DOCSLIB.ORG

Helena and Lewis & Clark National Forests Forest Plan Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Helena and Lewis & Clark National Forests Forest Plan Assessment Helena and Lewis & Clark National Forests Forest Plan Assessment Chapter 2, Terrestrial Ecosystems 2015 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................1 Terrestrial Vegetation .................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................1 Scale and Methods .............................................................................................................................................2 Broad Scale Context............................................................................................................................................3 Ecosystems and Key Ecosystem Components ....................................................................................................3 Existing Information ...............................................................................................................................................5 Vegetation Drivers ..................................................................................................................................................6 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................6 Climate ................................................................................................................................................................6 Vegetative Succession ........................................................................................................................................8 Fire ......................................................................................................................................................................9 Forest Insects and Disease .............................................................................................................................. 16 Vegetation Management................................................................................................................................. 31 Invasive Plants ................................................................................................................................................. 40 Potential Vegetation Types ................................................................................................................................. 49 Existing Condition ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Trend ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 Vegetation Composition ...................................................................................................................................... 54 Existing Condition ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Trend ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 Vegetation Structure and Function ..................................................................................................................... 61 Tree Size Class.................................................................................................................................................. 61 Forested Density Class ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Nonforested Density Classes ........................................................................................................................... 66 Forest Vertical Structure Class ........................................................................................................................ 66 Forest Age Class ............................................................................................................................................... 68 Connectivity and Pattern ................................................................................................................................. 70 Information Needs ........................................................................................................................................... 72 Threatened, Endangered, Proposed, and Candidate Plant Species, and Potential Species of Conservation Concern ............................................................................................................................................................... 73 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 73 Threatened, Endangered, Proposed, and Candidate Species: Whitebark pine ............................................. 74 Potential Plant Species of Conservation Concern ........................................................................................... 77 Plant Species of Public Interest ....................................................................................................................... 94 Special Ecosystem Components ........................................................................................................................ 105 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 105 Old Growth .................................................................................................................................................... 106 Snags .............................................................................................................................................................. 109 Very Large Live Trees ..................................................................................................................................... 112 Coarse Woody Debris .................................................................................................................................... 113 Ecosystem Diversity: Key Characteristics by Potential Vegetation Type .......................................................... 114 Existing Condition .......................................................................................................................................... 114 Trend ............................................................................................................................................................. 133 Information Needs ......................................................................................................................................... 135 Terrestrial Wildlife ................................................................................................................................................. 136 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 136 Process and Methods .................................................................................................................................... 136 Scale ............................................................................................................................................................... 137 Section Organization ..................................................................................................................................... 137 Existing Information .......................................................................................................................................... 137 Existing Condition .............................................................................................................................................. 139 Habitat Associations ...................................................................................................................................... 139 Threatened, Endangered, Proposed, or Candidate Species (‘At Risk Species’; FSH 1909.12, Chapter 10, 12.5) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Potential Terrestrial Wildlife Species of Conservation Concern ................................................................... 159 Terrestrial Wildlife Species of Interest .......................................................................................................... 174 Information Needs............................................................................................................................................. 193 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 193 Tables Table 2.1 Key terrestrial vegetation characteristics of ecosystems on the HLC NFs ..................................................4
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Root Diseases with White Pocket Rots Big White Pocket Rot and Red Root Rot
    Root Diseases with White Pocket Rots Big white pocket rot and red root rot Pathogen—Several pathogens cause a white pocket rot in the roots and butts of conifers in the Rocky Mountain Region. However, discussed in this entry are Phellopilus (Phellinus) nigrolimitatus, which causes a root disease called big white pocket rot and two species, Onnia (Inonotus) tomentosa and leporina (formerly misnamed O. circinata), which cause a disease known as red root rot, or tomentosus and circinatus root rot, respectively. The following two pathogens (described separately in this guide) also cause white pocket rots and may be confused with the fungi described in this section: Porodaedalea (Phellinus) pini often grows down into roots and causes red ring rot in conifer stems; annosus root rot may also appear as a white pocket rot. Hosts—Big white pocket rot and red root rot can infect most conifers, but they infect mostly spruce species in this Region. Signs and Symptoms—Big white pocket rot (caused by Phellopilus nigrolimitatus) usually has no external indications. The fruiting body (conk) is uncommon and usually forms after the tree is dead. Conks are perennial, are flat on the bark, and often have a small shelf or cap at the upper end that is somewhat soft and spongy. The pore surface is cinnamon-colored and smooth with very small pores. The internal flesh is brown and typically has one or more black lines. Red root rot (caused by Onnia species) usually has no Figure 1. Onnia tomentosa, showing caps from above. Photo: Jim external symptoms, but there may be some basal resino- Worrall, USDA Forest Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Polypore Communities in Broadleaved Boreal Forests
    Silva Fennica 46(3) research articles SILVA FENNICA www.metla.fi/silvafennica · ISSN 0037-5330 The Finnish Society of Forest Science · The Finnish Forest Research Institute Polypore Communities in Broadleaved Boreal Forests Anni Markkanen and Panu Halme Markkanen, A. & Halme, P. 2012. Polypore communities in broadleaved boreal forests. Silva Fennica 46(3): 317–331. The cover and extent of boreal broadleaved forests have been decreasing due to modern forest management practices and fire suppression. As decomposers of woody material, polypores are ecologically important ecosystem engineers. The ecology and conservation biology of polypores have been studied intensively in boreal coniferous forests. However, only a few studies have focused on the species living on broadleaved trees. To increase knowledge on this species group we conducted polypore surveys in 27 broadleaved forests and 303 forest compartments (539 ha) on the southern boreal zone in Finland and measured dead wood and forest characteristics. We detected altogether 98 polypore species, of which 13 are red-listed in Finland. 60% of the recorded species are primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The number of species in a local community present in a broadleaved forest covered approximately 50 species, of which 30–40 were primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The size of the inventoried area explained 67% of the variation in the species richness, but unlike in previ- ous studies conducted in coniferous forests, dead wood variables as well as forest structure had very limited power in explaining polypore species richness on forest stand level. The compartments occupied by red listed Protomerulius caryae had an especially high volume of living birch, but otherwise the occurrences of red-listed species could not be predicted based on the forest structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Rots, Butt Rots & Stem Decays of Alaskan Trees
    Root Rots, Butt Rots & Stem Decays of Alaskan Trees DAMAGE AGENTS PAGE Root & Butt Rots (Unknown) 1 Armillaria species / Armillaria Root Rot 3 Heterobasidion occidentale / Heterobasidion Root Rot 5 Onnia tomentosa / Tomentosus Root Rot 7 Phaeolus schweinitzii / Velvet Top 9 Pholiota species / Yellow Cap Fungus 11 Stem Decays (Unknown) 13 Echinodontium tinctorium / Paint Fungus 15 Fomes fomentarius / Tinder Conk 17 Fomitopsis officinalis / Quinine Conk 19 Fomitopsis pinicola / Red Belt Conk 21 Ganoderma applanatum / Artist’s Conk 23 Ganoderma tsugae / Varnish Conk 25 Inonotus obliquus / Cinder Conk 27 Laetiporus sulphureus / Chicken of the woods 29 Phellinus hartigii / Hartigs Conk 31 Phellinus igniarius and P. tremulae/ False Tinder Conk 33 Piptoporus betulinus / Birch Conk 35 Porodaedalea pini / Red Ring Rot 37 0 Root and Butt Rots 1 Root and Butt Rots Hosts: All tree species in Alaska. ID: Decayed roots and butts. Mushrooms, conks, or other fungal structures on the root collar or roots (nonpathogenic mushrooms and conks can also be found near tree bases). Uprooted trees have few remaining roots (root ball, root wad). The direction of tree fall may be inconsistent rather than with the direction of prevailing wind. Remarks: The known root and butt diseases in Alaska are caused by internal wood decay (rot) fungi that may overlap with stem decay fungi. Butt rot fungi decay the heartwood at the base of the stem. Trees can live with butt rot for years or decades. Tree mortality usually occurs due to uprooting or snapping associated with the loss of structural integrity. 2 Armillaria species Armillaria Root Rot mycelial fans 3 rhizomorphs Hosts: All tree species in Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Onnia Triquetra (Pers.) Imazeki, a Pine Associated Polypore Species Reported for the First Time from Hungary
    Acta Biologica Plantarum Agriensis 7: 42–54 (2019) DOI:10.21406/abpa.2019.7.42 ISSN 2061-6716 (Print), 2063-6725 (Online) Research article http://abpa.ektf.hu/ ONNIA TRIQUETRA (PERS.) IMAZEKI, A PINE ASSOCIATED POLYPORE SPECIES REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME FROM HUNGARY Balázs Palla1*, Imre Borsicki2, Zoltán Lukács3 & Viktor Papp1 1Department of Botany and Soroksár Botanical Garden, Faculty of Horticulture, Szent István University, H–1118 Budapest, Ménesi str. 44. Hungary; 22500 Esztergom, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky str. 26. Hungary; 31071 Budapest, Damjanich str. 54. Hungary; *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Onnia triquetra, a Pinus specialist polypore species in Europe, is reported for the first time in Hungary. Historical and recent collections of almost 60 years were examined. The macro- and micromorphological characteristics are given, along with ecological inferences of the species and its hosts in Hungary. Keywords: Hymenochaetaceae, Europe, native, new record INTRODUCTION Hungarian forests are composed mainly of deciduous tree species, covering 89.5% of the forest area. The most common species are oaks, poplars, beech and hornbeam, among aliens the black locust. Conifers represent only 10.5% of the forests, with a significant decline in their actual area in the last two decades (from 243 500 hectares in 2000 to 195 000 hectares in 2016). The most widespread conifer species are Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold), covering an area of 6.2% and 3.2% respectively (Komarek 2018). Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is considered to be native, while Austrian pine (P. nigra J.F.Arnold) was introduced to the Pannonian basin, with its first plantations established in the 19th century (Borhidi 2003; Tamás 2003; Bölöni et al.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Rickenella Fibula</I>
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2017 Stable isotopes, phylogenetics, and experimental data indicate a unique nutritional mode for Rickenella fibula, a bryophyte- associate in the Hymenochaetales Hailee Brynn Korotkin University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Korotkin, Hailee Brynn, "Stable isotopes, phylogenetics, and experimental data indicate a unique nutritional mode for Rickenella fibula, a bryophyte-associate in the Hymenochaetales. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4886 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Hailee Brynn Korotkin entitled "Stable isotopes, phylogenetics, and experimental data indicate a unique nutritional mode for Rickenella fibula, a bryophyte-associate in the Hymenochaetales." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Ecology
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Physiological Mechanisms of Drought-Induced Decline in Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.)
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Understanding the physiological mechanisms of drought-induced decline in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) PhD Thesis by David Aguadé Vidal Supervised by Dr. Jordi Martínez-Vilalta Dr. Rafael Poyatos López Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, December 2016 Understanding the physiological mechanisms of drought-induced decline in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) PhD Thesis by David Aguadé Vidal To be eligible for the Doctor degree With the approval of the supervisors Dr. Jordi Martínez-Vilalta Dr. Rafael Poyatos López Programa de doctorat en Ecologia Terrestre CREAF & Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, December 2016 Table of contents Resum……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Chapter 1. General introduction…………………………………..……………………………………………………….. 11 Chapter 2. Drought-induced defoliation and long periods of near-zero gas exchange play a key role in accentuating metabolic decline of Scots pine…………………………………………………………………….. 23 Chapter 3. The role of defoliation and root rot pathogen infection in driving the mode of drought- related physiological decline in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)………………………………………………. 51 Chapter 4. Roots hydraulic constraints during drought-induced decline in Scots pine………….
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships, Pathogenic Traits, and Wood-Destroying Properties of Porodaedalea Niemelaei M
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 2018 11(1): 30-48 ~ ~ ~ УДК 582.284 Phylogenetic Relationships, Pathogenic Traits, and Wood-Destroying Properties of Porodaedalea niemelaei M. Fischer Isolated in the Northern Forest Limit of Larix gmelinii Open Woodlands in the Permafrost Area Igor N. Pavlova,b, Yuliya A. Litovkaa,c, Tatyana V. Ryazanovac, Nelli A. Chuprovac, Ekaterina A. Litvinovac, Yuliya A. Putintsevab, Ursula Küesd and Konstantin V. Krutovsky*b,d,e,f aV.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest FRC «Krasnoyarsk Sceince Center of the SB RAS» 50/28 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia bSiberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia cReshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology 31 Krasnoyarsky Rabochy, Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia dGeorg-August University of Göttingen 2 Büsgenweg, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany eTexas A&M University 305 Horticulture and Forest Science Building, College Station, TX 77843-2138, USA fN.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS 3 Gubkina Str., Moscow, 119991, Russia Received 23.07.2017, received in revised form 16.08.2017, accepted 04.12.2017, published online 01.02.2018 The phytopathogenic and wood destroying traits were studied in a basidiomycete fungus, Porodaedalea niemelaei M. Fischer, widespread in Siberian permafrost woodlands of Gmelinii larch, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. Numerous stands of dying out and fallen larch trees with white-rot („corrosion rot“) were found in the study area. Butt rot incidence varied from 63 to 100 % depending on the stand age and raised up to 0.5-1.5 m above root collar on average or up to 9 m maximum. Root rot was also widespread, including larch undergrowth.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology and Population Biology of Inonotus Tomentosus As a Pathogen of Forests of British Columbia
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Katherine JoAnn Lewis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathologypresented on April 10. 1990. Title: Epidemiology and Population Biology of Inonotus tomentosus as a Pathogen of Young Forests in British C9Ilumbia. A Abstract approved: < Redacted for Privacy Dr. Everett M. Hansen The root disease fungus Inonotus tomentosus, common in the old growth boreal forests of British Columbia, poses a threat to the health of second growth forests established on sites with a previous history of root disease. Colonized stumps occur in groups of 1 to 6; the groups are clumped within a clearcut. Therefore, surveys for disease incidence need to employ wide (10 m) transects and cover at least 10% of the stand area. The fungus remains viable in stumps for at least 30 years and can infect roots of regeneration trees in contact with stump roots. Spruce stump roots cause twice as many infections as pine stump roots because more spruce roots are colonized, they are longer, and they are horizontally oriented. Trees growing within 200 cm of diseased spruce stumps have a 25% chance of infection. At 350 cm - 400 cm the chance of infection is 10%. Trees growing within 50 cm and 250 cm 300 cm of diseased pine stumps have a 25% and 10% chance of infection respectively. Within a stand, disease centres are usually small (less than 5 trees) and composed of a single genotype. Larger centres consist of several genotypes. Electrophoretic protein profiles and vegetative compatibility tests were co-supportive methods used to determine genotype similarities.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Wood Decaying Fungi Diversity in Central Siberia, Russia Using ITS Sequence Analysis and Interaction with Host Trees
    sustainability Article Investigating Wood Decaying Fungi Diversity in Central Siberia, Russia Using ITS Sequence Analysis and Interaction with Host Trees Ji-Hyun Park 1, Igor N. Pavlov 2,3 , Min-Ji Kim 4, Myung Soo Park 1, Seung-Yoon Oh 5 , Ki Hyeong Park 1, Jonathan J. Fong 6 and Young Woon Lim 1,* 1 School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] (J.-H.P.); [email protected] (M.S.P.); [email protected] (K.H.P.) 2 Laboratory of Reforestation, Mycology and Plant Pathology, V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Technology of Wood and Biotechnology, Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, 660049 Krasnoyarsk, Russia 4 Wood Utilization Division, Forest Products Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea; [email protected] 5 Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; [email protected] 6 Science Unit, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2880-6708 Received: 27 February 2020; Accepted: 18 March 2020; Published: 24 March 2020 Abstract: Wood-decay fungi (WDF) play a significant role in recycling nutrients, using enzymatic and mechanical processes to degrade wood. Designated as a biodiversity hot spot, Central Siberia is a geographically important region for understanding the spatial distribution and the evolutionary processes shaping biodiversity. There have been several studies of WDF diversity in Central Siberia, but identification of species was based on morphological characteristics, lacking detailed descriptions and molecular data.
    [Show full text]
  • Stable Isotope Analyses Reveal Previously Unknown Trophic Mode Diversity in the Hymenochaetales
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Stable isotope analyses reveal previously unknown trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales Hailee B. Korotkin1, Rachel A. Swenie1, Otto Miettinen2, Jessica M. Budke1, Ko-Hsuan Chen3, François Lutzoni3, Matthew E. Smith4, and P. Brandon Matheny1,5 Manuscript received 24 February 2018; revision accepted 2 August PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Hymenochaetales are dominated by lignicolous saprotrophic 2018. fungi involved in wood decay. However, the group also includes bryophilous and 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of terricolous taxa, but their modes of nutrition are not clear. Here, we investigate patterns Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA of carbon and nitrogen utilization in numerous non- lignicolous Hymenochaetales and 2 Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University provide a phylogenetic context in which these non- canonical ecological guilds arose. of Helsinki, PO Box 7, FI-00014, Finland 3 Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North METHODS: We combined stable isotope analyses of δ13C and δ15N and phylogenetic analyses Carolina 27708, USA to explore assignment and evolution of nutritional modes. Clustering procedures and 4 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Plant statistical tests were performed to assign trophic modes to Hymenochaetales and test for Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, Florida differences between varying ecologies. Genomes of Hymenochaetales were mined for 32611, USA presence of enzymes involved in plant cell wall and lignin degradation and sucrolytic activity. 5 Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Citation: Korotkin, H. B., R. A. Swenie, O. Miettinen, J. M. Budke, KEY RESULTS: Three different trophic clusters were detected – biotrophic, saprotrophic, K.-H.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Onnia Tomentosa and Phellinus Tremulae (Hymenochaetaceae, Aphyllophorales) In
    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2016 Genetic diversity and colonization patterns of Onnia tomentosa and Phellinus tremulae (Hymenochaetaceae, Aphyllophorales) in the boreal forest near Thunder Bay, northwestern Ontario Hoegy, Zachary R. W. http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/836 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons Genetic diversity and colonization patterns of Onnia tomentosa and Phellinus tremulae (Hymenochaetaceae, Aphyllophorales) in the boreal forest near Thunder Bay, northwestern Ontario by Zachary R.W. Hoegy A Graduate Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Forestry Faculty of Natural Resource Management Lakehead University August, 2016 LIBRARY RIGHTS STATEMENT In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the M. Sc. F. degree at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, I agree that the University will make it freely available for inspection. This thesis is made available by my authority solely for the purpose of private study and research and may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part (except as permitted by Copyright Laws) without my written authority. Signature: ________________________________ Date: ____________________________________ ii A CAUTION TO THE READER This M. Sc. F. thesis has been through a semi-formal process of review and comment by at least two faculty members. It is made available for loan by the Faculty of Natural Resources Management for the purpose of advancing the practice of professional and scientific forestry. The reader should be aware that those opinions and conclusions expressed in this document are those of the student and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of either the thesis supervisor, the faculty, or Lakehead University.
    [Show full text]
  • Agaricomycetes) in the Early 21St Century
    mycological research 111 (2007) 1001–1018 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres After the gold rush, or before the flood? Evolutionary morphology of mushroom-forming fungi 5 (Agaricomycetes) in the early 21st century David S. HIBBETT Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA article info abstract Article history: Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes, approx. syn.: Homobasidiomycetes) produce a Received 17 May 2006 diverse array of fruiting bodies, ranging from simple crust-like forms to complex, deve- Received in revised form lopmentally integrated forms, such as stinkhorns and veiled agarics. The 19th century 3 November 2006 Friesian system divided the mushroom-forming fungi according to macromorphology. Accepted 8 January 2007 The Friesian taxonomy has long been regarded as artificial, but it continues to influence Published online 26 January 2007 the language of mycology and perceptions of fungal diversity. Throughout the 20th century, Corresponding Editor: the phylogenetic significance of anatomical features was elucidated, and classifications that David L. Hawksworth departed strongly from the Friesian system were proposed. However, the anatomical stud- ies left many questions and controversies unresolved, due in part to the paucity of charac- Keywords: ters, as well as the general absence of explicit phylogenetic analyses. Problems in fruiting Basidiomycota body evolution were among the first to be addressed when molecular characters became Character evolution readily accessible in the late 1980s. Today, GenBank contains about 108,000 nucleotide se- Development quences of ‘homobasidiomycetes’, filed under 7300 unique names. Analyses of these data Fruiting body are providing an increasingly detailed and robust view of the phylogeny and the distribution Phylogeny of different fruiting body forms across the 14 major clades that make up the agaricomycetes.
    [Show full text]