations thom;anrls of dollars in the aggregatP., have resulted from the innugu. have steadily decreased for that office. On the contrary, tlley ration ot slmpllficil methods of buKin ss in the pensioas division di - cllilsed In my annual report for the fiscal yea.r 1!)01, at pa~e 6, to which ha>e been lnrger the last two years than they ever were before, yonr attention is rer-lpect!ully invited. The estimates of retrenchments and. they still will be larger now than they ever were before made at that time have been ruo1·e than realized. The retrenchment in 1008, if we lcll.Ye them ns we have appropriated. On the sug­ salaries alone in that division amounts to 40.000 per annum at the gestion of the representntiYe of the Treasury Department tllat prc.·ent time. By tbc retrenchment effected in this dlvision it bas been it would not interfe1·e in the least with the efficiency of the vos:ilble to tu.ke co.re of the expansion in work in other divis1ons witb- office we have appropria.ted as we have in this bill. a l'rior to 1007 the records were so kept and tqe report were so made Mr. BUiliill of South Dakota. The gentleman manifestly is tbut the amounts " involved" in the settlement of disbur ing officers' accounts includeu balances brought forward in each , ucceediui; sP.ttle­ mistaken in respect to the facts relating to appropriations for ment, so that there was of nece l:lity repeated dnplica.tion. Accordingly this office. I invite his attention to the statement by Ilobert S. there wns no corr ct statement of the net amounts aurlited. The Rys· t m of keeping records was chnnged at the bl"ginning of the fi cal rear Per~on, Auditor for the Inte1'ior Department, in his report for 1007, and tile reports for the years ended June 30, Hl07, lfl08. and the fi. cal year ended June 30, 1909, at page 11, under the sub­ 1009, show correctly the amount of audited expenditures. Prior to ject, "Reh·enchmcnt of Expenses.'' This is what he mys: this time al o there were no reports of advanc m de to diRbnr.ing officers for which accountnble WBJ:Tants issued. In 1!107 the e advnnces RETRE~CHUE~T OF EXPE:N"SES. amounted to lG8,743,G32.u9; Jn !VOS, $188,002,12:>.!!8; and in 1009, In view of recent instructions to heads of bureaus in the Treasury Slfl::l,120,901. 7G. DC'partment directing them to "overhaul and reorganize" their otllces Prior to HlOl the number of fiscal officers whose HC7, amounts in the aggregate for a period of twelve years to Total increase for perio since 1898------1, 131, 469 $400,000; and I think it can be easily established that the amount thus 0ffice ot Auditor for the Navy Department: saved materially exceeds that amount. Appropriation for fiscal year 1898______,. 68,080 It is manifest that these achievements, such as they are, in the way Appropriation for fiscal year 1910 ______151, 140 of simultaneously curtailing expenses and promoting the efficiency of Total increase for period since 1898------588,508 the service have not re ulted from any one man's efforts. There have 0ffice of Auditor for the Interior Department: been willi~g and competent aids in chiefs of divisions and clerks in Appropriation for fiscal year 1898------­ 174, 940 lower grades of service-indeed, some of the most valuable sugges~ons Appropriation for fiscal 'year 1910------­ 170,380 have come from those "in the ranks." Higher up there has been given Total decrease for period since 1898------106,780 the support without which accomplishment would have failed. In some 0ffice of Auditor for the State and other Departments: instances the initiative in important matters was taken by the head of Appropriation for fiscal year 1898------89,934 the department or one of his immediate assistants. In others the Appropriation for fiscal year 191Q______121,420 initiative was taken by subordinate employees. But ~rom whatever Total increase for period since 1898 ______. ___ _ 221,623 source the initiative may have emanated the general pollcy which pro· Office of Auditor for the Post-Office Department: duced the results has had the unwavering support of the several Seer~ Appropriation for fiscal year 1898 ______566,040 taries of the Treasury and all of their assistants without exception. Appropriation for fiscal year 1910------­ 835,680 The greatest aid however~ from any one source came from President Total increase for period since 1898------1,142,040 Roosevelt when 'in 1906 ne appointed his committee on department methods, popularly known as the Keep commission, of which C.harles The Clerk read as follows : H. Keep then Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was chairman. Office of the Treasurer: Treasurer of the United States, $8,000; As· 'l'he actl~ities of the commission made it possible to expedite the work sistant Treasurer, ·$3,600; Deputy As istant Treasurer, $3,200; cashier, · of reorganization and readjustment which had been inangura~ed and $3,600; assistant cashier, $3,000; chief clerk, $2,500; 7 chiefs of di· was in process of execution for several years prior to the apporntment vision, at $2,500 each ; 2 assistant chiefs of division at $2,250 each; of the Keep commission. Mr. Keep's support, like President Ro0 There still exists necessity for further W Mr. GOULDEN. That makes a saving of $150,000. clerks of class 3 ; 4 clerks of cfass 2 ; 5 clerks of cla ·s 1 ; 3 clerks, at Mr. GILLETT. One hundred and fifty thousand dollars in $1,000 each; 2 clerks, at 900 each; 2 assistant messengers; laborer; these two departments. in all, $46,500. Mr. COX of Indiana. I think the answer of the gentleman Mr. J\!Al\TN. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last to the question of the gentleman from Illinois ought to be word. I desire to ask the gentleman from Massachusetts why I satisfactory. he leaves out a draftsman in the Life-Saving Service Office? The Clerk read as follows: Mr. GILLETT. We w.ere informed by the Secretary that he For the force employed in redeeming the national currency (to be re­ could be dispensed with without diminishing the efficiency of I imbursed by the national banks), namely: Superintendent, $3,500; the office. teller, $2,500; bookkeeper, $2,400; assistant teller, $2,000; assistant The Clerk read as follows: bookkeeper, $2,000; five clerks of class 4; 7 clerks of class 3; 9 clerks of class 2; 25 clerks of class 1; 10 expert counters, at $1J200 each; For rent of buildings, $59,286. 52 expert counters, at 1,000 each· 42 expert counters, at Ol>900 each j Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. Mr. Chairman, I move to I~ 32 expert counters, at $800 each; 22 expert counters, at $700 each; :.: strike out the last word. Does this represent all of the money messengers; 4 assistant messengers ; 4 charwomen ; in all, $223,520. that is expended in the District of Columbia for rents of public Mr. COX of Indiana. I desire to reserve a point of order be­ buildings? ginning at the word "ten,'' in line 21, page 60, and ending at Mr. GILLETT. No; it certainly does not. the word " each,'' on line 25. Is not this an increase of salaries? Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. What is the total amount .Mr. GILLETT. There is no increase of salaries, but an in­ expended? crease of the force. Mr. GILLETT. About $450,000. Mr. COX of Indiana. Comparing it with the bill of last year, Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. What does this item have it would seem to be an increase of salaries. reference to-simply the Treasury Department? Mr. GILLETT. I was under the impression that we did not Mr. GILLETT. Simply the Treasury Department. increase the salaries, but we have largely increased the force. Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. And the Treasury Department Let me explain why. Growth of the national banks in the last is renting, I presume, a number of buildings for the business two years has very much increased the work of the Redemption that is being transacted in that department, because of lack of Division, and consequently we were recommended to increase room in the Treasury building itself? , the force by 54 employees, which we have done in this section. l\fr. GILLETT. Yes. Mr. HUGHES of New Jersey. Is not this money reimbursable Mr. BURKE of South Dakota. I have had occasion to visit by the national banks? some of the offices connected with the Treasury Department in Mr. GILLETT. I was coming to that. We have increased buildings other than the Treasury building, and it seems to me the force 54 employees. I think the gentleman from Indiana is that the buildings are not suitable for the purposes for which right, and there is a~ increase of salary. New men are put in they are being used. I certainly hope that the time is not far at a salary of $1,200 mstead of $1,000, as they had before. Let distant when authority will be granted and appropriations pro­ me call attention of the gentleman to the fact that we can not vided to erect buildings suitable for the transaction of the always reduce the force in a growing concern like the "Gnited government business, not only to save the rent, but in the in­ States Government. It grows, and the force and expense must terests of the employees of the Government, as well as the grow too. In the last two years there has been a very excep­ safety of the files and public records. Buildings that are ver­ tiona.'i increase -in all of the work under this division because itable fire traps are used for purposes of accommodating clerks of the increase of the number and the activity of the national and storing public records that are a reproach to the Govern­ banks. Therefore we have tried to meet that by giving them ment. If buildings must be rented for the accommodation of what they wished. Although perhaps it is not a fair argu­ the clerical forces, I am in favor of renting up-to-date fire­ ment in favor of the addition, yet it should be suggested that proof quarters. In addition to protecting the lives and pro­ it is all paid by the national banks and not by the United moting the welfare of its employees the Government would get States Government. Of course we do not mean to be any more a better service by housing them in modern, sanitary buildings extravagant for the national banks than we are for ourselves, with wholesome environments. It is false economy to pursue but the department assures us that this force is needed, and we the present course, and Congress should not, by parsimonious gave them what they asked. But the gentleman is right in appropriations or otherwise, be a party to its continuance. saying that the salaries a.re larger than last year. This subject was presented to the Secretary of the Treasury Mr. COX of Indiana. Let me read from the bill of last year: in a forceful manner by Auditor Robert S. Person in his report Forty-one expert counters, at $1,000 each; 31 expert counters, at for the fiscal year 1909, from which I read pages 8 to 11: $900 each; 21 expert counters, at $800 each; 11 expert counters, at $700 each. RE:UOVAL OF OFFICE FROM TREASURY BUILDING. Mr. GILLETT. The gentleman was right. The gentleman The deficiency appropriation act approved May 30 1908· (35 Stat., 479), contained the following items under " Com1:ingent expenses, was reading and perhaps did not hear me. I have stated before Treasury Department : " that those are increases in the salary. I think we do give them " For rent of the third and fourth floors of the Union Building, $1,000 and $1,200, whereas before they had $1,000. The depart­ located on G street between Sixth and Seventh streets NW., Washing­ ton, D. C., including light, heat, janitor, and elevator service, and re­ ment assured us that it needed these men, and we followed the pairs, for offices of Auditor for the Interior Department, for the fiscal suggestion, and possibly we were more easy because the Gov­ year 1909, $13,000. ernment was not paying it, but the banks were. "For shelving and transferring records, furniture, and files from the Treasury building, including the personal services of laborers and Mr. COX of Indiana. Does the gentleman feel that this in­ skilled mechanics in connection therewith, for the fiscal year 1909, crease of these salaries, if it be an increase, is in the interests $10,500." of economy in the administration of this bureau? On January 13, 1909, your predecessor in office, Secretary Cortelyou, wrote to the chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, 1\Ir. GILLETT. Well, I do not remember that that particular requesting that the appropriation for the rental of the space provided point was told to us by the department? for by the act approved May 30, 1908, supra, be authorized for use Mr. COX of Indiana. What is the gentleman's opinion on that? " without specifying any particular building, so that the Secretary of the Treasury would not be limited in his choice of suitable quarters." Mr. GILLETT. 1\Iy opinion is that it is wise to give the de­ Failing to secure this legislation, on February 10 the Secretary urgently partment what they have asked, we following their suggestion requested, in a letter addressed to the committee of conference of the exactly and having confidence in their opinion. two Houses of Congress, that he be aut horized to use the third and fourth floors of the Union Building in his discretion " for the accom­ Mr. COX of Indiana. Does the gentleman base his opm10n modation of any other Treasury bureau or office in Heu of the office upon the opinion of the department, or is it based on what he of the Auditor for the Interior Department," and with that end in individually thinks? view requested that Senate amendment No. 102 to H. R. 23464, grant­ ing such authority, be agreed to in conference. But this request also Mr. GILLETT. I base it entirely upon the opinion of the was denied. The exigencies of the situation made it compulsory to department. We did not question in detail about this particular obtain relief from congested conditions in the Treasury building, and point. The same person came before us as to this who came accordingly the Pension Division of this office, comprising about 50 employees, with its great volume of files, was removed in February, before us as to the other branches, and who showed himself 1909. Subsequently, in compliance with your directions dated May 12, intensely interested in economy and efficiency, and we took his 1909, the entire office of the Aud1tor for the Interior Department, with suggestions here as we did where they directly showed economy. all of its files stored in the Treasury building, was removed to the Union Building. Mr. COX of Indiana. Does this increase any burden upon In his report for the fiscal year 1908 the Secretary of the Treasury the United States Treasury? recommended the erection of a separate building for the accounting Mr. GILLETT. None at all. officers of the Treasury, so that they all might be housed together. While nothin~ was said about the location of sucb a building, it is Mr. COX of Indiana. I withdraw the point of order. presumed that the Secretary had in mind a location in close proximity The Clerk read as follows : to the Treasury building. Otherwise it is inconceivable that be would Office of Lile-Saving Service: General Superintendent of the Lile· have recommended a separate building for auditors, especially to make Saving Service, $4,000, and $500 additional while the office is held by room within the Treasury building for branches of the public service 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3095

so artificially connected with the dep11rtment 'as the Life-Saving Service, I urg~ntly recommend that the attention of the Congress be Invited to the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, and the Office of the th_e .situation. The Government is now paying approximately half a Supervising Architect. The accounting officers are inherently a part milhon dollars annually for rents in the District of Columbia for the of the Treasury system. Their relation to the Division of Bookkeep~~ use of. buildings mostly nonfireproof in structure, filled with equipment and Warrants is close and continuous. Their relations with the Divi­ of a highly combustible nature, insanitary in their appointment , and a sion of Public Moneys and the Treasurer of the United States are reflection on the dignity of the Government. About $8,000,000 have scarcely le s so, and a separation of the auditors from the Comptroller recently been expended in providing suitable quarters for offices for of the Treasury by inconvenient distances impedes progress toward and Members of Congress, and both Senators and Representatives are surely is destructive of that uniformity of accounting which it has been assidu­ interested in the amelioration of conditions affecting the health and ously attempted to promote during the past few years. general welfare of employees of the Government who are required to That it is not in the interest of good or economic administration to live in the District of Columbia throughout the year. It is entirely separate the accounting offices of the Treasury from these various prob~~le that all ~at is necessary to obtain speedy relief from present branches of the Treasury Department by any distance which makes free conditions, lnvolvmg both wasteful expenditures and the physical wel­ intercourse between them inconvenient, is not a debatable subject. In­ fare of a large body of employees, is to get the facts thoroughly under­ deed, it is indispensable to the public interest that all of the integral stood by the Congress. No better investment could be made by the parts of the fiscal system of the Treasury Department shall be loca.ted Government tha~ to ~mp_loy. a portion of the $471,377 now paid an­ with a view to maintaining their normal relations with each other with­ nually for rents m this city m the payment of interest on bonds to be out serious interruption or inconvenience. No other branch of the public iss.u~ for the purpose of providing funds for the erection of public service is so closely related to• and of necessity so continuously in buildings to meet the requirements of the executive departments. communication with so many branches of tbe Treasury Department as the accounting offices. There probably is not an hour in tbe day when I am personally familiar with the conditions discussed by it ls not either convenient or necessary for an. auditor, a chief of divi­ Ur. Person in this admirable report, and I think he has been sion, or an accountant to visit either the Division of Bookkeeping and moderate, ~deed, in hi~ descriptions and statements. The Warrants, the Division of Public Moneys, the office of the Treasurer of the United States, or the Comptroller of the Treasury, and vice versa. waste~! policy of s~attering bureaus of the Treasury Depart­ To give a few illustrations of bow awkward and cumbersome it is ment is the least .obJ~ctionable feature of the rent policy, for it for this office to transact business in its present location, more than half does not necessarily mvolve the question of wholesome environ­ a mile from the Treasury building, permit me to state that a book­ keeper's certificate is required from the Division of Bookkeeping and ment of employees or the safety of public records· but it is Warrants for every account examined in this office (last year the num­ sufficient to require the attention of the economists both in ber was 2,809} ; and every account and claim finally adjusted by the Congress and in the department. In the report from which auditor (last year .tbe number was 24,124) must be certified to the Division of Bookkeeping and Warrants, and later each of these certifi­ I have already quoted :Mr. Person further says: cates must be returned to the auditor for permanent filing. The ~ondition of business with respect to the settlement of accounts Each year there are many thousands of requisitions for the advance for fr~ig_ht tr~portation is unsatisfactory. Close supervision of the of funds to disbursing officers in the Interior Department. These papers work is impossible under present conditions and the work is in arrears are now first carried to the Treasury, then brought back past the although t.he num~er of exa_miners assigned to it is disproportionally Interior Department to the auditor, then returned to the Treasury for large. This unsatisfactory situation is due largely to the tact that the the issuing of accountable warrants, and then retransmitted to the clerks who exa~ine these claims and prepare the correspondence and auditO'r. . statements of di1l'erences are, under Treasury Circular No. 14 dated The revision of accounts by the Comptroller of the Treasury on his March 31, 1909, assembled in the Treasury building, and theref~re are own motion, a practice contemplated by law, of necessity is greatly separate.d fr

And that in compliance with the foregoing the Vice-President Mr. COX of Indiana. Can the gentleman give me any in­ had appointed as· said committee Mr. DEPEW, Mr. RooT, Mr. . formation as to how much this item has cost the Government GAMBLE, Mr. CLAY, and l\fr. OVERMAN. heretofore? The message also announced that the Senate had passed the Mr. MANN. I can not give you any information on that sub­ following _resolution, in which the concurrence of the House of ject. Representatives was requested: .lUr. COX of Indiana. No data whatever upon it? Senate concurrent resolution 20. Mr. MANN. Of course, I am not on the Committee on Ap­ Resoh:e

Mr. GILLETT. We can not get it. . I would like to close it Mr. MANN. The law, I know, provides for a higher salary up as we go along. It is not a matter of much importance. So in New Mexico and Arizona for judges or governors than is I would ask the gentleman to drop it. . . carried in the bill. . Mr. COX of Indiana. Mr. Chairman, I withdraw the pomt Mr. COX of Indiana. How much does the law provide for of order. the salary in Arizona and New Mexico for judges? The Clerk read as follows : Mr. l'i!ANN. I am not sure whether it is the governors or For expenses of collecting the corporation tax authorized by the act the judges that under the law are entitled to $4,000. The bill approved August 5, 1909, "To provide revenue, equalize duties, an~ gives $3,000. encourage the industries of the United States, and for other pur­ :Mr. COX of Indiana. When was the act passed fixing the poses," $100,000. salary? Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. Chairman, I would like to reserve the Mr. I\IANN. Passed last year. . point of order in order to ask the gentleman from ~assachu­ Mr. COX of Indiana. It must have been passed subsequent setts a question. I would like to ask the gentleman m charge to the 1ast legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill. of the bill whether the purpose of this tax is to include a sum Mr. GILLETT. It was passed on March 2, 1909. - that has been spoken of· to make public the original, honest re- Mr. COX of Indiana. As I understand the gentleman, it is turns of corporations? · a separate organic law? Mr. GILLETT. It is for the field work of collecting the re­ Mr. GILLETT. It is a separate act. That is the reason why turns. It is the sam·e appropriation as for the last year. it differs from the legislative bill of last year. Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. I would like to ask the chairm:;n Mr. COX of Indiana. Mr. Chairman, this item of expense with regard to this $100,000. Does it require that much money relating to the District of Alaska has grown very voluminously for the purpose of employing agents to collect this tax? in the last few years. At present it carries an appropriation of Mr. GILLETT. That is the theory of the appropriation. $85,000. Last year the appropriation was $51,500. For this Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. I thought this was collected through one item there is an increase this year of $33,500. Now, that the Internal-Revenue Office? may be a legitimate increase; I do not know, nor do I under­ Mr. GILLETT. That is what it is for-the deputies of the take to say. collectors which may be necessary-- Mr. GILLETT. Let me call tbe gentleman's attention to the Mr. FOSTER of Illinois. It requires this amount of money? fact that there was a deficiency last year of $33,500 in order to Mr. GILLETT. It requires this amount of money to col­ make it up. lect it. Mr. COX of Indiana. But I can not refrain from comment­ The Clerk read as follows: ing upon the great disparity in appropriations, so far as inci­ INDEPENDENT TBE~SURY. dental and contingent expenses are concerned, relating to the Office of assistant treasurer at Baltimore: Assistant treasurer, $4,500. government of Alaska, as compared with the same item of con­ Mr. CLARK of Missouri. What has become of that contro- tingent and incidental expenses relating to ·the Territories of versy? · . Arizona and New Mexico. We have this item of $5,500 contin­ Mr. MANN. The controversy is ended, and the paragraph is gent and incidental expenses for the Territory of Alaska, and still there. the same item for New Mexico is only $1,500, and I think sub­ Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I would like to offer an amendment stantially the same amount for the Territory of Arizona. But to it. if there is an organic law by which these salaries are :fixed­ Mr. GILLETT. I submit it is too late, Mr. Chairman, to and I have no doubt there is, from the information I have ob­ do so. . tained from the gentleman in charge of the bill-so far as the Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I do not think it is. point of order I have reserved is concerned, I withdraw it. Mr. KEIFER. We hardly got that far away. The Clerk read as follows: The CHAIRMAN. The Chair thinks it is too late. The next For legislative expenses, namely: Furniture, light, telephone, sta­ tionery, record casings and files, printing and binding, indexing records, paragraph has been entered upon. postage, ice, water, clerk hire, mileage of members, and incidentals, Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I know, but I can not offer it to pay of chaplain, clerk, sergeants-at-arms, stenographers, typewriters, the next one, because it is not pertinent to it. If it is too late janitors, and messengers, $30,000: Prnvided, That the members of the it is too late; that is all there is to it. legislature of the Territory of Hawaii shall not draw their compensa­ tion of $200, or any mileage, for any extra session held in compliance The Clerk read as follows: with section 54 of an act to provide a government for the Territory of GOYERNME T IN THE TERRITORIES. Hawaii, approved April 30, 1900. District of Alaska: Governor, $5,000; four judges, at $7,500 each; Mr. MANN. Mr. Chairman, I reserve the point of order on four attorneys, at $5,000 each; _four marshals, at $4,000 each; four the paragraph. I would like to ask the gentleman why it is clerks, at $3,500 each ; in all, $80,000. nece sary to provide that the territorial legislature shall not Mr. COX of Indiana. Mr. Chairman, I reser-ve a point of have any compensation if there is an extra session. We have order upon the paragraph. I would like to inquire of the gen­ neYer made that provision about ourselves. tleman in charge of the bill if there is an increase of salary here Mr. LIVINGSTON. It is to prevent them from having one. for the judges and for the marshals? Mr. GILLETT. We simply followed the statute of previous Mr. GILLETT. No; there is none at all. It is changed since years. Just when it originated, I do not know. last year, because, you know, we have legislated since then, but Mr. MANN. It has originated this year. this exactly accords with existing law. l\Ir. GILLETT. Oh, no; it has been in from year to year. · Mr. COX of Indiana. How long has their salary been $7,500? l\fr. MANN. I do not know whether it had anything to do Mr. GILLETT. We passed a special bill last session provid- with the proposition now pending about special elections. ing it. Mr. GILLETT. Oh, no; nothing at all. I\fr. COX of Indiana. A special act? l\Ir. MANN. I withdraw the point of order. Mr. GILLETT. Yes. The Clerk read as follows : Mr. COX of Indiana. Looking up the last legislative bill I NAVY DEPARTMEYT. find the salary there- Office of the Secretary: Secretary of the Navy, $12,000 ; Assistant Mr. GILLETT. We have changed it since then. Secretary of the Navy, $5,000; chief clerk, $3,000; private secretary to Secretary, $2,500 ; clerk to Secretary, $2,250 ; clerk to Assistant Secre­ Mr. COX of Indiana. Now, did the act of which you speak tary, $2,000; disbursing clerk, $2,250; 4 clerks of class 4; stenographer, increase the number of judges from three to four? $1,800 ; clerk of class 3 ; 4 clerks of class 2 ; · 5 clerks of class 1 ; ste­ Mr. GILLETT. I think so. We intended to follow exactly nographer, $1,200; clerk, $1,100 ; 4 clerks, at $1,000 each; telegraph operator, $1,100; 2 copyists; carpenter, $900; 4 messengers; 4 assist­ the existing law in all those cases. ant messengers; 3 laborers; 3 messenger boys, at $600 each; messenger Mr. COX of Indiana. And did it also increase the number of boy, $420; messenger boy, $400 ; telephone switchboard operator; attorneys from three to four? assistant telephone switchboard operator; in all, $73,460. Mr. GILLETT. It did. Mr. LANGLEY. Mr. Chairman, I want to reserve a point of Mr. COX of Indiana. Can the gentleman tell the committee order on this paragraph, in order to ask the gentleman in charge why the ju'dges in the Territory of .Alaska are paid $7,500 while of the bill a question. I refer to page 104, line 2. · My informa­ the judges in Arizona and New Mexico are only paid $3,000'! tion is that there were only two laborers provided for last year ,Why this great disparity? in the legislative bill for the Secretary's office. I see there are Mr. GILLETT. The law was passed last year. Congress is three provided for here. responsible; we are not. We simply followed the law. Mr. GILLETT. Yes. Mr. MANN. I might say the committee is partly responsible. Mr. LANGLEY. I would like to ask the gentleman to explain I thlnk the law provides for a higher salary than $3,000 in the that, and state whether or not the additional laborer provided Territories of Arizona and New Mexico. for here is authorized by existing, law. Mr. COX of Indiana. I did not quite understand the gentle­ Mr. MANN. While the gentleman is looking the matter up, man from Illinois. I will state that it takes an extra laborer to do the work of 0098 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. l\fARCH 12,

repairing these additional battle ships eosting from $15,000,000 The Clerk read as follows : to $50,000~000 apiece. . On page 106, in line 9, after the word "dollars," insert the word Mr. LANGLEY. But that does not answer my question. It "each." strikes me that it might be subject to a point of order. Mi:. GILLETT. That is a typographical amendment. l'ilr. MANN. It is not subject to the point of. order at an. A? The amendment was agreed to. increase in the number of clerks or laborers in a department is The Clerk read as follows: not subject to the point of order. For a monthly Pilot Chart of the North Pacific Ocean, showing 1\'Ir. LANGLEY. If it is not provided for by existing law, or graphically the matters of value and interest to the maritime commu­ is in excess of the number authorized. by law, it is. That is the nity of the Pacific coast, and particularly the directions and forces of the winds to be expected during the month succeeding the date of issue; point I am trying to get at. the set and stren&i=h of the currents ; the feeding grounds of whales .l\'Ir. MAl\TN. The department is provided for by existing 13;W, and seals ; the regions of storm, fog~ and ice ; the positions of derelicts and the authority to increase the clerks and employees is with and fioating obstructions to navigation; the best routes to be followed .An a by steam and by sail; expenses of communicating and circulating in­ Congress. increase in the clerks of certain class is not formation; lithographing and engraving; the purchase of materlals for subject to the point of order. and printing and mailing the chart, $2,000. Mr. LANGLEY. Well, even if the gentleman is correct about that, I would like to know anyhow why there is an increase Mr. MANN. I reserve· the point of order on that paragraph. proposed oyer the number provided for last year? . My recollection in reference to this matter is that this para­ Mr. GILLETT. It is because. the Assistant Secretary of the graph was stricken out one year on a point of order which I Navy stated he had just one in' his own office, and the man he J\1ade. There is no authority of law for it. 11Iay I ask the gen­ had now was there from 8 o'clock in the morning until 6 or 6.30 tleman in charge of the bill whether he regards it as a matter o'clock in the evening without intermission, and then he had to of importance to remain in the bill? It is clearly subject to a dean up the office. He thought he needed two, and with some point of order. hesitation the committee gaye the extra man to him. I do not Mr. GILLETT. Yes; I consider that it is a matter of im­ think it is very important, one way or the other. portance. Mr. LANGLEY. It is in there nevertheless, and appears to Jlilr. MANN. I withdraw the Point of order. have been of enough importance for the Secretary to ask it and l\Ir. TAWNEY. l\Ir. Chairman, I want to offer an amend­ for the committee to hesitate before allowing it. ment to the paragraph just read. I moye to amend by inserting The Clerk read as follows : after the word "dollars" all that appears in the bill, on page Offiee of the solicitor: Solicitor, $3,000; law clerk, $2,500; law clerk, 110, beginning with line 19, down to the end of line 8, on page $2,250; law clerk, $2,000 ; clerk of class 4; cl~rk of class 3 ; clerk of 111, to make that a part of ihe paragraph which ·has just been class 2; clerk, $840; n.nd messenger boy, $600; m all, $15,990. read. . Mr. l\IANN. I reserve the point of <>rder -On the paragraph. Nfr. R0BERTS. I reserve a point of order on the a.nlend­ Mr. LANGLEY. .I was just about to reserve the point of ment, l\Ir. Chairman. order for the purpose of asking a question. I want to ask the The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Massachusetts re,. ge.Q.tleman in charge of the bill why the salary of the solicitor is serves the point of order against the amendment. changed from what it was last year? Mr. TAWNEY. I ask that the amendment be reported. Mr MANN. You mean this solicitor? The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk wilt report the amendment. Mr: GILLETT. That is a change. A year ago the solicitor The Clerk read as follows : received $4,000. We have provided in this bill that the solicitor Insert after the word " dollars," in line 12, on page 110, the :fol- shall receive $3,000. The fact is this: Formerly the salary of lowing: · " Hereafter there shall not be detailed to or employed in the Hydro­ the solicitor was $2,500, but there was a provision that as long as graphic Office more than one naval officer at any one time; and here­ the then present occupant held the office he should receive $1,500 after the pilot charts prepared in said office shall have conspicuously additional The solicitor died during the past year, and so the printed thereon the following : ' Prepared from data furnished by the I Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department and by the Weather salary reverted to its old amount, which, as I say think, was Bureau, of the Department of Agriculture, and published at tiie HydrG­ $2 500. -The Secretary urged upon us very strongly that the grapbie Office under the auth

l\!r. LIVINGSTON. But it is not necessarily bad because it ground. It provides for showing the regions of storm, fog, and is new. ice; the position of derelicts and floating obstructions to navi- Mr. ROBERTS. But it is creating a law where none has gation, doubtless thinking that a floating obstruction to naviga- heretofore existed. tion in the Pacific Ocean is tied fast to the bottom of the sea, so Mr. LIYINGSTON. I want to suggest to the gentleman from that it remains in the same position all the time. Massachusetts that when he takes a position like this against a Here is a proposition which provides for a monthly pilot chart paragraph of this importance and knocks it out, it will go to the of the north Pacific Ocean. It is the only specific provision other end of the Capitol, and then come back here-- providing for monthly pilot charts anywhere, and the gentle- Mr. ROBERTS. Oh, let me say to the gentleman that you man from Minnesota [Mr. TAWNEY] offers an amendment to do not save a cent by this provision. If this is the best infor- provide that hereafter the pilot charts prepared in that office mation the Committee on Appropriations has as to the effect of shall have conspicuously printed thereon the following: How their provision, it is not worth a cent. The naval officers draw they are prepared, the information from which they are pre- their pay whether they are in the Hydrographic Office or not. pared. Mr. Chairman, if we have legislative authority, without Mr. LIVINGSTON. They do not draw active pay. a point of order being made, to provide for the pilot charts at Mr. ROBERTS. The difference between the active pay and I all, we have the right as a germane amendment to say what the retired pay is not sufficient to offset the crippling of the the pilot charts shall contain. If the paragraph providing for preparation of the pilot charts, the most important work of the these monthly pilot charts is subject to a point of order, and Hydrographic Office, upon the accuracy of which depends the that is not made, so that the paragraph is in order, of course safety of not only the naval vessels, but the vessels in the mer- any germane amendment to it is in order, and this amendment chant marine. is simply one providing what this pilot chart shall show; and Mr. LIVINGSTON. The naval officers do not· deserve a bit in connection with the preparation of the pilot charts it pro- of credit for the preparation of these charts or any part of it. vides that the meteorological information received by the Mr. ROBERTS. I know what the Navy Department says, Weather Bureau heretofore used, and so forth, shall continue to that it is an exceedingly important work that these charts be furnished with all possible expedition. That is a germane should be prepared under the supervision and inspection of the amendment relating to the issuance of the pilot charts, and if naval officers in the Weather Bureau. this amendment is added to the paragraph which was just Mr. GILLETT. What does the gentleman think these pilot agreed to or which is before the House, it will provide simply charts are? how these pilot charts shall be prepared and what information Mr. ROBERTS. They contain soundings-- shall be furnished for their preparation. I do not see how it can Mr. GILLETT. Not at all. be questioned. Mr. ROBERTS. I am not certain what they show exactly, The CHAIRMAN. The Chair would like to hear what the but I know what the Navy Department says, that they ought gentleman has to say about the first .sentence of this proposed to be prepared under the supervision and inspection of na ·rnl amendment. officers. .Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. Chairman, I was about to call the atten- Mr. TAW~'EY. We are not disturbing any chart work in tion of the Chair to the fact that the gentleman from Illinois the Hydrographic Office, not even the pilot charts. carefully steered around that in arguing his point of order. . Mr. ROBERTS. Will the gentleman state what the pilot Mr. l\IANN. Certainly. The gentleman from Ilinois knows charts do show? the point of order, or tries to, when he sees it. I think the l\lr. HUGHES of New Jersey. The feeding ground of whales. expression "that hereafter there shall not be detailed to or (Laughter.] employed in the Hydrographic Office more than one naval officer l\fr. MA~TN. That is a fact. at any one time" is subject to the point of order as not in itself l\Ir. ROBERTS. I have seen these charts on vessels in actual being a germane amendment to the balance, but, doubtless, if use, and they showed soundings and sailing courses; these are that is the only thing that is subject to the point of order, the charts for the use of the merchant marine. rest of the amendment will be offered. l\fr. GILLETT. The pilot charts show the direction and The CHAIRMAN. The Chair is ready to rule. forces of the wind, the currents, and general meteorological in- Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. Chairman, I want to call the attention formation prepared in the Weather Bureau under the Agricul- of the Chair to one thing. The section which is sought to be tural Department. · amended, to wit, the first twelve lines on page 110, provide for Mr. CLARK of l\Iissouri. Mr. Speaker, I would like to ask compiling a pilot chart of the north Pacific Ocean. Now, under the gentleman from Minnesota a question for information. the guise of an amendment to that provision for a specific chart What does he want to have the paragraph taken out of its of the north Pacific Ocean, they are seeking to put on legislation place for and attached to another paragraph? which prohibits the detailing of more than one naval officer Mr. ROBERTS. Because they are trying to evade a point to the Hydrographic Office for any kind of work connected with of order under a technicality. that office, and I want to say for the information of the gentle- 1\fr. CLARK of l\fissolll'i. I do not think they can do that. man from Minnesota [l\fr. TAWNEY] that the officers detailed l\Ir. ROBERTS. Nor do I. The gentleman from Illinois re- to the Hydrographic Office are not concerned alone with the served the point of order on that paragraph, thinking they preparation of pilot charts, but with navigational charts, pilot would avoid a parliamentary situation when the gentleman from charts, and sailing orders, from 20,000 to 30,000 copies of Minnesota takes up later language of the bill and seeks to put which are issued annually to merchant vessels and marine it onto this paragraph. organizations. Mr. l\IANN. I prefer that the gentleman should not state Mr. TAWNEY. Will the gentleman permit an interruption? what I think. l\fr. ROBERTS. Yes. Mr. ROBERTS. I did not impute any thoughts to the gen- Mr. TAWNEY. Is the gentleman aware of the number of tleman. commanders and lieutenant-commanders who have been detailed Mr. l\!ANN. That is what the gentleman said. to the Hydrographic Office and are now serving in that office? Mr. ROBERTS. I was imputing a certain action to him. Mr. ROBERTS. Yes, l\Ir. Chairman; I haye the list here. Mr. MANN. You do not impute action to men, you impute Mr. TAWNEY. There are four, are there not? . motives; but we will not debate about that. When the gentle- Mr. ROBERTS. I have their names and rank, and just man from .Massachusetts gets through arguing the point of order, where located. There are 7 naval officers on the active list, I want to be heard. 4 of them in the main office, 3 in branch offices ; there are 10 on Mr. ROBERTS. I have no more to say on the point of order the retired list, 1 in the main office and 9 in the branch offices, at present. and they rank from ensign and boatswain to-- Mr. :MANN. l\Ir. Chairman, the paragraph at the top of page Mr. TAWNEY. But this has nothing to do with my question. 11 has heretofore been ruled upon and was ruled out on a point How many are employed in the office here that are affected by of order several years ago. It provided for a monthly pilot this amendment? chart of the north Pacific Ocean. It is the only provision any- l\fr. ROBERTS. Oh, I can answer only one question at a where. in the law providing for a monthly' chart of anything time. The highest office is the lieutenant-commander, detailed issued by the Hydrographic Office. That pilot chart is required for this work. That is one answer to the gentleman's question. to show the direction and forces of the wind to be e:xpecteQ. dur- Now, what is the other question? ing .the month succeeding the date of issue; the feeding ground Mr. TAW:NEY. I asked the gentleman but one question, of whales and seals. I might remark, in passing, that if the and that was to state how many naval officers are employed in Hydrographic Office or any other branch of the Government has the Hydrographic Bureau of the Navy Department here at discovered the feeding ground of whales and seals it is of im- Washington .. mense importance, because that branch of the Government that Mr. ROBERTS. I do not know, and that does not have any deals with seals has never been able to discover their feeding bearing on this question at all. 3100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. :Milon 12,

ir. TAWNEY. It has a great deal of bearing. There are Mr. ROBERTS. You have the information. four. Mr. SHERLEY. All right, then; as I und~rstand, it is of l\Ir. ROBERTS. The Navy Department say in a communi­ their own volition. cati

Mr. MADDEN. I wish to Jmow whether the gentleman and against the consolidatfon of the work of the Hydrographic · the other members of the Naval Committee had any trouble in Office with the Weather Bureau of the Agricultural Department. getting information from subordinates with referenee to th.e They did not know exactly what was going t:o be done, nor did reorganization of the navy, and whether they got the subordi­ they inquire; they imagined their bureau, being a civil and not nates into trouble by reason of obtaining that testimony. a military bureau, that it was our purpose, in order to avoid Mr. ROBERTS~ That is a matter of inference; but I ha-re this duplication in the publication of the pilot charts, to con­ heard of n-0body getting int~ trouble by reason. of information solidate the bureaus. Thereupon, or soon thereafter, the Com­ they gave, as yet. mittee on Appropriations and Members of the House began Mr. FITZGERALD. Why do you emphasize "yet?" to be flooded with protests against an imaginary consolidation, Mr. ROBERTS. I am speaking as of the present time, not something that was n-0t even in the mind of any member of with any knowledge as to the future, as the gentleman from the committee; our only purpose when we commenced this in­ New York seems to have. vestigation was to find out the facts in regard to the duplim­ T.b.e CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Minnesota proposes tion of the service of these two bureaus. We soon discovered the paragraph, beginning at the bottom of page 110, as fill that the Hydr~<>Taphic Bureau of the Navy Department and amendment to the paragraph on the top of page 110. The para­ the Weather Bureau of the .Agricultural Department were pre­ graph to which the amendment is offered is clearly subject paring, printing, and distributing identically the same pilot to a point of order; but no point of order being ma.de., it charts. The Chief of the Weather Bureau Service, when he is subject to amendment by any matter that is germane there­ was before us, frankly and manfully said that this was a dupli­ to. The Chair does not think it necessary to cite the prece­ cation of service; that his bureau was required by law to fur­ dents that sustain this rule, although there are a great many nish to the Hydrographic Office the meteorological information of th'(fill. They ha-ve been well decided in reason, and need no printed on the pilot charts; and that if Congress would provide argument to justify them. The paragraph proposed to be · that this work should be done exclusively by the Hydrographic amended relates to "pilot charts." The paragraph offered as Office he would cheerfully acquiesce. an amendment also relates to the same subject, and is therefore The infoTI.llation in regard to currents and iQ. regard to dere­ germane; except as to the first sentence.. That first sentence of licts and sailing routes is fnrniS'hed by the Hydrographic Office. the paragraph is: Both were printing identically the same charts., and printing Hereafter there shall not be detailed to or employed 1n the Hydro­ them monthly, and then they were distributing the same charts graphic Office more than one naval officer at any one time. to the same observers who furnished these bureaus the infor­ Clearly, in the opinion of the Chair, that is not germane to mation from which the charts are prepared. In that investi­ . the paragraph to which the amendmeit is o:ffered, and therefore gation we found that there were four naval officers detailed for the Chair sustains the point of order. service in the Hydrographic Bureau. There is an excuse for Mr. TAWNEY. Will the Chair permit me to call his atten­ the hydrographer being a naval officer, because it is necessary tion to the fact that the part of the paragraph the Chair indi­ to connect this ctvn institution with the navy and the merchant cates as not in order, because not germane, the fil·st part of it­ marine, but the Hydrographic Office is no part of the navy. I think the Chair fails to appreciate the fact that while the The duties of those employed tnere ar.e the duties of eivilians; paragraph itself, which is not in order, relates to and author­ but notwithstanding that fact, we have four men in that office izes the pilot charts, the first part of the paragraph whicll we doing eivil duty, doing the duty that $1,800 clerks are doing in propose relates to the office in which the chart is manufac­ other bureaus, and we are paying them from $5,000 to $5,700 a tured, to the personnel of the office in which the cha.rt is manu­ yeur. That is why the Committee on .Appropriations, in report­ factmed. It seems to me that that is germane. ing this provision. limited the number Qf officers to be detailed The CH.AIRMAN. It seems to the Chair to be an entirely for duty in th-e Hydrographic Office to one, and that one the different subject. One is the charts and the other is the admin­ hydrograpMr. istration of the office in which they a.re madeA The Chair The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from l\Iinne­ sustains the point of order. sota has expired. Mr. TAW1'"'EY. Well, then, l\Ir. Chairman, I offer as an Mr. TAWNEY. I would like to have just a few minutes IDQre. amendment to this paragraph the following, beginning with The CHA.IR.MAN. If there be no objection, the gentleman•s the word "and," in line 21, down to and including ·~charts," at time will be extended. the end of line 8, page 111. There was no <0bjeetion. The Clerk read as follows: l\1r. PARSONS. Will the gentleman yield for a question? Page 110, after the word " dollars," insert " and hereafter the pilot Mr. TAWNEY. Yes. charts p1·epared in said office shall have conspicuously printed thereon the following : ' Prepared from data furnished by the Hydrographic Mr. PARSONS. In this amendment that was ruled .out did Office of the Navy Department and by the Weather Bureau of the De­ the employment of one naval officer relate only to the bureau in partment of .Agriculture, and published at the Hydl'Ogl"apbic Office Washington? under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy;• and all meteorolog­ ical information received by the Weather Bureau of the Department of Mr. TAWNEY. That is all. It does not relate to the branch .Agriculture necessary for and of the character of such information offices at all; but the Hydrographic Offif said .charts." limited the employment of naval offieers in the branch offices. Mr. ROBERTS. .Mr. Chairman, I make the point of order· This proT"ision relates only to the office here in Washington. on the amendment. It has been offered in substance, and is Now, Mr. Chairman, I have in the Committee on Appropria­ · simply a repetition of what has already been ·ruled out. tions a stack of petitions and protests 12 inches thick that have .Mr. TAWNEY. Mr. Chairman, I do not care to argue the been sent here at the instance of this bureau for the purpose of point of order. This is certainly germane to the paragraph to. influencing Congress in this matter. This has been done be­ which it is proposed, and differs from my former ame-ndment cause the bureau conceived the idea that Congress was about to to the extent that it contains only such matter as the Chair, on curtail- and limit its fnnetions. the point of order, held to be germane. A better illustration of the difficulty that Congress or any The CHAIR.l\I.A.N. The Chair overrules the point of order. commission appointed by Congress will encounter when they The questio-n is on the amendment offered by the gentleman undertake to reform the administrati"ve methods was neTer from Minnesota. given to the Honse than we have in the activity of the Hydro­ Mr. TAWNEY. Mr. Chairman, I desire to be heard for a graphic Office to prevent any curtailment even of na\al officers to moment The gentleman from Massachusetts has indulged in a be detailed for service in that bureau. To show you the extent great deal of wild talk in regard to the functions of the Hydro­ to which they have gone, I want to read a letter-press copy of graphic Office and the discourteous treatment which he says the most impudent letter I have ever read or know to have been the Committee on .Appropriations gave that office and the Navy written about the action or proposed action of Congress. The Department in not calling them before it. If there is anyone letter is written by the hydrographer, Commander John J . who has cause for complaint of mistreatment it is the member­ Knapp, who personally is a splendid man and a personal friend. ship of this House, and especially the membership of the Com­ It is marked u Personal," and reads as follows : mittee on Appropriations, on account of the treatment they (Personal.) have received at the instance of the Hydrographi-c Office and HYDl!OG1'tAPHIC OFFICE, the Navy Department; for the moment that our eommittee Washi1igton, March 8, t.m. commenced to investigate the question of duplication of service MY DEAR HUNT : I have learned that the chairman of the .Appropria­ tions Committee is holding up the bill in order to pre-vent any eombina­ in the Hydrographic Office and the Weather Bureau, that mo­ tions being made against it. Due to this it has been impracticable to ment the wires were made hot by the Hydrograph.ic Q:ffice, com­ get a copy of the bill, as it has not yet been given out; but I wa.s in­ municating with the branch hydrograp.hic offices all over the formed f"rom a very reliable souxce that the objectionable clause was in the bill, and I do not think there is .any questi-on about it, although I United States, and also with the maritime interests of the can not so state officially. United States and foreign countries, urging them to protest Yery respectfully, yours, J"OHN J". K 'APP. 3102 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MARCH 12,

The methods employed by the Hydrographic Bureau to pre­ officers will be saved by his amendment. But what will be Tent the enactment of any legislation intended to effect economy accomplished? in the service should impress upon Members of· the House and The gentleman from Minnesota is very anxious to save du­ the country the impossibility of accomplishing any reform in plication of work on charts by the Weather Bureau and the departmental methods when such reform involves reduction of Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department. You may look force or the loss of desired positions. . all through this appropriation bill and you will not find a single Mr. Chairman, the Committee on Appropriations here pro­ line preventing the Weather Bureau from duplicating the poses to reduce the number of naval officers drawing high meteorological charts now published by the Hydrographic Office. salaries in this civic bureau. Oh, no! The Weather Bureau is not to be limited. It is the Mr. MADDEN. Who is John J. Knapp? Hydrographic Office that is to be limited in this great effort for Mr. TAWNEY. He is the hydrographer, the naval com­ economy on the part of this committee. mander in charge of the Hydrographic Office. Now, what is the meat in the cocoanut here? It is simply to Mr. ROBERTS. Who is Hunt? allow this great W"eather Bureau to reach out and have its name Mr. TAWNEY. I do not know who Hunt is. He evidently printed on all the charts that go out, so that it can get more resides in some maritime city. · credit whether it justly belongs to it or does not belong to it. Mr. ROBERTS. How did you get a copy of a personal letter It is to have credit for the work done by the Hydrographic to him? Office. It looks to me as though it was a petty squabble be­ Mr. TAWNEY. It was handed to me this morning on this tween the Weather Bureau and the Hydrographic Office, in the floor by a page, in an envelope. form that the amendment has taken, and as far as I am per­ Mr. l\!A.NN. The gentleman probably got it in the same way sonally concerned I do not care a cent which way the committee that the hydrographer got information about the bill. votes it, the main thing being that they have stricken out of the l\Ir. TAWNEY. It was handed to me by a page boy. Who amendment the limitation on the power of the Secretary of the got the copy I do not know. But here is. a proposition to redu~e Na VY. the number of naval officers whose services are unnecessary rn Mr. SHERLEY. Mr. Chairman, I offer the following amend­ the Hydrographic Office, whose services otherwise would be em­ ment to the amendment offered by the gentleman from Minne-· ployed on ships at sea, performing the duties that the Govern­ so ta. ment of the United States has educated them to perform. Add to the amendment the following: We could maintain the Hydrographic Office with all of the Prov ided That no moneys appropriated in this bill shall be expended service necessary, including the chiefs of divisions and all other for any pllot charts prepared in a hydrographlc office in which there employees without the aid of any naval officer; but in order are detailed or employed more than one naval officer at any one time~ to connect the work of this office with the navy and maritime Mr. TAW :NEY. Mr. Chairman, before that is considered I interests, a naval officer was provided for as Chief Hydrographer want to call attention to a verbal change which is necessary in in the law creating the bureau. That is the only naval officer the amendment that I offered.· The word " said " is used where the law authorizes in this bureau. The others are detailed for it refers to the Hydrographic Office in the preceding sentence, service in this bureau for the purpose of giving naval officers a which was stricken out. In order to make the amendment read soft shore berth at increased compensation. · correctly, instead of the word "said" being there it should be Now Mr. Chairman, if Members of Congress do not see fit to stricken out and the words " the Hydrographic" inserted before aid in bringing about the reforms in methods of administration, the word " Office " in line 22. no complaint can be made against those who recomme~~ the The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, the change will be proposed legislation. This service, I repeat, is not a military made in accordance with the statement of the gentleman from service. There is one man, the commander, in charge of the Minnesota. division distributing charts. He draws $5,700 a year to perform '.rhe question is on agreeing to the amendment offered by the civil duties-duties that a $1,600 clerk could perform j~st as gentleman from Kentucky. . efficiently as this naval officer. Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. Chairman, I desire to make a point of Mr. Chairman, I want to say that shore duty is always more order on that amendment. That is not a limitation. attractive to naval officers than sea duty, because when on Mr. SHERLEY. I suggest, Mr. Chairman, it is too late to shore they receive more pay than they do when on sea duty, make a point of order. . and whenever there comes an opportunity to give them employ­ The CHAIRMAN. It is too late to make a point of order ment on shore that opportunity is availed of and the officer is after the amendment has been discussed. The question is on assigned to that duty. agreeing to the amendment offered by the gentleman from Mr. ROBERTS. He does not get more pay on shore than Kentucky to the amendment offered by the gentleman from Min­ when at sea. nesota. Mr. TAWNEY. Well, he gets more compensation. The question was taken, and the amendment to the amend­ Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last ment was agreed to. word. I understood the gentleman from Minnesota to say that The CHAIRMAN. The question now is on the amendment he had a letterpress copy of a letter from a Mr. Knapp to one offered by the gentleman .from Minnesota. Hunt· that it was handed to him anonymously. How does he 1 Mr. PARSONS. Mr. Chairman, I would like to inquire of the know that it is a genuine letterpress copy, and if he does know gen.tleman from Minnesota what work these naval officers are it, how does it happeµ. that the chairman of the Committee on assigned to in the Hydrographic Office? Appropriations is dealing in purloined correspondence and is exposing to the public personal communications? My only in­ Mr. TAWNEY. One is in charge of map construction, an­ ference is that the gentleman must be a subscriber to the Hearst other is in charge of the distribution of charts. syndicate. [Laughter.] Mr. PARSONS. We have heard a lot about him, but what Mr. MANN. Will the gentleman yield? . about the other two? Mr. ROBERTS. I will yield to the gentleman from Illinois. Mr. TAWNEY. The other is chief of a division that bas Mr. MANN. Does the gentleman think there can be any such charge of preparing the data that is used in making the plates thing as personal correspondence as differentiated from official used in the manufacture of the charts. It is purely ·routine correspondence by a department officer on a matter pending in work. None of the work is military or naval at all. Congress? Mr. PARSONS. Some of it is maritime? Mr. ROBERTS. I know nothing about the circumstances Mr. TAWNEY. Of course. The whole subject relates to thP. under which the letter was written or is supposed to have been maritime service, but the actual work does not require special written. . knowledge or naval or military science. Mr. MANN. We know what it purports to be. Mr. PARSONS. Are these all officers who are on the active Mr. ROBERTS. If it was an answer to a personal inquiry list? from a personal friend, I can conceive of his sending the reply Mr. TAWNEY. All but one, and he is drawing active pay, marked "personal" to differentiate it from an official letter. becau e he is on active duty. Mr. MANN. · He might send it marked "personal," but it Mr. PARSONS. This would exclude any man on the retired would be official all the same. list of the naVY? Mr. ROBERTS.· The main part of the argument of the gen­ Mr. TAWNEY. Oh, no; it would not There is one included tleman from Minnesota was devoted to saving expense in the who is on the retired list, who is drawing the pay of an active Hydrographic Office by cutting out the number of officers detailed officer. there. As I understood the amendment, which the chairman Mr. PARSONS. Can he still be detailed to this work if the said was in order, he has eliminated that limitation upon the gentleman's amendment is adopted? Secretary so that as the matter would stand if the amendment Mr. TAWNEY. No; unless he is detailed to the position of was adopted, no expense in the matter of official salary to naval hydrographer. 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3103

Mr. PARSONS. In addition to the officer who is on. the Mr. GILLETT. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that active list? that be stricken out. Mr. TAWNEY. No; I do not think he could. The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, it will be so ordered. !\Ir. ROBERTS. Yes; they can still be detailed. The Clerk read as follows : Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Does the gentleman';s amendment Navnl Observatory: For 3 assistant astronomers, 1 at 2,400, and 2 propose to do away with the services of officers entirely1 s.t $1,800 each; assistant in department of nautical instrument , 1,600; clerk of class 4; clerk of class 2 ; instrument maker, 1,500; elec­ Mr. TAWNEY. Oh, no. The amendment that has just been trician, $1,500; 3 as istants, at $1,600 each ; 3 assistants, at $1,400 adopted limits the number of naval officers that can be detailed each ; librarian, $1,400 ; 2 assistants, at $1,000 each ; stenographer and to these several bureaus to one. typewriter, $900 ; foreman and captain of the watch, 1,000 ; carpenter and engineer, at $1,000 each; 3 firemen; 6 watchmen; elevator con­ Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. How many are there now? ductor, $720; and 9 laboreri;; in all~ $4B,240. Mr. TAWNEY. There are four, including the bydrographer; Mr. GILLETT. Mr. Chairman, I move that the committee four or five. do now rise. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Somebody will have to do the The motion was agreed to. work now done by these officers. Accordingly the committee rose; and the Speaker having re­ Mr. TAWNEY. That is expressly provided for in the legis- sumed the chair, Mr. DALZELL, Chairman of the Committee of lative bill. the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that that Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. If they are not permitted to do committee had had under consideration the bill H. R. 22643, the work, somebody would have to be put in their place and re­ the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill, and ceive another salary. had directed him to report that it had come to no resolution Mr. TAWNEY. Yes. The chief of a division receiving a sal­ thereon. ary of $1800 per year will perform the services now performed by the n~val officer who is drawing $5,700 per year, and that SENATE JOINT RESOLUTIONS REFERRED. naval officer can go to sea where his services are required. Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, Senate joint resolutions of the Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I understand he is not detailed following titles were taken from the Speaker's table and re­ on land when his services are required at sea, and he does not ferred to their appropriate committees, as indicated below: draw any more salary whether on sea or on land. The G-Overn­ S. J. Res. 79. Joint resolution providing for the printing of ment expends $5,700 a year for that officer, and if you ta:ke him extra copies of the report of the Chief of Division of Military Af­ out of this place, he will continue to dra:w h~s $5,700 a year fairs, office of the Secretary of War, for fiscal year ended June salary and some other man will be put m his place--a new 30, 1909-to the Committee on Printing. man-and an additional $1,800 will be taken out of the Treas­ S. J. Res. 37. Joint resolution requiring the printing of public w-y of the United States. papers and documents from foreign countries in the English Mr TAWNEY. We are told that about half the vessels of language-to the Committee on Printing. the ~aV-y are out of commission to-day because they ha-ve no .ACCEPTANCE OF ST.A.TUE OF JOHN C. CALHOUN. officers to man them; and if that is true, then, to the extent that The SPEAKER. The ·Chair lays before the House the fol­ we have officers here doing civil duty when $1,800 clerks could lowing resolution, which th-e Clerk will report. perform the same services, we are responsible for not having The Clerk read as follows : a sufficient number of officers for the navy. The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, the amendment of the Senute concurrent resolution 20. Resolv ed by the Senate (the Hou-se of Representatives concurri~), gentleman from M"mneEota will be again reported. That the statue of John C. Calhoun, presented by the State of South The Clerk read as follows : Carolina to be placed in Statuary Hall, is accepted in the name or the United St.ates, and that the thanks of Congress be tendered to the .And hereafter the pilot charts prepared in the Hydrographic Office St.ate for the contribution of the statue of one of the most eminent shall have conspicuously printed thereon the following: ~· Prepared citizens, illustrious for the purity of his life and his distinguished serv­ from data. furnished by the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Depart· ices to the State and Nation. ment and by the Weather Bureau of the Department <>f .Agriculture, Second. That a copy of these resolutions, suitably engrossed and duly and published at the Hr,drographic Office under the authority of the authenticated. be transmitted to th-e governor of the State of So•1tll Secretary of the Navy; ' and all meteorological information received Carolina. by the Weather Bureau of the Department of .Agriculture necessary for and of the character of such information heretofore used in the prep· The SPEAKER. The gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. aration of the pilot charts shall continue to be furnished with all pos· FINLEY] will take the chair. sible expedition to the Hydrographic Office for use in the preparation of said charts : Provided, That no moneys appropriated by this bill shall Mr. JOHNSON of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I desire to be expended for any P.ilot charts prepared in a. hydro1IT11.phic office in send to the Clerk's desk and have read the following communi­ which there are detailed or employed more than one naval officer at cation. any one time. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Clerk will report the com­ l\'Ir. ENGLEBRIGHT. Mr. Chairman-- munieation. The CHAIRMAN. For what purpose does the gentleman rise? The Clerk read as follows : Mr. ENGLEBRIGHT. I want to be recognized on this STATE OF SOUTH CABOLIINA, amendment. I think this House has gotten decidedly mixed ExECUTIVE CHAMBER, on this whole proposition. You have here a proposition pro­ Oolumbia, Mar ch 1l , 1910. To the honora"b1e the Senate anften called our national Pantheon, where a He was intimately identified with all legislation growing out place is given to the statues of the great men of the Nation. of the war, and after the war was over and our :finances and The collection doubtless belongs to the Nation, but in no other currency were in miserable plight, he was made chairman of sense except in a peculiar one can it be called a national gal­ the Committee on Banking and Currency. He investigated the lery. The selections are made by no national authority, but by currency and the :finances from every possible standpoint, and the separate States, which are given the equal right to choose was more instrumental than any other man in getting the two men whose statues shall appear there. The hall is thus finances properly adjusted and the country brought to a specie primarily a gallery for the States, and that fact must be borne basis. clearly in mind in order to understand the meaning of the col­ In 1817 he passed from the House of Representatives into lection. The States have usually done themselves justice, and, the Cabinet of Mr. Monroe as Secretary of War, a position with very few exceptions, have made the best selections they which he held until be was elected Vice-President of the United could make, but as they are far from equal in fertility as States. He took charge of the War Department and brought mothers of great men it is inevitable that there will be far system out of chaos. greater men not represented in. the collection than some of those In 1825 he became Vice-President of the United States, and who are there. Virginia, for instance, is a very nurse of lions. was again elected in 1828, but subsequently-1832--he resigned -She has already presented her two statues, and yet, if she as Vice-President to become a Senator in Congress from South were given the right to add to the number, she has in reserve Carolina. And here I may remark, in passing, lest I forget it, Patrick Henry and Thomas Jeffer8on and John l\farshall and that there never was a day when there was not a seat in the James Madison, any one of whom many of the States would Senate of the United States for John C. Calhoun if he desired be proud to make their first choice. It is then a gallery of the to occupy it. Whether he occupied a place in the Cabinet or great men of the States rather than of the Nation. as presiding officer of the Senate, the moment he indicated his But it is fortunate that we have a collection formed in this willingness to resign there was an immediate resignation of way, because of the breadth of the portrayal which it really some Senator from South Carolina in order that Calhoun might gives to our history. Instead of witnessing there a single his­ have the seat. That has happened in the life of no other man torical tone, as we should if the gallery were filled by the choice in the history of this Republic. I may say, in this connection, of New England, or the West, or the South, or possibly by some that only one time in all his public life did he meet with serious central authority, we have the local and sectional coloring; opposition at the hands of the electorate in South Carolina. the choice of the different States gives us a blending of charac­ In 1824, after he had voted to give Members of Congress a ters standing for different and even opposite shades of thought, yearly compensation, on returning to South Carolina he found and we see there side by side the men out of whose conflicts ' his vote exceedingly unpopular. Most of the Members of Con­ with each other has been evolved the America of to-day. [Ap­ gress who voted for that measure were never returned. Cal­ plause.] How vastly better and broader this than to have none houn's :friends urged him to apologize to the electorate of his but safe and orthodox statues illustrating a single constitu­ district and acknowledge that he was wrong and ask their indul­ tional school, statesmen who advocated the same doctrines, gence. But that he refused to do. Not believing that he soldiers who always fought the same battles, with no suggestion was wrong, he could not apologize. All he desired was to be of the fierce ·internal struggles by which the Nation was molded. heard by the people. He went upon the stump, and he presented Statuary Hall thus has a high value as a gallery of history with with that precision and that logic for which he was noted his the different sides of our great struggles repl'esented. It is per­ reasons for his vote, and was triumphantly elected to Congress. haps too much to hope that it should also be a gallery of art. That was the first and only time, Mr. Speaker, in all his forty The pending resolution formally accepts from the State of years of public life that he ever met opposition at the hands of South Carolina the statue of John C. Calhoun and thanks the the people of South Carolina. State for the gift. I think in this gift that she has done herself When he retired fro01 the Vice-Presidency he entered the full justice, and is presenting the statue ·of her most distin­ Senate in what is characterized as the "debating era" of this guished son, who played a great part in the development of our Government. There he found as colleagues Thomas Hart Ben­ national history. He was born and educated in the State and ton, Henry Olay, and Daniel Webster. Even ·the names of was identified with her throughout his whole life. For nearly many of the men in public life at·that time have passed from forty years he was connected with the Government of the Na;­ recollection, but these great intellectual giants stand out pre­ tion in the most responsible positions. He held the offices of eminently in our history and are known to every schoolboy. It Representative and Senator from South Carolina, of Secretary is not necessary to say that as Calhoun had taken the lead iri of War and of State, and of Vice-President. He was practi- 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. cally in continuous service from 1811 to 1850, whe~ he di~d in Calhoun found a sentiment of opposition to this unpopu­ Washington while a Member of the Senate. In pomt of mtel­ lar law widely prevalent in his State, and was influenced lect and in purity of character he ranks among the very grea!est by it, but that alone was not responsible for his·position. He of our statesmen, and, although his name is more conspicu­ believed the State to be sovereign. Our history at that time ously identified than any other 'name with the theory of nu11:i­ was full of instances, which might serve him as precedents, fication, a theory to which his extraordinary power of log.1c where the authority of the Central Government, as against the gave practical force as a political principle, more than OD;Ce m States, had been questioned. The Virginia resolutions, which critical times he devoted himself to the work of preventing a had been drawn by Madison, one of the fathers of the Consti­ rupture between the central and the state governments and of tution; the Kentucky resolutions, which were the work of Jef­ maintaining the Union. He was throughou.t his whole life de· ferson; the proceedings of the Hartford convention, which had voted to his native State. His first recollection was of South been participated in by nearly all of the New England States, Carolina as a completely sovereign republic except for the ·gave basis for the claim that the States might nullify an un­ Articles of Confederation which had little or no binding force. constitutional law · of the Nation. Calhoun attempted to jus­ He was nurtured in the idea that his State was his country, ify the attitude of his State in its hostility to a national law, and in his political philosophy his primary allegiance was to and drew up the famous exposition of 1828, which strongly her, and through her he derived his more remote and less af­ asserted the doctrine of nullification and attempted to gt·rn it fectionate relations with the Federal Government. constitutional form. He was fortunate in his education, considering the times. He declared that each State might nullify a national law His early boyhood was taken up with the reading of a very few. which it regarded as in violation of the Constitution, and that good books. For two years, which seems to have been almost the State itself was the judge whether a Jaw was constitutional the entire time of his schooling in South Carolina, he attended or not. It is probable that at that moment Calhoun was rather a famous school which was held in the woods with the boys a follower than a leader, and that he reluctantly accepted an living in log cabins and farm houses near by, and every morning opinion that was rapidly acquiring rev-olutionary force. The at sunrise the master would summon them to work with a blast State definitely took its place as the leader of nullification, and upon a hunter's horn. He was a serious-minded boy, and re­ there was never afterwards within her borders a real division mained of a serious temperament throughout his life. upon that question. The court of appeals, which held the His biographer, Mr. Hunt, tells us that he rarely read poetry, official oath unconstitutional because it did not include the and that when he once essayed to · write some verses every National Constitution, was legislated out of existence, and the stanza began with "whereas." His two years spent in Doctor great union leaders were driven into exile and Wentified them­ Waddell's school fitted him for the junior class at Yale College, selv-es with other States. from which, after two more years of study, he graduated. He Calhoun resigned the Vice-Presidency and took his seat in then took a two· years' course 'in a law school in Connecticut. the ·Senate in December, 1832, and in the following February he '.rhus, of six years spent at school, he was for four years in the made perhaps his most remarkable speech, occupying two days, North. We should expect that his residence there would have in which he amplified the doctrine of nullification with a re­ affected his views upon the great constitutional question with markable power of statement and analysis and with an intense which he was afterwards identified. And this is not at all un­ and remorseless logic, pressing to conclusions from which it likely, for the theories that were kindred with nullification were appears difficult to escape, but from which one instinctively probably as rife at that day in Connecticut as they were in recoils. He declared that the Constitution was a compact be­ South Carolina. And there is evidence that one of his Jaw tween the States, which remained sovereign, and that the teachers was of opinion in 1804. that the time had arrived for Central Government possessed none of the attributes of sov­ New England to separate from the Union. ereignty, but only exercised powers delegated to it by the When he entered Congress nearly all the leaders of the Revo­ States; and that upon the question whether the National Gov­ lutionary period had passed from the stage and the affairs of ernment had encroached upon the reserved rights of the State, the Nation were soon to be directed by men of the next genera­ the latter alone was the rightful judge. He argued that to per­ tion. Daring the next forty years Congress was to be largely mit the National -Government to decide finaJly upon the con­ dominated by three men--0r, at least three men stood out so stitutionality of its own laws would be ultimately to destroy the conspicuously from their associates as to form a class by them­ States. Yet in its practical effect it was clear that his doc­ selves; they were of such heroic proportions as to cause us even trine that the States were the rightful judges of the constitu­ to this day to look back upon that period of our .congressional tionality of national laws, which they assumed the power to history as upon a golden age. Calhoun was one of that trium­ nullify, would as effectively destroy the National Government or ivirate, and the others, it is hardly necessary to add, were Daniel reduce it to a mere shadow. To this speech a reply was imme­ 'Vebster and Henry Clay. diately made by Webster, who showed the chaos that would Calhoun's service at Washington divides itself into two result from the application of the theory, and who maintained periods. From 1811 to 1828 he was a national statesman. He that the basis of tbe National Government was not a com­ declared in the House of Representatives that he was not there pact, but a 'Constitution binding all the States and the people to represent a State alone, but that he would contend for the within its sphere and forming a union which revolution alone interest of the whole people. It was a theory of his at that could overthrow. time that the " Constitution is not a thesis for the logician to The theory of nullification, however, had received in the exercise his casuistry on." He declared that woolen and cotton speech of Hayne in the Senate its most popular presentation manufacturing should have a moderate but permanent protec­ while Calhoun was yet Vice-President, but after South Carolina tion. In his first term in Congress he brought in the resolution had adopted the exposition which codified it and for the first for war against Great Britain, a war which, except for the time gave it a definite form. That speech was one of the most brilliant success of our few ships, was neither a glorious nor a brilliant in the annals of our Congress. It was not so philo­ decisive war. As Secretary of War he was a member of the sophical nor so closely reasoned as were Calhoun's speeches, but same Cabinet as John Quincy Adams, and worked with that it presented the theory with great force, and it contained a critical statesman in a way to gain his admiration. With the slashing attack upon New England and upon some of her public possible exception of Henry Clay, he was as thoroughgoing a men. It was a brilliant fighting speech, worthy of the place it national statesman as could be found in Washington during his holds in our greatest debate. Hayne rendered his country a real first fifteen years of service. practical service in the personal and sectional passages of his We now come to the second period of his service, and in speech, because they served as a whip to arouse the combative what I shall say concerning this period I shall confine myself instincts of one of the statesmen of New England. Daniel Web­ to a few observations upon the subject which presents the most ·ster was then a member of the Senate. He doubtless would important aspect of his career. He was by far the foremost have made a great constitutional argument if he had been at­ representative of the idea of state sovereignty and of the right tempting to reply to a coldly constitutional and logical speech, of a State to veto national laws, and it is in that relation that such as Calhoun would ha-ve made, for Webster had at that time he becomes a great historical character, imperishably associ­ won the place which he held unchallenged for a quarter of a ated with the overshadowing constitutional struggle of our century as the leader of the American bar. But the dashing history. His position upon this issue was first clearly apparent personal and sectional attack which Hayne had delivered moved in 1828. The operation of the protective tariff had proved bur­ the large and somewhat sluggish nature of Webster to some­ densome to South Carolina, which was almost purely an agri­ thing more than a constitutional argument. It thoroughly cultural State, with a system of slave labor unfavorable to the awakened him and kindled his passion so that while his reply development of manufactures. Extreme hostility to the tariff vindicated the cause of the Union and the supremacy of the led, under the loosely formed constitutional notions of that National Constitution with amazing power, it did much more. time, to the development of the nullification programme. It glowed with the warmth of passion, it displayed a superb

XLV--195 3106 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MARCH 12, irony and invective; in the declamatory passages it spread out try, are a lesson and an inspiration inestimable in influence the colors of a gorgeous rhetoric; in brief, it presented the great upon generations yet to come. To quote· the measured In.n­ argument in a popular form, something that gave it· much of guage of Mr. Webster, his greatest compeer, l\Ir. Calhoun was the tremendous influence which it was destined to exert in " a man o~ undpubted genius and commanding intellect, of molding popular opinion. This speech planted the idea of na­ unspotted mtegrity, of unimpe11.ched honor." "He has lived tionality broadcast, and it was time that that was done. There long enough, he has done enough, and he has done it so well, was scarcely a school boy in the North in the quarter of a cen­ so successfully, so honorably, as to connect himself for all time tury before the civil war who did not declaim it. It built up, if with the records of his country." Aye in truth his endeaYors it did not create, the sentiment of nationality. Much has been alone have builded a monument imposlng beyond the power of said about the decisive battles of the world. One needs to be n:an,.to devise. Hi~ other great compeer, Mr. Clay, refers to cautious in using the superlative, but I think it can at least his transcendent tal~nts ; clear, concise, compact logic · his fairly be said that this speech of Webster's is one of the very · felicity in generalization surpassed by none." In like' vein few decisive speeches of the world, and that it is largely due spoke all of his great contemporaries, each eulogizing him as a to it that the cause of union finally triumphed. n;ian of spotless character, unsurpassed genius, unalloyed devo­ The oratorical duel to which I have referred between Calhoun tion to duty and country. Mr. Blaine, himself the most daz­ and Webster in 1833, while not so dramatic nor of nearly so zling political leader of his time, in his admirable work popular a character as the debate between Webster and Hayne, Tw:enty Ye?-rs of Congress, pays him the tribute, "History will gave the most complete discussion of the question that it ever adJudge him to have been single-hearted and honest in his received. While much was afterwards spoken upon the subject, political creed." "His life was eminently pure, his career but little, if anything, was added to the argument. exceptional, his fame established beyond the reach of calumny, Calhoun died in 1850. There was after all a warm spot in beyond the I_>Ower of detraction." This prophecy is fulfilled ; his­ his heart for the Union, and in the last days of his life he was tory has adJudged; its decree is writ; imperishable is the fame struggling to compromise the situation and to keep the Union of the the great South Carolinian! [.Applause.] running, although he was profoundly pessimistic as to the out­ The most vital period in a nation's history-a nation whose come . .At the same time, Webster was setting the Union above institutions rest upon written constitutions-is that which may everything else and alienating many of his friends at home by be called " the period of interpretation." In the annals of time the sacrifices which he was willing to make for it. Neither of no assemblage of men contained more wisdom, more devoted them lived to witness the final appeal to the tribunal of war. patriotism, more comprehensi>e reach into the future than that That tribunal rendered a decree, the justice and wisdom of which framed our Federnl Constitution. Even it builded wiser which are beyond question, in favor of nationality, and it than it knew. .A broader, more pregnant, and all-embracing decreed also that as we have an ·tndestructible Union, so, in the insh·ument was never conceived in the wisdom of mankind. Out lofty language of the Supreme Court, spoken since the civil war, of it has grown the glory of the Nation and upon it is predi· it is an indestructible union of indestructible States. [.Applause.] cated her greatness for the future. This, "the work of the ages, Unless by new amendments the powers of the National Govern­ chief classic in the literature of freedom," stands without paral­ ment can be augmented only by usurpation, which would be no lel in the history of human government as man's greatest work less repugnant to Webster's constitutional theory than was for freedom of men. [.Applause.] nullification itself. There is danger that we may forget the The inherent potentiality of a written instrument is measured fundamental importance of maintaining the balance established by the wisdom of its interpretation. .As through the centuries between the States and the National Government. Undoubtedly the destiny of England has been shapen in her traditions the the tendency of our time has been toward the absorption by the course of these United States .is mapped in the interpretation National Government of the reserved powers of the States. of its written Constitution. The searchlights of ships, breaking We are tugging at the fetters of our written Constitution as at the gloom of the trackless deep, point the pathway of safety; a chain, and by a species of governmental hypocrisy we have interpretation, illuminating the dark, pathless way of the ship of more than once pretended to exercise a power which is granted state, marks her course for weal or woe. in order really to wield some power which is not granted. It The interpreters of the Constitution have exerted an influence is for us to see to it that the system, which secures union while greater, certainly not less, than its framers in determining the it safeguards liberty, and which war and argument have done character of our institutions. Free government is a growth, their best to establish, shall not be disturbed by state nullifica­ a development, a process of evolution, the resultant of wise in· tion on the one hand nor by national usurpation on the other. terpretations as well as correct and sound fundamentals. The [Applause.] Constitution was but dumb, unliving parchment until touched by · But we of to-day are separated from their time by one of the the genius of interpretation. In hallowing the sages who wrought most colossal of wars. While they had their fears, they did it into form let us not forget the services of the philosophers and not know what was to come. They were struggling in a peace­ prophets whose transcendent intellectualities infused into it life ful forum for the conflicting views of our system. .And as the .and power by the masterful sagacity of their interpretations. realism of art perpetuates the past and projects it vividly into During this period, the building upon the foundation, the the present, so in a hall in this Capitol, which more than once transition stage, the most perilous of all others, the rock fatal rang with their eloquence, the foremost champion of nullifica­ in the career of republics, the combat of giants, the charge and tion and the great defender of the Union may still be seen con­ recoil of master spirits, the sons of South Carolina shone tending with each other and fighting over again in marble the brightest in the firmament of national ideals and carried he1· great battle of the Constitution. [Loud applause.] flag furtherest to the front in the field of thought and influ­ Mr. LEVER. Mr. Speaker, tender as a mother in solitary ence. No State of this Union ever contributed, at any one vigil over her first born, for more than half a century the State time, a greater array of brilliant leaders than did South Carer of his nativity has kept loving watch over the sepulchered ashes lina, in her William Lowndes, Langdon Cheves, Robert Y. of her most illustrious citizen. For forty years she intrusted Hayne, William C. Preston, George McDuffie, John O. Calhoun. him with a confidence akin to idolatry, and the vicissitudes of [.Applause.] Great as were all these great characters, power­ two generations of men and measures have not sufficed to lessen ful as was the impress of each upon the thought of his age, that veneration nor to bring disloyalty to his memory. His in­ popular in State and Nation as they were, preemient in learn­ fluence upon the standard of political morality and official pu­ ing and eloquence, devoted and unswerving to country and a rity in his State is as vital to-day as when he drew the drapery high sense of duty, Mr. Calhoun stands above and beyond of his couch about him and laid down to pleasant dreams. them all in the completeness of his character, the fullness of The auspicious events of this day, recording the verdict of his wisdom, the matchless splendor of his mind. In moral and exact and impartial history, mark the cousummation of tribute intellectual grandeur he was without peer among all these of a reunioned people. The Nation, removed from the bitter­ great men, whose brilliant accomplishments have brought so ness, strife, and mi:ilunderstanding of his distinguished. activi­ rich a luster to the history of South Carolina. ties, here welcomes the opportunity to join South Carolina in From his entrance into her legislature to the day of his canceling a long-standing debt of gratitude, in paying proper death his power in the State was substantially absolute. Her homage to his loyal and unselfish patriotism. The Nation hon­ destiny she willingly committed to his keeping. .And out of ors itself; the fame of John Caldwell Calhoun, always secure, this arose the charge that his predominance in her affairs had now happily commands its national recognition. crushed the spirit of her independence, moving the celebrated Our Hall of Fame, filled with the testimonials of a people's ex-Governor Perry to say:. 19ve and gratitude to their great dead, holds none which de­ I thought, after the death of Mr. Calhoun the people of South Caro· serves them more than that unveiled to-day. No encomium llna could think more independently. · the Nation may pay him can compensate for the life he de­ What higher tribute can be paid any force of character or voted to her service. The matchless probity of his imperial power of intellectuality than to admit they held so complete character, his undoubted love for the institutions of his coun· and welcomed mastery over so proud and independent a people ! 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3107

The power of Mr. Calhoun in the State was the indirect effect soundness of his theories were impaired by the narrowness of of his commanding preeminence in the affairs of the Nation. that visfon. It was in this forum that his great wisdom, his wonderfully He. saw the ship of state swinging down the encliffed channel acute analytical powers, his marvelous grasp of public ques­ of the future, saw it with a clearness approaching the super­ tions, his prophetic vision, his personal and political integrity, natural; saw the placid waters upon which it :floated; saw the gave him a place enjoyed by few-~surpassed by none-in this hidden rocks, the dangerous shoals, the roaring cataract ; saw most important pivotal period of interpretation. From his ad­ them as no other man of his time saw them, and devoted his vent into the national arena until the close of his momentous energies, his wonderful powers, his life itself, to giving her safe life the impress of his mighty mind, in conjunction with those voyage. For him the Constitution had marked that channel, only who ever approached him in intellectual force and in­ for him the Constitution was that ship's compass; beyond that fluence-Webster, Clay, and Benton-stamped itself upon every he could not and did not see-the pilotage of none other would page of the history of that period. he trust. In his own 1anguage, " To restrict the powers of this Calhoun, Webster, Clay, Benton, each greater, each less than Government within the rigid limits prescribed by the Constitu­ the other, this roll call sounds the depth of the Nation's intel­ tion," this was the chart of his interpretation, the embodiment lectual pride. [Applause.] The legislative history of civiliza­ of his attitude. By this he followed his course, formulated his tion fails to furnish a quartette comparable with this in the policies, directed his activities, predicated his prophecies. All variety of its talents, the magnitude of its genius, the wisdom of other considerations were subservient, to keep "within the rigid is leadership, and the clearness of its prophecy. England's limits prescribed by the Constitution," was the supremest masterful triumvirate-Burke, Fox, Pitt-measured by the thought of his mind, the dearest object of his heart. If to fol­ standard of comparative abilities and attainments, must give low the teachings of the fathers is weakness, who but glories place to our more masterful four. . in the charge? - In no other country has any like combination of men com­ "The rigid limits prescribed by the Constitution "-words how manded a firmer grip upon or a more thorough conception of the full of meaning, how pregnant with the combat of master minds, problems of the present, nor exerted upon those of the future a with history, with destiny itself! They hold the long, illustrious greater or more lasting influence. During all their long service life story of John C. Calhoun. They contain his doctrine of none arose powerful enough to dispute their dominancy in the nullification-the word he wished inscribed upon his tomb­ forum of their activity. In this field they were supreme, all­ tbey comprise the tragic events of secession; they embody the powerful, overshadowing every other and all others-history's doctrine of states rights, which yet-lives in its virgin strength, greatest Senators. Here they were the embodiment of the shedding its beneficent influences upon the statesmanship of this thought, policies, ambitions, and prophecies of the Nation. generation. To him these words meant liberty, union, and the Their lives are the history of that generation; their philosophy, Constitution, one and inseparable, if that might be; but liberty teachings, and interpretations the bases upon which the insti­ and the Constitution inseparable forever. tutions of government rest even to this day. To the preservation of these he concentrated his abilities with Of this splendid galaxy, this inseparable quartette of political a devoutness bordering upon fanaticism. Considerations of self philosophers, none eradiated a more conspicuous and constant were buried in the unflinching struggle. Ambition was sacrificed brilliancy than Mr. Calhoun. It is true he did not possess the upon the altar of principle to keep intact and pure these price­ enormous knowledge of Mr. Benton, nor the highly developed less jewels. In the zeal of his guardianship is found explana­ perception and penetration of Mr. Clay, nor the rich imagery tion for the seeming inconsistencies of his career. Viewed in and almost divine prophecy o_f Mr. Webster; but in the domain the light of this indisputable history, the mists of misunder­ of speculative philosophy and metaphysics he was greater than standing which for two generations have dimmed the splendor all combined. He was not so practical as Mr. Benton, nor so of his character begin to roll away and unveil him to us the dashing a parliamentary leader as Mr. Clay, ·nor so incompa­ purest, most unselfish, most devoted pah'iot. rable an orator as Mr. Webster; but as ·a logician he is un­ rivaled among the sons of men. A course moved by such ends necessarily brought maledic­ tions upon him and necessitated that independence of party Mr. Calhoun was not a great orator. He was a great speaker trammels which have made those who love a man admire him and an unerring analyst. He addressed the intellect, not the most. He refused to bow to the caprice of unthinking constitu­ emotion. The marked characteristic of his mind was its power of encies, ready at all times to relinquish his commission to those analysis, a faculty which when fully developed constitutes the whom he honored to represent. Others might compromise their highest order of human genius. His was not the meteoric convictions for the commendation of the hour, others might genius that dazzles only to blind, but the kind which resolves swerve from the path of duty to avoid its dangers, others abstrusest problems into simplest elements. No mind was ever might flee from the wrath of public opinion, others might be better equipped for the peculiar task which engaged it than was his in unfolding the novelty of an untried democracy. The deaf to the pleadings of the seers, others might quail before the paucity of precedents of that day forced its statesmanship upon lightning :flash of the hastening storm, others might temporize its own resources and opened the most inviting field for the and hesitate, but not this man of rugged courage and iron inde­ philosopher and the metaphysician. The Constitution gave only pendence. general principles to be resolved into their constituent parts, He, like a solid rock by seas inclosed, To raging winds and roaring waves exposed, each to be applied to existing circumstances. The wisest and From his proud summit looking down disdains most original thinker could only speculate as to the results. Their empty menace, and unmoved remains. It was the period of interpretation, the especial field of the analyst. {Applause.] The stage setting, actors, the drama itself, conspired to pro­ Upon his monument, in historic St. Phillip's churchyard, are Yoke the fullest exercise of Mr. Calhoun's characteristic tal­ engraven the words, "Truth, justice, and the Constitution." ents, and he played the role of interpreter as no man in our his­ Fittingly they comprehend the ideals for which be wrought. In tory ever played it save Mr. Webster _alone. Mr. Webster did his toilsome pursuit of them, he disdained the allurements· of not excel him. Upon the intricate questions of this time, so full ambition, scorned t4e groveling practices of smaller men, en­ of complexities, he brought to bear his great power of simplifi­ dured without murmur the darts of misunderstanding, the cation, direct thinking, resistless deduction, sustained concen­ shafts of misrepresentation, and the malignant arrows of fanat­ tration. In such circumstances his power of reasoning, of ical hate. Un.awed and unmoved by the fury of conflicting breaking the mass of things into self-evident first principles, of ideals, unterrified by the menace of lowering clouds, unseduced bringing order out of chaos, of illuminating for others, with the by the beckoning hand of preferment, be strode forward, some­ mighty light of his own intellectuality, the dark and apparent times the popular idol, sometimes alone, always self-reliant in impenetrable, gave him first rank among the master minds of the strength of his mighty gianthood-the defender of truth, this important epoch. the champion of justice, the protagonist of a strict and literal It was this power of concentration, this ability to see beyond interpretation of the Constitution. [Loud applause.] the intervening rubbish the one object for investigation, this Mr. ELLERBE. Mr. Speaker, the occasion which has to­ almost superhuman directness of perception, that was his great­ day brought together this concourse of pah'iotic citizens is one est strength and yet his greatest weakness. In the telescopic which has found its precedent in history, from the first gray operations of his great mind, the subtle precision of his reason­ dawn of civilization down to the present day. ing, the complete absorption of all his faculties in the subject Excavators have discovered on the banks of the Tigris, where of immediate investigation, it is said, caused him at times to they have been buried for ages, slabs of alabaster which ex­ overl9ok the present correlated influences or to appreciate their hibit in relief the forms and faces of the men who governed ultimate effect upon the practical results of his final conclu­ the East in that remote period. sions. Within the limits of his vision he was without peer; It has been the custom of most nations to erect bronze or but it is asserted that the safety of his leadership and the marble statues in commem

There is the fond desire, always in the hearts of the living, to and the tribute that was paid to. his life and character by Vir· perpetuate the forms of those who have been distingUished in ginia, as well as South Carolina. I shall never forget the com· the service of God and man, or of those whose hearts have ments made by my father and his neighbors, and the tributes beat in unison with our own, and we seek to express this de­ the Virginia papers pa.id to his memory. , sire in the immortality of art. None can question the selection by South Carolina. of John O. The great Carolinian, to honor whom we come to-day, sleeps Calhoun to occupy an honored place in the hall of America's in his own loved Dixie. The stately pines lift their heads most famous men. Calhoun's title to this honor is spread on proudly around his tomb and whisper to each other the story page after page of the history of his State and the history of of his pure and patriotic life. His fame is secure, for it is this Nation. guarded by his own good works. We know that we can add In private and in public life, in character, genius, and suc­ nothing to that fame, for- cessful achievement of great tasks he stamped himself a man His grandeur he derived fl:om Heaven alone, to be honored and remembered, and South Carolina does well For he w:ts gr at ere fortune made him so ; to place his statue here. And strifes, like mists that rise against the sun, IDs worship of truth, his sincerity, and his aterling integrity Made him but greater seem-not_greater grow. were never questioned. No charge of corruption or intrigue [Applause.] ever stained his public life. America claims no statesman whose But the spontaneous love of southern hearts has placed this pl"ivate life and moral character stands high~r; none whose statue in the halls which have echoed to the words of his elo­ genius and ability can greatly overshadow him. His State may quence, becau....c:e they desire to have their children and their well be proud of him, this Nation may well honor him. and children's children know how South Carolina loves and honors history must justly place him in the front rank of great men of her greatest son-John C. Calhoun. [Applause.] any age or country. This is not the hour in which to measure his labors or inter­ His was a mind combining in rare degree those qualities that pret his ideas. Looking back through the years we realize that constitute an intellect of the highest order. As a logician he his large experience and broad forecast gave him notice of has been ranked with Chief Justice Marshall, and, like Marshall, national dangers as the wires of the telegraph flash news of believed that the true art of logic was in tightly stating the first startling import unknown to the slumbering villages through proposition. which they pass. No less prominent was his great moral courage, and his per­ With Calhoun there was never a thought of self. His great fect reliance on the power of truth, and the capacity of the heart was filled to overflowing with love of his State, and with­ people to be convinced of it. Often in advance of the times, he out hesitation he gave up the second, and surrendered all hope suffered in prospects and political honors in defense of opinions of the first, office in the country to defend South Carolina in that he lived to see successfully adopted by his opponents. Yet her solitary attitude of opposition to protective policy. [Ap­ never hesitating to avow his opinions, however unpopular at plause.] the moment, confidently stating that he never knew the time The grandeur of his intellect, the purity of his patriotism, when the American people could not be made to see the truth. and the blamelessness of his life were appreciated fully by his He was not learned, in the general acceptation of the term, great rivals in the Senate, and his glory only shines the brighter for leisure and oppoi:tunity for the details of scholarship were in conjunction with those rivals. not afl'.orded him. He gathered vast stores of information from Calhoun, Clay,. and Webster-what a triu.mverate ! Everett every available source, especially from contact and exchange of says: views with other men. They can but be named in alphabetical order; what other precedence With true genius he separated the true and the valuable from could be given them? Calhoun, the great thinker; Clay, the great the false and erroneous. His mind worked with wonderful leader; Webster, the great orator. speed and rare accuracy. Distance can not destroy nor time diminish the simple splen­ Calhoun richly deserved the tribute of Winthrop, when he dor of Calhoun's life. It shines, and is a guidance to admiring said that- posterity. There was an unsullied purity 1n his private life; there was an ln· flexible integrity in his public conduct; there was an indescribable And now, when the gnteful task of placing here this statue fascination in his familiar conversation; there was a condensed energy is complete, we hand it over as a gift to the Nation. In his formal discourse; there was a quickness of perception, a vigor The stranger approaching this sacred spot shall linger and of deduction, a directness and devotedness of purpose in all that he said or wrote or did; there was a Roman dignity in his whole Senato­ gaze upon the form of South Carolina's greatest son, and shall rial deportment. which, together, made up a character which can not realize that he still lives in the hearts of his people and the his­ fail to be contemplated and admired to the latest posterity. tory of his State. [Applause.] Calhoun as a statesman was unquestionably one of the most l\Iay this statue stand firmly upon its pedestal as long as the brilliant of this country. To devoted patriotism he added Dome of the Capitol rises in grandeur above it. sturdy independence, disdaining to calculate the consequences May it inspire in youthful hearts the desire to give the best of the faithful discharge of his duty. Fortified by conscious that is in them to the service of their country, even as did John rectitude and purity of motive, he firmly and boldly followed C. Calhoun. [Loud applause.] his convictions with an ability, force, and persistence that noth­ Mr. LAMB. Mr. Speaker, my friends and colleagues from ing could withstand. Never timid, never time serving, he vig­ South Carolina have requested me to present some views on orously and ably pursued a course purely national, regardless of the life and character of John C. Calhoun. I wish their choice mere sectional or local interest. Farseeing and sagacious, advo­ had fallen on some abler and less busy member of the Virginia cating measures for the good of his country before their neces­ delegation, for Virginia's estimate of the noble South Carolinian sity was commonly apparent and approved, he constantly sought deserves a better tdbute than I am able to pay in the limited to lead and mold the public thought, rather than wait to follow time I have had for preparation, as well as the time that due it in inglorious safety and popularity. [Applause.} regard for the proprieties of the situation warrant me in using A devoted worshiper of republican institutions, he aimed to on this occasion. give firmness and durability to our form of government, and to In Virginia we regard John C. Calhoun ns a grand son of the demonstrate to the world its superiority over all other forms of Old Commonwealth-for his father, of revolutionary fame and government. An ardent student of its principles, he labored achievement, emigrated from Ireland before the revolutionary ~cessantly for means and measures to preserve and perpetuate war, and settled in what is now Wythe County, Va., where he them. Though an active and conspicuous leader in party ex­ married a lady of the name of Caldwell, the mother of John C. citement and strife, all concur in ascribing to him none but the Calhoun, and whose family also came from Ireland. Patrick most patriotic, conscientious, and disinterested motives. Calhoun was driven by the Indians from the western part of It has been well said that there are two classes of politicians: Virginia. In 1756 he removed to Abbeville District, in South The one consists of mere men o! precedent, the bltnd and indiscrimi­ Carolina, where John C. Calhoun was born on the 18th of nating followers of any path, whether made by folly or wisdom, and March, 1782, being the youngest of five children-four sons and whether strewn with ruins or covered with tropbles; the other, of mere men of theory, who, regardless of the settled habits of the community, one daughter. erect in their own minds an ideal phantom of perfection, at whose vora­ He was named for his uncle, Maj. John Caldwell, who was as­ cious shrine all existing establishments are · o.trercd up, however en­ sassinated by the tories in the Revolutionary war. Stories of deared by habits or consecrated by time. tbis Revolutionary hero were told me around the fireside in my ·Between these two extremes stood Calhoun, pursuing thD.t childhood, and a graphic recital of his encounter with and slay­ middle course that his own wisdom, profound knowledge, and ing a Cherokee chief that came to my notice only t\TI> days clear foresight of the needs of his country dictated. To this, ago recalled the history of Virginia and South Carolina as in large measure, is due his career of such conspicuous useful­ taught me by my father about the time of the death of John ness. C. Calhoun. Perhaps of all tbese who will to-day speak of this Calhoun was in truth a great American. No one more thor­ patriot and statesman I am the only one who recalls his death oughly understood those principles of human libe1·ty which it was 1910. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-ROUSE. 3109

ithe mission of om· people to fU)read .av.er a vast cantinent :and - - ~ . may be said that the second volume ·Of the history of .the in time become an object lesson for the human .trace. .And s.till U.mted States was opened by ..Mr. -Oalhoun himself on February he iWaS the .southerner., for he unilerstood und apprecia t~d to ~. 18.47, w.hen .he presented xesolutions ,covering the whole .the .tun the-social m~anization peculiar to the South. .grpnnd of the slave question wilh regard to the Territories. .To H1s love of truth, of .freed~ and Qf his country~ ·Conpled ~ volume of American liiato.ry .Mr.. Calhollil contributed with a .thor.ough scorn of .ev..erything ,base rand :grove.ling, con­ his paxt .ab~y, earnestly,, and eloquently~ About this time .he 'Stituted his ruling ~assions. 1n iI}rivat-e life he "Was :Singularly uttered a sentiment that ,recalls fhe language of Clay when cheerful., amiable, and fascinating. ms lfrien~ • .his foes, iliis he .said, "l: had .rather .be :i\ght than President" It was this.: . rivals, the very .abolitionists themselves, rendered .:him tribute For many 8: year, .Mr. President, I ~ave .aspired to an ~bjecl higher .and acknowledged Jlls prtva.te virtues, his ,public worth, .and his tha-n the :Pre81Clency,, and .that is to ao ms ·du;ty under all circumstances conspicuous .ability in ev,ery -spher.e in life. * • ·• in -referen.ce ·always to the Jlrosperity ·of my countr_y. While .some of his _,political sentiments «liffered fram those of In this ihe spoke correctly.,, for his sense of duty was the -staif the great and .good .Qf the age, lie w.as -absolutely sin.ewe, <3.nd upon w1l.ich b.e leaned .as ne w.ent down into the shadow. asserted his beliefs with all the earnestness of ·an enthnsiastic .Maren 4, 1.850, l\Ir. 'Mason, of Virginia, ,read for 1lim .his 1ast natur.e. Jt llas often been said .that he wished t-0 ·sever the speech. 'This speech was .both pathetic ana ,prophetic. I .for­ Union. He lo;vej]. the Unlon .and strove to })reserve Jt. -On ihis oear to guote. The .readers of these .addresses to..,day will do point a contem,porary of his said: wen in some .!leisure bours to .r.eail fhe closing _pages of ·the second Because ne foresaw and ll:a.nkl~ .said .that .certain effects must result volume of American .history and glan.ee the opening of an­ from ·cel'ta'in causes, does this prove that he desired these effects"'/ other. There are a few here on -both sides of :this Chamber In hls last speech Jie spoke of disunion as a "great disaster." who helped to .make the history contained in the third volume While he caTied .on the South :for union, lle -did not fail to wa:rn but we are :too modest 1o spea1r of it often, .and prefer t-0 keep it i'he North of the danger to the -Union arising from their wlid for the most pru't out of fhe REcoRD. On -the last day of Maren and misgUided _philanthro-py, which, in order to sustain abstract !850, the news 'Of 'Calhorm's death mlread from one end of th~ principles, 1oses sight of the welfare and .happrness of every country "to the other. His last words were: "The South! class of society. The poor South! God knows what will become of Jier." Ca1houn has been accuseCl of inconsistency-that at one time Here let me add, by way of parentheses, that l: 'listened onl_y he was for a protective tariff, at another ior almost absolute fill hour -a-go in another Chamber to one of the most scholffrly free trade. 'addresses I ·ever hea'l.·d, where this dying expression of ilr. In this he was not different from .man_y statesmen of his OaThoun was quoted and beautifully commented on -by the period. In the early history of tbis country, when we had few ·speaker, who represented ·a school of :philosophy entirely d1.f­ manufacturers, it was necessary to protect our lnfant in.austries. ferent from that taught by Mr. Calhoun. During these years M.r. Cn.Ihoun was for protection. When the Did his prophetic sonl in the veTy llonr 'Of dissolution catCh '3. inf-ants were npproaching maturity be clearly saw the injustice glimp e of the aWfnl ca:tastrophy 'that was coming to the 1.land to his own .agrieul±ural section of fostering enterprises that he loved and the .homes he cherished? A minor ·prophet could would lay tribute on one section to build u;p the wealth and even then see the cloud no larger than a man's nand but ne industries of another. .A writer in the International Magazine could not foresee its momentum .and destructive force.' r:rt was ·of 1843 puts this question of ecmsisteney so strongly that I given to this prince ;among men to utter a lamentation f.or his gladly ansert, for the observation :applies as well to-day as it people -to which we rfind no parallel, sawe in the utterances ·of rdJd over half a century ago: :I eremiah when, picturing the condition O·f his countrymen lhe Nothing is more 1ncons1stent 'than to persist 1n a uniform belie'f when :exclahned .in the ibitterness of his 'heai·t.: ' cha:n:ging circumstances rdemands its modllication. How absurd i:o pre­ Remember, 0 !Lord, what is come upon UB: consiaer, and "behola our serve a faw which in the progre s of society bas become null and obso· .reproach. ·Our .inheritance is tur:nea to stI:a:n.gers, our bouses .to ·aliens. lete; for instane~ granting to a criminal " the benefit ·of clel".gy." We are· -0.rphans .and fatherless, .our mru:hers ane as widows. • -* .. Nothing- ~~(r~~nlave ruled over us; there is none .that doth deliver us out .0 f ~s a distinguished English writer- is so ·revolutionary as to :attempt to keep all things fixed, when, by .Reasoning from cause to effect, rlalhoun'.s logical .and tbe v.er~ laws of nature, all ·things are .perpetuaUy changing. Nothing J>Tescient mind caught a gli:mJ;>se of -the future-the man on is moxe ·arrogant tban for a fallible being to refuse ·to open his mind to horseback; shattered -and broken Commonwea1tb'B~ tire shock -of >eonvlction, When Ur. Cnihoun ·a1tel.'ed hifl oplnion, consistency itself .i~U:ired the cha:nge. · . 'battle, charge and countercharge; i:he dead ai:d dying .like -sheaves :of wheat fying ·on open plains where luxuriant grain Mr. Speaker, like children lems that :tax:ed to the uttermost their courage, their patience, when Clay was defeated for the Presidency; we saw the war and endurance. In time the .Seuth will :Solve others that seem clouds gather as predicted, and were soon reading of fhe con­ now al.most msurmountable. ·The unseen ;i:>ower inv<:>ked in the flict and victories in Mexico-; we read that Calhoun had re­ dying words ~f John C. Calhoun has ~urnished a law of -com­ fused to \Ote for war and declaTed "' that the President 1llld JJellSati.on-the nrb.·acle goes .on. The unseen forces are the Congress were behanng in a manner most TIRconstitutiena.1.-'' :strongest and most impelling. Fo.r all w~ .know the s_pirit -of He aid: John C. Calhonn catches a view of a happy land and a pres­ pe-Tous peop.le. .And fo:r -0urselv.es fetter-ed in our caskets af Every Senator knows fhat l oppose the -wa:r, but none SB.Te myself !knows the depths of that opposition. F.or the fust time in my .public clay .and hinder.ed by oux limita..tions we can only rejoice, " 'J.'ha..t life I can not see the .tut.w:e. beauty has been given for ashes, .th,e o.il of joy fGJ.' mourning, and Ile also added~ the gairment of praise for .the spirit of hea:vmess." [Loud ap­ H has

ceptor. Doctor Waddell and the little school, located years ago the union. of the States as a compact, of which fact Mr. Cal­ in the western portion of Abbeville County, known as Willing­ houn remmded him, in replying to him later. ton Academy, owed their great prominence largely to the fact Mr. Calhoun maintained in this speech and established, in so that John Caldwell Calhoun received there his first scholastic far as reason alone can establish that the sovereign States in training; but to this great preceptor, it may be· truthfully said, their compact for protection and government were bound to 'the Mr. Calhoun owed his all. If this master preceptor had not limit and in the strict terms of the Constit~tion, as ratified by applied the spark, the fires of genius would most likely never the States; that the ratification was by the individual of the ha Ye kindled. The teacher who confines his lessons to the nar­ States and not by the individual of the Union· that the States row compass of text-books does not understand aright his mis­ through the Constitution granted to the Fed~ral Government sion. We ascribe to Doctor Waddell this part in Mr. Calhoun's the right .to raise revenue, which was a right conceded; that it career for the reason that we assume that the boys who came al~o required ai: taxes to be uniform, which was a right re­ under bi tuition were presumably not far above the average tamed. He mamtained that the tariff act of 1828 levied the American boy, generally speaking, and yet we find in a long list burden mainly on one section and distributed the proceeds of those who received their early training from him such other mainly in another. • names as James L. Petigru, Judge A. B. Longstreet, George As this violated the reserved rights of the State under the McDuffie, W. H~ Crawford, W. D. Martin, Hugh S. Legare, Constitution, that taxes should be uniform he beli~ved that it George W. Crawford, D. L. and F. H. Wardlaw, and N. P. and was subject to the State's veto. Just -ho'w far Mr. Calhoun P. M. Butler, all of whom attained great distinction in the serv­ looked into the future of the unequal collection and partisan ice of their State and the Rep1=J-blic. as well as sectional distribution of government revenue we ca~ But the fires kindled in the heart of young Calhoun mounted not know. We are rather of the opinion that he was co'mbating higher than an academic education, and so, in 1802, he entered the principle, and that he seized upon the tariff act of 1828 as Yale College, from which he graduated two years later. He was i~lus~·atl~e of the trend of ev~nts. Certain it is that the ques­ 20 years of age at the time he entered Yale, having been born in tion IS still an open one that IS no nearer solution by reason of Abbeville County March 18, 1782. one party domination. · I have the honor to represent that district of South Carolina No real student of history would seriously deny that Mr. from which Mr. Calhoun was sent to Congress, taking his seat Calhoun took from the Constitution the fact pf nullification and November 4, 1811. l\fy home in the city of Abbeville is but a molded it into form. At this distance the error of his method few blocks removed from the spot where he began the practice of combating a public evil from the standpoint of expediency of law shortly after graduation from Litchfield, Conn. I there­ and public policy is palpable; his purpose, judged in the light fore feel it peculiarly incumbent upon me to undertake to por­ of subsequent extortions from the people, under that doctrine tray some of those characteristics which marked him a national j?st then taking root, seems to indicate almost prophetic fore­ and international figure. It is not false modesty to say that sight. The doctrine of nullification had its origin in the events the more I have studied his career the less I have felt equal following the tariff act of 1828. Then as now, this question was to its proper portrayal the bone of contention between the two great political parties In the narrow compass of this discourse I shall omit the reci­ Republican (now Democratic) and the Federalists. ' tal of events of l\ir. Calhoun's early life and of his service in the In 1816 l\Ir. Calhoun, though opposed to protective tariff ad­ legislature of his native State. These belong to the domain of his­ vocated a protective rate on wool, cotton, and iron, with' the tory and here would be nothing more than cumbering repetition. avowed purpose of extinguishing a large war debt, incurred in Nor may I attempt to enter into details in rev~ewing his service the war of 1812. He has been severely criticised for subse­ to the Republic, covering. as it does, a period of more than forty quently taking . such strong ground against protective legisla­ years, for the events of his life were not mere contributions tion as inconsistent with bis former position. An impartial to history; they were the wellspring of much of the history of reading of his speech in advocacy of the act of 1816 lends no that day, and gave color to all contemporaneous events. Mr. color to this charge. In this he justified excessive revenue rates Calhoun made history. · on the ground that extraordinary demands were upon the Treas­ A marked characteristic of Mr. Calhoun's mind was his abil­ ury in consequence of the war, and there was no d8Jlger for ity to read the future in the trend of the present. One is im­ years of accumulating a surplus in the Treasury. A surplus be pressed with this in reading his speeches in the light of sub­ dreaded as inviting extravagance and waste. In this same sequent events. If we may pass any criticism on the quality speech he made a masterly argument advocating enlargement of his mind, which measured so nearly up to perfection, it and increased efficiency of the navy. He pointed out the futility would be that he read his duty in the plain letter of reason, of this Government attempting to fortify the thousands of miles without due regard to external circ.umstances affecting it. of its coast, maintaining that with a much less sum the navy Candor compels the admission that in carrying his theories of could be so strengthened as to be effectual in defense. This, it government to a perfectly logical conclusion, a conclusion war­ is true, would have increased the public debt and would ha>e ranted in every detail by the Constitution of the United States, entailed the collection of additional revenues, but the defense he developed latent forces that with the gathering storm could of the country by the most practical method was, to his mind, end only in the separation of North and South. Long before he of first importance; even his favorite theories were snbordina te came into public notice, however, this storm was brewing. to this. While in this speech he deprecated the necessity for Heard first in subdued mutterings, it soon gathered with inky the high tariff, he advocated a gradual reduction, in order not blackness about the national capital. He did not create the to destroy infant industries brought into existence and abnor­ storm, but let bis real friends not attempt to cover the true ma~Jy flourishing because of the exclusion of foreign goods events of history; his logical mind, like the electric volt, did during the war. While this, too, was contrary to his policy part and illumine the riven cloud. under ordinary circumstances, it goes to show that he was not Virginia, Kentucky, and the parties to the Hartford conven­ radical in his views when dealt with fairly. But his plea was tion had vaguely outlined the right of a State, in the last ex­ for necessary revenue and not protection, then as ever after­ tremity, to take measrrres for its own protection; but it was wards; his dread was of a surplus taken unlawfully from the only through the clear irresistible logic of Mr. Calhoun that pockets of the people, inviting wasteful, if not unlawful, appro­ men realized, however inexpedient or undesirable nullification priations. might be, it was not inconsistent with the strict meaning of the Some have attributed his violent opposition to the tariff of original compact, and the Constitution based thereon. It is per­ 1828 to personal animosity toward General Jackson, then Presi­ haps as well that force finally supplied the omissions in that dent. Of this number may be mentioned l\Ir. Benton, of Mis­ instrument, for after all the people are reunited, and the will of souri. It would be well to remember that Mr. Benton and Mr. a united people is superior to any written instrument. But Mr. Calhoun were not friends, and while the former would not mis­ Calhoun must be judged in the light of the written instrument, state a fact, he would perhaps unduly color a circumstance. for sentiment was then about equally divided. The right of a As this is a notable period in the careers of both l\Ir. Cal­ State to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress was made houn and President Jackson, it may not be amiss to review so plain in his speech on the force bill, which we may remark some of the facts leading up to their disagreement. in passing was his greatest speech, that the North American These men, since they were first associated in public life, had Review, a strong advocate of the federal doctrine, admitted been fast friends. It is said that General Jackson's admiration that "Mr. Calhoun had successfully maintained the point that for Mr. Calhoun bordered on idolatry. .1\Ir. Calhoun, afte!.· a the Constitution was a compact between the States," which ad­ service of six years in the lower House, which was marked by mission conceded the pivotal point of his contentions, after the leading part he took in reporting the war resolution of 1812, which his other contentions followed in natural and logical se­ and by other services of like import, had displayed such marked quence. Mr. Webster, under other circumstances had spoken of ability that, without his seeking, in December, 1817, even after 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3111

his reelection to Congress, he was invited by Mr. Monroe, the erate. It is well worth remembering, however, that the State of newly elected President, to take a place in his Cabinet as Secre- South Carolina had attempted. to- settle the question at issue in tary of War. . the United States court and had been denied this redress by a A little digression here will serve to show that his great resoluti(}n of Congress. Force was considered the safer way by, powers of analysis and generalization, the metaphysical. charac­ the Republic, and so force was threatened. Here was a striking teristic of his mind, which some are pleased to assert rendered circumstance. South Carolina was at variance with the Repulr him impractical, were fully equaled by his capacity for business lie; she contending for the right of the State to exercise its veto . details. When he took charge of the War Department it was power, to set aside acts of. Congress which she conceived to be in utter confusion. There were outstanding debts of over unconstitutional. This claim was based on the contention that $40 000 000 in the nature of past-due claims, which he reduced the union of the States was nothing more than a compact, d.ur'ing 'his' administration to less than $3,000,000. Af~er a few agreed to by the citizens of th~ States as such. and not as indi­ months' observation of conditions, he drafted an entirely new viduals composing the Union; that their allegiance to the Union set of regulations, reorganizing the entire department. was binding no further than the rights conceded. These regulations were practically unchanged for a quarter of The Federalists contended that the Constitution was adopted a century. He found the annual cost per man, including officers by the people as a whole, through the States, and that the indi­ in the service, more than $451 per annmn, a~d he left the cost vidual owed allegiance direct to the Federal Government, not less than $287 per annum. When he came mto office the ai;i­ through the States, and that the .State had not the right to limit nual expenditure on the army was $4,000,000. He reduced this or specify the extent of that allegiance. $1,300,000. And yet it is said that the army had never been There can oo little doubt that the question of states' rights better provided or paid. There is not an instance on recor~ was well founded in logic, and that it was set aside by force during his entire public career where he has advocated a parsi­ rather than by regular process through the courts. There is one monious policy, but he dreaded wastefulness. So perfect was consolation t(} the State, however, and that is that the contro- the system devised by him that he was.able to report to Con­ versy was raised and settled by her own sons. _ gress in 1823 that- There are those who, either through perverseness or . misin­ of the entire annual appTopriation of money dra'!ll from the Treasury formation, have questioned the fact that General Jackson was a for military service, including pensions amo~ting _to $4,571,.961.94, native of South Carolina. For the benefit of such I can not re­ although it passed through the hands of 291 disbur~g officers, there has not been a single defalcation nor the loss of a smgle cent to the frain, even at the cost of breaking the connection here of my Government. discourse, from inserting some facts gleaned from history. Andrew Jackson, sr., was a Scotchman who Uved in the north No mere theorist could have wrought such wonderful changes of Ireland. With his wife and two sons, Hugh and Robert, he in that disorganized department. But let us recur to the main point. It happened while Mr. came direct from Ireland to Charleston,. S. C., in 1765. Later . Calhoun held the position of Secretary of War that the Seminole he purchased a tract of land about 45 miles above Camden, Indians made frequent incursions into the territory of the S. C., which was known as the Waxhaw settlement, and here in United States, and General .Jackson was sent to drive them int_? South Carolina young Andrew Jackson was born March 15, the interior of the Spanish possessions. It seems that the Presi­ 1767. It seems that these facts, coupled with his own statement, dent and Mr. Calhoun had secretly given General Jackson more which has been quoted, should forever set this question at rest. latitude than they could consistently make public, and acting Mr. Calhoun's speech on the force bill was positively unan­ swerable. l\Ir. Webster undertook to reply to it, not by answer­ on this he had gone into the interior of the Spanish posses­ ing the argument, but by asserting a diametrically opposite view, Sions and had seized and fortified several Spanish forts, which which was at variance with his own opinion, previously ex­ he claimed had sheltered th.e enemy. In this it is contende~ by pressed, which fact was noted by Mr. Calhoun in his reply. some that he exceeded even his secret authority, and especially Mr. Calhoun's reply to Mr. Webster was perhaps the most mas­ when he executed Arbuthnot and .Ambrister, two English sub­ terful speech of its kind ever delivered in the United States jects. It is stated, it appears on very good authority, tha.t in a Senate. The contest was a contest of giants. The issue was the Cabinet meeting Mr. Calhoun advised that "he (Jackson) burning question of the day. should be punished or reprimanded " for his conduct in this We have thought that as light appears brighter when en­ execution. veloped in darkness, so the ability of these men was accentuated . This circumstance was not known to General .Jackson until by a background of the uneducated masses at that time. In after Mr. Calhoun had served for one term as Vice-President, this we were in error. A careful study of their careers leads himself being President. There was never afterwards any friernl­ one to the conclusion that they would tower above the repre­ ship between them· but we can not agree with those who be­ sentative men of this Government at any stage of its de-velop­ lieve that this incident accounts for Mr. Calhoun~s opposition ment. The contest was a contest of the two sections of the to the protective system and the bold stand he ultimately took United States, about equally divided as to population, and each for states rights. The fact is, it was scarcely possible for a man voicing its sentiment through its ablest representative. Great whose every act found its origin in a logical cause, as was the was the question involved, and equally great the master minds, Mr. case with Calhoun, to long agree with a man whose ideas, driven by opposing forces to solve it. It was a test between however correct, often originated in impulse, however well the broadsword o:f Richard and the scimiter of Saladin. Of meant and were exec-qted with military promptness, as was the the long career of these two men in the Senate, this was the case ~ith General Jackson. When President Jackson was single occasion recognized as a decisive engagement; and there elected the second time Mr. Calhoun looked forwai'd to this can be no doubt that Mr. Webster's elegance of diction and event for the reduction of duties, and so advised his friends; and force of eloquen~. which he possessed as perhaps no other man it was only after disappointment in this quarter that he ad­ ever possessed, went down before .l\!r. Calhoun's power of analy­ vised the nullification proceedings taken by his State. sis and his capacity to force a question irresistibly to its logical Mr. Calhoun never indulged in personal invective except in conclusion. This was admitted by the North American Review, i;epelling an attack, and then he confined himself strictly to the a strong supporter of the federal doctrine, which then as now record, and in ·language absolutely free of grossness. His at­ was ably edited. It.was practically admitted by .Mr. Webster tacks were on principles, not men. And while we have the himself, who, after Mr. Calhoun's speech, "sat in sullen greatest veneration for General Jackson as one of the noblest of. silence," and never attempted to reply. It was on this occasion South Carolina's sons, in the light of .Mr. Calhoun's entire that John Randolph. a past master in the art of sarcasm and ca;reer, which dealt with principles, not m~ we can but con­ invecti've, so feeble that he could hardly r,ise from his seat, said clude that his remark in the Cabinet was but the reluctant ad­ to some one near by: "Take away that hat; I want to see mission of his sense of right, affecting, as it did, even his friend. Webster die muscle by muscle." No one knows how much the expression was warped or its ap­ As no account of Mr. Calhoun's life work would be complete plication changed. It was finally reported by an enemy of l\ir. without reference to Mr. Webster, so would it be incomplete Calhoun. without reference to Mr. Clay. Undoubtedly h~ ranked with Whatever may have been the feeling of the President for Mr. the greatest men of the Republic; but just here it is sufficient to Calhoun, it is gratifiying that he cherished no unkind feeling for say that he possessed more of the elements of the astute rea­ the people of his native Slate, though arrayed with the Republic soner than M.r. Webster and more of th-e elements of the orator against the stand they had taken. Hear just this short extract than Mr. Calhorm, with perhaps less stability of purpose than from his memorable nullification proclamation: either. He was a powerful speaker, and because of his superior Fellow-citizens of my native State, let me not only admonish yon as· the First Magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of' capacity for organization he was perhaps the most formidable its. laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children of the three as an antagonist. whom be saw rushing to certain min. While Mr. Calhoun, Mr. Webster, and Mr. Clay were seldom It must be acknowledged that, entertaining such contrary all united on ·public issues, it is a little remarkable, if not opinions as to the attitude of the State, his course was mod- amusing, that on a notable occasion the powers of the three • J

3112 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MARCH 12,

were outwitted by a little by-play of politics, linked ·with " Old with the mother's milk; they were in the blood, and could ulti­ Hickory's" never-failing popularity with the people, right or mately find settlement only in the shedding of that blood.· l\fen's wrong. destinies were involved, but only as so many pawns under the · Resolutions offered by Mr. Clay had passed the Senate con­ master hand. For explanation of the purpose, the plan, the demning the President for arbitrarily removing the government results, we have learned to look through the vista of marshaled deposits from the National Bank. Mr. Benton, of Missouri, events beyond the creature to the creature's God. alone voted against the resolution. On three separate occasions The scene has changed. Southern and northern blood tlow­ afterwards Mr. Benton undertook to have the Senate expunge ing in a common stream, has washed a way forever the ~ystem . the resolution, but it would not hear to the proposition. While of slavery,. a system for which they were equally re ponsible, Mr. Calhoun never cordially supported the existing banking sys­ but for which only the South has paid, and over its ruins they fem, it had the sanction of Congress, and his respect for order ha·rn builded new systems, displaying industrial de>elopment and for the Constitution precluded his sanction of the act of that has astounded the world. But the principles that set iu President Jackson in arbitrarily removing by force the govern­ motion this destruction of systems have not changed. 'l'bev ment deposits. He dreaded the crash in the financial system, are coterminal with the . Government itself; the one . tending· but he dreaded more executive usurpation, however well meant. toward centralization, monopoly, and imperialism; the other In this view he was cordially supported by both l\Ir. Clay and toward constitutional government and equality. of privilege to Mr. Webster. the individual· citizen. [Applause.] Mr. Calhoun's last speech in the Senate, which contl'arv Another turn was given to the affair. Friends of the Presi­ 0 dent, knowing his great popularity with the people, had many to his custom, he reduced to writing, and which bec~use of his of the States to instruct their Senators to vote for the expung­ enfeebled condition was read by a colleague, will be, in the ing resolution. With this number to build on, Mr. Benton, by years to come, a beacon ligkt calling all true Americans with­ wining and dining and nursing a few who were weak-kneed, out reference to section or party, from their mad lust for' power finally got together a majority. At the earliest possible hour it to anchor again in the Constitution. was determined that the work should be done. It was antici­ Mr. Calhoun loved the Union, but he loved a constitutional pated that a storm would be raised and that the three giants Union. If there was one feature more pronounced in nullifica­ would undertake to speak the resolution to death. Mr. Benton tion as a remedial measure than another it was that it was con­ prepared for this exigency. He provided one of the committee servative of the Union. His last public utterance looked to the rooms with turkey, ham, and other inviting dishes, with plenty preservation of the Union by amendment to the Constitution to wash them down. They prepared for a siege, and determined and without bloodshed. "His devotion to the South was not not to adjourn until the expunging resolution had passed. As sectional so much as it was the natural consequence of his views expected, l\Ir. Webster, Mr. Clay, and l\Ir. Calhoun all spoke with reference to the theories of government." His champion­ with great feeling of the act that was about to be perpetrated, ship of her interests was only for a child's just share of the ma­ subordinating the legitimate authority of the Senate to the arbi­ ternal inheritance, sh·ictly in accordance with the will. Hear trary power of the Executive. Mr. Clay's speech was a perfect this statement, the closing lines of his last speech, to which we ·masterpiece of its kind. But none of this counted against the have previously referred. Remember that at that very moment ham and turkey and the small majority who had sworn to do the hand of death was upon him; and divested of every earthly consideration, he spoke to his. people North and South. Ile their work before adjournment. said: And so this array of logic, eloquence, and force went down at Having faithfully done my duty to the best of my ability both to a late hour of the night before the tn.ctics of the gentleman from the Union and my section, throughout the whole of this agitation I l\Iis ouri. shall have the consolation, let what will come, that I am free from l\lr. Calhoun and Mr. Webster were personal friends through­ all responsibility. out their public association, though they were separate "as far It has perhaps never occurred to the sectional partisan who as pole from pole " on vital public issues. l\Ir. Calhoun and has attributed traitorous motives to this greatest of American Mr. Clay in the beginning were members of the same political statesmen that a calm, unbiased consideration of his views, and party, and while their views were not often seriously divergent their adoption in good faith by the Republic, might ha\e averted on vital public questions, they had personal differences later in that terrible struggle, involving the loss of countle s lives and life, no doubt growing out of aspirations which each enter­ billions of property. The fact is overlooked that a constitu­ tained to become President. There are storms in the higher as tional union, such as was the dream of Mr. Calhoun's life and well as the lower atmospheres. Jealousy is the handmaid of to which he looked in every measure that he proposed tout~hing ambition, and it is rare that the mistress enters the human this subject, is the only real union that could give each member heart alone. "A man's a man for a' that!" of the family an equitable share in ,the common inheritance. Was it a mere coincidence that these men, each a star of the Union and force are not compatible words. Instead of this Gov­ first magnitude, and each resplendent in his own sphere, should ernment now being a union of States, with each State retaining have risen at a critical period of the Republic's history, to light its proper degree of sovereignty, we are rapidly becoming a the way for the millions to a full understanding of the an­ Nation with few rights re erved to the States other than such as tagonistic principles which must eventually disrupt the Govern­ the Federal Government does not see fit to usurp. At a critical ment and overturn existing institutions? Here was a colossal time in our history, when the sober judgment of the masses had scene in drama of the universe. Amid the cold, bleak hills of not yet given place to passion, there lay before us two ways of New England a son was born, the greatest of American orators, finally adjusting our differences. One was through this body and ere long be found his way to the center of the national and the courts, which would have respected and adjusted prop­ stage. In his suite were millions of American people, clamoring erty rights and preserved that comity of interest due between for centralization of government and executive power. During sovereign though united States. The other, conceived in mu­ the same calendar year, in the sunny South, that section which tual jealousies, fanned by hate, could but leave its h·ail of blood even yet has not felt the congestion of alien blood, another son and carnage. To the everlasting credit of Mr. Calhoun be it wa born, the greatest of American debaters. A little earlier said that his great heart, filled with aspirations for the young than the first he found his way to the center of the national Republic, and constant in devotion to the Union, sought solution stage, and in his suite were millions of American people de­ in the way of peace. He saw the distant breakers, and had manding equality of administration under the Constitution and others been as astute the old ship might have been steered recognition of the reserved rights of the component States. .A:nd, around them without loss of rigging or mutiny of her crew. then, from a State divided in sentiment as it was afterwards l\fr. Calhoun stood for government in accordance with the divided in actual secession, a State which had itself more than Constitution. In this, rather than in centralized wealth or im­ hinted at the doctrine of nullification, came a third son, whose perialism, he believed reposed our strength and continuous exist­ position was also near the front and near the footlights. He ence. It may be said, and with some color of warrant, that in entei..·ed along with the Southerner. As scene followed scene in the early years of his public service he often yielded to what cour e, culminating in nullification and the force bill, a crisis seemed to be for the public good without strict reference to the was imminent. It was then that the great compromiser stepped Constitution; but for the last twenty years of his life his eye. between contending forces, and by astute statesmanship forced was ever on the Constitution, and no scheme, however promis­ a truce. By him the climax was changed, but it took no prophet ing, however enticing, could receive his sanction if, viewed in to see that the drama wa soon to be rewritten in a nation's the light of that instrument, it reflected the slightest shadow. blood. The h·uce could not last. The cause was rooted in an­ We may but mention the branches of public service in which tagonistic principles of government, involving the destruction 1\Ir. Calhoun's talents were engaged. So prominent and so full of institutions older than the Constitution itself; they were of events were his services, in whatever capacity, that we must deeper than the thoughts and intents of men; they were taught leave the recital of details largely to history. He served first in in the schools and sanctioned in the church; they were imbibed the House for six years, then as Secretary of War in the Cab- 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3113

inet of Mr. Monroe. He was elected Vice-President in 1824, and Undoubtedly Mr. Calhoun was one of the great men of this reelected. He was chosen United States Senator in December, Republic. But men are judged, unfortunately by the success or 1832, and was reelected to succeed himself. Owing to the death f~ilure of their greatest undertaking. Judged' from this point of of Mr. Upshur, Secretary of State in President Tyler's adminis­ view, the popular voice is against him. But there is philosophy tration, Mr. Calhoun was called to that position, which place he in that line from Tennyson : filled with eminent ability, being the leading spirit in the annex­ He makes no friends, who never made a foe. ation of Texas. Shortly after retiring from the office of Secre­ tary of State, he was again elected to the Senate, bringing his The two most conspicuous figures-and those who will sur­ vive long.est ~ ~e memory of mankind-<>f that great contest great talents into that body just in time to avert war with over the confhctmg theories of our Government are· John C. England and to make possible the peaceable annexation of Ore­ 9alhoun and Abraham Lincoln. The achievements of Mr. Lin­ gon in 1846. Here, in the arena best suited to his great talents, coln are viewed through the glamour of success and the halo he died in his seventieth year, March 31, 1850. While Mr. Calhoun in the early part of his service belonged of the martyr, while the cause for which Mr. Calhoun labored­ to the Republican (Democratic) party, he would not be bound the perpetuation of the Union as it came from the hands of the to a party measure which his judgment could not fully accept. fathers-went down in' defeat. Had Lincoln failed, he would In advocating the war of 1812 his course was rather against the have been censured by disinterested nations for the effort to policy of his party,. but the soundness of his views was after­ subvert and suppress the constitutional rights of free States by wards developed. He opposed, almost alone in his party, the force of arms; censured for invading and undertaking to de­ embargo, the nonimportation, and nonintercourse acts. Subse­ stroy the property rights of a people in open violation of both quent events justified, beyond question, the logic of his position. the spirit and letter· of the Constitution. Success threw a halo about ~hese evei;i-ts, and prosperity smiling upon the stricken He opposed the banking plan of 1814-15, himself suggesting a land, aided by time, has done much to banish the sense of in­ plan containing many of the features of the present national juries suffered and to throw the mantle of charity over those banking system. He pointed out so clearly the fallacy of the· scenes. · ' system proposed and the utter folly of the Government borrow­ ing its own credit from the bank that the measure, though a Notwithstanding defeat and disasters attended upon the work party measure, was defeated. But he was big enough and of Calhoun, he continues to be regarded as the Aristotle of broad enough to divest a question of its party origin and with­ American politics; and with the mind of a seer and the heart out selfish purpose, ejther for himself or for his iocality to of a hero, he survives in the respect of his counti·ymen, wept, view it with an eye single to the good of the whole people.' It honor~, ~nd sung. His great compatriot and colaborer, Henry is often a dangerous policy for men of less ability to undertake Clay, is lIDIDOrtalized by the sentiment he expressed, that he to follow his example. If he was inconsistent in party alle­ would rather be right than to be President. Mr. Calhoun was giance, he was rarely inconsistent in party principles. right in principle, and the office of President could have added . In personal appearance, Mr. Calhoun was a striking figure. nothing to his renown. A lady traveling in this country, seeing him for the first time, It can not be that passion and sectional strife will hover spoke of him as "the cast-iron man, who seemed never to have even over the grave. When these have vanished and when we been born." No one ever saw him without having the impres­ view 1\fr. Calhoun merely as a citizen of our common country sion that he was possessed of marked ability. His features in we will learn to appreciate him at his true value and we will repose were irregular, but in debate his animation was such as inscribe his name on the first page of the book of immortal to . throw a light about his countenance. His eyes, a deep blue memories. Nearly all the glory of ancient Greece that has sur­ Jarge and brilliant, were mos~ .striking. In repose they glowed :·iv-ed " J?ecay's effacing fingers" may be summed up or narrated with a steady light, while in action they fairly emitted :flashes m the biography of her great men. The time will come in the of fire. If he had been endowed with less integrity of purpose history of our own country when our ·people, without reference and more policy, he could surely hav-e been President. That to section or party, will cherish the memory of those of our great honor we believe he laid down, because he would be the great men who have risen as the tall oak from the level of the' tool of no man and because its acceptance would have sacri­ forest, and who, while standing more conspicuously in the glow ficed principles, the establishment of which had consumed the of public life, hav-e likewise borne the greater shock and burden greater part of his life. He possessed pride of character in a of the storms that swept the young Republic. marked degree, and if anything, his pride of opinion was even Mr: Calhoun never. attacked the Union, but, on the contrary, more marked. He was firm and prompt, manly and independ­ he always defended it. Whether or not his plans of preserva­ ent. It may truly be said of him, that however radical he may tion would have solved the problem we do not know. We be­ have considered the views of another, he never attacked hem, lieve they were founded in a good purnose. Because he pulled excep.t in respectful language, and with cold logic. A cause the v-eil of the future farther apart than any man of his time, that could not be maintained on this basis could not receive his actually foretelling the fratricidal strife that must follow the sanction. At the time of Mr. Calhoun's death admiration for then unchanged current of events, some have come to think of his great qualities was not confined to the Soufu. The legisla­ him as the author of that struggle. So strikingly have events tures of New York and Pennsylv-ania, in solemn assembly, justified ~is forebodings that it is not strange that some, like .passe? resolutions deploring his death. Nor were they alone the Israelites of old, have placed the origin of their troubles at m this; men everywhere recognized his ability and conceded the feet of the prophet pronouncing them. his honesty of purpose. But cruel war, carrying death into Each setting sun dims the career of that public servant who so many homes, left its prejudice in the minds of the people has used his opportunities only as a means of advancement· and those who stood in the forefront of the events leading up but it is only in the afterglow of the centuries that the caree; to that war were marked for sectional hate. Men forgot the of the unselfish patriot and statesman may be justly measured. virtues of the great in the passions of the hour. These develop side lights that the passions of the present shut But may we not call from the past the testimony of his co­ out. At this distance, Aristides was never greater than when temporaries? Can there be any question of the sincerity of l\Ir. ·writing his' own order of banishment on the voting shell of his Webster, or of his capacity to judge of his merits, when after fellow-countryman. admitting their opposite views on principle, he said: ' If'Mr. Calhoun hastened secession, he did it by no inconsist­ Mr. President, he had the basis, the Indispensable basis of all high ent o~ unconstitutional course. If he hastened secession, per­ character, and that was unspotted integrity-unimpeached honor and haps it was better than that the smoldering fires should have character. If he had aspirations, they were high, honorable, and noble. broken in greater fury from being longer pent up. If this 'There was nothing low or meanly selfish that came near the head or the heart of Mr. Calhoun. Firm in his purpose, perfectly patriotic Republic was to be convulsed, its domestic systems upturned, and honest, as I am sure he was, in the principles that he espoused and and a new and changed order of things inaugurated some in t~e measure~ th~t he defended, aside .from that large regard for' that master mind, under the providence of God, had to give definite species of distinction that conducted b1m to eminent stations for the benefi t of the Republic, I do not believe that he had a selfish motive or human shape to the plan of rev-ersal. May he not have been a selfish feeling. the instrument? Can there be any question of the sincerity of Mr. Clay, who, It is a fitting tribute to the memory of that great man that for personal reasons, had not sustained cordial relations with his beloved State has set his statue here, beside those the events of whose lives were interlaced with his. I feel as _Mr. Calhoun in the latter part of his life, when he said: though we are giving him back to· the Republic, after the mist Sir, he has gone! No more shall we witness from yonder seat the fl.ashes of that keen and penetrating eye of his darting through this of sectioi;ia~ prejudice has risen. His purity of life, his power Chamber. No more shall we be thrilled by that torrent of clear concise and subhmity of thought, must find responsive appreciation in compact logic poured out from lips which, if it did not alwa'.ys carry that higher sphere of American thought where the qualities of conviction to our judgment, always commanded our great admiration Those eyes and those lips a.re closed forever! And when, Mr. President· mind and heart are considered. I can but believe that the day will that great vacancy which has been created by the event to which is drawing when the Republic will again take him to her bosom· we are now alluding, when will ·it be filled by an egnal amount of abil­ ·that she in truth welcomes his statue into the circle ·of thos~ ity, patrio~sm, and devotion to what he concehred to be the best in- tere&t of hIB country? . who in their lives molded and defended her, arid who, standing 3114' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MARCH 12;

here in enduring marble, will keep their silent vigil over her were objectionable to the followers of Jefferson and many who de tinies throughout the coming ages. [Loud applause.] were not, passed the alien and sedition laws. The pas8age of Mr. FINLEY. Mr. Speaker, leaders of men are born, and not these laws laid the foundation that resulted in events which made; they are, however, developed by circumstances. It is im­ terminated in the first declaration of the doctrine of nullifica­ possible to think of Alexander the Great in any other capacity tion of a fedeool law by a State being advanced, and this as a than as a leader of men. Nor is it conceivable that Hannibal natural sequence resulted later on in the doctrine of seces ion and Napoleon might have been weaklings and followers, not being ad-vocated. leaders. As this is true of warriors, it is equally true of phi­ C?n November 16, 1798, the State of Kentucky, through its losophers and statesmen. In the classic days of Greece and legislature, on account of opposition to these and other federal Rome it is said that it was a difficult matter to decide whether laws, passed a resolution signed by the governor and atte ted by to accord more liberal praise and greater honor to her warriors the secretary of state embodying the principles of nullification. or to her statesmen. In the history of nations we find that some In the Kentucky resolutions of 1798, by Warfield (p. 76), it men are indelibly stamped with genius and to a transcendent is declared : degree with the attributes of greatness; consequently they rise That whensoever the General Government assumes undelegated higher than their fellows, so much higher, in fact, that the po~ers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: That to this compact each State acceded as a State, and is an integral party number of the company and their competitors is very small. its co-States forming as to itself the other party : That the Govern~ The history of the United States shows no exception to this rule. ment created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final jud"'e In the war of the Revolution there is no competitor of the great of the extent of the powers delegated to itself; since th t would ha;e made its discretion, and not the Constitution. the measure of its Washington, and probably the figure that will live longest and powers; but that as in all cases of compact among parties having no possibly in time rank highest ; in the second war of inde­ common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself as pendence, that of 1812, is the hero of the battle of New Orleans, well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. ' Andrew Jackson; in the Mexican war, Winfield Scott, although And in the third resolution (p. 78) it is declared: General Taylor, the conqueror of Santa Anna in the battle of That therefore the act of the Con~ess of the United States passed Buena Vista, received his great reward, the Presidency, shortly on the 14th day of July, 1798, entitled "An act in addition to the act for the punishment of certain crimes aaainst the United States " afterwards; in the war between the States, General Grant on the which do~s abridge the freedom of the pre,s:i, is not law, but is alto­ one side and General Lee on the other; in the war with Spain, gether void and of no effect. Admiral Dewey. And in the fourth resolution (p. 79) it is declared: At the beginning of the Revolutionary war this country may "An act concerning aliens/' which assumes power over alien friends be said to have literally teemed with great men--0rators, phi­ :~ ~il~~a~~~c~:" the Constitution, is not law, but is altogether void losophers, and statesmen. I remember, when a boy, reading of the great characters who conducted the Government during The third of the Virginia resolutions, passed in 1798 (Writ­ that bloody and trying period, what admiration and rev­ ings of James Madison, vol. 6, p. 345), is as follows: erence I felt for those who constituted the Continental Congress. That this assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it As a man of letters and statesman, Jefferson, the author of the views the powers of the Federal Government as resulting from the compact to which the States are parties, as limlted by the plain sense Declaration of Independence, easily the first, but along with and intention of the instrument constituting that compact as no fur­ him a host of others, . who, in point of patriotism and ability, ther valid than they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that were entitled to sit beside him in a congregation of great men. compact; and that in cases of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise ol other powers, not granted by the said compact, the States After the war the 13 Colonies found themselves in a most who are parties thereto have the right and are in duty bound to inter­ distracted and impoverished condition. The Colonies by coop­ pose for arrestin~ the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within eration and force of all against Great Britain won, yet in the ~eih::i~pective limits the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining treaty of peace with the mother country the acknowledgment was made separately for each, and when the war was over Here are plain declarations that an act of Congress, which we had 13 separate and independent sovereignties of what had assumes power over a subject-matter not delegated to it by the been the 13 Colonies, and which by the treaty of peace had Constitution, is null and void. It was for a long time claimed been acknowledged as independent sovereign States. It is true and I believe has been finally settled, that Jefferson was th~ there was a nominal coalition between all the Colonies, but the author of the original draft of the Kentucky resolutions, and also action of the federation was not binding on any of the 13 that Henry Clay was his willing disciple. These resolutions without the voluntary consent of the individual State. This were transmitted to the various States. In the house of dele­ was followed by an effort to bring about a. closer and more gates of Virginia these resolutions were the work of James perfect union between the States, and resulted in the conven­ l\fadi on. tion which framed the Constitution in 1787. After its adoption Of course it has been denied time and again that the Ken­ by three-fourths of the States, the young Republic, or " federa­ tucky and Virginia resolutions form any basis whatever for the tion," as it was then called by many, claimed for itself a place doctrine of nullification, afterward set up by Calhoun. The in the family of nations. For many years, on account of the reading of the resolutions, however, show conclusively that conditions brought about by the war of the Revolution, the these resolutions declare certain acts of Congress null and t"oid. United States found itself beset by difficulties on every hand. And in the case of the Virginia resolutions the claim is dis­ The debts of the State and Nation were enormous, considering tinctly made that the States have the right and are in duty the ability to pay. The Constitution was little understood by bound to interpo e for arresting the progress of the evil. Cal­ · the average citizen, and the obligations imposed by it were to a houn's view was that one State .might interpose for this purpose. large extent little regarded by the people. It has been erro­ The passage of the embargo act and other acts in restraint of neously asserted so often and for so long a time that John commerce, prohibiting foreign shipments during the latter part Caldwell Calhoun, of South Carolina, was the author of the of Mr. Jefferson's second administration on account of the high­ doch·ine of nullification, which resulted later in the assertion handed and unwarranted acts of Great Britain in seizing our of the right of secession, that to-day this error is a matter merchantmen and imprisoning American sailors on the high of common belief among the people of this country. As a mat­ seas, was a very unpopular law in New England. As a result of ter of fact, he was not the author of the doctrine of nullifi­ this, when persons were arrested and tried for a violation of the cation. embargo act in one of the New England States, notwithstanding From the first there were two parties in this counh·y. the fact that the law had been held to be constitutional by a While it is true both claimed and practiced allegiance to Wash­ Unied States district court, the plea was made to the juries that ington during the two terms he was President, this homage the act was unconstitutional, and the defendants were found not was personal rather than political. Even in his day the di­ guilty on this ground. Here was a practical nullification of an vision was sharp between the two parties, and it required all act of Congress in a court of law. of his great infiuences to keep the peace even in his official It is a well-known historical fact that during this period, and family. Some idea of this can be conjectured by considering also during the continuance of the war of 1812, during which how impossible of agreement on practically all great questions time the Hartford convention was held, the doctrine was there was to be had between Jefferson and Hamilton. The preached and concurred in by a large number of the Federalist former a Democrat of the strictest school, believing with all his party that the time had come for the separation of New Eng­ heart in the necessity and justice of a republican form of gov­ land from the other States. The war of 1812 was very un­ ,/ ernment with the people the source of all power, and Hamilton popular throughout New England, and separation or eces­ believing in reality that a limited monarchy was the best form sion was largely advocated. In fact the right of a sovereign of government even for this country. The formation of two State to secede was conceded up to 1828 by a majority of the great parties was not only to be expected, but was a matter of people in this country. It is true that John Quincy Adams did necessity-the one to assert, the other to combat. First, the not hold to this view, and it is also true that Andrew Jack on, Federal party in power, with John Adams as second President, during his second administration, most emphatically denied that elected in 1796. The Federalist party, amongst other laws that a State had a right to secede from the Union. I have stated 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3115 these facts in order to show that Calhoun was not the author try. Henry Clay, at the age of 34, was Speaker of the House. of the doctrine of nullification. He was never at any time a and as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee he ap­ secessionist, and this leads up to what may be properly termed pointed Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina, who was only a a historical sketch of his life. year older than himself. William Lowndes, also of South Caro­ Born March 18, 1782, in Abbeville district, South Carolina: lina, and at the time only 29 years of age, was chairman of the His parents, Patrick and Martha Caldwell Calhoun, were both Committee on Naval Affairs, and Calhoun, 29 years old also, of Scotch descent. From this fact may be explained his·main was given the second place in the Committee on Foreign Rela· characteristics--his severity, lack of humor, and rather dog­ tions. matic opinions. These characteristics are strikingly illustrated In 1814 Langdon Cheves became Speaker upon the withdrawal in the later years of his life. The clear, consistent logic by of Clay · to go upon his mission abroad, and Calhoun became which he arrived at conclusions, and the intensity of convictions chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. We can see with which he supported them, are the main elements which the preponderance of power which South Carolina wielded at constituted ·his strength and character of statesmanship. this time in Congress. The voice of no other State in the Union His early views were no doubt largely influenced by his was of greater weight in the counsels of the Nation. In speak­ father, PatTick Calhoun, ·who was a Whig before and during ing of the able men assembled at this time, Henry Clay, in his the Revolution of the most ardent type, and very self-opinion­ eulogy on Calhoun, said : · · ated in his views. His rough frontier life had inculcated in In all the Congresses with which I have had any acquaintance since my entry into the Federal Government, in none, in my opinion, bas him an unquenchable desire for liberty and a feeling for oppo­ been assembled such a galaxy of eminent and able men as were those sition to anything tending in the least toward curtailing that Congresses which declared the war 8,,nd which immediately followed the liberty. It is related of Patrick Calhoun that, some thirty peace. years before his death, the right of himself and neighbors to Calhoun's first effort in the House was on December 11, 1811, vote being denied by the low country, he and his neighbors just a month after taking his seat, and whatever fears his friends shouldered their rifles and marched to within 23 miles of may have entertained as to liow he would bear himself in his Charleston, when the right to vote was not only accorded to new sphere of action, were immediately dispelled. He spoke in them, but Patrick Calhoun was elected a member of the colonial defense of the resolutions emanating from his committee by legislature, and as such served for thirty years thereafter. which immediate preparations for war were recommended. Much of this feeling his son imbibed and retained all through It was the enthusiastic speech of a young man, full of fire' his life. Up to the age of 13, Mr. Calhoun's only education and national patriotism, calling his country to arms. His was what he had been able to pick up and to learn from his speech was in the nature of a reply to that of the eloquent father and mother. At this time he was placed under the care John Randolph, who had condemned the policy outlined in the of his brother-in-law, Doctor Waddell, a Presbyterian minister, resolutions. .Mr. Calhoun's maiden effort was enthusiastically who maintained an academy in Columbia County, Ga. Here he received, not only by the House, but by the whole country, and remained for a year, when the death of his father took place; he was immediately brought into prominence. . In a House, the and upon the subsequent death of his sister, a few months later, leadership of which was vested in the young men; he was af Doctor Waddell discontinued his school, and the boy's educa­ once assigned a place of great prominence. Even at this junc­ tion was for the time at (an end. His mother brought him back ture he was hailed as "one of the master spirits who stamp to the plantation in Abbeville district, where he remained for their names upon the age in which they live." . four years engaged in out-of-door pursuits. The time was not In the main, Mr. Calhoun was a supporter of the administra-· lost, however, for he was building up the frame that was to tion. Republican principles were deeply ingrained within him, support his mas~ive brain through a long public service. When but he was not bound by any political ties. He relied upon his he was 18 years of age, at the instance of his older brother, judgment, and when that differed from the course of his party James, he again resumed his studies and returned to Doctor he always obeyed the dictates of his conscience. He early ac­ .Waddell, who reopened his academy. quired a reputation for fearlessness and sincerity of conviction Here were educated some of the greatest Carolinians of their that never left him. He was broad in his outlook and always time, such as George McDuffie, Hugh S. LeGare, and James considered the interests of the whole country. In his own Louis Petigru. Doctor Waddell was a teacher of most unusual words, found in his first speech, he said : force and ability, and has well been called " Father of classical I am not here to represent my own State alone. I renounce the idea, education in Georgia and the upcountry· o:t South Carolina." and I will show by my vote that I contend for the interests of the The progress made by Mr. Calhoun was so rapid that in two whole people of this community. years he entered Yale College and two years later graduated The young men leaders pf the House were in favor of the with distinction. After leaving Yale Mr. Calhoun studied law war, and after six months' time, during which the country had under Judge Gould and Mr. Reeve, two eminent jurists of sanctioned their policy, they waited upon the President and Litchfield, Conn., and after a year of study returned to South declared that they were ready for war. · Carolina, where he read law in the office of Mr. Dessausure and Accordingly on the 1st of June the President sent his war was admitted to the bar in 1807. He entered upon a very message to Congress. It was referred to the Committee on lucrati\e practice in Abbeville district, and no doubt his great Foreign Relations, of which Calhoun was temporarily in charge, talents would have attained for him a high degree of distinc­ and on June 3 he reported the recommendation of the committee tion, but politics and not the law held for him the only goal that war be declared. This famous docuinent was very long worth striving for and he early entered the service of his and presented one of the strongest cases against Great Britain country. ever written. A year later, on June 16, 1813, he made a speech At a public meeting held in Abbeville district in 1807 Mr. in defense of the war measure, which has been pronounced " the Calhoun was appointed tO draw up a set of resolutions con­ strongest defense it ever received.'' He bitterly denounced the demning the action of the English frigate Leopard in firing on Federalists as being unpatriotic and selfish. It was not their the American frigate Chesapeake, and so well was his work per­ country's welfare they were seeking, he said, but her harm, and formed that he was asked to a~dress the meeting. He did so he severely criticised them for their attitude in wishing to stop with such credit to himself that in the next election he was the war. Nevertheless upon occasions when he thought the sent to the state legislature at the head of the ticket. Here his policy of the Federalists better in other matters he did not hesi­ public life begins, and from this time until his death is coinci­ tate to vote with them. In the matter of the remission of dues dent with the history of his country. He immediately came on goods imported before the declaration of war he voted with into public notice by a very able speech which he made against the Federalists and made a strong speech in favor of remitting the . renomination of George Clinton as the party candidate the dues. The question had become almost one of party im­ for Vice-President of the United States. He served with dis­ portance, but Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Cheves both took the broader tinction in the general assembly for two sessions, and so highly view that whatever was against the spirit of the law was wrong, were his services esteemed that in the election of Members for and the confiscation of goods amounting to millions of dollars the Twelfth Congress, in which selection was made chiefly and the property of a large class of citizens was certainly never with a view to the approaching war with Great Britain, Mr. intended when the law governing the case was passed. Neither Calhoun was demanded as a candidate, and in 1810 was elected did he think that a compromise should be made and the goods and took his seat in the National House of Representatives. made to become a forced loan -to the Government. Either the The period was one of the most critical in the country's his­ law should be complied with and the goods confiscated or they tory. War was but a few months off anci as yet no one was should be remitted entire; there could be no middle ground. ready for it. The President was striving strenuously for peace The resl,llt of his speech in favor of remitting these goods, and Congress was a disunited body of factions, each cutting the together with that of his colleague, l\Ir. CheYes, was sufficient other's throat and at Yariance as to what was the proper course to carry the measure, and the forfeiture was remitted upon to pursue. The chief source of power lay in the House, and condition that the customary war duties on the goods should here were gathered the greatest minds froin all over the coun- be paid. "3116 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. . ~LIBCH 12,

This is only one instance, however, in which l\Ir. Calhoun judgment and ability to prosecute his ideas showed, even at this showed his courage in adhering to his convictions rather than early period, that he was a statesman of broad vision and qual­ party ties. He, along with his distinguished colleagues, Mr. ified to exercise a potent influence on the country's history. Cheyes, Mr. Lowndes, and Mr. Clay, advocated an increase in The second period of Mr. Calhoun's political activity began the navy-a policy the soundness of which later generations in December, 1817, when, upon the organization of his adminis­ have approved and followed. This, too, was opposed by the tration, Mr. :Monroe offered him the post of Secretary of War. great majority of the Republican party, and it took great cour­ Mr. Calhoun accepted this position much against the wishes of age to vote against that organization at a time when party his friends in Congress, who thought his powers legislative spirit was at its highest point. This broader view of things rather than executive, and advised him against entering a field and loyalty to his convictions is characteristic of Calhoun ·of activity in which success seemed so doubtful. The War De­ throughout, and can be shown in many instances later in his partment was in the greatest disorder. life. His position, too, at this time was almost unparalleled­ Mr. Calhoun's knowledge of military affairs was very limited, a young man with almost no legislative experience,_ he was and it seemed unlikely that with his inexperience he could thrust at the head of the most important committee in the bring order out of chaos. Nevertheless he determined to accept House and to his judgment were left questions of national scope the position. So well did he master the difficulties of his new. and i~portance. It was under circumstances like these that he situation that at the end of three months he brought forward a dared to go contrary to the older leaders of his party, but so bill, which he himself had drawn up, providing for a complete well did he support his views and sustain himself that he not reorganization of the department, and though the bill had con­ only merited nothing of blame, but acquired great honor and siderable opposition he succeeded in getting it through Congress. reputation from the way in which he discharged his duties. He formulated a system by which the department was to be In two or three other very important measures he differed governed by bureaus, and so well did his system work that with from the policy of his party and succeeded in carrying out his changes it has been maintained up to the present day. He aided views. To the restrictive policy of the administration he was the President in the selection of heads for each of these bureaus, violently opposed. Mr. Calhoun saw that the time was ripe and further drew up a code of rules for the department which for the repeal of the embargo, and accordingly introduced a were productive of great efficiency in his subordinates. The bill to that effect. This, by reason of his strong arguments unliquidated debts in the War Department when he assumed supporting it, passed. control amounted to $40,000,000; he reduced them to less than At the beginning of the next session, 1814-15, he opposed three million in a comparatively short time. The annual expenses the bill which his party advocated for the establishment of a of the department he reduced from $4,000,000 to $2,500,000 with­ national bank. His objection to it was that it was intended out reducing the pay of the army or the men or in the matter of only to gi e· aid to the Government through its ability to bor­ supplies. He established an efficient basis for the Military Acad­ row money, and he also opposed the bill introduced by Daniel emy at West Point and secured proper legislation for its en­ Webster as a substitute. Another bill was introduced by the largement and reorganization. He had made an accurate sur­ administration, but this, too, failed of passage by the timely vey of the frontier, and planned a scheme embracing a line of arrival of the treaty of peace, on the day of its third reading. coast defense, but this plan was thwarted by politicians. An­ Calhoun had been widely criticised for his opposition to the other measure which was inaugurated by Mr. Calhoun, and has bill but his wisdom now became apparent, and the country was since been widely copied, especially by England, is the order sav~d from being committed to a policy ruinous to its interests. which he gave to all surgeons of the United States Army sta­ At the next session, in recognition of his ability to handle tioned at military posts over the country to report to the de­ financial affairs, Calhoun was placed at the head of the Com­ partment all diseases, their treatment, changes of the tempera. mittee of the Currency. He now framed and successfully car­ ture, moisture, and winds. The result has been a large collec­ ried through a bank bill which provided for the establishment tion of very important data regarding this phase of our coun· of a federal bank and regulated the disordered currency. try's development. He was much gratified at the successful outcome of the war, The credit for this very enlightened policy must always go to in that he, as much as anyone else in Congress, had been in­ Mr. Calhoun. So completely and ably did he reorganize his de· strumental in precipitating it. The tariff bill of 1816, introduced partment that General Bernard, who was chief of the board of· by Mr. Lowndes, was heartily approved by him, and while he engineers under Mr. Calhoun and had been on the staff of the has been credited with its introduction, and even called the great Napoleon, declared that the executive ability of Mr. Cal­ author of the "protective system," nothing is further from houn was fully equal to that of his former chieftain. This was the truth. He was in full sympathy with it, but was engaged a very high compliment to Mr. Calhoun's administration as with his own bill on the establishment of a bank, and made Secretary of War, and is an indication of the efficiency with only an offhand speech in favor of the new tariff. which he discharged the duties of the office. It was during his second term of office as Secretary of War that his name was He did, however, take an active and prominent part in the placed in nomination for the Presidency. There were before the effort for construction of a system of roads and canals by the people six candidates for the office-Mr. Adams, Mr. William H. Central Government. This policy was recommended to Con­ Crawford, General Jackson, Mr. Clay, Mr. William Lowndes, gress by Mr. Madison, and in December, 1816, Mr. Calhoun in­ and Mr. Calhoun. The rather unusual spectacle was pre ented troduced a bill, in which it was provided that the profits of the of two friends from the same State being placed in nomination United States Bank should be devoted to these improvements. and still continuing a very warm friendship. Mr. Lowndes This bill was passed by Congress, but was vetoed by the Pres­ was nominated by the legislature of South Carolina and Mr. ident as being unconstitutionaL Mr. Calhoun later changed his Calhoun by his friends in PennsyJvania, neither gentleman views. This was among the last important congressional efforts being aware of the fact until their nominations had been of Mr. Calhoun. Upon a summary of his work in the House, made. Within a year, in the prime of life and the midst of completed in six short years and at one of the most trying great usefulness, Mr. Lowndes died, and upon the nomination, periods of the country's history, we find a summary of it to be: of General Jackson, Mr. Calhoun, foreseeing that he could not He was highly instrumental in bringing on the war, and in be elected, withdrew his name from the race and permitted this he was right. Had the Federalists been given free rein the himself to be nominated for the Vice-Presidency. He was country would have continued to submit to outrages and a elected by a very large majority, and on March 4, 1825, took feeling of disaffection engendered for a government which so the oath of office as Vice-President along with John Quincy_ poorly conducted affairs. There might have grown up a party Adams, who had been elected to the first place. within the Union which would have split the country, and Why Mr. Calhoun permitted himself to be removed from possibly a part of it have proven again the prey of Great an active participation in events has never been fully deter­ Britain. In this policy of the war he was preeminently right. mined; possibly because of the proximity of the office to that He opposed the embargo, and in this he was right. He estab­ of President. However, no executive had died during his term li hed a banking system which rescued the country from ruin of office, and it was always the great desire of Mr. Calhoun's and placed financial matters on a firm basis. He advocated a life to become President, and when lie saw that the candi­ programme of naval extension which later generations have ap­ dates in public life were cutting each others' throats, no doubt proved and followed. Finally, he proposed the construction by he thought more advantage might come from his withdrawal the Goyernment of canals and roads, and in this he permitted an from the arena for a few years. Be that as it may, he ac­ intense nationalism to commit him to a policy which he later cepted the office and his duties as presiding officer of the Sen­ repudiated. ate, which duties, contrary to the custom of the time, he was So, out of five great measures advocated by Mr. Calhoun, scrupulous to perform. The principal incident of his term of four have proven uncontrovertibly right, although at the time office was the rather remarkable correspondence which be some of these were opposed even by his own party. In this light carried on with the President through the columns of the news­ the work of the young statesman must seem remarkable; such, papers. Several Senators were never careful as to the violence 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3117 of their language in attacking the aa.n:ilnistration, and as Mr. the remedy that should be applied. It was the great exposition Calhoun thought it ont of his province to call them to order, of 1828. the President indulged in a series of very bitter denunciations The legislature at once had 5,000 copies printed and dis~ directed against the Vice-President, to which Mr. Calhoun re­ tributed and gave to it the title of "The South Carolina Expo­ plied with equal vigor. The result was a drawn battle. The sition and Protest on the Subject of the Tariff." It became the Senate passed a rule authorizing the presiding officer to call platform upon which all future action in South Carolina was to order a Senator for words spoken on the floor; thus Mr. based, and was to the now distracted State a document almost Adams gained his point. Nevertheless, the Senate deemed it inspired. From now on Calhoun's position is defined and his necessary to make this rule giving the Vice-President the power; purpose fixed. For just a moment let us see what his true so it was evident that the power had not existed prior to the sentiments were. rule, and in this Mr. Calhoun was also justified. The following statement is given in Jenkin's Life: CalhoWl was very strongly in favor of the election of General First. He believed that the Federal Constitution was a com­ Jackson as Mr. Adams's successor, and was again placed second pact adopted and ratified by and between the States in their on the ticket as the party's nominee for Vice-President. Hl~ sovereign capacity as States. reason for favoring G€neral Jackson was that he believed the Second. That the General Government contemplated and au­ general in sympathy with the people of South Carolina (his thorized by this Constitution was the mere agent of the States native State) and the other States who were being ruined by in th.e execution of certain delegated powers in regard to the the high protective tariff then in force and were equally de­ extent of which the States themselves were the final judges. sirous of its reduction. The tariff of 1824 was a great advance Third. That when the reserved powers were infringed by the over that of 1816, which l\Ir. Calhoun had aided in passing and General Governmen.t or the delegated powers abused, its prin­ which was a matter of indifference to the then prosperous people cipals, the States, possessed the right of state interposition or of South Carolina. In 1824, when the tariff bill was passed nullification; otherwise, there would be no remedy for any usur­ by Congress, the legislature of South Carolina passed a resolu­ pation of th-e reserved or abuse of the delegated powers. tion to the effect that the bill was contrary to the Constitution l\Ir. Calhoun's theory as outlined above was based directly and an unwarrantable exercise of federal power. The indus­ upon the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, although he car­ tries of the State were languishing, the income of the State was ried his theory further than these resolutions. being each year diminished, and its citizens impoverished. It The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions were called forth by was impossible that a people should favor a tariff which brought the passage through Congress of the obnoxious acts known about· such conditions. No people ever yet courted economic as the alien and sedition laws. The alien law gave the ruin, and it was to be expected that their representatives would President power to remove from the country or to imprison share their feelings. any alien he deemed a dangerous or treasonable person, thus The products of the Northern States were protected, and conferring upon him despotic power. The sedition law pro­ those States were growing prosperous under a policy which vided that anyone should be imprisoned who should " write, threatened the ruin of the South. Naturally the South was in­ print, utter, or publish" anything detrimental to the Govern­ dignant, and demanded the reduction of a tariff which favored ment--either House of Congress or the President. These two only one section of the country. South Carolina had protested remarkable acts appeared to be only the first steps toward a against the tariff of 1824 as injurious to the industries of the complete centralization of power. It was against such laws State and therefore unconstitutional; but when, in 1827, a as these that the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were still higher tariff was proposed it was felt that something must directed. The Virginia resolutions declared that in the States be done. Up to this time Calhoun had remained somewhat alone lay the right of interference whenever the powers re­ neutral, but now he took his first decisive step and cast in his served "by them were endangered, and that they bad the right to lot with the antitariff party. Feeling at this time in South maintain "within their respective limits the authorities, rights, Carolina was very intense. Led by Doctor Cooper, president of and liberties appertaining to them." This stated very clearly the South Carolina College, a party was being formed which the atttude of Virginia on the question, but even more definite was strongly antitariff in character. Doctor Cooper was a man were the Kentucky resoluti<>ns, a.s written by Mr. Jefferson. of great learning, ability, and influence. He was pronounced Such was the tex:t of the Kentucky resolutions as drawn up by Thomas Jefferson to be the" greatest ma.n in America," and by Jefferson, and so clearly did they conform to the view later by John Quincy Adams "a learned, ingenioust scientific, anu and independently promulgated by Calhoun as to be the basis talented madcap." Doctor Cooper addressed an antitarifI for his doctrine of nullification. These alone, with the report of meeting held in Columbia, and in 1824 wrote a pamphlet in Mr. Madison on the Virginia resolutions mentioned above, were which he said that the action of Congress in passing a tariff taken by the States Rights party as the foundation for their act so injurious to a large section of the country was " cal­ doctrine. Their opponents denied the construction placed upon culated to bring on the dangerous inquiry," Was the South these documents and also that the Kentucky resolutions ema~ benefited by being in the Union, which used her only as a trib­ nated from Mr. Jefferson. This last became a point of grea1: utary to another section of the country? Public sentiment was importance and was not settled until March 13, 1832, when Mr. rapidly crystallizing in South Carolina, and Calhoun was forced Ritchie, the editor of the Richmond Enquirer, published a state­ by necessity to take a stand upon this issue. ment that in some papers of Mr. Jefferson were found two copies In 1828 the tariff known as the ·" tariff of abominations" of the Kentucky resolutions in his own handwriting, which ap- . was pas8ed, and feeling in South Carolina was brought to a high peared to be the original draft. Such, then, was the foundation pitch. When asked what should be done, Calhoun :frankly said upon which Mr. Calhoun based his theory, and it would seem that no relief could be expected from Congress. He counseled very difficult of contradiction. The construction he placed upon moderation and placed his hopes in the election of General them was that the Central Government, including Congress, was Jackson, who, he thought, could and would be able to bring a creature of the States and the Constitution only a compact about a reduction of duties to a revenue standard. Should between them; that any assumption of powers by Oongress which this change of aa.n:iinistration not give the desired relief, only had not been delegated by the States was an infringement of one course appeared to be open, and that was the interposition the compact; and the States, being the supreme authors of the by the State o:f the veto. This, however, was a last resort compact, were the ones to . pass judgment upon the matter. and to be used only in a case of the greatest emergency. Cal­ Nothing in the way of statement could be more explicit, and houn had not yet mapped out his programme nor had he come from this Calhoun derived the authority for his construction to a conclusion as to the proper method of dealing with this of the Constitution. In essence his conviction was this: 'rbe question. When Congress adjourned on May 26, 1828, he re­ Constitution was made for the States, not the States for the turned to his home in Pendleton, where he spent the summer in Constitution ; the Government was made for the people, not the an exchange of ideas with the leading men of the State. In July people for the Government. His argum€nt is beautifully clear he was not a nnllifier, but by October he had come to a conclu­ in all respects. In 1843, about :fifteen years after the famous sion. He had worked out his theory and from now on his life exposition of 1828, in which he Jaid down the platform for his was de-voted to this single aim-the successful establishment of future conduct, he began to embody his views of government this theory. Meanwhile the legislature of 1828-29 was about and construction of the Constitution in a treatise to which he to convene. Propositions to call a state convention were coming gave the name of A Disquisition on Government. Following thick and fast, and this wonld mean violent measures, for the this, he started A Discourse on the Constitution and Government action of such a convention could readily be :foreseen. As a of the United States, which, however, owing to his death in check to such a movement, the committee on federal relations, 1850~ was never finished. The underlying principle of the led by william C. Preston, who was afterwards a member of Disquisition on Government is that government by the majority the United States Senate, reported a document, which had been always results "in despotism on the minority unless each class obtained from Calhoun. This document contained the theory or community in the State has a check upon the acts of the he had recently worked out as to the nature of the trouble and majority." 3118 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. l\iA:Ron 12,

Ile says that- defending his view with consummate skill, and sharply attack­ Each, In consequence, has a greater regard for his own safety or ing Mr. Calhoun's position. At Mr. Calhoun's request the happiness than of others ; and, where these would come In opposition, Senate appointed a day on which he was to reply to Mr. Web­ is ready to sacrifice the interests of others to his own. ster, and accordingly, on February 15, he arose to make the So that it is only in the natural course of event& that the party greatest effort of his life. He spoke for two hours, and stream in power would continue a tariff which, though ruinous to the after stream of relentless logic :flowed from his lips, perfect in interest of the minority, is beneficial to them. To give some its consistency and logic. He defended his own and his State's protection to the minority, he considers a check of some sort positions, and more than fulfilled his friends' highest expecta­ necessary; and from where can this come but from the States tions. The following is a condensed portion of his speech : themselves? In this way he justifies nullification, and cites as South Carolina­ a precedent the sentiments embodied by Jefferson in the Ken­ He said- tucky resolutions. Such, in brief, is the Calhoun doctrine, to had not clalmed a right to annul the Constitution, nor to resist laws the furtherance of which the great nullifier devoted the remain­ made in pursuance of the Constitution, but those made without its au­ thortty. She claimed no right to judge of the delegated powers of the der of his life. Constitution, but of the powers which were expressly reserved to the But to resume the narrative of events: In December, 1829, respective States. The reservation was against the Unlted States, and the first message of President Jackson to Congress gave no pope extended, of courselto the judiciary, as well as to the other departments of the Governmen He defended himself from the charge of havlng to the enemies of the tariff in South Carolina ; nor did succeed­ been a protectionlst in 1816. The tartil' then adopted had been pri­ ing events give more than a flickering ray of hope, which served marlly a revenue measure, framed with reference to the need of reducing only by disap1'0intment to intensify the feeling. The State the public debt.· saw that nothing could be expected by a permanent distribu­ He goes on to explain the errors of the bill, and asks if by tion of the surplus revenue, made possible by a perpetual pro­ this one act he had forever committed himself to a policy which tective tariff, and this, too, when the only necessity for such a had been extended into a system of oppression, by which one tariff was the selfish interests of the party in power. There­ section of the country was prospering at the expense of another. fore the States Rights party in South Carolina determined on He continued with an analysis of the tariff, and concluded with action. The election was conducted upon the great issue of an exposition of the Constitution. whether the States Rights or Union party should obtain the The speech will undoubtedly rank as one of the greatest necessary majority in the house. It was required that two­ efforts in history, and surpassed any speech previously .or sub- thirds of the members of the legislature must vote for the sequently made by Mr. Calhoun. . calling of a convention, and in the election more than this num­ In the duel of words which followed between Mr. Calhoun ber were returned to the house by the States Rights party. and Mr. Webster much eloquence was evinced on both sides. Accordingly a convention of the State was called, which, on With the clearness of vision and fairness characteristic of the November 24, 1832, passed the ordinance of nullification, ac­ man, Mr. Webster granted that if the Constitution was a com­ companied by an address to the people of South Carolina and pact between the States, then Calhoun's position was proved, also to their co-States, setting forth the reason for their action. and nullification and secession were Justified. Consequently1 The time was one of great excitement and the termination Mr. Calhoun directed all his energies toward establishing the of events very uncertain. A vacancy was made in the Senate fact, and he was generally conceded to have proved his point. by the resignation of General Hayne to become governor of :.Mr. Randolph, who was present in the Senate Chamber for the South Carolina, and Mr. Calhoun was elected by the legislature last time during this speech, congratulated Mr. Calhoun, and to fill that position. His task was one of the greatest difficulty. stated that he regarded his arguments as unanswerable. Deserted by all his former political friends, he and the State The force bill passed, but shortly afterwards a compromise of South Carolina stood alone. Surrounded on all sides by tariff bill was introduced by Mr. Clay, which was agreed to by enemies, threatened with treason and military subjection by a Mr. Calhoun. It surrendered the protective principle aiid es­ hostile President, isolated on all sides, he stood to fall or rise tablished the ad valorem principle, which was the point of con­ with his State. His journey to Washington was one of mingled tention with Mr. Calhoun. It provided for a gradual decrease feelings. Great crowds gathered to see him pass, and when he in duties until they should reach the revenue standard, and this entered the Senate Chamber it was crowded with curious and also was agreed to by Mr. Calhoun. He recognized the impos­ eager spectators. Many expected immediate arrest, and all sibility of suddenly withdrawing protection from industries were curious to see how he would conduct himself. He soon which bad been accustomed to its aid, and, so long as the pro­ fulfilled their expectations by a resolution calling upon the tective principle was surrendered, was willing that the reduction President to lay before the Senate the ordinance of nullification, should be gradual. In South Carolina the compromise act was and in this way the matter was brought under consideration. It not popular at first, but when Mr. Calhoun arrived and advised was understood by Mr. Calhoun that President Jackson would in the legislature all opposition was withdrawn. This ended the two or three days' time send to the Senate a message on the memorable nullification controversy in South Carolina. It had, subject, but when Calhoun entered the Chamber the next day from the standpoint of l\lr. Calhoun and his followers, been a and found the Secretary of the Senate reading a communication success. The principle for which they contended had been es­ from the Chief Executive it was a great surprise and found him tablished, though gradually; the State had emerged from the unprepared. Nevertheless, at its conclusion, he arose, and in a conte t with honor unimpaired and Mr. Calhoun himself with vigorous and very creditable speech replied to the message. The glory beyond any he had ever known before. message was referred to the Qommittee on Judiciary, which soon We now enter upon the third and last period of his career. reported a bill giving the President greatly increased powers as Through his connection with the nullification controversy he to money and men. It empowered him to employ force in the was to become the leader of the entire South. Nullification execution of the tariff law, and was known in history as the had not actually been carried through, but by a threat of it force bill. In other words, it brought matters to a crisis. In Congress had been forced to alter the tariff in accordance with reply Calhoun offered three resolutions: one State's wishes and a precedent had been established. Hence­ 1. That the States were parties to the Constitution and the forth nullification was to be absorbed· into the larger doctrine Union as separate sovereignties. of state sovereignty, popularly called "states rights," from 2. That they had delegated certain defined powers and no which it had emanated, and of this party Calhoun was to be­ more to the Federal Government, and when powers not dele­ come the undisputed leader. His standing, both as to purity gated were exercised the acts were null and void, the judges of motives and ability, was higher than it had been at any of the infraction being the parties to the compact. previous time and the work he had done was a great one for 3. That the idea that the people of the United States formed the South. The effect of South Carolina's stand was to be of a nation was a present and historical fallacy. great benefit to the country. Had the revenue been allowed to If the Senate had admitted the truth of the resolutions, :flow into the Treasury in such a great stream power must Calhoun would have made good his justification of nullification. eventually have been centralized at Washington. Thus South However, the Senate would not consent to a consideration of Carolina's act assumed patriotic proportions in the eye· of the the resolutions, and after tabling them proceeded to a discus­ country, as it had always done in the State, and the prestige sion of the force bill. The debate was well conducted on both of Calhoun was consequently increased. His first work in sides, but the titanic battle was between Webster and Calhoun. the Senate after the passing of the storm of nullification was Mr. Calhoun was forced to open up the duel, which he did in the part he took in censuring President J"ackson for removing an able and masterly manner, avoiding, however, a discussion the Government's deposits from the Bank of the United States of anything but the most general principles embodied in the to a number of state banks. This measure was regarded as a resolutions, in order that he might have an opportunity of re­ high-handed measure by the entire Senate, and even the .friends plying to Webster. That gentleman followed him in the debate of the administration tried to justify it only on the strength on the force bill, and with characteristic ability went into an of its expediency. Calhoun's knowledge of financial affairs was investigation of the principles and the Government's foundation, very clear, owing to the careful study he had made during his 1910.. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-ROUSE. '3119 service in the Honse twenty years before ; his remarks. were Against one party 1n particular was Mr. Calhoun's wrath listened to- with great respect. He predicted the panic which aroused-the Abolitionists. He believed them capable of more followed a few years later. He advocated a complete separa­ mischief and of more dangerous tendencies than any other sect tion of the Government from the banks and approved of the in the country. At the session of 1837-38 he offered a set of Independent Treasury bill. This bill was not passed, but it was resolutions on th~ subject of abolitionism:, and followed them the forerunner of the system later adopted. Mr. Calhoun voted up by a series of speeches defining his position on the slavery for the bill introduced by Mr. Webster to recharter the United question. Possibly it would be well to give a few leading prin­ States Bank for six years, although it lacked much of meeting ciples of Mr. Calhoun's belief, as he has been greatly misrepre­ with his approval. Much of this period was devoted to a con­ sented. He viewed it as a political institution, whose existence. troversy with General Jackson, and the fight was waged with began before the Constitution was formed and was recognized gr at bitterness on both sides. His relations with the President in that document. The framers of the Constitution considered had long since- ceased to be friendly, and when he voted for the slaves as property, and acknowledged tbe right of ownership of resolution of l\Ir. Clay, censuring the President for miscon­ them. Consequently, under rights of property, the- States were ·duct in regaFd to the banks, the duel was opened. He made a bound by a pledge to abstain from all interference, and that in number of withering speeches upon the course pursued by the the District of Columbia and States not excluded by the Mis­ President, and in this connection denounced the spoils system souri Compromise, being the common property of all the States, he had inaugurated. the owner of slaves was entitled to the safe protection of his This system of the President had no- support in Congress, and property should he emigrate there with his slaves, that is, on hen Calhoun moved the appointment of a committee of Sen­ common soil ; also the rights of property should be protected. ators to inquire into the extent of the executive power and devise Slavery was defended in the South on account of existing con­ a method of reducing it, it met with no opposition. Mr. Calh.onn ditions. Where the races, almost equal in number, existed side himself was made chairman of this committee, and the report by side, one must always be subject to the other. Besides. of was so heartily approved by the 8€nate that 10,000 copies were , what yalue. he asks. were political rights when they were exer­ ordered· printed for distribution throughout the country. Cal­ cised, as he saw, in the ease of thousands of voters in the North, houn's course of action in rega1·d to Jackson was enthusias­ who were under the domination of powerful monopolies, and tically received in the city of Washington, and he was strongly were forced to vote according to dictation? Mr. Calhoun was supported by r:mblic opinion in his debate with Mr. Benton. active on all important questions coming before the Senate. and The latter violently attacked Calhoun, who had severely ar­ took a prominent part in all debates, making several very note­ raigned the spoils system of the administration. The debate worthy speeches. as conducted by Calhoun with great dignity,. and in the out­ In l\farch, 1843, Mr. Calhoun resigned his place in the Sen­ come he was easily victorious. ate and retired to his estate at Fort Hill, in the neighborhood of The next great question which oceupied the attention of Mr. Pendleton Court House.. Bis private affairs had suffered greatly Calhoun was the reception of the abolition petitions. Societies from his protracted absence in Washington, and he was forced had been formed throughout the Northern and Central States, to give them his attention. praying, through their Representatives, -for the abolition of It was impossi}>;le for him, however, to long refrain from slavery in the District of Columbia. It threatened the security active participation in affairs, so when, in February of the next and peace of all the slave-holding States, and Mr. Calhoun re­ year, the President offered him the position o'f Secretary of g:uded it as an attack on one of the outposts of slavery which State, made vacant by the death of William Upshur, he again must by all means be repulsed. Accordingly, on the 12th of entered the arena. During his term of office he was instru­ Ap..ril, 1836. he made a forceful speech declaring that the peti­ mental in securing the annexation of Texas as an integral part tions should not even be received. Congress, however, decided of the Union. In fact, he was the most powerful agent in secur~ that such a course of action would appear to be a denial of the ing this. important measure. Upon the election of Mr. Polk he right of petition by the people and favored the reoeption of the resigned his position in the Cabinet, as he was not in entire petitions. l\fr. Calhoun made another speech, and so convinc­ accord with the administration's views in regard to the ing were his arguments that the petitions, after having been Oregon difficulty. He was offered the mission to England by receivell, were laid on the table. l\fr. Polk, but tWs. he declined and again retired to private life. Shortly afterwards, . in 1837, as Mr. Calhoun had foreseen Here, at Fort Bill, he enjoyed a short rest and devoted himself and predicted, came the great crash, :flooding the country with to the work he was writing on political economy. It has been financial ruin. Mr. Van Buren, the President, recommended a said that if Calhoun had devoted his life to authorsllip, he complete separation of the Government from the banks, and in would have been. one of the most original and phiio8opbical this policy was supported by l\Ir. Calhoun. He advocated his writers this country has ever produeed. To show the esteem views in a strong speech made on the 3d day of October, at the in which he was held, in 18451 when he made a journey to special session called to consider the financial status of the Memphis to the convention for the purpose of considering the country. It was not until late in July that a. satisfactory bill development of the natural resources of the South and West, passed both House and Senate and, after receiving the Presi­ his progress was made an occasion for ovations along his entire dent's signature, became a law. The Independent Treasurybill, as it was called, received the hearty support of Mr. Calhoun, route, and his reception, even in Jackson's own country, were and for this course of action he was greatly criticised. What equal to the earlier demonstrations in honor of the old general. he did was entirely consistent with his former course of action, He was not, however, to be allowed to remain in private life. for he had always emphatically declared that he was the parti­ His friends thought his presence in Washington necessary; san of no class or party. Whatever he saw was for the best accordingly, upon the resignation of Judge Huger from the interest of the country he supported, and he had pursued this Senate, be again entered that august body, in whose service he course; hence when attacked for having gone over to the admin­ was destined to die. He was immediately plunged into• ques­ istrative party he indignantly denied the ground for such ari tions of the greatest moment. Polk seemed to desire a war attack. Of the criticisms of the press he took no notice,. but with Mexico and was intent upon precipitating it. At the same when called to account by Mr. Clay on the floor o! the Senate, time he laid claim to " all Oregon •J and forced on the country he replied in a. speech which, for eloquence, has never been sur­ a most alarming situation. We could ill afford a war with passed in that body. His words bore a striking resemblance to England, and never with England and Mexico combined. Ac­ the De Corona of Demosthenes, and were in much the same cordingly,. it was left to the Senate to extricate the country strain.. He denied the charge that he had been unfaithful to from this dilemma, and Calhoun was pushed to the front. He offered resolutions to the effect that contradictory claims to the his party; he had given no organization his allegiance:1 and therefore he could desert none. territory might be settled by treaty. Thus, by a policy of " wise and masterly inactivity," he sought to delay events until the What the motive was for his change o.f views, he was willing for time to disclose. The imputation sinks to. the earth with the ground­ outcome of the struggle with Mexico could be seen. Never since less charge on which it rests. I stamp it with scorn in the dust I the days of his early career, before his advocation of nullifica­ pick up the dart, which fell harmless at my feet. I hurl it back. What the Senator charges me with unjustly, he has actually done. He tion, had Mr. Calhoun enjoyed a national reputation so great went over on a memorable occasion, and did not leave it to time to dis- or his views held in such reverence. close bis motive. · He was the preeminent statesman of the day, and to him the This last shot drove home, for he was alluding to l\Ir. Clay's Nation looked for deliverance from her difficulties. The British action in 1825 in connection with the election of l\Ir. Adams minister offered to make the forty-ninth parallel the boundary and his acceptance of the office of Secretazy of State. The of the disputed territory, and the compromise was accepted by speech continued in this vein of fiery eloquence, and completely the Senate, which had been left solely in charge of the ti:eaty. justified Mr. Calh-0un's conduct. He }'efuted Mr. Clay's charge, On March 16, 1846, Calhoun made his great speech on the and clearly defined his own position with a manner so impas­ treaty, and i:ecommended its. acceJ)tance. The Senate was sloned and effective as to leave his listeners spellbound. crowded. and the Senators listened eagerly as the great states- 3120 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE. ~OH 12,.

man spoke his message. The speech advised compromise, and question will end in disunion. Tbe equilibrium of power be­ the advice was followed. The forty-ninth degree of latitude was tween the sections must be preserved and the South given an accepted as the northwest boundary of the disputed Oregon Ter­ equal share in the voice of the Government. If the Union is to ritory, and the cry of "54, 40, or fight" was at an end. be preserved, the South must be conceded an equal share in the Its termination was most fortunate for thiS' country, for five recently acquired territory, the agitation of the slave question days after the negotiations were concluded hostilities broke out must stop, and an amendment made to the Constitution estab­ with Mexico, and this would have given a different turn to the lishing again the balance of power. If the North intended to do situation. Mr. Calhoun was opposed to the war with Mexico, this, let her say so. If not, let the States depart in peace. He and if he had been given a chance, might have prevented it. He ended by a last statement of bis position: He had striven always was overwhelmed, however, by popular feeling, and the war to stop the agitation of slavery and save the Union; if this went forward. Had he followed the advice of his friends, and should be impossible then his efforts would be to save tbe South, only acquiesced in the course events were taking, he would have where he lived, and upon whose side was justice and the Con­ remained the foremost man in the United States, and perhaps stitution. triumphantly ridden into the presidency. Such a thiilg, how­ Such was the last great speech of the great leader. He spoke ever, was foreign to his nature, for he could never sacrifice his once more in the Senate, on the 7th of March, in reply to convictions of what seemed to him to be right. By this act Webster, who declared that the Union could not be destroyed. he threw away his great chance to satisfy his life's ambition, CaJboun answered that it could, and by "great moral causes." and the fact must always remain a monument to him, greater This was his last appearance. He was confined to bis room than the office could ever have been. by a cough and by racking pains, and with his body growing - Soon the results of the war, which Calhoun had seen to be weaker every day. · fatal to the South, were apparent. A great territory was Not so his mind, for be was in the full possession of all his wrested from Mexico, and it was believed that the administra­ mental faculties, and his massive brain was as vigorous as ever. tion favored the annexation of the whole country. In January, He busied himself to the last with public affairs and his papers. 1848, ·callioun made a speech, which he thought put an end to He believed that the South and the Union were doomed for de­ this idea, but the fact remained that much territory had been struction unless be saved them, and be clung desperately to acquired, and some disposition had to be made of it as regards every moment in which he could work for their salvation. Dur­ slavery. ing his last · days be dictated to his secretary a set of resolu­ Accordingly, the Wilmot proviso was introduced on February tions, which he intended introducing to the Senate as the ulti­ 19, 1847, by the party in power, providing that no slavery should matum of the South. They recited that the Southern States exist in the territory recently acquired from Mexico. This was could not lawfully be deprived of equal rights in the tenitory what Calhoun had foreseen, and he opposed it with all his acquired from Mexico .or from any other source; that the people might. He offered a set of resolutions, which provided that of a Territory had no right to form a. constitution and a State Congress had no i·ight to legislate to the discrimination of any without the permission of Congress, and the action of Cali­ of the States of the Union, or to deprive any citizen emigrat­ fornia was consequently void; that Congress bad no right to give ing to the new States of the right of property, or to dispose of validity to California's constitution; that tbe Wilmot proviso conditions before the States in question should be admitted to was an attempt to deprive the South of its rights by a palpably the Union and given a voice in the matter. He spoke in defense unconstitutional method, and that the time bad arrived when the of his resolution, and gave the position of his whole career in a Southern States owed it' to themselves and the other States of few brief sentences. The free States already had a majority the Union to settle forever the question at issue between them. . of votes in the electoral college, there was a majority in the These resolutions were merely the summing up of Calhoun's House, and the Senate was evenly divided. Should more States views on the whole matter. When be had finished their dicta­ be formed from time to time, and all of them free, then the tion he wished for "one time more to speak in the Senate. · I balance of power would be on the side of the free States. Could can do more•than on any past occasion in my life." Still, in they be intrusted to safeguard the rights of the slave States, dying, his last thought was to sil'V'e the Union and how to do it. who were in the minority? Certainly not, and a course would be He never wished for secession so long as there was any way to followed that would be ruinous to the slave States. Eventu­ prevent it. To the last bis mind wrestled with the problem. As ally, then, in the nature of things, the South would withdraw has been said: " It was a Senator rather than a man who was from a union of so little advantage to her. Sentiment never dying." His thoughts were concentrated on the country to the yet bound together a nation. There must be advantages accru- last, and with his mind still on the problem he passed from the . ing to both sections or civil war would come. This was Cal­ sphere of earthly action into eternity. On tbe morning of the houn's. great life work-to prevent the disruption of the States 31st of March, 1850, the great statesman breathed his last, and and to preserve the Union. To do this he contended the balance the long battle was ended. . of power must be preserved. Slavery, as an institution of the Of his private life it is unnecessary to speak other than to South, and a form of property guaranteed by the Constitution, say that it was pure and blameless. He spent forty years in the must be upheld or it would prove the rock on which the Union public service-as a member of the general assembly of South would split. The last years of his life were spent in preaching Carolina ; three times elected to Congress ; for eight years this doctrine. He was the almost undisputed leader of the Secretary of War; twice elected Vice-President of the United South, and to him eV"ery man of his party came for instructions States, in 1824 and 1828; United States Senator; Secretary of as to a great master. His great life work was to lead his people State in Tyler's Cabinet; and after that United States Senator past the impending doom that threatened them and to preserve until the time of his death. During these four decades in an unbroken Union just in its recognition of the rights of all public service, faithful to every trust, patriotic in every fiber sectioµs, with "equal rights to all and special privileges to of bis being, devoted to the Union, but believing with all his none." His health was fast failing, and it was evident that heart that its perpetuation depended upon preserving to the the great statesman could last only a little longer. States their rights under the Constitution. A philosopher and In January, 1850, be fell ill with pneumonia, and grew stead­ statesman of the highest order, orator, and author, he served ily worse. On February 18 be was in his place once more, bnt tbe Nation and his State faithfully and well. No man bas ever after that was confined to his rooms. His one des.ire was to go been so honored by South Carolina as was John Caldwell Cal­ back into the Senate if for only an hour. He had one last speech houn, the State's greatest and most gifted son. From 1832 to the to deliver, ·the great message of his life, and be could not die time of his death the people of· South Carolina received bis with it left unsaid. Accordingly, on the 4th of March, he was counsel and followed his lead implicitly. As true as they were in tbe Chamber, though so ill that he was obliged to act on his to him, he was to them and to their best interest as be saw it. friends' advice and to give his speech to his friend, James .M. When he passed away at half-past 7 o'clock Sabbath morning, Mason, of Virginia, to read. As the voice of the Virginia orator March 31, 1850, the highest honors were paid him at the Capitol rang out o>er the Senate Chamber, C_alhoun sat with features as of the Nation, and throughout the country there was genuine of a stone image, his eyes shining with the intensity of bis purpose. and sincere regret that one who was most worthy to sit in the It was his last great message to the country, and was awe­ seats of the mighty was no more. But it was reserved for tbe inspiring in the accuracy with which it foretold future events. people of his native State, without any division, to do honor to It has been pronounced by eminent critics, and of a disposition his memory as befit those who loved him with a sincere devo­ unfavorable to Calhoun, as the most important speech made tion and whose political idol he was. before the war by any southern leader in its power to mold These honors did not cease when his body was consigned to public sentiment. . the tomb. Tbe women of South Carolina, whose virtue and He began by reiterating the doctrine that he had preached all patriotism bas ever been the· chief glory of the State, under­ his life, the Union m1~st be preserved, and to save it, agitation of took the work of erecting to him a monument in granite and the slavery question must cease. The South must be allowed marble that would bespeak in some measure South CaroHna's her rights of property, guaranteed under the Constitution, or the appreciation and pride in ber favorite son. On the 2Gth of 1910. CO:N GRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3121

April, 1887, the Calhoun monument was unveiled at Charleston, mote the efficiency of the militia, and for other purposes," ap­ S. C., in the presence of patriotic thousands and hundreds of .proved January 21, 1903, accompanied by a report (No. 741), distinguished citizens from all over the country. The monu~ which said bill and report were referred to . the Committee of ment stands more than 50 feet high, and cost $60,000. The the Whole House on the state of the Union. oration was delivered by that prince of orators, L. Q. C. Lamar. l\Ir. STERLING, from the Committee on the Judiciary, to !Nearly sixty years have elapsed since the death of the great which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 21219) to pro­ states rights champion. In this period ·have occurred events vide for sittings of the United States circuit and di trict courts of the first moment and involving the very existence of the of the eastern division of the eastern judicial district of Mis­ Nation. The ci\il war occurred, as Calhoun predicted might souri at the city of Rolla, in said district, reported the same be; the slaves were freed, given the franchise, and in the South without amendment, accomuanied by a report (No. 742) which placed in political power, as Calhoun had predicted as one of said bill and report were referred to the House Calenda~ . the possibilities of the future. This, however, was for only a l\fr. GOEBEL, from the .Committee on the Judiciary, to which comparatively short period of time, and the South did not drop was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17164) to provide for to the leYel of Haiti or San Domingo, as Calhoun bad intimated sittings of the United States circuit and district courts of the might be the case. The civil war is a matter of history. One southern dish·ict of Ohio at the city of Portsmouth in said dis­ of its results was to forever set at rest the questions nullifica- trict, reported the same with amendment, accompaitled by a r~­ tion and secession, and the establishment for all time of the port (No. 743), which said bill and report were referred to the doctrine that the Union is indivisible and indestructible. The House Calendar. bitter and sectional passions engendered by the war have Mr. l\IAN:N, from the Committee on Interstate and Foreign almost entirely passed away. The man who in either branch Commerce, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. of the A]Ilerican Congress to-clay would undertake to make a 22369) to amend an act entitled "An act to authorize the con, violent, abusive, and sectional speech would find himself s.oli- _§truction of a bridge aero s the l\Ionongahela RiYer, in the tary and alone engaged in a yain effort to reviYe issues which State of PennsylYania, by the Liberty Bridge Company," ap­ haYe been finally buried. The time is and will be when the proyed March 2, 1907, reported the same with amendment ac­ American people tln·oughout this country will look upon the par- companied by a report (No. 744), which said bill and r~port ticipants in that great sh·uggle--North and South-with a com- were referred to the House Calendar. mon pride that can only be likened to and compared with the Mr. KE:NDALL, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, to pride felt by the English people for all tho~ e who participated in which was referred the bill of the Senate ( S. 3D83) to amend the war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster, the act of April 23, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 302), entitled "An act for commonly called the " war of the roses." A nation can not be l the survey and allotment of lands now embraced ·within the great unless patriotism abounds and a common sym11atby binds limits of the Flathead Indian Reservation, in thf' State of Mon­ all the people together. The war with Spain demonstrates con- tuna, and the sale anrJ_ disoosal of all surplus lalldS after allot­ clusi>ely that in none of these essentials of greatne s is the ment,'' and all ru:u ~uments thereto, reported the same with United States wanting. amendment, accompanied by a report (:Ko. 745), which said bill The statue of John Caldwell Calhoun stands in Statuary ·and report were referi:ed to the Committee of the Whole House Hall, the old Hall of Representatives, the scene of his first on the state of the Umon. efforts and .labors in the service of the Nation, placed there by the State of South Carolina, and none more worthy than he to PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIO~S, .A..:.'D l\IR~lOilIA.LS. be so honored. [Applause.] l\Ir. JOHNSON of South Carolina. l\Ir. Speaker, I moye the Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, bills, resolutions, and me­ adoption of the resolution. morials of the .following titles were- introduced and severally The question was taken, and the resolution was unanimously referred as follows : agreed to. By Mr. l\IARTIN of Colorado: A bill (H. R. 22837) to pro­ >ide for the erection of a public building at La Junta, in the LEAVE OF ABSENCE. State of Colorado-to the Committee on Public Buildings and The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Chair lays before the House Grounds. the following personal requests. Also, a bill ( H. R. 22 38) to provide for the purchase or a By unanimous consent leave of absence was granted as fol­ public building site :it La Junta, in the State of Colorado--to lows: the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. To l\Ir. BOEHNE, indefinitely, on account of sickness. By l\Ir. STEENERSON: A bill (H. R. 22839) to provide for To l\fr. AUSTIN, for two days, on account of important busi­ the paymeut of expenses inyolved by the participation of the ness. militia in joint maneuvers with the Regular Army during the To Mr. ELVINS, for two weeks, on account of important busi­ season Qf 1908-to the Committee on l\Iilitia. ness. By Mr. CREAGER: A bill (H. R. 22840) to confer certain ADJOURNMENT. jurisdiction upon the probate courts in Oklahoma in e:edain lUr. JOHXSO:N of South Carolina. l\Ir. Speaker, I move that matters-to the Comffiittee .on ln.dian Affairs. the Hou ~e do now adjourn. By 1\lr. KINKAID of Nebraska: A bill (H. R. 22841) to The motion was agreed to; and accordingly (at 6 o'clock and amend section 4 of an act entitled "An act appropriating the 6 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned until l\fonday, March 14. receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain ___ States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamatio,n of arid lands," approyed June 17, 1902-- EXECUTIVE COl\IMUNICA.TIONS, ETC. to the Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands. Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, executive communications were I By 1\fr. MILLER of Minnesota: A bill (H. R. 22842) provid- taken from the Speakers table and referred as follows: ing for ta~ation of and fixing .the rate ~f ta~ation o~ in?erit- 1. A letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a ances, ~ences, beq?e.sts, legacies, and gifts m the District of letter from the Chief of Engineers, report of examination and Columbia and prondrng for the manner of payment as well as survey of Smiths Creek, North Carolina (H. Doc. No. 774)-to the manner of enforcing payment thereof-to the Committee the Committee on Rivers and Harbors and ordered to be printed on the District of Columbia. with illustrations. ' By l\Ir. BURNETT: A bill (H. R. 22843) to amend the im- 2. A letter from the assistant clerk of the Court of Claims, migration laws of the United States-to the Committee on Im­ tram::mitting a copy of the findings filed by the court in the case migration and Naturalization. of Charles C. Baumann against the United States (H. Doc. No. By 1\fr. COVINGTON: A bill (H. R. 22844) providing for 775)-to the Committee on War Claims and ordered to be the establishment of a life-saving station between Ocean City printed. and North Beach, on the coast of Worcester County, in the State of Maryland-to the Committee on Interstate and For­ eign Commerce. REPORTS OF CO:\IMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS Al\TJ) Also, a bill (H. R. 22845) pensioning the surviving officers RESOLUTIONS. and enlisted men of the United States Army employed on the Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, bills and re olutions were seY- frontier in Nebraska and adjoining Territories in the Sioux erally reported from committees, deliver~d to the Clerk, and Indian wars and disturbances from 1853 to 1860-to the Com- referred to the several calendars therein named, as follows: mittee on Pensions. · Mr. STEE~ERSON, from the Committee on Militia, to which By 1\Ir. MOSS: A bill (H. R. 22847) to increase the appro- was referred House bill 21 29, reported in lieu thereof a bill priation for a public building at Brazil, llld.-to the Committee (H. R. 22846) to further amend the act entitled "An act to pro- on Public Buildings and Grounds.

XLV-. 19G 3122 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MARCH 12,

By lli. 'TOWN-SEND: A bnI ·(H. R. 22848) providing for By Mr. . COX -of Ohio-: A bill (H. ..R. 22874) granting an in­ the erection of a public building at the "City of Ypsi1anti, Mich.­ crease of penSion tG William R. Noggle-to the Committee cm to the (Jommitiee on Public Buildings and Grounds. Invalid Pensions. By l\Ir. GRONNA: A bill (H. ~. 22849~ to amend section .Also, a bill (H. R. 22875) granting an increase of pension to 5192 and' repeal section 5195 of "the Revised Statutes of the Charles L. Buileigh-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. United States-to the 'Committee on Banking and Currency. Also, a bill (H. R. 22876) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. RAINEY: Resolution (H. Res. 497) a-sking the Sec­ John G. Whitman-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. retary of War for information ccmcerning contracts with the Also, a ·bill (H. R. 22877) granting .a.n increase of pension to Bethlehem Steel Company-to the Committee on Military Af­ James M. Love-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. fairs. Also, a bill (H. R. 22878) granting .an increase of pension to Also, resolution (H. Res. 498) asking the Secretary of the George E. Wells--to the Committee on In·rnlid Pensions. Navy for information concerning ~ontracts with the Bethlehem Also, a bill (H. R. 22879) .granting an increase -of pension to Steel Company-to the Oemmittee on Naval Affairs. John Brown-"t0 the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. MADDEN: Joint reso1ution (H. J. Res. 170) proposing Also, a bill ( H . R. 22880) granting an increase of pension to nn -amendment to the Constitution conferring upon Congress the Richard A. Si.mpson-t-0 the Committe-e on Invalid Pensions. power to enact certain laws therein designated-to the Com­ Also, a bill (H. R. 22881) granting an increase of pension to mittee -0n the Judiciary. Wiliiam A. Hurley-to ·the Committee on Invali11 Pensions. By l\Ir. HOBSON: Joint resolution (H. J. Res. 171) to pro­ Also, a bill "(H. R. 22882) granting an increase ·of -pension to tect the dignity and hcmor of the l'lniform of the·United States­ Charles S. Price-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. t-0 the Committee on Naval Affairs. By Mr. CURRIER: A bill (H. R. 22883) to correct the mili­ tary record uf Mirick R . Burges8-1to the Oommittee on Military Affairs.- . · PRIVATE .BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. By Mr. nODDS: A bill {H. R. 22884) granting an increase Under clause 1 of Rtile XXII, private bllls and resolutions ·of -of pension to Cha.t·les E. Bartholemew-to the Committee on In­ the :following titles were introduced and severally referred as valid Pensions. follows: Also, a bill (H. R. 22885} granting -an [ncrease of pension to By :M:r. ADAIR: A bill (H. R. 22850) granting an increase of Isaac N. Fordyce-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ' pension to Andrew K. Lewis-to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ Also, a bill (H. R. 22886) granting .an [ncrease of pensien tG sions. Samuel W. Cooley-to the Committee -0n Invalid Pensions. By Mr. .ANDERSON: A bill (H. R. 22851) granting an in­ Br. Mr. FAIRCHILD: A bill (H. ..R. 22887) .granting a pen­ crease of 'J)ension to Charles H . Heimlich, alias Charles H. sion to Louis K. Lewis-to the Committee on Invalid Pensiona Henderson-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a ·bill (H. R. 22888) granting -an iin.erease of pension to Also, a bill (H. R. 22852) granting an increase of pension to Lydia E. Alberti-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. · .William A. Miller-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. HAWLEY: A bill (H. R. 22889) granting an incr-ease Also, ·a bill (H. R. 22853) granting an increase of pension to· of pension to Christian Shortz-to the Committee on InvaUd Adolph Billhardt-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Pensions. By Mr. ANSBE.RRY: A bill (H. R. 22854) granting an in- · Also, a bill {H. R. 22890) gr.anting an increase -0f pension to crease of _pension to Isaac Rid-en.our-to the Committee on In­ Charles G. Shearer-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. valid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 22891) granting a pension to Alonz.o Also, a bill (H. R. 22855) granting an increase of pension to Epler-to the Committee on Pensions. Simon "Benner-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 22892) to correct the military record of Also, a bill ( H. R. 22 56) granting a pension to Carrie Diehl­ Sylvester C. Snyder-to the Committee on Military Affairs. to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. HAYES: A bill (H. R. 22893) granting an increa e By .l\fr. ASHBROOK: A bill (H. R. 22857) granting an in­ of pension to Lawyer M. Bickmore-to the Committee on Invalid erease of pension to Annie G. Loeffier-to the Committee on In­ Pensions. valid Pensions. By Mr. HENRY of Texas: A bill (H. R. 22894) to carry ou..t By Mr. BINGHAM: A bill '(H. R. 22858) granting an increase the findings of the Court of Claims in the case of Samuel F . of pension to George Golcb.er-to the ·Committee cm Invalid Ryan-to the Committee on War Claims. Pensions. By Mr. JONES: A bill (H. R. 2289-) granting a pension to By Mr. BROWNLOW: A bill (H. R. 22859) granting an in­ Evans Lawson-to the Committee on Pen ions. crease of pension to James L Waters-to the Committee on In­ By Mr. LAWRENCE: A bill "(H. R. 2 96) granting a pen­ ·yalid Pensions. sion to Julia A. Forbes-to the Committee on Invalid Pensicms. Also, a bill ( H. R. 22860) granting an increase of pension to Also, a bill (H. R. 22897) granting an increase of pension to 'John J. Wolfe-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. George W. Rogers-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. CALDERHEAD: A bill (H. R. 22861) granting an in­ By Mr. LINDBERGH: A ·bill .(H. R. 22898) granting an in­ crease of pension to Jacob Brenner-to the Committee on In­ crease ·of pension to Edward F. Ziebarth-to the Committee on valid Pensions. Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 22862) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. MARTIN -Of Colorado : A bill ( H. R. 22899) granting James F. Hanna-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. a pension to .James Lawton-to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ By Mr. CAMPBELL: A bill (H. R. 22863) granting an in­ sions. crease of pension to Jesse D. Bradley-to the Committee on In~ Also, a bill (H. R. 22900) granting an increase of pension to valid Pensions. Samuel l\IeGibbons-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By l\Ir. CANTRILL: A biil (H. R. 22864) for the reli~f of By Mr. MOORE of Texas: A bill (H. R. 22901) for the relief Sarah K. T. Baker-to the Committee on War Claims. of the estate of Mrs. Eleanor B. Vinson, deceased-to the Com­ By Mr. CAPRON: A bill (H. R. 22865) granting an increase mittee on War Claims. of pension to ·Charles Cornell-to the Committee on Invalid By Mr. MOSS: A bill (H. R. 22902) granting a pension to Pensions. Ida M. Jacks()n-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 22866) granting an increase of pension to Also, a bill (H. R 22903) granting an increase -of pension to Emily K. Luther-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. John B. Bishop-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, a bill (H. R. 22867) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. A. MITCHELL P AUIER: A bill ( H . R. 22904) to George Langley-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. renew :and extend certain letters patent-to the Committee -on Also, a bill (H. R. 22868) granting an increase of pension to Patents. Henry C. Dixon-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By 1\lr. P.A.Y:NE: A "bill (H. R. 22905) granting a pension to Also, a bill ( H. R. 22869) granting an increase of pension to Thomas Scott-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Joseph Shriar-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. PRATT : A bill (H. R. .22906) grantin(J' an increase of Alos, a ·bill (II. . R. 22 70) granting a pension to Mary A. pension to Charles N~ Crawford-to the Committee on Invalid Allen-to the Committee on Pensions. Pensions. By Mr. CARY: A bill (H. R. 22871) granting an increase of Also, a bill (H. R. 22907) granting an increa e of pension to pensiQn to Dharles F . Gram-to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ Lewis W. ·Tennant-to the Committee on InYalid Pensions. sions. Also, a bill (H. R. 22908) granting a pension to Wealthy ;r. Also, a bill (H. R. 22872) granting an .increase of pension to Larrabee-to the Committee on Pensions. Alice L . .Rowley-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. · By Mr. SMITH of Iowa : A bill (H. R. 22909) for the it'eliet By Mr. CHAPl\IAN: A bill (H. R. 22873) granting an increase 'Of William J. Dryden-to the Committee on Military Affairs." of pension to William C. Smith-to the r()ommittee on Invalid Also, a bill (H. "R, 2291.0) granting an increase of pension to Pensions. Calvin N. Hall- to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 3123

By Mr. STANLEY: A bill (H. R. 22911) for the relief of transportation of adulterated or misbranded fungicides, etc,---'! Francis M. Price-to the Committee on War Claims. to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Also, a bill (H. R. 22912) for the relief of Frank W. Clark­ Also, petition of Rhode Island Horticultural Society, favoring to the Committee on War Claims. bill to secure purity of fungicides and insecticides-to the Com­ Also, a bill (H. R. 229:t.3) for the relief of the estate of W. C. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Russell, deceased-to the Committee on War Claims. Also, letter of Prof. H. J. Wheeler, director of the Rhode By Mr. TAWNEY: A bill (H. R. 22914) granting an increase Island Experiment Station, to prevent the manufacture, etc., of _ of pension to Z. C. Goss-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. fungicides and insecticides-to the Committee on Interstate and By Mr. BURKE of South Dakota: A bill (H. R. 22915) grant­ Foreign Commerce. ing an increase of pension to Charles Bingham-to the Com­ Also, petition of Providence Lodge, No. 66, Brotherhood of mittee on Invalid Pensions. Railway Firemen and Trainmen, for sundry bills for the safety By Mr. DENBY: A bill (H. R. 22916) granting an increase of railway employees-to the Committee on Interstate and For­ of pension to Jacob N. Hamburger-to the Committee on· In­ eign Commerce. valid Pensions. Also, petition of Cigarmakers' Union No. 94, of Pawtucket, By Mr. JAMIESON: A bill (H. R. 22917) granting an in­ R. I., for the eight-hour law-to the Committee on Labor. crease of pension to George H. J. Little-to the Committee on Also, petition of Audubon Society of Rhode Island, for the bill Invalid Pensions. to protect migratory birds-to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. MOORE of Texas: A bill (H. R. 22918) for the relief · Also, petitions of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the heirs of Franklin Perin, deceased-to the Committee -on of Rhode Island and sundry branches, in favor of the bill for War Claims. the protection of women, to probibit liquor selling in Hawaii, to prohibit liquor selling on ships and in public buildings owned by the Government, to place a 25-mile prohibition zone around PETITIONS, ETC. Indian reservations, the Johnson Sunday rest bill, and the bill Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid to prohibit the telegraphing of race-gambling bets-to the Com­ on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: mittee on Alcoholic Liquor Traffic. By Mr. ALEXANDER of Missouri: Petition of Allen Morton Also, petition of New England Manufacturing Jewelers and Watkins Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, for Silversmiths' Association, for repeal of the corporation-tax retention of- the Division of Information in the Bureau of Im­ law-to the Committee on Ways and Means. migration and Naturalization-to the Committee on Immigra­ Also, resolutions and petitions of the Lymansville Company, tion and Naturalization. of Providence, R. I.; the Salisbury Manufacturing Company, of By Mr. ANDERSON: Petition of Men's League of Fifth Bap­ Providence, R. I.; the Columbia Braider Company, of Paw­ tist Church, of Washington, D. C., for Senate bill 404, Sunday tucket, R. V; the Cranston Worsted Mills, of Bristol, R. I.; the rest bill-to the Committee on the District of Columbia. George H. Fuller Son Company, of Pawtucket, R. I.; the New Also, petition of Engineers' Club, of Ohio, favoring House bill England Stove Manufacturers' Association; the New England providing for increase of 60 officers in Corps of Engineers-to Dry Goods Association; the New England Shoe and Leather the Committee on Military Affairs. Association; and the Business Men's Association, of Olneyville, By Mr. ANDRUS: Petition of Sleepy Hollow, Daughters of R. I., in favor of the repeal of the corporation-tax law-to the the American Revolution, for retention of Division of Informa­ Committee on Ways and Means. tion in the Immigration Bureau-to the Committee on Immi­ Also, petition of Leo Council, Knights of Columbus, of Rhode gration and Naturalization. 'Island; James Howarth, of Pawtucket; and the D. J. Mahler By Mr. ANSBERRY: Petition of Engineers' Club, of Columbus, Company, of Pawtucket, R. I., against increasing the rate -0n Ohio, favoring House bill for increase of 60 officers for the second,..class mail matter-to the Committee on the Post-Office Engineer Corps-to the Committee on Military Affairs. and Post-Roads. By Mr. ANTHONY: Petitions 9f citizens of Nortonville, Kans., Also, petition of C. J. Pullen, of Pawtucket, R. I., favoring praying for the passage of a law to regulate the interstate ship­ the so-called honest paint bill (H. R. 20472)-to the Com­ ment of intoxicating liquors-to the Committee on Alcoholic mittee on Manufactures. (Liquor Traffic. Also, petition of Bostcm Chamber of Commerce, against Sen­ By Mr. ASHBROOK: Petiti'on of Engineers' Club of Colum­ ate bill 5106-to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ bus, Ohio, for House bili for 60 additional officers for the Engi­ merce. neer Corps-to the Committee on Military Affairs. Also, petition of Boston Chamber of Commerce, for removal By Mr. BATES: Petition of Thaddeus Kosciusco, No. 224, of obstructions to navigation-to the Committee on Interstate Polish National Alliance, of Erie, Pa., against any change of and Foreign Commerce. the immigration act of February 20, 1907-to the Committee Also, petition of Boston Chamber of Commerce, against in­ on Immigration and Naturalization. ' crease of the tonnage tax-to the Committee on Ways and Also, petition of Burke Electric Company, Reed Manufactur­ Means. ing Company, and Thomas E. Durban, of Erie, Pa., against the Also, petition of Kent County Chapter, Rhode Island Society Moon anti-injunction bill-to the Committee on the Judiciary. of the Sons of the American Revolution; Rhode Island Inde­ By Mr. BINGHAM: Petition of Pennsylvania Society of pendence Chapter, Daughters of _the American Revolution; and the Sons of the Re>olution, for an appropriation to collect the Flint Lock and Powder Horn Chapter, Daughters of the Ameri· documents appertaining to the American Revolution-to the can Revolution, for retention of Division of Information of the Committee on Appropriations. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization in the Department By Mr. BRADLEY: Papers to accompany House bill 7095- of Commerce and Labor-to the Committee on Immigration and to the Committee on Claims. Naturalization. Also, petition of Council No. 471, Knights of Columbus, of By Mr. CARY: Resolutions by the Superior Branch of the Port Jervis, N. Y., favoring House bill 17543-to the Commit­ Lake Seamen's Union, indorsing House bill 11193 and Senate tee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. bill 6155, for bettering condition of American seamen-to the By Mr. CAPRON: Papers to accompany bills for relief of Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. George Langley, Emily K. Luther, Charles Cornell, Frederick Also, resolutions adopted by the Wisconsin Academy of -:W. Burgess, and Joseph Shriar-to the Committee on Invalid Sciences, Arts, and Letters, of Madison, Wis., indorsing House Pensions. bill 10276-to the Committee on Agriculture. Also, joint resolution of the city council of Providence, R. I., Also, petition of Wisconsin Natural History Society, for House for reductiorr of the tariff on food products-to the Committee bill 10726, for protection of migratory birds-to the Committee on Ways and Means. on Agriculture. Also, petition of Rhode Island Business Men's Association, Also, communication from the Milwaukee Yacht Club, Mil­ for the Senate bill for construction of a revenue cutter for waukee, Wis., protesting against the contemplated transfer of Narragansett Bay and tributaries-to the Committee on Inter­ the Pilot Charts from the Hydrographic Office to the Weather state and Foreign Commerce. Bureau-to the Committee on Appropriations. Also, petition of Grange No. 204, National Alliance, of Provi­ By Mr. CASSIDY: Petition of Lake Seaman's Union of Cleve­ dence, R.. I., against the Hayes immigration bill-to the Com­ land, Ohio, for legislation to prevent under manning and un­ mittee on Immigration and Naturalization. skilled manning of American vessels (H. R. 11193)-to the Also, petition of Rhode Island Horticultural Society, for the Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Lafean apple package bill-to the Committee on Agriculture. Also, petition of Engineers' Club of St. Louis, Mo., for legis­ Also, petition of Rhode Island State Board of Agriculture, lation to enlarge Engineer Corps for river and harbor work favoring bill providing a penalty for manufacture and sale or (H. R. 7117)-to the Committee on Military Affairs. I I 3124 CONGRESSIONA:b RECORD-HOUSE. ~LIBCH 12,

By liir. CLARK of Florida : Petition. of Abigail Bartholomew against liquor selling in Hawaii,. and_ the Tirrell bill (H R. Chapter, Daughters of, the American Revolution• . for- retention 14536)-to the Committee on Alcoholic. Liquor Traffic.. of DiYisio:n. of Information m the. Dnmigr.ation Bureau-to. the Also, petition of Monessen Council, No. 954., Knights ot Co­ Committee on Immigration and. Naturalization. . lumbus, favoring House bill 17043-to the Committee on the By Mr. COX of Indiana: Petition. of citizens of Ohio fo:i: the Post-Office and PostrRoads. · eight-hom~ bill (H. R. 15441)-to the Committee- on Labor_ By Mr. HUGHES. or New Jersey: Petition of· citizens of' New Also, petition of.Hamilton. Counct.I; Knights ot Columbus,. fa­ Jersey,.. op]losing. the postal savings-bank: bill-to- the Committee voring House bill 17543, measur.e. of:. the National Fraternal on. the. Post-O:ffic.e and Post-Roads. . Press Association, relative to second-class mail rates-to the Also, petition.. of.: Maj:. J"'ohn Engel Camp,, Na. 5; United, Span­ Committee-on the Post-Office and. Post~Roads iSh. Wai: Veterans, for removal o:t the Maine. from Habana By Mr: DAWSON-: Retition of. Karl Hinrichs- aruL 25 other Harbor-to the Committee on Na val Affairs. citizens- of Walcott, Lowa, against a1postal.savings-bank law­ Also, petition of.. Council No~ 2461 Knights of' Columbus, favor­ to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. ing Hbuse bill 175431 National Fraternal Press Association bill-. By. lli. DAVIS·: Petition. of C. V-on. Lehe and ofuers, ofi Ot· to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. tawa, Minn., against any change in. the oleomargarine-law-to Also, petition of.. citizens and associations_ of tfie Distric of the Committee OILAgriculture. Columbia, favoring House. bill 18295 and Senate bill 5912, teach­ B;y Mr; filJGLEBRIGHT.: Petition of J: B. Whitney; and• 71 ers' retirement bill-to the Committee on the District of Co­ other- re idents of Shasta County, Cal., favoring· the eight-hour lumbia. law (H. R. 15441)-to the-Committee-on Labore By Mr. KAHN: Petition of John J. Field, John H. Gilmore, Also-, petition of Ferndale. Chamber of Commerce and other William J: Mullen, W. 0. Zahn, James Harold, Martin Cradick; public bodies of Humboldt County, against the Burleson.billion and Andrew Yule, of San Francisco, and Milliners~ Union of oleomargarine-to the Committee·on Agriculture. Oakland, and I. E. Noyes, o:f Sansilito, all in the State of Cali­ Also, petition· of California; Metal Trades Assoeiation, of San fornia, favoring House bill 15441:, the. eight-hour law-to the Francisco, Cal., :favoring amendment to strike: out the publicity Committee on. Labor. clause, paragraph 6 of section..38 of the act·ot August 51 1909, in Also, petition of International Br.otheLhood of Electrical Work­ conne.etion with the special excise· tax on· corporations--to the ers, No. 537, of San Francisco, Cal., protesting against the im­ Committee on-Ways and Means. migration of all Asiatics except merchants, students; and traveb By l\ir. FITZGERALD: Eetition of :Maine MemoriaL Commis-~ ers-to the Gommittee on Foreign Affairs. sion, favoring legislation to remove: the w:i:eck of the U. S. bat­ By Mr. KEIFER : M'emorials of-the Pressmen's Union ; Stere­ tle ship· Maine from• Habana Hai:bor-to the Committee on otypers and Electrotypers' Union;· United Brotherhood. of Car­ Naval Affairs. penters and.Joiners of America Union; Metal Polishers' Union; Painters and Decorators' Uhion; Plumbers' Union; Brewery Also., petition of Encam1>ment. No. 70, Union.. Veter.ans' Union 1 Workers · Union; International Brotherhood of Electrical Work­ League~ against ce~ statues and. memorials: in Statuary ers.' Union; Boilermakers' Union; Brotherhood of Railway Hall-to the, Committee on... the. Library. Clerks'' Union;. Journeymen Barbers' Union; and· Iron Molders' Also, petitiorr of New· Y-0rk Produce Exchange, against 1>ro Union, protesting against increasing the rate of postage on po ed changes in the act to regulate commer.ce so far as to second-class matter from 1 to 4 cents per pound1-to the Com­ change the present authority.- of the Interstate Commerce Com­ mittee on the Post-Office and' Post-RoadS'. mission over certain through rates (S. 5106 a.nd · H~ R. 17536)­ Also, petition of Logonda Chapter, Daughtei·s of the American to· the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Gommerce. Revolution, for retention of the Division of Information in the By Mr: FORNES: Petitiorr or New York Maritime Associn= Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization-to the Committee tion and New York. Boai·d o:frTra.de and Transportation, favor... on Immigration and Natu1'alization. in"' at lea~ one naval: officer: for: each. hydmgraphic branch By Mr. KET1 IHER: Petition of Hebrew Independent Club, ot office in the country-to the Committee on Appropriations. Boston, against restrictive immigration legislation-to the Com­ By Mr. RULLER: Petition... of N: B. Johnson, of Durand,. Ill., mittee on Immigration and Na tm:alization. in opposition to proposed increase. in rate o:t postage- on seeond.1. By lli. LOWDEN: Petition of Sterling Council, No. 662, class mail matter, and favoring the establishment of a: par.eels Knights of Columbus, for House bill 17543-to the Committee on post-to the Committee on the Post-Office and. Post-Roads. the Post-Office and Post-Roads. BY, l\fr-. GARDNER. of :Massachusetts~ Petition of. Boston By l\ir. McCREDIE: Petition of Polish citizens, against :r.e­ Chamber of Commerce, against certain sections of Senate bill strictive immigration legislation-to the Committee on Immi:.. 5106-to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. gration and Naturalization. Also, petition of Branch No. 304, La Societ~ des Artisans By Mr. MADISON: Petition of citizen of Seventh Congres­ Canadiens Fran~ais, of Newburyport, Mass., for House bill sional District of Kansa&, asking the enactment of a law making 17509, right of beneiicifil'Y associations' publications- to cany it unlawful to ship intoxicating liquor into prohibition terrt:. commerclill advertising:-to the. Committee on the.· Post-Office tory-to the Committee on Alcoholic Liquor Traffic. and Post-Roads. By Mr. MAGUIRE of Nebraska: Petition of Farmers' Insti­ By Mr. HAMILTON: Petition· of citizens of Bangor, Mich., tute, of- Humboldt, Nebr., and Farmers' Institute, of Tecumseh, against Senate bilL 404, Sunday rest bill-to. the: Committee on Nebr:, favoring· House- bill 15422, for- an appropriation for· agri­ the. District or Columbia. · culturaI extension purposes-to the Committee on Agriculture. By l\Ir: HAY.ES-: Petition. of 12nblishers· and· business. men of By Mr. MALEY: Paper to accompany bill for relief· of Charles San Francisco, against increased rate of. postage on periodic~ E. Herrington-to the Committee on Pensions. als-to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post:·Roads. Also, papers to accompany bills for relief of. Zoa Boshaine, Also, petition of L_ M. Lerwick-and!.16 other farmers of Santa Gilford Matice, and William Keenan--to the Committee on. In­ Clara County, Cal., urging legislation that will eliminate gam­ valid Pensions. bling .in farm products by boards of trade, exchanges, and other By Mr. NEEDHAM: Petition of the Young People's Mi sion­ speeulators-to the Committee- on.. Agriculture. ary Volunteer Society of Turlock, Cal.. against Senate bill 404, Also, petitions- of- William J. Mullen, D. J .. Dunne, David Sunday rest bill-to the Committee on the District of Columbia. Moyes, John H. Gilmore, H. Treiber, and Andrew Y u1e, of San Also, petition of- Califo:rnin. :Metal Trades As ociation, for Franciscoj Cal., favoring· an eight-hour workday on all work modification of. paragraph 6, section 38, of the cori:>oration-tax done for the Government by contract or· subcontract--to_ the enactmen1r-to. the. Committee on WaY.S and Means. Committee on Labor. Also petition of Chamber of Commerce for the Flint bill, to Also, petition of Local Union' N-0. 668, United Brotherhood purch~se Henry ranch for militacy maneuvering purposes-to of. Carpenters and Joiners of'. America, of Palo. A:lto,. Cai, favor­ the Committee on Military Affairs. ing an eight-hour workday on all work done for the: Government Also, petition of George H. Thomas Post; No. 2, Grand Army bY.: contract· or subcontract-to the- Committee on Labor. of: the Republic, ·of San Francisco, against retention of the Lee Alse, paper to accompany bill for_ relief of Sawyel" M. Bick­ statue in Statuary Hall-to the. Committee on the Library. more-to the Committee on· Invalid Pensions. Also, petition of Washington Council, No. 4&, and Jame A. By Mr. HE1..1'fllY of T-exa.s: Petition of citizens of Coryell Garfield Council, No. 18, Junior Order of United American Me­ County, Tex., for legi la.tion: to abolish bucket- shops and, cotton chanics, indorsing the Hayes bill (H. R. 13404), regulation of exehange&.-to the Committee on Agriculture. immigration-to the. Committee on Immigration and. Naturaliza­ By Mr: HOWELL of Utah: Petition ot T. J. Alvord and tion. other citizens of· Ogden, Utah; for the eig~hour hills. (S~ 5578 Also, petition of the Afro-American Council, foir appointment and H. R. 15441 )-to the Committee- on Labor. of a commission to decide on.. a negro expo ition to commem. By l\Ir. HUFF: Petition of the United.c Presbyterian· congre­ orate the fiftieth anniversacy of emancipation-to the Commit­ gation of Slippery Rock, Pa., for. the· Johnson bill, (S 1862) tee:; on Industrial Arts: and_ Exnositions. f . \ ! 1910. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 312S

By Mr. MORGAN of Missouri: Petiti~n of More-Jon~s Br~ to the institution of certain suits in respect to the granting of and Metal Company, of St. Louis, favormg great care m 1~1s­ lands to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line Iative enactments touching railway interests-to the Committee from the Central Pacific Railroad in California to Portland, on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. in Oregon, etc. ( S. Doc. No. 426), which, with the acc?~panying By Mr. OLDFIBLD: Paper to accompany bill for relief of papers, was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary and Rebecca C. Ginn-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ordered to be printed. By Mr. A. MITCHELL PALMER: Petition of Triple City l'ENBI.ON FUNDS FOB MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES, ETC. Council, for House bill 17543-to the Committee on the Post- Office and Post-Roads. . The PRESIDING OFFICER laid before the Senate a com· By Mr. PUJO: Papers to accompany bills for relief of heirs munication from the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, trans­ of Felix J. Condry, heirs of J. Ca.simer Le Blanc, Joseph G. mitting, in response to a resolution. of January 11, 1910, a ~eport Guidry, Rudolph Chachere, Pierre Goudeau, and Felix De­ relating to pension funds for murucipal employees and railr?ad fean-to the Committee on War Claims. pension systems in the United States (S. Doc. No. 427),. which, By Mr. ROBINSON: Paper to accompany bill for relief of with the accompanying paper, was referred to the Committee on Stephen P. Moore-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Civil Service and Retrenchment and ordered to be printed. By Mr. SCOTT: Petition of citizens of Franklin County, CL.AIM OF EUGENE B. HAGAR. Kans., favoring Senate bill 404, Sunday rest bill-to the Com­ The PRESIDING OFFICER laid before the Senate a com­ mittee on the District of Columbia. munication from the assistant clerk of the Court of Claims, By Mr. SHEFFIELD: Petition -0-f citizens of Rhode Island, transmitting a certified copy of the findings of fact filed by the for the eight-hour law-to the Committee on Labor. court in the cause of Eugene B. Hagar, administrator of Charles Also, petition of Officers' Association of the Rhode Island Na­ w. Adams, deceased, v. United States (S. Doc. No. 424),. which, tional Guard, in favor of rifle practice among high-school boys with the accompanying paper, was referred to the Comnnttee on on ranges of the national guard-to the Committee on Military Claims and ordered to be printed. .... ~~ . -·. _ Affairs. HOUSE BILLS REFERRED. Also, paper to accompany bill for relief of Van Buren Kin­ ney-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. The following bills were severally read twice by their titles By l\lr. SIMMONS : Petition of Grupa 613, Zwiazku Naro­ and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs : · H. R.153. An act for the relief of Henry Mulvin; dowego, Polskiego w Stanach, Batavia., N. Y., against .legi~la­ tion restricting immigration-to the Committee on Immigration H. R. 710. An act for the relief of Cornelius Cahill ; and Naturalization. . H. R. 5269. An act for the relief of Alexander Everhart; Also, petitfon of Attica (N. Y.) Grange,No.1058, for parcels-post H. R. 6542. An act for the relief of Theodore F. Colgrove; law, etc.-to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. H. R. 6767. An act for the relief of Charles A. Bess; By Mr. Sl\IITH of l\Iichigan: Petition of General Richardson H. R. 6901. An act for the relief of Platoff Bush; Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, against re­ H. R. 8621. An act for the relief of Aaron B. Van Pelt, alias peal of section 40 of immigration law a.s provided in the Hayes Benjamin Van Pelt; immigration bill-to the Committee on Immigration and Natu­ H. R. 8699. An act authorizing the Secretary of War to recog­ ralization. nize William Mitchell, deceased, as having been a member o:f! By Mr. SPERRY: Resolutions of Sarah Riggs Humphrey Company C, First Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Mounted In­ Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, of Derby, fantry, civil war; Conn. in relation to immigration and retention of Division of H. R. 8730. An act for the relief of William Mullally; Infori'.nation in the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization­ H. R. 9221. An act for the relief of James Jones; to the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. H. R. 9751. An act to amend and correct war records so as to Also memorial of Forest City Council, No. 3, Knights of muster in and muster out of service in United States Army Columbus of Middletown, Conn., against increase of rates on Joshua E. Carlton, of Charleston, Tenn., and to grant him an fraternal 'pubUcations (H. R. 17543)-to the Committee on the honorable discharge; Post-Office and Post-Roads. H. R. 1086il. An act for the relief of Anton Ernst; Also, resolutions adopted by the Connecticut Hardware Asso­ H. R. 11763. An act for the relief of George Harraldson; ciation, against increase of postal rates on second-class matter­ H. R.11936. An act for the relief of Jacob Conrad; to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. H. R.13936. An act for the relief of William P. Drummon; By Mr. STANLEY: Papers to accompany bills for relief of H. R. 14288. An act for the relief of George W. Spencer; William A. Eastkin and Thomas H. Barker-to the Committee H. R. 16684. An act for the relief o-f James Ovens; on War Claims. H. R.18540. An act for the relief of John H. Willis; By Mr. WEEKS: Petition of Polish organizations of the H. R. 18845. An act for the relief of Maramon A. Martin; State of Massachusetts, against the Hayes bill, to further regu­ H. R. 18848. An act for the relief of Joseph S. Oakley; late the immigration of aliens into the United States-to the H. R.19243. An act to correct the military record of John B. Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Ford; By Mr. WEBB: Paper to accompany bill for relief of James H. R. 19505. An act for the relief of Eugene Martin ; B. Sprinkle-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. , H. R. 19747. An act for the relief of William C. Rich; H. R. 20603. An act for the relief of Henry Halteman; and H. R. 21079. An act ·for the relief of John W. Thomas. The following bills were severally read twice by their titles SEN.ATE. and referred to the Committee on Pensions: MoNDAY, March 14, 1910. H. R. 22147. An act granting pensions and increase of pen­ sions to certain soldiers and sailors of the civil war and certain Prayer by· the Chapl~ . Rev. IDysses G. B. Pierce, D. D. widows and dependent relatives of such soldiers and sailors; NA.MING A. PRESIDING OFFICER. H. R. 22621. An act granting pensions and increase of pen­ Mr. BACON called the Senate to order and directed the Sec­ sions to certain soldiers and sailors of the civil war and certain retary to read a communication from the President pro temPQre, widows and dependent relatives of such soldiers and sailors; which was read, as follows: arid H. R. 22637. An act granting pensions and increase of pen­ PRESIDE~T PRO TEMPORE U~-iTED STATES SENATE, March 14, 1910. sions to certain soldiers and sailors of the Regular Army and To the Senate: Navy and certain soldiers and sailors of the wars other than Being temporarily absent from t.he Senate, I .hereby appoint Senator the civil war and to widows and dependent relatives of such AUGUSTUS 0. BACON to perform the duties of the Chair. soldiers and sailors. Wll. P. FRYE, President iwo tempore ~fr. BACON thereupon took the chair as presiding officer, and MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE. directed the Secretary to read· the J ournaI of the last legis­ A message from the House of Representatives, by W. J. lative day. I' Browning, its Chief Clerk, announced that the House had agreed THE JOURNAL. to the concurrent resolution of the Senate, No. 20, extending the The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday last was read and thanks of Congress and accepting from the State of South approved. Carolina the statue of John C. Calhoun. RAILROAD LANDS IN OREGON. PETITIONS AND MEMO'.RIALS. The PRESIDING OFFICER laid before the Senate a com- The PRESIDING OFFICER presented a petition of the munication from the Attorney-General, transmitting, in re- Board of Trade of Wilmington, Del., praying for the enactment sponse to a resolution of January 24, 1910, information relative of legislation authorizing the payment to the Government of the