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- i| I ii i « i| ii >it -'ilii 1 1 i lri . *'*'J''^^ wpili^^tiiim^ip m|»4i iftMt pqi. . H I 444ii(l^W^ tiwS>^rtiii?n'i>,..,... , . 100 wU mm M M M , ;M42 ^ i iw riB ^>hfcWW*»««w !i I - ' 'l ' 'l J..U. .m. ! ..JU! l?l' ff.'l ! ^Ktiifiii iiiaii«iiiiriiiiitiiiiiriWnriiiiiriiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriminiiiMiimiii iiiniMiiiwim ' .". " iSSaSSaMiSBS i!Si.iM„., ,.,l.'rifrf^.'',f|f Dl" . IIB BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF BenrQ W. Sage 1891 AjmimXIOJSIC u//4/m Cornell University Library ML 100.M42 3 1924 022 408 607 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022408607 : PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY Condensed Encyclopedia MUSICAL TERMS, INSTRUMENTS, COMPOSERS, AND IMPORTANT WORKS. BY W. S. B. MATHEWS. PHILADELPHIA THEODORE PRESSER 1895. COPYRIGHT, 1880. W. S. B. MATHEWS, CHICAGO. Press of Wm. F. Fell & Oo, 1220-24 SANSOM STREET, PHILADELPHIA. ;;; DICTIOI^rAEY. or (Ital. prep.) A, Ab, from, of ; also name of a A capriccio (Ital. cS-prXt'-zK). At caprice; pitch. at pleasure. > Abbreviations. These are the more usual. Accelerando (Ital. St-tshal-a-rSn'-do). Ac- Look for definitions under the words them- celerating ; gradually hastening the time. selves. Accent, an emphasis or stress upon particular Accel.y for accelerando ; Accomp.^ Accom- notes or chords for the purpose of rendering pagnement ; Adgo, or Ado.^ Adagio; ad the meaning of a passage intelligible. ^i6.y&d libitum; a//' Oboe(Haut- bois) ;. piano: ^r*/., pedale p.^ ; perd.^ per- Acoustics (a-coos'-tics). The science of sound. dendosi ; P, F.^ Piano-Forte jyiti forte ; p/.^ ; Accordion, a well known instrument, the pizz.^ pizzicato \pp.y pianissimo or piti piano tones o[ which are produced by '* free reeds." rall.^ rallentando; rf, rfz.^ rinforzando; Large instruments of this class have a com- rzV., ritardando; Hten.^ ritenuto ; S. sin.^ pass of about four octaves. sinistra; scherz.^ scherzando; seg.^ segue j««., sempre; j/i^ sforzando ; «w., simile; Acis and 4^alatea Ca'-«is, gS,l-S^te'-S.). A sfftorz.^ pastoral cantata by Handel in 1720. smorzando ; jof^., sostenuto ; s. S., senza Sordini; j. 7",, senza Tempo; stacc, Adagio (Ital. a-dS'-jo, literally ad agio^ at staccato; string.^ stringendo; r^tasto, ten- ease, leisurely). A slow and tender move- T'.^tutti, ore; tempo; ^^k., tenuto ; Timp.^ ment, slower than andante, but not so slow Timpani ; tr,. ; trillo tretn.^ tremolando ; as largo. See " Tempo." Trotnb.^ trombone ; Tromp,^ Trompette Ada^SSimo (Ital. a-da-jes'-sl-m5). Super- T. S.^ tasto solo; «. r., una corda; urn's., lative degree of adagio. unisono ; K, Voce ; Ka., Viola ; z/ar., varia- ; ; Adolph Charles, a French composer of zione Vo-^ Violino VcUo-, Violoncello ; Adam, V. S., Voiti subito. light operas (Le Postillion du Lonjumeau, etc.), newspaper critic and professor of com- Abbandono, con (Ital. if-ban-d5'-no), or the Conservatoire ; Abbandonatemente. With abandon, position at b, 1803, d. with enthusiasm. 1856. Adams. Thomas, a distinguished English Slasik (Ger.) Evening music. Abend organist and composer, born 1785, died 1858. Abert, J. J.^ (S-bSrt), a German orchestral Ad Jjib'itnm (Lat.) At pleasure ; z*. Paris, belonging to the school of Stephen Heller. Author of many interesting piano Ab Initio (Lat, in-ish'-io). From the begin- ning. pieces, Abt. Franz, the popular German song-writer A due (Fr.) For two. (Used in orchestral scores.) ( " When the Swallows," etc ) b. Dec. 22, A dur (Ger. a-dur). The key of A major. 1819, at Eilenburg, Prussia. Visited America A moll (Ger.) A minor (key of), in 1872, and conducted at the Gilmore Jubilee. ^Olian Key, one of the ^* church modes," capella (Ital. kSr-^el'-ia). In church style having the tones ABCDEFGA; the^ A ; i. e.^ voices only, without accompaniment. natural minor scale. a ale, £ add^ a arm, e eve, @ end^ 1 ice, \ ill, o old^ d odd, 3 dove, 00 moon, u lute, ii but, U Fr, sound 3 ; ^o DICTIONARY. AITS dance of a lively .^BlOlian Harp, a harp played by the wind. 3. A German national time. Should be of thin pine, 3 ft. long, 3 in. deep, character, in 2-4 insertion of pitch the si-n re- 5 broad, with beech ends for Al Segno (Ital. san'-y6). From ; and tuning pins. Is strung with 12 catgut turn to the sign , and play from there to strings passing over low, hard-wood bridges^ *' Fine." and tuned in perfect unison. Placed in a All Unisono (Ital. oo-nl-so'-no). In unison. window open enough to receive it, and some- " what obliquely to the wind, it produces the Alto (Ital.) literally, high." The highest male most delightful chords. voice, having a range above the tenor. The commonly^ cailed by this .ffischylus (Ger. es'-ke-lus), a Greek (Attic) low female voice now contralto^ which see. philosopher, bom B. C. 525. name is properly Affetnoso (Ital. af-fgt'-oo-o'-zo), or Con Alto Clef, see Clef. affettO, with feeling. ten- Amabile (Ital. S-mS'-be-lS). Lovingly ; Agilita (Ital. Sr-jKr-I-ta). Agility, quickness. derly. Agitato (Ital. Sj-X-ta'-to), or Con Asita- Aniati (S-m-S'-tee). A celebrated family of tione, agitated, disturbed ; commonly im- violin makers, who lived and worked at Cre- plies hurrying. mona. Theirbest work was: Andrea, about basses Antonio and Agnus l>€i of allegro ; cheerful ; not so quick as allegro. popular piano pieces. Bom 1800 at Manosque, See Tempo. educated in the Paris Conservatoire, and later a music dealer there. AUegrezza (Ital. S,l-l6-grSt'-za). Gayety ; cheerfulness. Anima (Ital. S,nM-m£), con anlma, with .Allegri (&l-lag'-ree), Gregorio, a priest at life. Fermo, 1580-1652. Author of a celebrated AnimatO (Ital. S.n-i!-ma'-t5). Animated, *' Miserere" used at the Pontifical chapel during Holy week. Anna Bolena (bo-la'-na). Opera by Doni- zetti, 1831. Allemande (Fr.) One of the movements of Karl (Sn'-sheetz), B. about 1831. the suite. It is of German origin, and was not AnSChnetz, a dance. Diedin NewYorkabout 1875. An opera and orchestral conductor composer. a. Also used as equivalent to Deutscher and Tanz, a dance resembling the waltz. Ansiv^er, the imitation of a previous phrase. «/«, £k add^ 'i. arnty e evt^ 3 end^ 1 ice^ I x7/, o old^ o odd^ 6 d A.lltecedeilt, a phrase proposed for imitation. Shakespeare's "Tempest," two oratorios The first section in a period. " Judith" and "" Abell,' eic. 1710-1778. Antliem, a sacred motet for use in Divine ser- Arne, Michael, son of preceding, 1741-1806, A vice. conductor and popular composer of operas, etc., in his day. Ajltfcipation, the entrance of a single note of a chord in advance of the remaining nnces, Arpeggio (Ital. ar-p8d-j6). A melodic figure thus making a dissonance with the chord into composed of the tones of a chord struck suc- which it thiusts itself. cessively. A broken chord. ^ Antienne (Fr.) An anthem. Also used as the Arnold, Samuel, Mus. Doc, born in London, name of a soit and quiet organ piece. 1740. Died i8o2. An organist, conductor and author. Composed many dramatic works. Alltipliony, responsive sinking, between two choirs or the piiest and chuir. Art of Fngue, The {Die Kunst der Fuge\ a contain- Homan wonderful work of Sebastian Baches, Antiphonarinm Bomannm, ing eighteen fugues, all on one subject. Com- Antiphouary, the Romish collection of anti- posed in the last year of his life, phons. in London, in 1831. Died A piacere (Ital.ape-S-tsha'-r3) At pleasure, Ascher, Joseph, born fashionable pianist and composer of faster or slower. 1869. A drawing-room pieces. Appassionato (Ital. Sp-pSs-se-o-na'-to). As (Ger.) Aflat. (A^.) Impassioned ; passionately. Becthoven^s son- ata op. 57 was thus named by Cranz, the pub- Assai (Ital. as-sa'). Very, e. g.^ Allegro lisher. assai, very fast, etc. ^ Applicatiur (Ger. ap-plik'-a-tur). Application, AssolntO (Ital. Ss-so-lu'-to). Absolute. 3ts Pedal applicatur : pedal marks for apply- Prima donna assolnto, absolute, or ing the toe and heel. first, prima donna. Appog:g:iatitra Atto(Ital. at'-to), . Act. Al*cadelt, Jacob, a singer, teacher and com- Daniel-Fran yois-Esprit, born 1784 at Soser, at Rome about 1539. Born in the Anber, fetherlands. Author of madrigals, masses, Caen. Died 187 1. Auber was the most popu- centiiry. etc. lar of the French composers of this Auber was composer of a large number of Arco (Ital. ar'-ko). The bow of stringed in- operas, among the besi of which are " Crown struments. CoU'arco, or arcato, with Diamonds," '* Fra Liavolo," and "LaMu- the bow, as opposed to pizzicato^ which see. etre de Portici" (Masaniello). His works characterized by bright and sparkling Arditi, Luigi (loo-ee'gee Sr-dee'-tee). Born are and plea^nt and piquant instrumen- at Crescentino in Piedmont, 1822, Author of melody, tation, though Wagner says he uses the several operas, overtures, songs, etc. Conduc- orchestra like a mighty guitar (implying tor of Italian opera in London, Vienna, etc. lack of thematic treatment). He Visited America several times. Auber's was made Director of the Conservatoire by- remained so until his ArditO (Ital. Sr-dee'-to). Warmth ; ardor, Louis Phillippe, and death. A. was genial and witty. Afia (Ital. ar'-la). Air. See Lessons xxx, xxxv. Audace (latl. S-oo-dS'-tshS). Same as ardito, Arietta (Ital. ar-I-^t'-ta). A little air. Lesson xiv. Auflosnng (Ger. ouf-lo'-sung). Resolution (of dissonances). Arioso (Ital. ar-X-o'-x5). In style of an aria. Lesson xxvii. Auftact (Ger. ouf-takt). The unaccented beat of the measure. Axion? a Greek musician, fabled to be the son extension of a phrase or of Neptune and Oncea, Lived about 620 B. C. Augmentation, the subject by lengthening the time of all its Annlde (Sr-meed'). One of Gluck's greatest notes, imitating quarter notes by halves, etc. operas. Produced in Paris Sept. 33, 1777" Ansdruck (Ger. ous'-driik). Expression. Ame, Thomas A., Mus. Doc. An Engrlish mSr-ee'-a). "Hail composer of glees, anthems, and the music of Ave Maria (Lat. a-ve salutation, Luke i, a8. several operas or stage pieces, music to Mary." The angelic 00 moon, u lute, ii but, U Fr. sound a ale, a add, S arm, e eve, g end, I ice, \ ill, 6 old, 5 odd, 6 dove, AUT DICTIONARY. BAR Authentic, certain of the ecclesiastical modes. They are; No. BAR DICTIONARY. BEL Barrel, Woldemar (v61'-dS-mar bar'-geel). Basso Contlnno. a bass running through the Step-brother of Mme. Clara Schumann. whole piece, from which, with figures, the Born in Berlin lizP. A teacher and an ele- accompaniment used to be played. See gant composer of piano forte pieces, chamber- Thorough Bass. music, etc. B. stands too near Schumann for his own talent to hr.ve fair play. Bass Posaune (Ger, bass pS-soun'-S). The b«(ss :rombone. Bairitone, a male voice of medium range and Basten et Bastienne, a German operetta large body of tone. Also the name of the in one act. Mozart smaller bass saxhorn, in B^. 1768. Baritone Clef, the bass clef applied to the Bass Viol, English name of the violoncello. third line of the staff. Baton (Fr ba-tpnh). A conductor's stick for Barnby, Joseph, a prominent English com- beating time. ptiser of church music, glees, songs, etc. Battle of Pragme, a descriptive sonata Born about 1837. ^°^ some by reason omitted Kotzwara, from Grove's Die. and Mendel. 1792. One of the most famous pieces of programme music. Bamett, John F., an English pianist and com- Soser of three Cantatas, *-The Ancient Battle Symphony, English name for Bee- " lariner" 1867, '* Paradise and the Peri" thoven's Wellington's Sieg oder die Schlagt 1870, "Raising of Lazarus" 1873, " Lay of bei Vittona," op. 91. 1813. the Last Minstrel" 1874; also of several con- Battement (Fr. bS,t -t^mon). An old em- certos, overtures, quartettes, etc. Bom Oct. bellishment similar to 6, Z838. the mordente, but made with the note below. Barrel Organ, of various design and con- struction. Some are merely enlarged music- Battishill, Jonathan, an English composer of boxes, others small orchestrions, in which the songs, glees, catches and antnems. Z738-X80X. tones are produced by reeds or pipes. All are Banmbach, Adolph, a German jpiano forte controlled by means of a barrel^ or cylinder, teacher and proline arranger of piano pieces, on the surface of which pins are set at such living some time in Boston. Came to Chicago intervals that a revolution of the cylinder about 1863. Died 1880. opens the valves and so produces the tones of a piece. By sliding the barrel a minute dis- B dur (Ger. dur). B major. tance, another set of pins come into operation, Bearinss, the few notes a tuner lays down and thereby the tune is changed. In orches- carefully as guides. Usually the middle oc- trion organs the crank not only revolves the tave. cylinder, but also works theobellows. Beat. An embellishment of the mordent kind. Bartholdy, see Mendelssohn. 2. The conductor's motion in indicating Barytone, a stringed instrument of the violin the time. family, having six or seven catgut strings 3. The throbbing effect of dissonance, pro- stretched over the fingerboard, and from nine duced by the occasional interference and con- to twenty-four metal strings which act sympa- sequent extinction of a vibration. The thetically. Has a weak but pleasing tone. number of beats per second is equal to the Has given place to the violoncello. difference between the rates of vibration in the notes. Bass (bas), the lowest part in harmony. Also the lowest male voice. Beckert Paul, a German piano teacher and fine musician, resident in Chicago since 1858, Basso Profkindo (pro-fun -do). The low- where he was for many years the leading ex- est male voice, of quality deep of tone. ponent of classical music. Basset Horn (Ital. carjw di basseito\ a bass clarinet in F, reaching from F below the bass Becker, Carl Ferdinand, oi^anist and professor clef. Written for by Mozart and Mendelssohn. at the Conservatorium of Leipsic. Bom 1804, died 18^7. Especially learned in musical Bass Clarinet, a low clarinet ranging up- literature. wards from E below middle C. slow-speak- A (bar). Original name of Meyer Beer. ing, hollow-toned instrument. Beer Bass Clef, the sign of the bass staff. Repre- BeetllOTen, Ludwig van (lood' vYg fan ba'- sents F next below middle C. to-vn). 1770-1827. See Part VIII. Bass Tuba, ih'^ lowest of the saxhorn family. Bebr, Fr., a German composer of light pieces. That in E^ reaches E^ of the ifi it. octave. (Ger. bSg-li'-tSn). accompany, The B^ Tuba, B3 in the 32 ft. octave, three Begleiten To octaves below middle C. Be^grar'S O^era, a celebrated piece, written Basslni^ Carlo, an Italian teacher of singing, in Z727 by Gay. Its songs were all written to living m New York from 1864 or thereabouts. old melodies, or to the most popular airs of Died in 1871. the day. It had an immense success. see Serpent. Bass Horn, Belly the expanded opening in which most brass Bassoon (bSr>zoon), Ger. Fagoit, a wooden instruments terminate. Also applied to or- double-reed instrument of 8 ft. tone. Its gan pipes, as in the "bell diapason," " bell compass is from 1 6 ft. Bb to X6 on sd space gamba," id which all the pipes end in a bell. of treble. Is the natural bass of the oboes- (bSM-sSr'-Io). Italian opera in and clarinets, i. /., the ^''wood." BelisarlO 3 acts by Donizetti, 1836. BasBo Cantante (Ital. k3n-tSn'-tS). The (Ital. bSl-lat'-za). tone singing bass, or principal bass singer, as dis- Bellezza Beauty of expression. tinguished "firom the basso buffoy comic bass, and and the basso profundo y orvery low bass. Bellicoso (Ital. bgl-lX-k5'-25). Warlike. a aU^ & add.^ 'i. arm^ e eve^ S end^ 1 ice^ 1 ill^ o old^ d odd^ d dove^ 00 moon^ u luie^ ii bui^ U Fr» sound 7 . BEL DICTIONARY. BIS Bellini, Vincenzo (vin-tchan'-dzo b6l-lee'- Bergmann, Karl, a 'cellist and conductor, nee). Italian composer of operas, the best of born at Eisenach in Saxony, 1821. Came to which are •* Sonnambula,'^ " I Puricani " and America with the *'Germania*' orchestra in *' Norma." His writing is characterized by 1850. In X 857 he removed from Boston to delicate and graceful melody^ and great refine- New York, where he occupied a leading place ment. Bellini died very young, perhapps before as conductor of the "Arion," " Philharmon- his powers were fully developed ^ still he rep- ic»" etc. Died 1877, represents the simple, natural side of Italian Charles de (bSr' -Xo), a music, where the music exists for itself alone. Beriot, Auguste celebrated violinist, born in Belgium 1802. paying very little attention to the text, a ' married the famous schoorwhicnolv was ev^-n in his day giving place Died 1870. In 1835 he singer Malibran. Author of many pleasing to thetie stionger style of Verdi and ^^gner. 1802-1835. works for piano and violin. BellOlVS, the wind receptacles of organs. Berlioz, Hector (bair'-lioz), a great French Born Bells, musical instruments of metal, sounding composer, critic and litterateur. Dec. Composer of bypercussion. Extremely ancient. Belimetal XI, 1803, died March 9. 1869. many overtures, symphonic poems, etc., of consists of cupper and tin, 3 to i. the ^'programme order,, in which all the Bell^T, the upper side of violins, that next the resources of the modern orchestra are em- strings. ployed with consummate mastery for the por- trayal of poetic, bizarre, piquant, or profound Belshazzar, an oratorio by Handel, 1745. sentiment. Berlioz seems like a genius of 2. Dramatic piece by Mr. J. A. Butterfield, in vivid is 1S71. Written for amateurs. great power, whom a imagination not restrained by good j udgment. As a writer (Ger. bg-mark'-bSr), ; to Bemerkbar marked about music he is one of the most gifted of be In played a prominent manner. the present century. His place as a coni- Be mol (Fr. bg-mol). B flat. poser is not yet settled. His greatest dramatic work, "The Damnation of Faust" 1846, is (Ital. bSn, ba'-ne). Well. Ben, Bene only just receiving its due recognition. Sir born at Stuttgart, Benedict, Julius, Nov. Bertini, Henri (bar-teen'-ee), a pianist of 27, 1804. " One of the most eminent foreign French family, bom at Loudon 1798. Settled musicians settled in England since Handel's in Paris 1821. Died at Meylan 18^6, B. time.'' Author of several operas, the ora- was author of more than 200 compositions, of torios of ** St. Cecelia " and *' St. Peter." One which his piano-school and *^ Etudes" had of the most eminent conductors of the present wide currency. They are now superseded. time. Lives in London. Vi&ited this country with Jenny Lind in 1850. Bes fGer. bSs). The note B double flat, en- harmonic with A natural. Benedictus (Lat.) The song of Zachariah, Luke i. Best, William T., the eminent English virtuoso Bendel, Franz, piano virtuoso and composer of organist, born at Carlisle 1826. Since '55, a vast^ mass of piano music, among the best .organist of St. George's Hall in Liverpool, of which is his ** Am Genfer See,^' also his Composer of many church services and many effective ^* " op> 8, 45 and 47. Visited the United States skillful and arrangements for the and played at 2d Peace Jubilee in 1872. Died organ; also of a large "organ school." B. been " about 1^74. B. 1833. has called the Liszt of the organ," a title more complimentary than exact. Bennett, William Sterndale,Mus.Doc., M.A., D.C.L., one of the greatest English compos- Beyer, Ferd. (bi'-er) 1803-1863. A prolific ers since Purcell. Born x8i6f B. was a great " arranger " for the piano-forte. friend of Mendelssohn's, whose style in- Bianca, er the Bravo's Bride, a grand fluenced him very much. Composer of many opera in 4 acts, by Balfe. i860. piano works, two concertos, 1840, for piano and orchestra, cantata "The May Queen," Bianca JE Faliero (bee-Un'-ka a fal-ya'-ro). 1858, and an oratorio '* The Women of Sama- Opera by Rossini, i8ig. A failure. ria, 1867. (Given in Boston in 1874.) His Bind, see Tie, works are characterized by elegance and finish Birmin^liani Festival, triennial. The rather than power. Died Feb. i, 1875. most imponant in England, Among the " " Ben pronnnziato (Ital. pro-noon-tse-S'-to). great works written for it were Elijaii in Pronounced clearly and distinctly. 1846, "Eli" 1855, "Naaman" 1864. Profits go to hospital funds. Last one occurred in Berceuse (Fr. bair-surs'), a cradle song. 1879. Characterized by a rocking and monotonous _ Billert, Karl, a German composer of psalms, accompaniment, and great delicacy, songs, overtures, symphonies, etc. A promi- Berens, Hermann (ba'-rSns), bom at Hamburg nent and active musician. f82i — 1826. A good pianist and a successful popu- Bilse, Benjamin (bll'-sS), one of the lar composer. Resides in Stockholm, Swoden, most famoiis conductors of the present day. Born where he is very active in all departments of 1816, His famous orchestra at Berlin, has^o musical work. D. x88o. men. B. is also a composer of dance music. Berber, Ludwig (lood-vlg bair'-gSr), a fine Bird, H. D., organist in Chicago. Born pianist and composer in Berlin 1777-1838. about 1837. Pupil of Clementi. B. was teacher of Men- twice " delssohn, Taubert, Henselt, and Fanny Bis, ; equivalent to encore^ again." Hensel. A prolific writer. Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, a popular English William (bar'-g&), a [>iano-teacher, Ber^fe, ^ composer of songs, stage pieces, operas, one organist, and arranger of pieces in New York. oratorio (never performed), etc. 1786-185S, a a/tf, add^ S arm^ e eve^ S i ice^ illy old^ & end^ 1 6 8 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute, t. but, U Fr, sound 8 ' : BLA DICTIONARY. BRA ^ Blaze (called Castil-Blaze), Francois (blSz), a Bordogni, Marco (bor-don'-ye), one of the French writer upon music in " Le Menestrel,' most celebrated singers and iTjasters of sing- ^and in books. 1784-1857. ing of recent times. Born in Bergamo 178S, died 1856. Author of many songs, collections Blasinstruments (Ger. from hlasetiy to of studies for the voice, etc. For 32 years from blow). Wind instruments, which see. 1824, professor of singing in the Paris Conser- vatoire. Blassmann, Adolph J. M.,born 1823 at Dres- den. An accomplished musician, composer Bourdon (boor'-don^. Anorgan stop, usually and director at Dresden. of 16 ft. pitch, consisting of stopped wooden pipes, otherwise called " stopped diapason." Blechinstrument» (blSk). Brass instru- meuts. Bouclie Feruiee (Fr. boosh far-ma'). The mouth closed. Blovr, John, Mus. Doc, a voluminous English (jo-vJtn'-nee bot-tSs-see'- writer of church music, odes, songs, etc. BotteSini, Giovanni 1648-1708. Organist of Wratminster Abbey, nee), a celebrated virtuoso contrabassist. where also he was buried. Born in Lombardi 1823. Author of several successful operas, as well as quartettes, sym- Blnnienthal, Jacob (blu'-men-tSl), afashion- phonies, etc. able piano teacher in London, and composer Bonrree (boor-ra). A dance of French origin, of light pieces and popular songs. Born at similar to the gavotte, but quicker, having Hamburg 1829. only two beats to the measure. Found in B mOl, the German name of the key of B flat suites. minor. Bow. Used to set in vibration the strings of the Bocca ridente (It. bo'-ka re-dan'-tS). Smil- violin family. Consists of a sti<'k of Brazilian ing mouth. Applied in singing lo a position lance-wood. From 175 to 259 hairs are put in of mouth believed to be favorable to the pro- a violin bow. The present form was perfected ductiou of a good tone. by Tourte near the close of the i8th century. (bo-ing). art of using the bow. Boecherini, Luigi (Iwee'-geebok-er-een'-ee), Bonding The a highly gifted Italian composer of chamber Boyce, William, Mus. Doc, an English com- music, of which he left a vase amount, and of poser of church music, vdes, oratorios, a few masses, songs, cantatas, concertos, etc. An pieces for the theatre, and a collection of extremely melodious and pleasing writer. standard music for the cathedral. 1710-1779. 1740-1805. Brabangonne, La (bra-ban'-spn-n§). The Bochsa, Robert N. C. (bok'-sS), a composer national air of the Belgians, dating from 1830. and eminent harpist, 1789-1855. As a com- poser, • too proline for hisown fame." As a Brace. A vertical line for connecting the staves man, " iTregular and dissipated to the last of music performed simultaneously in a score. degree." Brahms, Johannes (yo-hSn'-nes brSms), one of Bog^e (bo-jS). A bow for stringed instruments. the greatest living composers. Was born at Bcellin, Theobald, a famnus flute-player, at Hamburg, 1833. He was the son of a musici- an, and his education early. B. Munich, and inventor of the flute which bears commenced has composed a large number of works, all of his name. Born 1802^ Author of a well known masterly workmanship, and they are rapidly set of 32 studies for Flute. becoming current throughout the musical Boieldien, Fran9ois Adrien (bw^l'-dfi), born world. Thejir consist of very many songs Rouen. B. made his debut In Paris (over piano forte pieces, quartettes and 1775 at " 100), as an opera composer with "" Famille Suisse other chamber music, variations, and two in 1797, which had a run of 30 nights. His symphonies which have been received with famous ** Califfe de Ba dad was produced enthusiasm wherever performed. in 1798. "La Dame Blanche" 1825. This Branle, an old English dance. latter opera up to June 1875 hqd been per- Brass Band. A band furnished with brass formed 1,340 times. B. was the greatest mas- instruments of the sax-horn family. The ter of French comic opera. He died in 1834. proper appointment of such a band requires Bolero (bo-lar'-o) A brisk Spanish dance, Band of Eight.— i E^ Cornet, 2 Bd Cor- similar to the polacca. It is in 3-4 time, in nets, 2 E^ Altos, 1 B^ Tenor, i B3 Baritone, eighth notes with two sixteenths on the last I E^ Bass. half of the first beat of the measure. Band of Twelve.—2 -E^ Comets, 2 "Bb Cornets, 3 Ed Altos, 2 Bd Tenors, i Bd Bari- (bo-1on'-ya). seat of the earliest Bolog^na The tone, 1 B^ Bass. I %b Bass. founded music school in Italy, 1482, Band of Sixteen.—3 Ed Corners, 3 Bd Cornets, 3 Ed Altos, 2 Bd Tenors, i Bd Bari- Bombardon, or Bombard, now applied to tone, I 6d Bass, Ed Basses. the lowest of the sax-horns. (See Bass-tuba.) 3 The addition of obnes and clarinets trans- 2. The name of a reed pedal-stop in the forms a " brass " band into a Military band, organ, generally of 32 ft,, large scale, rich which see. tone and frequently on a heavy wind pressure, Brassin, Louis (brKs-s^hn), one of the most BoneSg four pieces of the ribs of horses or oxen, noted piano virtuosos of the present time. held in the hands and struck together rhyth- Was bom in Brussels in 1S40. Was a student mically, like castanets. at at Leipsic, and later ^ teacher of piano Boosey & Co., music publishers in London. Stern's conservatory in Berlin. B. is a Established about 1820. talented composer, and an exceedingly good interpreter of music, both old and new. Bordese, Luigi (Iwee'-gee bor-da-s8), a light opera and song composer of the present time. Bratscb. The German name for the viola, or Born in Naples in 1S15. tenor viol. a ale^ a add^ a «rw, e eve^ S end^ 1 ice^ X ill^ 6 old^ o odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ ii lute^ fi d«/, U Fr. sound BRA DICTIONARY. CAL conductor, and a Bravura (Ital. bra-voo'-rS). Courage ; brav- of the present day, a great ery. A style of music in which effect is Eianist with lo superior (except perhaps sought for. iszt). B. has a prodigious memory, know- heart almost the entire classical litera- ' ing by Breit (Ger. brit). Broad. ture of music. He is also a composer of Breitkopf & Martel, a Leipsic iirm of important works. music publishers, which on Jan. 27^ 1869, a chorus or refrain in old songs, celebrated its 150th anniversary, the business Burden, having descended from father to son. Burgmneller, Norbert, bom at DUsseldorf, Brendelf !Dr. Karl Franz, musical critic and 1810. Died in 1836. He left a symphony and lecturer on the^ history of music in the Con- several other works of decided value and servatory at Leipsic ; succeeded Schumann as promise. editor of the ** Neu Zeitschrift fur Music." Burla, Burlesca or Burlesque, a musi- 1811-X868. cal joke. Breve, a note equal to two whole-notes (semi- Burletta (Ital. bur-lSt'-t£). A musical farce. breves) ; not now used except in church music. Burney, Charles, Mus. Doc, 1726-1814. A Bridge, the wooden contrivance used to sup- cultivated and genial Englishman, best known port strings of stringed instruments, and to by his "History of Music,^' 1776-1789. Wrote communicate their vibrations to the sounding- before modern music was developed ; it is nc board. wonder, therefore, that his erudite work con'- Brio (Ital. bree'-6). Spirit; vigor; force. tains little of present value. Briliiante (Ital. and Fr.) Brilliantly. BurrOYves, John F., London, 1787-1852. BristOiv, Geo. F., director and music teacher Best known by his piano-forte and thorough in New York, Born 1825. Author of two bass " Primers," two of the most successful symphonies, an opera, etc. and worst text-books ever made. Brindisi (Ital. brin'-dee-see, /ixr hrindisi^ to Thomas, Mus. Doc, a laborious Eng- drink a health). A drinking song. Busby, lish composer and writer of works about of Brisson, Fran9ois,a French composer piano music, now forgotten, 175S-1838. pieces. Butterlield, A., born in England, 183^. Broken Chords, chords the tones of which J. Author of popular songs and several dramatic are sounded separately instead of simul- pieces, " " " " "A taneously. Belshazzar 1871, Ruth 1875, Race for a Wife" J879. Bronsart, Hans von, a distinguished pianist, a pupil of Kullak and Liszt, and music direc- ^uxtekude, Dietrich, a celebrated organist tor at Hanover. Born 1830 in Konigsburg. and composer, whose playing Bach went to A talented composer, his concerto in F sharp Lubeck to hear. 1637-1707. minor having been much played by BUlow. Byrd, William, a prolific English composer and Bmch, Max (brukh), one of the most eminent publisher. 1538- 1623. living German composers, especially in re- C, the key note of the natural scale. It is the spect to large vocal works, such as his loiuc scale of the church modes. The name " Loreley," " Frithjof," "Odysseus,"" Flight of a certain pitch (see " Pitch "). The sign of the Holy Family," " TheLayof the Bell/' of common time, 4-4. etc. To this must be added his two violin Cabinet Organ, a reed organ. (This name concenos, a symphony, etc Bruch is a mas- is owned by the Mason & Hamlin Organ Co., ter uf orchestra, earnest and serious the an who were the first to use it.) composer, highly gifted in melody no less Cabinet Piano, a small upright piano. The than harmony, and wiihal a genius. B. 1838. large upright pianos are sometimes called Buck, Dudley, born at Hartford, Conn., 1837. "cabinet grand." His studies in composition were mainly made kS bal-at'tS). lively with Julius Rietz at Leipsic and Dresden, Cabaletta (Sp. A melody in triplet time where also he was an organ pupil of Schneider. and rondo form. His first *' Motette Collection was published Cadence (from cado^ to fall). The close of a in 1867, and marks an epoch in American strain or piece of music Cadences are " per- church music. His second in 1871, Buck fect," "imperfect," "half" and "plagal." has also written very much church music for See Lesson lii, Episcopal choirs, and three important choial 2. Also the name of an old embellishment works: "Don Munio,'' the "46th Psalm," resembling the mordente. and last " from the Golden Legend," Scenes Cadenza (Ital. kS-dant'-za). A more or less which gained the $i,aoo prize at Cincinnati elaborate bravoura passage, introduced by a in 1880. He has aUo written several chamber performer just before the close of a piece. In compositions, overtures and two symphonies. concertos, cadenzas are sometimes extended Buck must be regarded as one of the most to several pages. distinguished American composers. In 1871 he became organist at the Boston Music Hall. C£eciIia(s^-sYl -IS). A German musical periodi- cal founded by Gottfried Weber. 1824-1848. In 1875 he removed to Brooklyn, where he (See Cecilia^ Si.) still resides. Ira (sS ee-rS). earliest of Buffo (Ital. boof-5). Comic. Ca The French revo- lutionary songs. BnelOW, Hans Gutdo von (bii'-lo), the great (Ital. from to pianist, born at Dresden, 1830. Became pupil Calando calare^ descend). With decreasing force. of Liszt in 185 1. Made his first concert jour- ney in 1853. Since then resident in Berlin, Caldara, Antonio (kSl-dS'-ra), born at Venice Dresden, etc. Visited America in ,1876. 1678. Died 1768 (or 1736, date disputed). Billow is one of the most learned musicians Wrote 69 operas and oratorios. a ale^ S. ad4^ a arm, e eve^ S end^ 1 iVf, \ ill^ o old^ o odd.^ dove^ 00 fnoorty u lute^ u bui^ il Fr. sound CAL DICTIONARY. CEL Califfe de Bagdad (Fr.) Comic opera in Carafa, Michele {y^-x^l-Vi)^ a popular Italian one act. Lib. by Saint -Just. JVIusic by opera and piano-forte composer. Born at Boieldieu, iSoo. Naples 1785. Made profes or of composition Gallcott, John W., Mus. Doc, an English at the Paris Conservatoire in 1828. Died 1876. composer of glees, anthems, etc., and a musi- Carcassi, Matteo (k£r-kas'-see), an eminent cal grammar. 1766-182X fuitar virtuoso. Born about 1792. iJied in (Ital. kal-m^-to). aris 1853. GalinatO Calmed ; quieted. Carillon (k^r-!tlMon), a chime of bells. A set Calore (Ital. kal-o-rS). Heat ; warmth. of bells so arranged as to be played upon. Camera (Ital. kam-er-a). Chamber, or room. Carissimi. Giacomo (jak-o'-mo kSr-ees'-sl- Applied to compositions (sonata di camera) mee), a celebrated Italian composerof church to distinguish them as secular. music and oratorios, in which lie greatly im- ClUnnpaiiini, Italo (kam-pan-ee'-nee), the f>roved recitative and accompanin ents, and great tenor, born at Parma in 1846. Studied eft many works deserving to be betterknown at Parma and Milan. Debut in leading char- than they are at present. Born at Rome acters in 1870. Knows the tenor roles of more 1604. Died 1674. than eighty operas. Carlberg*, Gotthold (gbt'-hold kSrl'-barg), a Campanelia (Ital. kam -pan-el' -la), a small German teacher, conductor, editor and com- bell. A piece of music suggesting little bells. poser, residing in New York. Born about 1837. A sharp and rather sarcastic writer Canon (Grk.) A musical form in which a in excellent English. second voice exactly repeats the melody of Carnaby, Wm., Mus. Doc, an English com- another (called the antecedent) at any pitch. poser of vocal music. 1772-1839. Canons are in unison (antecedent and conse- quent at the same pitch) in the octave, Carnaval (Ital.) carnival. The title of a set second, third, fourth, etc. Also in contrary of fantastic pieces of Schumann, op. 9. tnoiiony where the consequent repeats the CamaVal di Venise, a popular Venetian antecedent backwards, and inverted (the ups air, to which grotesque variations have been and downs of the antecedent reversed). written by Paganini and many others. Cantabile (Ital. kan-tS'-bil-S, from cantart^ Carter, Henry, an English organist living in to sing). In singing style. New York. Born perhaps about 1840. Cantata (Ital. kan-tX-tS), sung. A composi- Carter, Thomas, an English composer of tion for voices with or without orchestra. operas, a singer and pianist. 1735-1804. Sung without action. Cary, Annie Louise, a celebrated contralto Cantate Domino (Lat. k&n-tS't@ dom- singer, born in Maine in 1846. In-o). *"* O sing unto the Lord,'* Ps. 98.- Catalani, Angelica (Sn-ggl'-g-k3 kSt-£i-m'. nee), a great singer born 1779. Died 1849. Cantilena (Ital. kan-tl-.la'-n£). A short, She had a soprano voice of ^reat compass, song-like piece for voice or instrument. A purity and power, and prodigious execution. ballad. Cateh, a round for three or more voices, the Canto (Ital. kan'to), song. The melody. Bel singing of which was exttemely fashionable Canto, beautiful song. in the reign of Charles II. Cantor (Lat.) Precentor. The director of a Charles Simon (kS-tel), born died choir. Catel. 1773, 1830. A French theorist, teacher of harmony, Cantns Fermns (Lat.) The fixed melody. and composer of military music and operas. A subject to which counterpoint is to be aoded. Best known by his treatise on Harmony. Canzona (Ital. kan-zo'-na). A song in a Catg^nt, the name given to the material for cer- particular Italian style. tain strings. It is derived from the intestines of the sheep ; never from the cat. Canzonetta (Ital. kan-z5-net'-ta). A little canzona. A light and airy little song. Cathedral IKCusic, music composed for the English cathedrals. CapeUa (lul. kS-pSl'-m). A chapel. Cavailie (kav-al-lS), a family of distinguished (Ger. ka-pel'-g). See Kapell. Capelle organ-builders in the South of France._ The Capellmcister (Ger. mis'-tSr). See Ka- present representative of the name is Ca- pellemeister. vaille-CoU, the distinguished Parisian organ- Capo (Ital. k£'-po). The head or beginning. builder. Cecilia, St., a young Roman lady of noble tasto, or Capo dastro (Ital.) A Capo birth, a Christian and a martyr of the second attached to the neck of a guitar small piece century. She has beer. long regarded as the all the strings in order to facilitate to shorten patron saint of music and musicians, although playing in difficult keys. there is no authentic evidence of her having CaprJccio (Ital, kS-prlt'-do), or Caprice had any musical accomplishment whatever. (Fr. ka-presj. freak, whim or fancy. A A Celeste (Fr, sS-lest). An organ stop or tremu- irregular in form. composition lous eTjct, produced by a set of reeds or pipes than the true pitch. CapriCCiOSO (Ital. ka-prit-^o'-zo). Capri- slightly lower ciously. Celtic lllasie was entirely melodic in charac- Capnlletti e Montecclii (Ital. ka-pool- ter, no harmony being employed, except per- the bag-pipe). The scale TSt'-tee 5d mon-tak'-kee). "The Capulets haps a drone (as in five tones: Major, d e a; and the Montagues." Italian opera in 3 acts, consisted of C g e a c. Several of from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, bv minor, A c e d g, and D g Irish melodies, especially Bellini. Venice, March 12, 1830. A fourth the Scotch and the minor keys, are of Celtic origin. act was added by Vaccai. those in i ice^ \ ills o old^ 6 odd^ dove^ 00 moon^ a lute^ ii but^ U Fr. sound K oft, S, add^ a «rw, © eve^ e end^ OEM DICTIONARY. CHR Cembalo (Ital.chem'-bal-o). A dulcimer. The Chiming'. A bell is said to be chimed when addition of keys made it Claviercembalo, she is swung through the smallest part ot a which see. circle pos-^ible so as to make the clapper strike. Ringing tunes. Cembal d' Amore, ** cymbal of love," an (kl'-ro-pl^t). An apparatus in- old form of the Clavichord, which see. ChirOplaSt vented by Lo^ier in 1814, designed to facili- Cenerentola, La (Ital. ch6n-er-an'-to-la). tate the acquisition of a coriect position of An opera on the story of Cinderella by Ros- the hands at the piano-forte. The C con- sini, libretto by Feretti. Produced in Rome, sisted in effect of a wrist-guide in two paral- 1817. lel bars, between which the wrist was moved, and finger-guides in thin plates of metal, con- Chaconne (Ital. Chiaconna). An obselete fining each finger to the vertical plane over , dance, probably of Spanish origin. It is in time, moderately the particular key which that finger was to 3-4_ slow, and in form of " variations. Bach's Chaconne from his 4th strike. Bohrer's ha'id-guide" accomplishes a much better purpose. sonata for violin solo is a very celebrated ex- ample. Chladni, Ernst F. F. (klSd'-nee), a German philosopher, 1756-1827. of the first in- Chambeir IfnSiC, is the name applied to all One vestigators sound, of the that class of music specially fitted for perform- of and the father doctrine of acoustics. ance in a room, rather than in a large hall or modern church. The ** chamber " quality refers Chopin, Fran9ois Frederic (sho'-pan), born in chiefly to the serious and elevated character Poland March i, 1809. Died 1849. See Chap- of the thought, and the consequent difficulty ters on Chopin. of finding a congenial audience. Chorus* a body of singers. A composition to be sung by all the singers. Chanson (Fr. shSng-song). A little poem or song. Chorale (kor-Sr). A sacred song in slow and sustained tones. Chansonette (Fr. shan-son-gf). A little chansonne. Choral Fantasia (ko-rS.1 f&n'-ta-sYa). A composition Beethoven's, Cliang'e, any order in which the bells of a chime of op. 80, for piano solo, orchestra, solo quartette chorus. are struck. 2. A change of key. and 1808. Cbant, a musical utterance in definite pitch, Choral Symphony, Beethoven's gth sym- the rhythm of which is entirely determined phony, in the finale of which a chorus is in- by the needs of the words. troduced. 1824. Cbant, Sinsle, a chant, the music of which con- Choralbuch (Ger. ko'-ral-bukh). A book of sists _(f but a single couplet. Each phrase chorals. consists of two parts, a chanting note and a Chorister, a choir singer, or leader. cadence. Chord, a harmonic combination of tones, all Cbant, Double, a chant consisting of two coup- related to the chief tone called the root. In lets. consonant chords the root is the greatest com- Cbapelle (Fr. sha,p-ell), the chapel. Origin- mon measure of the series of vibrations com- ally the musicians of a chapel ; afterwards posing the chords. Dissonant chords have extended to include the choir and orchestra one or more intruding tones not related to the of a church, chapel or palace. See Kapelle, root. These afterwards retire in favor of (resolve into) the consonant tone or tones they Chappell, William, a learned English musi- displaced. cian, born in 1809 in London. Author of Choir, a body of singers. The part of a cathe- " Popular Music in the Olden Time," etc. dral set a^art for the performance of ordinary Character of Keys, a supposed difference daily service. in the emotional effect of keys, which, if it Chorley, Henry F. (kor'-ly), an English jour- really exists, is probably due to absolute nalist, authorandart-critic. 1808-1872. From pitch. maj., was pure, simple ; D the tone 1830 to 1868 he was associated with the of triumph ; E maj., joy, etc. "Athenseum." Authorof numerous sketches, vaoation Characteristic Tones, the fourth and letters, novels, etc., and libretti. seventh of the key, because these tones de- Choron, Alexander E. (k5'-ron)j a French termine the tonic. teacher of music, especially singing, and author of ChaSSe (Fr._shS,s), the chase, hunt. Applied numerous articles, pre^ces, etc. to music imitative of the spirit or actual 1771-1834. sounds of the hunt. Christus, an oratorio projected by Mendels- sohn to form a trilogy with " Elijah " and Chef (Fr. shSf ), chief. As Che/ eP attaque^ " St. Paul." leader of the ist violins in an orchestra. He finished only 8 numbers of it. Chernbini, Maria C. Z. S. (ker'-ii-been'-ee), Christns am Oelber^e, Christ on the an Italian composer born at Florence 1760, Mount of Olives. Oratorio by Beethoven. In 1822 he became Director of the Paris Con- Chromatic, literally colored. The name given servatoire. Died 1S42. C. was a prolific and to tones intermediate between the tones of a talented composer in almost every depart- key. Also applied to tones written with ac- ment, but is best known by his treatise on cidental sharps or flats. ^'' Counterpoint and Fugue,** now superseded, and his favorite opera, *' The Water-Carrier." Chromatic Scale, a scale composed of twelve equally separated tones in an octave. Chickering: &, SionS, an eminent firm of The scale produced by the keys of a piano- piano-makers, established in Boston, Mass., forte struck consecutively from left to right, by Jonas Chickerin^ 1823. or the reverse. a/ff, a add.^ S arw, e eve^ S end^ i (Ve, \ ill^ old^ 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ fi &ui, U /^r. so und CHR DICTIONARY. COM Chromatic Diesis (di-ee'-sfe). A Greek ried." His writings are characterized by great interval equal to 27-26. freshness, clearness and individuality. Chromatic Fugue, a fugue with a chro- Clemenza di Tito, La (klSm-Sn'-zS dee matic subject. tee-to). *' The Clemency of Titus," Mo- Chivatal, Franz Xaver, a prolific Bohemian zart^s 23d and last opera. 1791. composer of quartettes, symphonies, instruc- Climax, the summit. A point of culmination, tion books, etc. Born x8o8. in power or interest. Chrysander, Friedrich, the illustrious Han- Col (Ital. k5l), with, or at the same time with. del scholar and editor of his worlu. B. 1826 As colla parte^ with the part ; colla voce^ at LUbthee. with the voice. Church, John, a large music publisher of Cin- Coloratur (Ital. kol-or-a-tur), coloration. cinnati. B. about 1830. Runs or embellishments introduced in sing- ing. Ciaconna (Ital. tchS-kon'-na). A chaconne. Combination Tones, tones produced by Cimorosa, Domenica (che-mS-ro'-zah), an the coincident vibrations of two tones sound- Italian musician and compo-^er of some 90 ing together. Thus e' and g' sounded to- operas, the best of which is the // Matritnonio gether on a reed organ, produce middle C for Segreio. 1749-180Z. a combination tone, which may be plainly Cinque (Fr. singk). Five. heard. Cis (Ger. tsiss). C sharp. Combination Pedals, pedals serving to Cittern, or Cithera, an instrument some- draw or retire organ-stops, and thus change what resembling the guitar. Of the greatest the ''combination.*' antiquity. Mentioned by Homer. Has wire Come (Ital. ko'-mS), how, as. Come sopra^ strings, and is played with a plectrum. as above, etc. ClapiSSOn, Antoine Louis, an Italian com- Comes (Lat. kd'-mees), the companion. The poser, born 1808. Composer of 16 operas. D. "answer" in fugue, A name given to the 1866. subject when it answers in another voice. Claque (Fr. kiak). An organized body of hired Comic Songs, songs with ludicrous words. persons di-Htributed through a theater to create applause. Comettant, Oscar (kom-met-tan), a French composer, pianist and musical critic on Le Clari, Giovanni (j5-vSn'-nee klSr'-ee), an Slide. B. 1819. C. is an easy and humorous Italian composer of church music. x66g-i746. writer and a great traveler. Author of a few Clarinet, a musical instrument consisting of a piano pieces and several books on musical or small conical tube of wood about 24 inches semi-musical subjects. long, with a trum|jet-shaped bell. tone The Comma, a minute interval, represented by the is produced by a vibrating reed in the mouth- ratio 80-81. Thus, e. £-., if E be tuned four piece. It has a reedy quality, and about three perfect fifths above 8-foot C, it will be exactly octaves compass. Much used in orchestral a comma sharper than the same E tuned two scores and military music. octaves and a major third above the same C. Clarke. John, Mus. Doc, an English composer of church music, songs, etc. 1770-1836. Common Time, or 4-4, a measure consisting of four units, each written a quarter note. Classical, a term used somewhat vaguely in Primary accent on '* one :" secondary accent music. See Chapter XXVI. on " three." Clavecin (kl£v'-e-^n). The French name for Commodo (Ital. k5m-mo'-do). Easily ; com- harpsichord. fortably. Clavicembalo (kiav'-J-tch5m-ba'-lo). Ital- Communion Service, a set of anthems for ian name for harpsichord. a P. E church service. Clavichord, or Clavier {klS,v'-l[-kord, or Complementery Interval, that which kl3iv-eer').^ A keyed instrument, shaped like added to any interval completes the octave. a square piano-forte. Strung with brass wire, Inversion, is the change from an interval to vibrated by means of ^'tangents," instead of its complement. ements follow hammers. Comp accord- ing to the two rows of figures here given, the Clef (k'Sf ), a key. A character written at the sum of the names of any interval and its beginning of a staff to determine the pitch. complement being nine : The C clef represented middle C. The \ G 1234S678 clef represents the G next above middle C, 87654321 and is now always written on the second line. Perfect intervals have perfect complements. The F clef, on the fourth line, represents F All others go^ by contraries. Major, minor; next below middle C. augmented, dimmished. Clementi, Muzio (miid'-zio klem-en'-tee), Compound Intervals, intervals ^ater An Italian' pianist and composer. Born at than an octave. Rome 1752. Died in EngIanaiS32. Clementi Compound !$tops, a name given to organ was one of the greatest pianists of his day, " stops having several pipes to each key. See and the author of a set of studies, The Mixture. Gradus^^ etc., stdl indispensable to the vir- tuoso. He was author of many sonatas and Compound Time, a measure composed -of other pieces, and his sonatas were highly two or more simple triple measures. 6=3X2, '* prized by Beethoven. Clementi lived throug^h 9=3X3, i2=3X*. See '*Rhyihm'* in Ma- the most memorable period in music. son s Technics. ^'At his birth Handel was alive ; at his death Composition, a musical work. The art of Beethoven, Schubert and Weber were bu- composing music. a ale^ & add^ % arm^ e eve^ @ end^ 1 icey I illy d old^ 5 odd^ d dove^ 00 moony u lute^ ^ buty U Fr* sound 13 CON DICTIONARY. COU country^ dance. An English Con (Ital. kQn), with. Con Brio, with spirit. Contra Dance, dance, in 2-4 or 6-8 time, consisting uni- deriving its Concert, a musical entertainment formly of eight measure phrases. Derives concert of the musicians. name from the Its name from the dancers being arranged Concerto (Ital. kon-tshar-to. Ger. Concert^ over against one another {contrej. A series k6n-sairt). A solo piece for some instrument. offiveor i»ix contredances form a Quadrillk, with orchestral accompaniment. Classical Contra i^'agOtt (Ger.) The double bassoon. concertos are written in sonata form. Contralto (Ital.) The lowest female voice, Concertante (Ital.) In style of a concerto. distinguished by depth and fullness ot the Concertini (kon-sur-tee'-nS). A portable chest registers. The head register is com- instrument of the accordeon family. Is hex- monly difficult of use. agonal in shape, a key-board at each end, Contrary Itlotion, a contrapuntal term sig- and an expansive bellows between the two. nifying the movement of two voices in oppo- Compass of three octaves, capable cf great siie directions, up and down. variety of effect. Cor, orCornO (Ital. kor'-no). A horn. Concerted 9IusiC, music in which several Cor AngflaiS (Fr. kSr an-gla). English horn, instruments take important parts. aienoroboe.f oboe. It hast a wailing and melancholy Concert ^leister (Ger. kon-sart mis'-tSr). tone. The leader of the first violins in an orchestra. Corda (Ital. kor-dS), a string, or chord. Una string :. ^., with the soft pedal. Concert j^uirituelle (Gr. kon-sair spSr-it- Corda, one ; oo-SH ). Sacred concerts. A famous institu- Corelli, Arcangelo (ar-k&n'-gel-o k6r-ell ee), tion in France, consisting of '"sacred" con- an Italian violinist and composer, born 1653, certs on Sunday evenings in the opera house. died 1713. Author of many pleasing and From 1725 to 1791. melodic pieces for violin and string quar- Concert Pitch, the pitch, usual at concerts— tettes. slightly higher than the ordinary pitch. See Cornet, a brass instrument of the sax-horn "diapason,'* family, with three valves. Also an organ stop of the '* mixture" family, which see. Concone, Guiseppe(gwe s6p'-pS kon-ko'-nS), a well-known Ital an composer of songs and Coro (Ital. ko-ro). A chorus. and duets. exercises ; best known by these his Cos! Pan Xutti (ko-seefan toot-ee). An Born at Turin, 1810. D. x86i. opera buffa in two acts, libretto by Da Ponte, Concord, see consonance. music by Mozart. 1790. Conductor, director of a concert. It is the Costa, Sir Michael (mik- ell k6s'-la), the cele- conductor's duty to study the score, correct brated English conductor, born at Maples in the parts and see that they are clearly tSio. The composer oi a number of operas. marked, beat time for the orchestra and cho- Costa became director of the Italian opera in rus at rehearsal and performance, and gen- London in 1833, Author of two oratorios, erally be responsible for the due interpretation '^ Eli" and " Naaman," etc., etc. of the composer's intentions. Cotillon (Fr. ko-ttl'-ySn). A country dance. Consecutive Fifths, parallel progression Cottage Piano, an upright piano-forte. two voices at the interval of a fifth. Uni- of Counterpoint, the '' art of combining melo- versally forbidden, except an imperfect fifth dies,'' or of composing one or more independ- following a perfect. ent melodies capable of serving as accom- Consecutive Octaves, parallel motion of paniment to a given subject called the cantus two voices at the interval of an octave. Ad- /ermus. See Lesson v. Double counterpoint missible when intended for strengthening a is one which may be inverted in the tctave, mel'tdic phrase. The doublings which occur tenth, twelfth, etc., without giving rise to in the performance of a full score are unob- faulty progressions. The interval of the in- jectionable if the four-part harmony is pure. version gives the name to the counierpoini,as ** of the octave," " ot the loth," " the 12th,'* the more or less exact imitation Conseq.nent. etc. The best practical tteatises on C. are of an antecedent. The serond or concluding those of Rucher, Lobe, and Dr. Bridges. section in a period. (See Lessons x, xi and xii.) Counter SUlrfect, the principal counterpoint to the "subject'' in fugue. Each voice on Con Sordini (Ital.kSn sor-dee -nee). With completing the subject tnkes up the counter- mutes. See Sordino, subject, while the answering voice takes the Conservatory, an institution for preserving subject (or answer). and ro>itering musical culture. The principiU Couperin, Fran9ois, called "Le Grande," a conservatories in Europe are those at Leipsic, French composer of clavecin m usic, who exer- Stuttgart, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Paris, cised important influence on his successoi^. Berlin, etc. 1668-1733. Consonance, the agreeable relation of Coupler, a mechanical device for connecting sounds. Consonance depends on the fre- the keys of two key-boards on an organ so quency of coincident vibrations in the conso- that they may be played as one. The usual tones. nant The mo«;t perfect consonances couplers are " swell to great.'' " choir to are the octave 2-r, the fifth 3-2, the fourth grear" (played from '^great"), *'swell to 4-3, the maj. third 5-4, the minor third 6-5, choir" (played from ''choir"), "swell,' ete. "great," and "choir to pedals" (played Contra Bass, the double bass, the large<:t of from pedals) There are also super-ortave the violin family. Also the name of a 16 ft. and sub-octave couplers acting on another organ stop of metal pipes. octave of the attached key-board. I ale^ S. add^ a arm^ e eve^ § end^ i icSy \ ill^ 6 old,, 6 odd,, & dove^ 00 jnoon^ u lute^ ti i , ii Fr. souna 14 coi; DICTIONARY. DAL Coarante (Fr. koor-&nf , from courzr^to run). Cruvelliy Jeanne, a celebrated dramatic so- A dance of French origin in 3-2 time, quick prano, whose debut took place at Venice 1847, movement. 2. The Italian courante is more rapid, in Crivth (krooth). A Welsh instrument of the running passages allegro or allegro assai in vi l:n family, 22^ inches long, loj^ to 9 inches 3-8 or 3-4 time. The second movement in a wide, and 2 inches high. Very ancient. Played suite, as late as x8oo. Coveut Oarden Theater, in London, Csardast (tsch£Cr'-d£s). A national dance of movementii, opened Dec. 7, 1732. Several time? burnt Hungary, in two an andante and and re-built. One of the two principal opera allegro, Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies are houses in London. founded on old csdrdds. Coiven, Frederic Hymen, born at Jamaica Jan, Cnrscliman, Karl F., born at Berlin, June 31, 29, 1852. Author of several operas and many 1805. Died XS41. A popular song-wricer. popular songs. Lives in London. Corvren, Rev, John, the great educator and Cox and Box, a musical farce by Sir A. Sul- apostle of the Tonic Sol-Fa method of sing- livan. ing. Was born at Heckmondwike in York- Covered FiftllS, an implied parallelism by shire, Nov, 14, i8i6. He was educated for fifths, produced by the progression of two the mini-^try, but in 1844 his attention was voices to a perfect fifth by similar motion. attracted by Miss Glover s school at Norwich, and he set about elaboiating the system of the Cracovienne (Fr. krak-6'-vee-yan). The Tonic Sol-Fa (which see). Its success was nati nal dance of the Polish pc^asantry around wonderful, and in 1862 he established the Cracow. _U has a rather sad melody in 2-4 T. S.-F. College for the education of teai hers, time, and is accompanied by singing. Mr. Curwen's labors .had the effect of intro- ducing hundreds of thousands of singers in B. (ki^'-mSr), Cramer, J. one of the principal England to the oratorios and cantatas of Men- founders of the modern piano-forte school, delssohn, Handel and Bach, who otherwise born at Mannheim Feb. 24, 1771. Lived would never have known them. He^was es- mainly in London. Died in 1858. A prolific sentially an organizer and teacher. Died May composer of sonatas, concertos, etc. Known 30, 18S0, in London. now mainly by his famous " studies," though these are losing ground. Czar nnd Zimmerman, Czar and Carpen- ter, opera of Lortzing, founded on the story Cramer, Henri, a talented composer of light of Peter the Great. 1854. pieces, operatic potpourris, etc., for the piano- Cymbals, a Turkish instrument of percussion, forte. Born 1818. Has resided chiefly at consisting of two thin circular meial plates. Frankfort-on-the-Maine and Paris. Cyclic Forms, such as the suite, sonata, can- The, oratorio Creation, an by Haydn. Pro- tata, etc. See Lessons xvi and xxvi. duce*d 1798. An extremely elegant and melodious work, but neither " sacred " nor Cyther, see Zither. " sublime." Czerny, Karl (tchar'-nY), an excellent piano- Vienna. Credo (Lat. kre'-do), "I believe." The creed. forte teacher and composer at 1791- were Beethoven's One of the movements in a mass. 1857. Among his pupils nephew and Franz Liszt. He was modest and Cremona, a town in Lombardy famous for its simple in his manner of life, and gentle in violin-makers, the Amati, which see ; also manners. C. composed an immense amount, Stradivari and Guarnerius. little of which has artistic value. His once 2. Sometimes applied to an organ stop as a famous ** studies*^ are rapidly falling into corruption of "krum horn," disuse. They do not prerare for the roman- tic school of piano-forte music, nor even for Crescendo (Ital. krSs-shSn'-do). Increasing Beethoven. : Brightest and | best of the sons Crooks, short pieces of tubing for insertion Ex. | of the morning -^ . between the mouthpiece and body of u horn, I \ to lower the pitch by lengthening the tube, JDactylion (dak-tilMon). An apparatus de- Croisez, Pierre (pee-ar' krois-sa')^ a French signed for strengthen!: g the fingers in piano composer of parlor pieces, lessons, etc. B. practice, invented by Henri Hertz, but now 18x4. disused. It consisted of a wooden bar paral- lel with the keys, and from this were sus- William, Mus. Doc, English com- Crotch, pend, by elastic bands, rings through which poser, principally of church music occa- and the fingers were passed, so that in pressing the sional odes." Also of an oratorio, " Pales- keys increased force had to be employed in tine." i77S'-7x847. order to overcome the pull of the elastic cords. old English name of the quarter CrotcHetf I>al ^e^O (Ital. dai san'-yo). Fmm the note. sign I. f., return to sign ; the ^^ and repeat Croim I>iamonds, opera of Auber, 1841. as far as the word Fine, %^ a ate^ & add^ U. arm^ e eve^ 3 end^ i ice^ t ill^ old^ 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moony u luie^ il ^»/, U Fr. sound 15 DAM DICTIONARY. DIA JL>ame Blanche, La (dam blSnsh)., The White De (Fr. du), ord%of. Lady. Opera comique in 3 acts by Boieldieu, Deborah, an oratorio of Handel's. 1733. No the libretto by Scribe, founded on Scott's less than 14 of its airs and choruses are trans- "Monastery." 1825. Played the loooth time ferred from other works of Handel. Dec. 16, 1862. Debutant (Fr. da'-bii-tShn). One who makes Damp, to extinguish a vibration by pressing a first appearance. upon the string. Debut (Fr. da-bu). A first appearance. cushions of felt resting on the Damiters, (Lat. da-kS'-npe). Used in antiphons strings of the piano-forte in order to prevent Decant to designate the singers on the Dean's side vibration. When a key is pres ed the corre- of the choir, which in a cathedral is the south sponding damper rises ; when the key returns side. to its place the damper falls on the_ string and extinguishes the tone. Deciso or Decisamente (Ital. dS-see'-so ord3-see -sa-men -te). Determined ; decided. Damper Pedal, or simply Pedal or Ped., a mechanism in the piano-lorte, commonly but Declamando (Ital. dSk-la-man'-do). In improperly known as " loud pedal," which declamatory style. raises all the dampers at once, thus allowing Declamation, the delivery of text with suit- the vibrations of the strings to continue until able emphasis and intehigence. gradually extinguished by the resistance of Decrescendo (Ital. da-kr6-shan -do). De- the particles. creasing ; with gradually diminishing force. Dance 91USic, music to dance by, or to sug- gest dancing. All musical forms, except reci- StaflT. eleven in number, tative, had their origin in dances or songs. Degrees, of the viz. : the five lines and six app::rtaining spaces, Dannrentlier, Edward (dSn-roit'-er), born Desrees in music, are two, Bachelor and at Strassbourg Nov. 4, 1844. \V hen 5 years Doctor. former is comerred only on ex* old moved to Cincinnati^ O. Began his studies The amination fitness. (See Bache- under Dr. F. L. Ritter, and continued them and proof of lor Doctor is also conferred on examination brilliantly at Leipsic, where he held all the J at Oxford and Cambridge, but in this country scholarships. Settled in London in ^64, where as an honorary he ** holds a high position as piano-forte distinction. player, teacher, litterateur, lecturer, and a Dehn, Siegfried Wilhelm (dan), a teacher of strong supporter of progress in music." D. harmony, musical writer, and edit r of many translated Wagner^s " Music of the Future.'* of Ba h*s works. Born at Altona 1796. Died David, Felicien (dS'-veed), one of the most at Berlin 1858. prominent i-'rench composers. Born at Ca- Deliberate (da-lee'-ba-ra-to). Deliberately. denet in 1810. Died Aug. 1876'. David 29, Delioux, Charles (d@l^-l-oo). A French pian- was laborious rather than gitted. His most ist and (Tomposer. successful work was his "Desert" 1844, an *' ode-symphony," a descripiivepiece in ihree De]fcato*or Con dellcatezza (del-Y-kS- parts, partly vocal and partly instrumental. t5 or dSl -I-kSr-tSd-za); Delicately, or with His other greatest works are " Lalla Rookh " delicacy, and a. popular comic opera, " La Perle du Demi-semi-quaver, a thirty-second note. Brasil" 1851. Depjie, Ludwig (lood'-v3(g dSp'-pS), a distin- David, Ferdinand, the celebrated violin teacher guished conductor and teacher of music, and at Leipsic. Was born Jan. 19, 1810, and died especially of the piano-forte, concerning which 1871 D. was a great friend of Mendelssohn, he holds many new theories, or, as his ene- and was by him appointed concertmeister of mies think them, "hobbies." Born Nov, 7, the G'^wandhaus orchestra in 1836, a position 1828. he held until his death. ,As a teacher David Des (Ger.) D flat, was strict but inspiring. Among his pupils are nearly all the promin ent violinists of the Destra (Ital.), right. Mano destra, the present day, foremost of them, of course, be- right hand. ing Joachim and Wilhelmj. As a virtuoso he Dettingen Te Denm (det'-Tfn-gen), writ- was one of the mo^^t solid, and as a leaner he ten by Handel to celebrate the victory at had the rare quality of holding together and Dettingen, 1743. animating the orchestra. edited with ad- D. Dens Ulisereatur, "God be merciful unto ditional marks of expression traditional and us," Psalm Ixvii. nuances almost the entire classical reper- tory for the violin (Edition Peters). " He Deux Journees, Les, comedy lyric in 3 acts. was pa ticularly fond of intellectual pursuits, Music by Chernbini. 1800. Known in Ger- '' was eminently well-read, full many as Der WashertrSger," and in English of manifold " knowledge and experience.** The Water-Carrier." Beethoven thought the book of this opera the best in existence. Davidde Pemtante, II, a cantata for three solo voices, chorus and orchestra, by Mozart, Devrient, Eduard Phillip, a distinguished 1785. baritone-singer and musician; and a particu- Dayidsbnendler (dS'-vIds Mnd'-ler). An lar friend of Mendelssohn. Born at Berlin imaginary association of Schumann and his x8oi. friends, banded together against pedantry, Devirs Opera, in two acts. Music by G. A. *' old-fogyism ** and stupidity in music. Macfarren. 1838. Day, Alfred, M.D., author of an important DiabelU, Anton (dee'-a-bSl'-lI). head of the theory of Harmony, proposing considerable firm Diabelli & Co., music publishers in changes in its terminology, some of which Vienna, and composer of piano-forte and have since been accepted. London. 1810- church music. Born at Salzburg6 Sep.1-1/6, 1781. 1849. Died 1858. tf/f, 'i. I ice^ illy a a addy arm^ e eve^ 5 end^ 1 oldy 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 ntoon^ u lute^ ii but^ ii Fr. sound x6 ; DIA DICTIONARY. DOL Diamants de la Conronne, Les, ^*The DiSSOluto Pnnito, II Ossiail Don Giovan- Crown Diamonds,'' comic opera in 3 acts. ni. Full title of Mozart's famous opera now- Words by Scribe, music by Auber. 1841. known by the last part of its name. See Don Giovanni. Diapason (di-a-pa'-son)> Originally meant Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von, a distin^ through an octave. In French it means guished violinist and prolific composer of '* standard of pitch.'* In English, the name operas, popular in their day, and an intimate of the most important stop in an organ. (See friend and Haydn. Born at Vienna, Organ.) of Glilck 1739. Died 1799. Diatonic, "through the tones," i. e.^ through the tones proper to the key without employ- Divertimento (Ital. dee-var-tee-man'-to). ing chromatics. Applied to scales and to Divertisement. A name given by Mozart to melodies and harmonies. 22 suits of pieces, ranging from 4 to 10 move- ments each, for strings, wind and strings, and Dibdin, Charles, an English actor, singer, and various chamber combinations. prolific composer of popular stage pieces, among which are some 6u operas, etc. 1745- Divertissement (Fr.) The same as the pre- 1814. ceding. Applied to a kind of short ballet also to potpourris. Dictionaries of IHnsic. The best are the large German Conversations -Lexicon of Divise (Fr. dS-vee'-sa). Divided. Used in Mendel (11 vols.); ^'^ Biographie Universelle scores where the 1st violins or soprani are di- Fetis vols. vo.), vided- into an upper and lower part. des Musiciens^''^ by J. L. (8 8 and Grove's " Dictionary of Musicians " (2 major, a key containing the tones D, E, F vols, large 8 vo., Macmillan & Co., 1879-80), D sharp, G, A, B, C sharp, D. to which the present summary is largely in- debted. D Minor, a key containing the tones D, E, F, Diesis, a very small interval, about an eighth G, A, B^, C sharp, D. The relative minor of of a tone. Its ratio is i25-i28._ It occurs be- F major. tones, one of which is tuned a per- tween two Do (do). The_ syllable applied to the first tone other fect octave to a given bass, and the of the scale in sol-faing. three perfect major thirds above the same bass- Doctor of HEusic, the highest honorary de- Dies Irse (de-az e-ra). ** Day of Wrath," gree in music. The candidate at Oxford or a celebrated old Latin hymn, which is the sec- Cambridge must pass an examination in Har- ond number in the Mass for the Dead. mony,_ Ei^ht-part Counterpoint, canon and imitation in eight-parts, Fugue, Form, In- Dilettante (Ital. deel-a-t3.nt'-a, from deli- strumentation, Musical History, a critical tare^ to love). One who feels an^especiaHn- knowledge of the scores of the standard works terest in an art without making it his principal of the great composers, and so much of the business. Also used in an unfavorable sense, science of Acoustics as relates to the theory of one who pretends to a considerable knowl- of Harmony. An " Exercise" is required in edge of an art which he has never learned. advance, which may be sacred or secular, in good eight-part fugal counterpoint, with ac- Diminished Intervals, those derived from companiments for full orchestra, ofsuch length minor or perfect intervals by chromatic dim- as to occupy from 40 to 60 minutes in perform- inution ; e. perfect fifth, C G ; diminished ff.y ance. After passing the previous examination fifth, C G3. the candidate must have his composition pub- Diminution, a term used in counterpoint to licly performed with orchestra and chorus in denote the repetition of a subject in notes of Oxford or Cambridge at his own expense, and less value, as halves by quarters, etc. deposit the MS fulfscore in the library of the Music School. The fees amount to about ;^zo. Diminuendo (Ital. dim-in-oo-ftn'-do). Di- minishing in power. Dolller, Theodor (diih'-lSr), of a Jewish fami- ly, born at Naples 1814. Died at Florence Dinorali (dee'-n3-rS). The Italian title of and composer Meyerbeer's opera, otherwise known as " Le 1856. An accomplished pianist of salon music. Pardon de Plffirmel,*" in 3 acts. 1859. Doi^te (Fr. doig'-ta, doigter^ to finger). a mark formerly used at the end of a Direct, Fingered; z*. e.y the proper finger-application page in music to warn the player of the first marked. note over the leaf. Doering, Karl Heinrich (dii'-ring), an eminent of parts in harmony Direct IHotion, motion composer and pianist of the present tirfte. in similar direction. Born 1834 at Dresden. D. is author of pieces departments piano pieces, masses, DiS (Ger.) D sharp. in various ; and articles about music. DiSCant, originally the counterpoint sung with songs, a plain song. Thence the upper voice in part Dolby, see Sainton-Dolby. English, air. music. In earlier Dolce (Ital. dol'-che). Sweetly. Alsothename an extremely soft 8 ft. string-toned organ Discord, the inharmonious relation of sounds. of D. depends on the want of common measure StOD. betweei^the two sets of vibrations producing DoleiSSimo (Ital.dol-chees'-J~mo), Superla- the discord. D. and dissonance are often tive of the preceding. used as synonymous, but not properly. The Dolente (Ital. do-lan'-tS, also doientamente, latter is a discord properly introduced and re- dolentissimor con dolot^e^ con duoio^ all 01 solved. which mean substantially the same thingi. a discord, A combination of Dissonance, In a plaintive, sorrowful style ; with sadness. notes which on sounding together produce Beats. (See Discord.) Doloroso (Ital. d5-lor-5'-sp). Grievingly. SkOle^ & addy sL arm., e eve^ 8 end^ i /«, I ?//, oid^ 6 oddy 6 dove^ 00 moon,, u lute^ u but^ U Fr. sound- 17 DOM DICTIONARY. DRO Dom Choir (dom). The choir of the dom or Double Bass, the violon, the largest of th" cathedral church. The three celebrated evan- violin family. gelical choirs of this name in Germany, are Double Chorus, a chorus for two choirs and those of Berlin, Hanover and Schwerin. " eight-p^irts ; as, e.g.y in Handel's lar^el in Pominant (d5m'-in-ant). Ruler. The aame Egypt." now given to the fifth tone of the key, count- Double Concerto, a concerto for two. in- ing upwards from, the tonic. The i). is ihe struments at once. key next in importance after that of the tonic, Double Flat, hby two flats before the same and is the one into which modulation is first note, representing a depiession equ '1 to two made. Semi-tones, B^^ being the same on the piano l>oniino Xolr, Le Cd6m'-in-o nwar). The as A natural. Black Domino. Opera comique in acts. 3 Double Fu^ue« a fugue on two different Words Scribe. by Music by Auber. 1837. subjects which are afterwards combined and I>Onizetti* Gstano (ga-t£ -no ddn'-y~zgt'-tY)i worked together. one of the most distinguished Italian com- Double illouthed. an organ pipe having two light operas. Born at Bergamo ^798. Sosersof mouths, in front and rear. lied 1848. D. was a composer highly gifted with melody and with sparkling sentiment, as Double Tongulng;, a method of articulating well as with a certain amount of dramatic applicable to flutes and cornets. Effective in ability. His success was eariy and decided, staccato passages, but requires long practice. and lasted all hi-^ life. ' His principal operas •" " were "Anna Bolena " 1831, Elisir d' Amor Double fi$liarp, jr, a character representing 1829, " Lucrezia Borgia" 1834, "Lucia di a chromatic elevation equal to two semi-tones. Lammermoor" Belisario 1836, " Po- 1835^ Doivland, John, Mus. Bac, an English com- liuto" 1838, "La Fille du Regiment,'' 1840, poser and musician, author of many books of " La Favorita'* 1842, " Linda de Chamounix* " " songs and airs. 1562-1626. , 1842, Don Pasquale 1843. the motion of the I>On Carlos. >.. Opera seria in 3 acts, by Doi)fnn Beat, downward Costa, 1844. hand in beating time, marking the beginning 2. Grand opera in 5 acts, by Verdi, 1867. of the measure, Dragonetti, Domenico (do-mSn -ee-kp drag- I>on Giovanni (don jo-vSn'-ee, in German, on-nSt'-tee), one of the greatest known per- " Don Juan "). Opera buffa in 2 acts by formers upon the double bass. Born at Venice Mozart. Producel at Prague Oct. 99, 1787. in 1755. A friend of Haydn, Beethoven, (The overture written the night before.) Sechter, the theorist, etc. D., at th : age of I>on Pasquale (p3.s-kw£ir-a). Opera buffa go, headed the double basses at the Beethoven in 3 acts, by Donizetti, 1843. festival at Bonn, in 1845. Died in London, X846. I>on Quixote (ke-ho'-ta). Comic opera in 2 acts, by G. A, Macfarren, 1846. Drama, a play for the stage. JDonna del Ijago, La (IS -go). The Lady Drammatico (It.) In dramatic style; z. e.^ of the Lake. Opera in 2 acts. Music by Ros- with forcible and effective exprebsion. sini, 1819. Drei (Ger. dri). Three. Doppel Schlag: (Ger) A Turn, which see. Dressel, Otto (dra -s^l), a refined and elegant pianist and J>OppiO (Ital.) Double ; e. g.^ doppio movt- highly cultivated ai.d poetical mento^ at double the movement—twice as musician, born at Andernach-on-the-Rhine fast ; doppio pedale^ with pedals doubled. in 1826. He made his higher studies with Fr. Hiller in Cologne, and Mendelshohn at I>OppeI Flote(Ger.dop'-p5lflut'-a). Double Leipsif. Came to Bot>ion 1852, where he has flute. An organ stop composed of wooden ever since resided, and where his influence stopped pipes wi h two mouths. has been highly important. Has composed Doric ]flode. or Uorlan, a church mode much piano-forte muiiic, as well as songs, from D to D in naturals. Many old German chamber quartettes, etc. chords are written in this key, as "Vater Alexander (dri'-shfik), unser," " Wir glauben all," etc. Dreyschock, born at Zachi, in Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1818. Died in Dorn, Heinrich (Ludwig Edmund), a musician Venice 1869. Dreyhchock was an extremely of the present in Germany. Bom at Konigs- correct and remarkably brilliant virtuoso berg, Prussia, Nov. x8, 1804. Dom is one of pianist. He traveled throughout Europe, the first conductors of his day, a melodious giving concerts wiih great success, for abuut operas con>poser of (10 in nuniber), many twenty years, after which he settled at overtures, pieces, etc. symphonies, piano-force Prague as a teacher. Among his American pupils were J>Ot, a point placed after a note to indicate that Nathan Richardson (about five years), and Wm. Mason (one year). its length is to be increased one half. A sec- dot half as as the first. ond adds much Droit (Fr. drwSt). Right. Main droits^ right hand. ]>onble I>Ot, two dots after a note, adding three-fourths to its value. Drone, the name given to the three lowest pipes of the bag-pipe, Double Bar, two lines, or one heavy line, which sound coniinu- ally while across the st iff to indicate the end of a strain, the instrument is being played. or of line of text in church music. 'I'he They usually give two octaves of the key-uote double bar does not properly have any refer- D, and the fifth A. ence to measure. Drouet. Louis F. P. (droo-a), one of the most Double (Fr.) A turn. Also an old name for famous flute-players and composers for the variation. flute. Born at Amsterdam 1792. Died 1873, a ale^ §• add^ M arm^ e eve^ 3 end^ 1 ice^ I zV/, 5 old^ o odd^ d dove^ 00 moon^ u luie^ il but^ 'A Fr. sound 18 DRU DICTIONARY. EGM Drums are of several (i) Drum. kinds ; asingle I>uvemoy, J. 6., a well known music teacher skill on a frame or vesbei open at bottom, as and pidno comnoser in Paris, author of many the Tambourine, Egyptian drum. etc. • (2) a studies, an eiementary school, etc. single skin on a closed vessel, as Kettledrum ; B., 1823^ (3) two skins, one at each end of a cylinder, Dykes, Rev. John Mus. Doc. (diks , as ihe side-drum, sn ]>Upont, Auguste (du-p5nt'), a. prominent Bel- JBdat (Fr. a-klS). A burst of applause. Ex- gian piano virtuoso anJ composer. Born 1828. pressions of approbation. of piano Brussels Since 1853 professor m the £clog;ue (ek-15g). A poem or song of a simple Conservatorium. Author of string quartettes, or pastoral nature. An idyl. piano trios and sonatas, dtudes, salon pieces, 5k-k51). School. etc. £cole (Pr. In the Scotch naprez, Gilbert (du-praO, a famous tenor in JBccOSSaise (Fr, Sk-ka«-saz'). style. oiiginally in 3-2 or 2-4 time, Paris, 1825-184^, and professor of singing at A dance accompanied by the bag-pipe. In modern the Conservatoire, 1842-1S50. Born itjo6. form It is a species of coutredance in quick Oarchfuehrnng (Ger. durk - fee'- riing). 2-4 time. Carrying out, or elaboration of motives, bee Lesson xv. Eddy, Henry Clarence, an eminent organ vir- tuoso and musician, head of the Hershey l>ar (Ger. diir). Hard. German name of the School of Music, in Chicago, Born 1851 in major mode. Greenfield, Mass. Pupil of Dudley Buck and Dassek, J. L., one of the most renowned later of Haupt, of Berlin. Mr. £. has per- pianists and composers of the latter part of formed the unprecedented feat of 100 consecu- the 18th century Born at Czislau 1761. Died tive programmes of organ music, without 1S12. Author of many elegant pieces for the repetitions. piano. E dur (Ger.) The key of E maj. in fugue. I>UX (Lat. dilks^. The subject Egfmont. Beethoven^s music to Goethe's trag- Unvernoyf Charles, a French composer and edy of that name. An overture, 2 sop. songs, teacher in the Conservatoire, B. entr^acts, Clara^s death a melodram, ancl a elementary |. 1820. inmale— 10 numbers in all, op. 84. 1809. i ale^ S. addy S. arm^ e eve^ S end., I ice., 1 ill^ old^ 6 odd, d dove^ 00 moan, u lute^ ti. Sut^ U J^r. sound JQ EGG DICTIONARY. ENH Eggliard, Julius, pseudonym of Count Julius S!lla, John, an English violinist, founder of von Hordegan,a talented virtuoso pianist and thfe " Musical Winter Evenings, and origina- composer of parlor pieces for the piano. B. tor of " analytical programmes," Author of '* 1834 at Vienna. Pupil of Czerny. JJied 1867. a memoir of Meyerbeer, and Musical Sketches.'' B. 1802. Eguale(Ital. a-gwS'-lS). Equal; even; alike. £llSOn, Louis C.,born at Boston, Mass., 184S, Kgualment (Ital. a-gwai-man-te). Equally, of German parents. Studied with Karl (jlogg- evenly. ner, CaRtelli, Kreibsmann, and others. Is a successful teacher of piano and singing at Elblert, Louis (a'-lert), pianist and composer, Boston, a musical critic, poet and litterateur. but chiefly known as a cultivated critic and " writer upon music. His Letters upon Mu- Sir George Mus. Doc, born 1816. " Elvey, J., sic (1859, translated by F. R. Ritter, and A composer of church music in England. re-printed by Uitson, 1870) contain notices of the chief musicians and their works, and pic- Embouchure (Fr. Sm'-boo-shur). The part turesque observations upon them. Also com- of a musical instrument applied to the mouth. poser of symphonies, etc. B, 1825. Hence used to denote the disposition of the lips, tongue, etc., in producing a tone. SSirliclft^ Heinrich (hin'-rlk ar'-Hk), a distin- fuished pianist, teacher and wiiter, born 1824, Emerson, L, O,, a well known teacher of ince about 1858 he was the first teacher of music, conductor of conventions, and author piano in Stern's Conservatory in Berlin. As of 35 successful books of psalmody, chorus a player, is distinguished for his Beethoven in- collections, anthem books, a method for voice, terpretations. Is also the author of several for organ, etc. Born at Parsonsfield, Me., successful novels of a semi-musical character, Aug. 3, 1820. - of Eichberg, Julius (£kh'-barg), a distinguished E lloll (Ger.) The key E minor. violin virtuoso and teacher, head of the Bos- Emperor Concerto, a title gratuitously be- ton Musical Conservatory (1867), and for stowed on Beethoven's concerto in E flat, op. many years principal of musical instruction 73- 1809. in the Boston public schools. E. is author of Emperor's fiymn, music by Haydn, also two operas, " Doctor of Alcantara" and The used as theme for variations in his quartette, " Rose of Tyrol," both of which are often op. 76, No. 3, given ; but Is most celebrated for his success as a teacher of the violin, in which he is one Empflndnng (Ger. gmp-f3fn'-doong). Sensa- of the greatest. Born 1828 in Dusseldorf. tion. Encke, Heinrich (Snk'-S). A talented pianist, !EiSeil]lofer, Franz X, (is'-sen-ho'-fSr), a arranger and composer, pupil of Hummel. German song-writer, i783-i85'5. Is most dis- B. i8ii. Died at Leipsic, 1859. tinguished for his songs for male voices and ong-kor). cantatas for the same, of which he generally Encore (Fr. Again; used for de- . wrote the words himself. manding repetitions in concerts. Engedi (§n-ga'-dee). See " Mount of Olives." nine Feste Bnrge Cine fSs'-te burg). '•'A sure defense," Luther's version of Ps. xlvi. Energia (Ital. Sn-erd-jee-a) Energy. Hymn written 1530. Tune probably 1538, Energ^co (Ital. en-ar-jee-ko). With energy. The form now in use is that given by Bach En^el, David H. (Sng-gSl), organ virtuoso and in several cantatas. composer in Germany, B. 1816. Eisfeld, Theodore, for many years one of the En^ei, Gustav, a distinguished teacher of sing- leading musicians in New York. Born 18 16 ing in Berlin. B. 1823. E. is also a writer of in WoTfenbuttel. Came to New York in 1848. musical works and on philosophical subjects. (Welsh, " £i»teddfod §s-tSt'-S-vod). Sitting En^el, J. Karl, musical conducter and composer of learned men." Musical and literary festi- in Berlin, and composer of dances, matches, vals heldby the WeUh in all parts of the etc. B. 1821. world ; originated in the triennial festivals of English Opera. Opera by English com- the Welsh bards in 107B. posers. Or, (2) opera in English. SUegante (Fr. Sl-a-gan'-tS). Elegantly, taste- English Horn, the tenor oboe in F. fully. English Oances, contredances, ballads, Elegfy (Ital. elegiay Fr. dUgie). A poem of sad hornpipes, etc. and touching character, generally commemo- English Horn, a species of oboe a fourth or rative of _ some_ lamented decease. A piece fifth lower the of music in similar vein. than common oboe. See Cor A nglais. KleTation, a voluntary suitable for use at the English Fingering, called also American elevation of the Host. fingering, see Fingering. ' XHevatezza (Ital. §l-S-v^tad'-zS). Elevation, Enharmonic (Sn'-har-mon'-ic). Therelation sublimity. of pilch between tones having different names but Bounding alike on tempered instruments £lijah, an oratorio by Mendelssohn, first pro- ; C sharp and D flat, F flat and E, etc. duced at the Birmingham Festival, Aug, 26, 1B46. Enharmonic Organ (or "perfectly tuned"). !ELisa,e ; le Vo-Voyage au Moni Bernard^ opera An organ invented by Messrs. Alley & Poole, MTusic by Cherubini, 1794, of Newburyport, Mass., about 1848, so con- structedas to play in perfect tune in all keys. £llfiir d' Amore (a-Iee'-sSr dam-or'-S). It_ contained " 48 tones to the octave. Is des- The Elixir of Love," opera in 2 acts by cribed in Silliman's A merican yournal about Donizetti. 1829, 1850. Was practicable in plain music. a aie^ It add^ S »r/«, e eve^ 8 end^ I ice^ t z'ii, o old^ 6 odd^ 3 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ fi bui^ U Fr. simnd ENH DICTIOK"ARY. EXT Knharmonic Scale, the name of im- an £sther, Handel's first oratorio, 1720. 2. Can- aginary, or at least undetermined, scale em- tata by Wm. B. Bradbury, words by C. M. ploying enharmonic intervals. Cady. £nharmonle modulation, a change of dSterhazy, a distinguished key involving an enharmonic change of chords, musical family, living partly in Vienna and partly in Hun- (Fr. gary, for very Knsemble on-sSm -bl). Together ; the who many years kept up a com- whole. The total eflfect of the combined plete orchestra. Of this Haydn was director forces. for about 30 years. This and the support of £lltree (Fr, his private opera cost the prince, in ohn-tra). The entrance ; introduc- 1790, 40, tion. 000 florins ($20,000), Entfuehrung aus dem derail (gnt-fee- Et IncarnatUB (Lat. in-kSr-na'-tiis), "and rung ous dem sar-Il). A comic operetta in was born." A part of the Credo, in the Mass, 3 acts by Mozart. 1782. Etolle du l¥ord. L', "The Star of the £rard, a famous family of piano and harp- North," grand opera in 3 acts. Music by makers in Paris, established 1777, when Se- Meyerbeer. 1854. bastian Erard made the first piano-forte ever made in France. Et Resurrexit, "and rose again." Part of £olian, see JEolian. ^he Credo. £pic, an extended poem on a heroic subject. Etude (Fr. a-tude). Study. Etudes are of several kinds £pi80de, a digression. A part of a niece not : (1) Mechanical, such as those of founded on the principal subject or tneme. Czerney, Kahler, Kalkbrenner, Herz, etc. (2) Mechanical and artistic, as when a new £pode, an a&er-song. A burden or refrain. method of practice is proposed to facilitate £rben, Henry, an eminent organ-builder in certain artistic effects. Such are theClementi New York. Established about 1835. Died Gradus (best in Tausig's arrangement) for in the 1878. classical school ; the Chopin studies and Liszt's studies Erdmansdoerfer, Max, a talented director in transcendent execution, for the new school. and composer in Germany, born 1848. (3) Studies in musical effect, such as: B icVs "Clavier" and Kunst der £rk, Ludwigf Christian (ark), a musical director Fugue; Heller's Art of Phrasing; Schu- author of school songs, etc., in Berlin. A mann's etudes symphoniques, and studies prolific writer. B. 18^7. D. 1883. founded on Paganini s caprices. (4) Studies for elementary instruction, among the firkel, Franz, a distinguished Hungarian com- best of . which are poser of the present time. B. 1810. Author those of Loeschhorn, op. 66, for forming of several operas, etc. the execution. Smani (ar-na'-nee). Italian opera in 4 acts by Etwas lan&rsamer (Ger. St'-vas ISng'-sa- Verdi, founded on Victor Hugo's " Ernani," mer), A Utile slower. 1844. EuIer,Leonhard(oil-er),agreat mathematician £rnst, Henry William, celebrated violin player and acoustician, one of the first who investi- and composer of pieces for the violin. Born gated the scientific principles of vibrations in at Brilnn, 1814, D. 1865. tones. Born at Basel, 1707. D. 1783. £roiea. The sinfonia eroica is the 3d of Bee- Euphony, sweet soui^d. thoven's symphonies, op. 55. 1804. Broico (Ital. ar-o'-t-ko). Heroic. Euphonium, a brass instrument, the B flat bass sax-horn. £s (Ger.J E fiat. Ss moU, £ fiat minor. Usually furnished with 4 or 5 valves. £scndier (es-koo'-dee-a) brothers, Marie and Leon, French critics of music in *' La France Euryanthe (yoo'-rl-Sn'-thS, Ger. pronuncia- Musicale,'* 1819 and 1821. tion oi'-ry-an-the). The 6th of Weber's 7 operas. 1823. liSChltiaiSIlf J. K., talented composer for the piano, highly esteemed hy Schumann, Born Etcfs, Carl, a pianist and composer residing in 1825. Is a piano teacher in Zurich. Vienna. B. 1819. Author of sonatas, fugues, fantasias, £slava^ Miguel Hilario, one of the most dis- etc. tinguised Spanish composers and musicians Extempore Playing, the art of working of the present time, was bom in 1807, Was up a subject without premeditation. In this of operas, church music, composer etc. D. 1878 art the old masters, Bach, Handel, Beetho- ven, £spirando (Ital. es-p!r-an'-do). Used in the Mendelssohn, etc., were very proficient. It depends on natural musical feeling, and same sense as perdendosi^ dying away ; /. ^., a gradually softer and slower. mastery of the art of musical expression by means of much practice in -writing. The ex- £spressivO (Ital. es-pres-ee'-vo). Expres- tempore playing of uninstructea players is sively. generally egregious nonsense, and ought not l]S»er, Heinrich (Ss'-Sr), a well known German to be tolerated in church or society. Among composer of popular songs, born iSiS. In American rnusicians the most distinguished 1847 was director of the Royal Opera in for ability in extempore performance, are Vienna. Died 1872. Dudley Buck and Wm. Mason. the necessary or indispensable. Essential, In Expression, the utterance of feeling. harmony the essential tones are those belong- ing to the chord, one of each. The doubles Extravaganza (Ital. ex-trav-S-gSnt'-zS). A or repetitions of these, and the auxiliary notes cadence or ornament in bad taste. A work of are not an essential part of the harmony, al- art in which the accepted laws are caricatured though they may be to the efiect. or violated for a purpose. a ahy & add^ £ artn^ e eve. S end^ 1 ice^ X illy 6 old^ 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ fi but^ U Fr. sound EYK DICTIOKARY. FES £yken, John A. van (I'-kSn), a distinguished Fantastico (Ital, f an-tas-tee'-ko, Fr. Fantas- Dutch virtuoso organist, and a very talented ^z^K^, fan-tas-teek). Fantastic. In an irregu- composer. Born 1823. 3Died at £Iberfield lar and capricious manner. 1868. Author of many compositions, among the best of which are his organ sonatas. Farce {farcio^ related to the LatinyartzV^, tQ stuff). A play stuffed full of fun. Bxtreme K.ey», an old term implying those (Ital. far-&n-do-la, Fr. keys hiving many sharps or flats, as B, F Farandola Faran- sharp, D6^ C3, etc. '^ doule^ far-an dool). A peasant's dance in the south of France and adjacei}t parts of F, the fourth of the of key C. In French, Fa. Italy, The name of an absolute pitch. See table of pitches in appendix. F holes are the hole* in Farinelli, Carlo Broschi (rSr-In-el'-lee). a the belly of the violin. celebrated male soprano, one of the most beautiful voices ever heard. Born at Naples, Fabri, Annebale Pio, a famous tenor of the 1705. D. 1782. F, was a good musician, an i8th century, who was also a fine musician. incomparable artist, and an intelligent and Born at Bologna Died 1697. in Lisbon 1760. highly esteemed man. Facilita (Ital. fa^sM'-K-ta, or Fr. Facilit^^ Fasch, Carl (fa^h), founder of the Singakad- made easy. An easy arrangement of a pas- emie at Berlin. 1736-1800. sage. Faschingpsscliwank (f &sh '- ings - sw^nk). Fackletanz (or Marcke Flambeaux)^ au a Carnival-pranksj the name of Schumann^s torch-light procession. The music, for mili- op. 26, for the piano-forte,' tary band, is in 3-4 time, polonaise rhythm. Meyerbeer has written four. Faure, Jean Baptiste (fiSr), the most distin- guished baritone singer of the present time, FagOtt (Ital. Fagotto)., German name for the as well as a good musician, a actor and bassoon. nne a man of culture. Engaged chiefly at Paris. Fair Rosamond, a grand opera in 4 acts. B. 1830. Music by John Barnett, 1837. Also a name Faust (fowst). Opera in 5 acts by Gounod. applied to a melody of Schubert's, on which 1859. There is also a *' Faust" by Lind- he has composed variations in his Impromptu painter 1832, Prince Radziwill 1836, and in B flac, op. 142. Spohr 1813. Faisst, Immanuel (fist), a distinguished Ger- Fanst, Karl, a favorite German dance composer man organ virtuoso, theorist and compos'T, whose works exceed 200 in number. B, 1825, Born i82_3 in EssUngen. F. founded a school F. was in 1836 band-master in the 36th Inf. of organists in Stuttgart in 1847, and busied of the Prussian army. Later in 1869 m.usic himself with organizing a conservatory there, director in Waldenberg. which he accomplishe I in 1857, and was made 'director of it in 1859. Best known as a musi- Fanx-bonrdon (Fr. fos boor-don). False cal educator. bass. A simple accompaniment once sung by ear to the plain song. Fa-la, an old English refrain. Also applied as a name to pieces ending with it. FaTOi'ita, La (fiCv-Sr-ee'-ta}. The favorite,. False, in music, signifies incorrect. Opera in 4 acts by Donizetti. 1842. False Relation (or Cross relation)^ is the Favarger, Rene, a French pianist and com- occurrence of a chroraatit contradiction be- poser of parlor pieces. Died in Sept. 1868 in tween in two voices composition ; as when Paris. one sings C, and the other immediately follows Feierlleh (Ger. fl'-Sr-likh, from Feier^ m it with C sharp. The false relation is cor- feast). In festival style. Grandly, rected when the C sharp is given to the voice that had C. Fermato (Ital. far-mS-to). A pause, or hold. Falsetto (Ital. fai-sSt'-to}. The head register FermO (Ital. far'-mo). Firm. of the voice, esijecially in men, where it has (Ital. fa-r5'-tsh5)or Ferocita^ a feminine quality. Feroce Con with ferocity, ferociously. Falstaff, a comic Italian opera in 2 acts, by an Italian Balfe. 1838. Ferrara, city, for very many years the seat of influential schools of instruction Fandango, an Andalusian danceaccompanied in music, of which the oldest was founded in by the guitar and castanets. Originally in _ 1600. 6-8 time, blow tempo, mostly in the minor. Benedetto (fSr-rS'-ree), Later in 3-4 time, written wiih six 8ths to the Ferrari, an Italian musician and composer of measure, the second being divided into trip- words and music for let of i6th^. a species of drama. i597-i68i, Fervente (Ital far-van'tS), fervently, Fanfare (f an'-fSr). A short, lively and loud with piece of music for trumpets and kettledrums, warmth, u ed on state occasions to announce the Fernando Cortez, opera in 3 acts, by Spon- entrance of important dignitaries. tini. i8o3. Fanisfea (fan-is'-kS). Cherubini's 21st opera, Fes (Ger. fSs), F flat. in J acts. x8o6. Fesca, Freidrich Ernst, a popular German com- Fantasia (Ital. fan-ta'-^-a, Ger. Fantasia., poser, born at iViagdeburg 1789. Produced fan'-ta-ze-). a fantasy. A composition fol- very many works of chamber music and songs, lowing no regular form. which are melodious and beautiful, though Fantasiestneck (Ger. f&n-tS^zee'-steek). not deep. D. 1826. Fantasy piece, a_ name adopted by Schu- Fesca, Alexander, son of the T>receding, was mann to charactRrise various pieces, for piano also a promising composer of chamber music, alone and with other instruments. songs, an opera, etc. i82i>-iS49. a/*, add, S arm, e eve, S end, I ill, a & ice, l 6 old, 6 odd, 6 dove, 00 moon, ii lute^ u but., U Fr, sound FET DICTIONARY. FLO 3Feti8, Francois Joseph, (fa-tee), the learned, Fine (Ital. feen'-S), the end. Placed over a laborious and prolific musical liti^rateur, bar indicates that the piece ends thsre after a auihor of a " Biographic Universelle des da capo. Musicieas" and ^* Histoire gdn^al de la Fingering, the mode of applying the fingers Musique,'^ as well as several operas, theo- to the keys in the execution of passages, z. retical works, and many critical essays. Born The mode of designating the fingers by nu- at Died at Pru!.rels Mons 1784. 1871. F^tis merals! A tnerican fingering designates the was founder of ^* La Revue Mnsicale^' in thumb and four fingers by X 1 234. F'or- Biographie is marred 1827. His by many eign fingering denotes the thumb by the nu- errors of dates. meral I. The same scale would be marked in Festivo (Ital. £Ss-tee*-vo), festively, solemnly. the two ways as follows, the same fingers Festoso (Ital. fSs-to-z6), joyously. being indicaied in both methods, American. Fiasoo (Ttal. fee-as -ko), applied to a failure X12X 1234. Foreign. i 1 in performance. ^ 23 2345. Foreign fingering is gradually supersed- Vidello^ Oder- die eheliche Liehe (fl-da'-llo) ing the other on account of the constantly "Fidelio, orConjugal Love," Beethoven's increasing use of foreign copies of classical single opera, in 3 acts. Op. 72. 1804. music, especially the Peiers' Edition. Field, John, born at Dublin, July 26, 1782, Finic, Christian, a distinguished organ virtuoso Died at Moscow 1837. One of the most and composer for the org by Schubert. 1823. ornaments, arpeggios, shakes, turns, ^ etc., introduced by singers into airs. Also illus- Fier (Fr. feer), or ^z^o, (Ital. fe-a'-r5), proud, trated in the smalt-note runs, in the melodies fierce. of Chopin's slow movements. Fieramente (Ital. feer'-S.-mSn'-tS), proudly, (Ger. fees). F sharp. fiercely. Fis Fischer. Karl A., a distinguished organ virtu- Fife, the smallest variety of the simple flute, present Dresden. Born possessing but one key. Higher octaves are oso of the time, in 1829 at Ebersdorf. Author of many organ proddced fay over-blowing. Used in military compositions, sinfonie organ orches- music. a for and tra, an opera Lorely, etc. FiJfth, the interval between any tone of the Fitztvllliant Iflusic. a collection of MS. scale and the next but three above or below music left the University of Cambridge in C G, DA, E B, etc. The perfect fifth has 1816, by Viscount Fitzwilliam, containing the the vibrational ratio 2 : 3. Virginal 1-book of Queen Elizabeth, much Fifteenth., the interval of two octaves. An church music, afterwards published by No- organ stop of diapason tone, 2 ft. pitch. Used vello, etc. only in chorus effects, for brightening the Flageolet, the modem form of the old, straight somewhat dull tone of the 8 ft. stops by fiute, or flute a bec^ shaped like an oboe or strengthening their overtones. clarinet ; the tone is produced on the princi- Figaro. (See Fig ;ro*s Hochzeit.) pal of a stopped pipe. Figaro's Hochzeit. Opera in 3 acts, by Flat, a character signifying depression of pitch. Mozart. 1786. To depress the pitch. FlautO, Italian name for flute. Figurante (Fr. fXg'-u-rant), a ballet-dancer, who takes an independent part in the piece. FlantinO (Ital. flaw-teen -0), a little flute. A light organ stop of 2 ft. pitch and flute qual- Figure, a motive. Any short succession pf ity, commonly in the '* swell," notes, or group of chords, used as a model in Flanto Traverso (trS,v-er'-s6), a flute, so sequencing. See Lessons i, 2, and 19. named in distinction from the old ^''fluie a Figured Bass, a bass furnished with tho- bec^^ ox^ '* flute with a beak," or flageolet. rough bass figures indicating the accompany- An organ stop, generally of wood and 4 ft, ing chords. Used in scores as a convenience tone, harmonic in quality (z'.f . made to speak to the accompanist, and ati additional assis- the octave of the true pitch of its pipes by tance in correcting typographical errors. over-blowing). Sometimes of 8 ft. pitch, in Many of Handel's arias have no other written which case it is nearly the same as the *' accompaniment, the composer filling it out melodia," but more brilliant. from this short-hand. Fiiegende Hollander, Der (fle^-gSn-dS Figured Chorale, a harmonized choral, ho!-16n-dSr), "The Flying Dutchman," having one or more of the parts contrapun- opera, in 3 acts. Words and music by tally developed and ornumented. Richard Wagner. 1843. Fille du Regintent, La (feeldu RSgiman), FlOriO, Caryl, pseudonym of Mr. W. J. " The Daughter of the Regiment," opera in Rabjohns, an organist and composer, resid- 2 acts, by Donizetti. X840. ing in New York, Born about 1850. counterpoint con- Finale (Ital. fen-S'-lS), the finale, the closing Florid Counterpoint, a movement. Of sonata finales see Lesson 15. sisting of an alternation of all the primary *' *' two Opera finales consist of several single pieces varieties, as note against note, and strung together in cumulative succesaion, until against one," "'four apainst one." "syncopation," in suco.ssive measures. a climax is reached. z7/, old^ 6 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ti buU U Pr. sound a ale^ 3. add^ 2 artn^ e eve^ § end^ i z«, I o 23 " FLO DICTIONARY. FUG Florid, music in rapid figures, trillSj runs, Fra DiaTOlo (frS dt-Sv'-5-l6). Opera in 3 roulades, etc. Variations are the readiest ex- acts by Auber. 1830. amples of florid writing. Fradel, Charles (frS'-dSl), a German musician, Vlotow, Friedrich (fio-to), a German opera piano teacher, composer and arranger, for composer, born April 27, i8is, at Mecklen- many years resident in New York. Born berg. Resides at present in the neighbor- in 1821. hood of Vienna. F. is the author of no less the most distinguished song- " Franz, Robert, than 14. or 15 operas, of which Stradella," writer, and one of the foremost musicians of "Martha," "L'Ombre" have been extreme- the present time. Born June 28, 1815, at ly successful. Flotow is a pleasing melodist Halle, Handel's birth-place. Franz studied and a genial musician. D. 1B83. music against his parents' wishes; when Fluegel (Ger. flee'-gel), a wing. The name of his first set of 12 songs (1843) were published the grand piano-forte, suggested by its shape. they attracted the favorable notice of Schu- mann and afterwards of Gade, Mendelssohn, f*lnegel Horn, a brass instrument of the etc., after which he had a pleasanter time. Bugle kind, used in the German armies. The His hearing becoming affected, he was obliged F.H. now u-sed is a £b cornet with pistons to relinquish (in 1868) his employment as or- and a horn mouth-piece. ganist and lecturer on music at the University flue-work. Organ pipes in which the tone is of Hall^. Franz is the author of very many generated by the wind passing through a songs, and of many other compositions. Be- parts fissure, flue^ or wind-way, and striking sides which, he has added missing to against an edge above, all belong to the several of the scores of Bach and Handel, Flue-work, as distinguished from the Reed- thereby rendering them available for modern work, which see. use. JPlute, called also German Flute, to distinguish Free Reed, a reed in which one end of the it from 'the^utaccordions, flutinas,_melodeonSj difficulty of playing in different keys. An harmoniums, reed organs, and in free reed organ Ktop now made in 8 ft., 4 ft, and 2 ft. organ pipes, the chief of which are the pitch, and of several qualities. '^euphone" and " vox angelica. Flute d'Amour Fourth., the interval between any tone of the Fug^atO (Ital. fu-gS'-to), an irregularly con- structed scale and the next but two above or below. movement in fugue style. The perfect fourth has the vibrational ratio Fnghetta (Ital. fu-get'-tS), a short, but strictly 3 = 4- composed fugue. a a/if, a 0c^, a arm.^ e eve^ @ end., ! zV^, I ///, o old., 5 odd^ d dffve^ 00 moon.^ ii lute^ u but., ii Fr. sound 24 FUG DICTIONARY. GI-IY or Fugue, Fusa (fug), from fugare to fly. Ciaertner. Carl, a German musician and teach- A composition developed from a single sub- er of the violin and singing. Born about ject which is taken in turn by each voice, 1830. Came to Boston in 1852, where he answering each other according to certain has since resided. rules. Oalop (gal -6), a spirited round-dance in 2-4 Fnsue, Double, a fugue with two subjects, time, usually in bmary form. both of which are finally introduced together. Oaniba, Viola da, (Ital. gamba^ leg), a knee Full Authem, an anthem in which there violin^ an obsolete si ringed instrument, re- are no solos, or duets, but continually chorus. sembling the violoncello, but originally fur- nished with frets like the guitar. It had 6 or Full Cbord, a chord lacking none of its tones. 7 catgut strings, the lowest spun with wire. A chord with many doubles, extending 3 Tuned D (below the bass staff) through several G, C, E, A octaves. D, and G. Full Organ, implies generally the use of all Oamba, or, Viol da Oamba, an organ the stops in the Great Organ. To this may stop of 8 ft, pitch and strmg quality be of tone. added the principal registers of the other Generally in Great Organ. manuals. tjraniut^ the scale. The word means ^«»zw2« Full to Fifteenth, a direction for the use and m/, the latter the first tone of the scale, of all the stops of the Great Organ, except and the former the letter which represented the mixtures and reeds. it. Now obsolete. Full Score, a complete score. See Score. Cranche (Fr. gozh), left, as gatcche main^ left hand. (From the same root as Fundamental Bass, a bass consisting "gawky,'* of awkward.) the roots of the chords only. See Root. Garcia, Manuel (gSrts'-zeea), a Spanish teach., Fr. Funebre fu-nabr), funeral, mournful. er of singing, the original investigator into the Marchefun^hre^ funeral march. anatomy of the vocal organs and the physio- FUOCO (Ital. foo-o'-ko), fire, energy, passion. logy of singing, and the first to use the laryngoscope. Born at Madrid 1805. Came FUOCOSO (Ital. foo-o-ko'-zo),. fiery, ardent, to America with his father, the celebrated impetuous, tenor, and his sister Malibran, in 1825. In Furia (Ital. foo'-re-a), fury. 1847 he was appointed teacher of singing at the Paris Conservatoire, and among his pupils Fnrie (Fr. fii-re), fury, passion, rage. were Jenny Lind, Kate Hayes, etc. Furore (Ital. foo-ro'-rS), fury, passion, rage. Qardiner. Wm., author of the interesting but Fuss (Ger. foos), a foot. desultory jjook " The Music ot Nature, and other writings about music, was born at Lei- Furniture, a name formerly applied to cer- cester, England, in tain mixture stops, in the organ. 1770. Died 1853, Oavotte (gS-votJ, a French dance, deriving Fux, Johann Joseph, a celebrated theorist, itsname from the Gavots in Dauphine It author of the Gradus ad Parnassutn^ a trea- is in common time, moderately quick, in the tise on composition, written in Latin in the ancient binary torm. form ofa dialogue, for many years the stand- ard text-book in harmony. F, was a prolific Oazza JLadra. Ija (gSd'-zS la-dra), '* The composer of sonatas, masses, motets, hymns, Thieving Magpie," a comic opera in 2 acts, dramatic works, etc., all of which are now by Rossini. 1817. ' antiquated. Born at Gratz in 1660. Died at Gedacht (Ger. ga-dSkt'), covered. Vienna, 1741. Gedacllt-lVork, all the flue pipes of an (inltai. Soi)^ the fifth of Cr and French the scale organ that are closed or covered at the top. of C. Keynote of a scale. Name of a pitch. Oegensatz (Ger. ga'-gen-satz, against-piece), Crabriei, Virginia, pseudonym of an English a contrast. lady, the author of many popular songs. Oeigren Principale (Ger. gi'-gSn prln-siT- Crabussi, Vincenzo_(ga-boo>-see), composer pSl') iroxa. geigf.n^ a stting-toned diapason or- and teacher of singing. Born at Bologna gan stop, of 8 ft. pitch. Usually in the choir. 1804, and educated there. He went to London in 1825, where for about i^ years he was a CreniSborn, a string-toned organ stop, gener- teacher of singing. Returning to Bclogna he ally of 8 ft. pitch. The name is not now used. Its pipes brought out his opera " Ernani,"'^ in 1840, much were metal, small scale, and ''Clemenza de Valois," without success. with bells. Died in London, 1846. Gemuender, George, one of the most distin- guished and successful violm-maker'? of the Neils (ga-d6), one of the most gifted Gade, present time. Born 1816 in Ingelfingen in and accomplished of living composers and Wurtemburg. Came to London m 1851 and conductors, was bom Oct. 22, 1817, at Copen- some ten years later to New York or Brook- hagen. Studied music early, in 1841 he was lyn, where he still resides. G. has re-disco- "crowned'' for his '"Ossidn" overture, and vered several of the ancient processes. went immediately to Leinsic, where he was warmly' received hy Mendelssohn and intro- €reSChwind(Ger. ge-schvlnd'). Quick; rapid. duced to the public. In 1845-6 he acted as Creivandhaus (Ger. gg-v£Cnd'-hows). The sub-conductor to Mendelssohn at Leipsic, ^ name of a famous series of classical concerts, but in 1848 he returned to Copenhagen, where given every season in Leipsic since 1723. he still lives. G. has published 7 symphonies, 5 overtures, several cantata^, etc. His music IjrliyS, Joseph (geez), a distinguished Belgian IS melodious, pleasing, refined, poetic, and in violinist and composer, born 1804. Died at a style similar to Menaelssohn*s. St. Petersburg, 1848, ^.eUCy £L add^ a arm^ e eve^ § end^ l ice^ I z7/, old^ d oddy Q dove, 00 ntoon^ u iute, ^ but^ tl Fr, sound GIA DICTIONARY. GOT Oiardini, Felice de (jlar-deen'-ee), an emi- Oodfrey, a family of English hand-masters. nent violinist^ bom at Turin 1716. Came to Daniel^ the well-known waltz composer, London in 1750, where he made a great suc- took his band to the United States in 1872. cess, and afterwards became a popular con- Born 1831. Master of band of the Greuadiei ductor. Author of many chamber composi- Guards since 1856. tions. 1). ijgb. God Save the Kins* the English national Gibbons, Orlando, Mus. Doc, an old English air. First sung by Henry Carey, the com- cathedral composer. 1583-1625. poser, in 1740. Cwi^a (Ital. jee'-gS). A jig, or lively dance in Godefroid. Felicien, a distinguished French triplets, either 3-8, 6-8, 3-4, 6-4, or 12-8. harp virtuoso, and composer for the harp Oigue (Kr. jig). A jig. and^ piano. Born 1818, was educated at the Conservatoire, and has made many bril- (Ital. humor- CriOCOSO jlo-ko'-zS). Jocosely ; liant concert tours. Lives independently at ously playfully. ; Paris. Oioja (Ital. jio -ya). Joy gladness. ; Gockel, August, a noted German pianist Oipsy's The, opera in acts by and composer. B. X831. Studied at Leipsic ^ Warning, 3 Sir Julius Benedict. 1838, 1845 and after. Wasin America 1853-18^6. Author of many pleasing and elegantly writ- tiiuramento, II (joor'-a-man'-to), "The ten works. Oath.'* ^»-fl7«»zaj^?-;(7byMercadante. 1837. Robert, a talented composer and Giusto (Ital. joos-to), just. In equal, steady Goldbeck, time. pianist, and a brilliant critic, litterateuT and teacher, now living (1880) in St. Louis, Born Cclseser, Franz (gla'-zSr), composer and opera ill 183^ at Potsdam. Studied with Henri director, born in studied at Bohemia 1798, Litolff. and in 1851 went to Paris. In 1856 to Prague, and in 1817 became opera director at London, wherethrough Alexander von Hum- Vienna. Here he brought out his best opera, was introduced to the of Devon- " " boldt he Duke Des Adlers Horste 1833. In 1842 he was shire, through whose patronage his operetta, called to Copenhagen, where he died in x86i. "The Soldier's Return," was brought out at 0160, a piece of unaccompanied vocal music for Drury Laqe. Came to New York 18^7, and at least three voices, and for solo voices, usu- in 1868 to Chicago, where he lived umu 1873, ally for men. [Grove.] The word is from at the head of his conservatory, and com- An.-Sax. gligg^ music, and glees are in every fiosed many important compositions, especial- vein of feeling. y a quintette and trio, and some much admired part-songs. Oiyria in Kxcelsis, ^' Glory be to God on High," otherwise known as the ** angelical Goldmarlc, Karl, a brilliant Austrian com- hymn." Pact of all the great Christian poser, bom in 1832 in Hungary. His first liturgies. compositions, a psalm, overture, etc., were CrlOTer, William Howard, an English violin produced in 1851. His best known works are " '* overture, selections composer and song-writer, in. his Sakuntula and player, opera " the latter of which capacities he is generally from his opera, The Queen of Sheba." known. Bom i8iq. Died in New York 1875, GolImiCk, Karl G., bom 1796, died z866 at Olnck, Christopher WillibaldRitter(gliik), was Frankfurt. Was a pleasing composer lor the piano, author of Several text-books in sing- bom July 2j 1714, at Weidenwang in the Upper P'ilatinate. In 1736 went to Vienna, ing, etc., and a teacher of music. where he was seen by Prince Melzi, who en- Goldscliniidt, Otto, pianists composer and • gaged him for. his private band and took him conductor, was born 1829 at Hamburg. " to Milan to study. His first opera, Artaser- Studied at Leipsic. Married Jenny Lind m se," was written in 1741. In 1745 he went to 1852. At present occupies a prominent place London as composer of operas for the Hay- , in England as Vice-Principal of the Ro^al market theatre. He made no success in Eng- Academv of Music, and author of an oratorio, land, and returned to Vienna in 1746, After " Ruth (1867), a piano-forte concerto, six years of insignificant activity here, he songs, part-songs, etc. produced in 1762 his " Orfeo." in which he entered upon the period of his real maturity Golterman, George Eduard, an eminent "; in this he compobed *^Alceste," '^Artnide player and composer for the 'cello, born in in 1825. '78 celebrated his and *' Iphigenia," the latter of which was Hanover In 25th the greatest dramatic work composed up to anniversary as conductor at Frankfort, that time. Gluck brought out this w rk in Golterman, Louis, professor of the 'cello at Paris in 1774. In 1780 he returned to Vienna Prague. B. 1825 in Hamburg. where he died of apoplexy. Nov. 15, 1787. Gluck^sinfluence on musical develnpment has Gong, a Chinese instrument, made of bronze. been very great. The dramatic principles GOSS, Sir John, Mus. Doc, an English com- which he promulgated have never been dis- poser of melodious and well written church puted, and but little has been added. As a music. Born x8oo. Died May lo, z88o. melodist he was not unlike Mozart, but much less spontaneous. Gossec, Fran9ois Joseph, a French composer of operas and the originator of symphonies Goddard, Arabella, one of the most distin- for orchestra. A very celebrated musician in fuished English lady pianists. Born 1838. his day, and still held in honor in France. tudied with Kalkbrenner and Thalberg, B. 1733. D. 1829. and Mr. J. W, Davidson, Editor of the London "Musical World." She made conti- GotterdsemmerunsCgot'-er-dam'-er-ung), nental concert tours in '54 and '55. In i860 "The Twilight or Morning of the Gods." she was married to_ Mr.^ Davidson. Visited The fourth and last piece in R. Wagner's America in 1873. Lives in London. "Ring des Nibelungen." 1876. a a/If, % addy a arm^ e eve^ 6 end^ 1 ice^ K ill, o oldy o odd^ 6 dove^ 00 inoon^ \x. lute^ u but^ ii Fr. sound 26 ; GOT DICTIONARY. GRI GottHCtialk, Louis Moreau« a distinguished Grand Opera, opera in which all the dia- American pianist. Born in 1829, at New logue is carried on in recitative. Orleans, a pupil of Ch. Halle and Chopin at Paris in 1846. He made brilliant concert tours Grand Prix de Rome, a prize offered by the Paris "Academie of Fine Arts." entitling through Europe in 1847 ; in 18^3 and after the " he played in all parts of the United States, successful contestant to a pension for Central America and South America. He studying at Rome. died in Rio de Janeiro in 1869, where he oc- GrandiOSO (Ital. gran-dK-o'-z5). Grandly cupied an important artistic position. Gotts- in a dignified manner. chalk was of a semi-Spanish nature, loved the passionate and effective, and as a composer Graun, Heinrich, born 1701, died at Berlin, IS genuinely melodious and original, though 1759. Author of many operas and other " " rarely deep or very tender. works, chief of which are his Te Deum and " Der Tod Jesu," a Passions cantata. Gottsclial^* Alexander Wilhelm, a Ger- G. was a fine contrapuntist, and a good har- man organist, arranger, and Ittierateury born monist. 1827, at Mechelroda, near Weimar. Grave (Ital. grS'-ve), grave. A slow and solemn Goudiniel, Claude (goo'-dS-mSl), a celebrated movement. A low pitch. French composer and teacher. Born in the (Ital. grS'-vS-tS). early part of the 16th c "ntury, supposed to Gravita Gravity ; majesty. have been a teacher of Palestrina. Author Grazia (Ital. grad'-ze-a). Grace ; elegance. of church music, etc. Was killed at the (Ital. grad-ze-o'-zo). massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. Grazioso Gracefully. CrOunod, Chas. (goo-no), the popular com- Greatorex, H. W., an American author of a poser* was born in Paris, June 17, 1B18. His collection of psalmody. Lived in Boston. mother was a distinguished pianist. G. was Greatorex, Thomas, an English composer of pupil of Halevy, etc. In he took the 1836 church music, and organi-^t (1819) of West- " Prix de Rome." In 1852 He became con- minster Abbey, in which he is buried. 2758- ductor at the Orpheon in Paris, but it was 1831. only after a number of failures in other pro- ductions that his "Faust" in 1859 placed Great Orsran. The principal department of him in the front rank of living compo- the organ, embracing all the most powerful sers, Gounod has resided much in England. stops, controlled by the hands from the key- As a composer he is learned, ing^enious and hoard called " Great," Large churches had masterly in orchestration, and his works are formerly two or more organs ; a large one, for on the whole rather sensuous and intoxiciting voluntary playing, in the tower, and a soft than inspiring. His songs are extremely and one, for accompaniment, in the chancel. This deservedly popular. is perhaps the origin of the term as applied to the most powerful part of large organs. CtOW, Neil, a Scotch composer, bom in X727. Died 1807. Great Octave. The German name for the Cnraben-Holfmann, Gustav (grS'-ben), a notes between 8 ft. C and the B next above German song-composer and teacher of sing- (9 notes below middle C). ing at Dresden. Born 1820 at Bonn. Greene, Maurice, Mus. Doc, an old English Ortice IVotes, the En^^lish name for orna- composer of church music. 1696-1755. ments in singing, or in melody in general, Greensleeves, an old English ballad and su -h as appogiaturas, after-notes, etc. 2. A tune mentioned by Shakspeare (Merry Wives, small note. ii, I ; V. 5). Oradnal, a short anthem sung at High Mass, Gregorian Hlodes, the musical scales set in between the Epistle and the Gospel for the order by Pope Gregory the Great, A. D. day. Also u-^ed by French composers as 590. title for organ pieces. Gresorian Tones, or tunes, the melodies or Oradnal, The Roman* a volume of Ritual Plain Song, for the Roman Ritual, established music, containing the plam song melodies for by Gregory the Great. (590.) use throughout the year. Greek Music, appears to have been chiefly Oradus ad Parnassnin, the title of two melodic. Its notation is so imperfect that eminently instructive works in music. 1. antiquarians entirely disagree in their in- Fux's treatise on counterpoint and fugue, terpretations of the same melody. It is 1725. 2. Clementi*s 100 exercises in all styles literally '* all Greek to us." of piano-forte playing. (See Etudes.) X784. Gretry, Andr^ (era-tr)0, was- an extremely Crrammar of fflnsic, the laws of mu<;ical prolific, popular and gifted composer of over speech. Embracing Tonality, Harmony, 50 operas, many symphonies, etc. Born at . Counterpoint, Fugue, Form and Orchestra- Li^ge 1741. Died at Paris 1813. tion, or the entire art of musical composition. Griesbacll, John Henry, an English 'cellist This mass of material has never yet been teacher, composer of an oratorio, "Bel^haz- thoroughly systematized and set in order. zar's Feast," overtures, operettas, etc. Born Grand Piano, the long piano-forte, with at Windsor 1798. Was 14 times director of the three legs, and keyboard at the large end. Its Philharmonic Society. D. 1875. strings conse- merits are longer bass and Grieg, Edward (greeg), composer and pianist. quently more pervadine tone, larger sounding- Born June 15. 1843, at Bergen, in Norway, is board, more powerful action, and greater a pleading and rom:4ntic composer of songs, carrying power of tone. overtures, sonatas for piano solo and piano (irrand. Concert, properly a concert in which and violin, a concerto for the same and or- an orchestra plays the accompaniment. First chestra, etc. Was educated at Leipsic. Is I [ so called in 1777. teacher and conductor at Christiana. a ale^ & add^ S ar/«, e eve^ € end^ i zVf , 1 zV/, 5 oid^ 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 tnoon^ XL luie^ {1 but^ U Fr. sound GRI DICTIONARY. HAR Orisi, Guilia (jKool-!t2 gree'-zee), one of the Half Reat, a name applied to the second half most celebrated operatic singers (soprano). of a time-pulse. Born at Milan, iSio, made a brilliant debut Half IVote, an open note with stem, formerly in 1829, and Bellini wrote his Adalgisa in called minim. '^ Norma" for her. From 1834 until 1861 sHe Half Step, the interval produced bv two suc- sang in London and throughout Europe. Was cessive keys on the piano-forte. This term married to Signor Mario, the great tenor, by is indefinite, and stands for any kind of a whom she had three daughters. Died 1869. semitone, whether diatonic or chromatic. Orossvatertanz, "Grandfather's Dance," Varies from 24 . 25 to 16 : 15. a curious old German dancf, the conventional Half Hlllft, a position of the hand in violin signal of the end of dancing in German balls. playing between open and first shift. Oroup. several short notes connected by their Halle, Chas. (hSl-a'), the celebrated classical stems. A figure of tones, a motive. piani.it, born April n, 1819, at Hagen. Stud- Ground Bass, a set bass, on the repetitions ied with Rink at Darmstadt, and later with of which, by means of variations, etc., an en- Cherubini, Chopin, Liszt, etc., at Paris, tire composition is built up. An old device. Settled in London in 1849, since which he has played in public every season, and is a lead- Orntasmaclier, F. W. L. (grutz'-makh-er), a ing teacher of piano. Halid has played in disiingiiished German 'cellist, and composer pulilic the entire sonatas of Beethoven, for his instrument. Born at Dresden 1832. 3^ twice in two successive seasons. Lives at Dresden. Hseudel, Geo. Fnedrich (h§n~d61). See His- Giiarnieri, or Guarnerius (gwa-na'-rl- torical Sketches. Born 16B5. Died 1759. Us), a family of celebrated viol in -makers, Hand Ouide, a mechanical contrivance affixed living in Cremona. They were: Andreas, to the piano-forte, designed to facilitate the between 1662 and whose best work was made acquisition of correct position and movements Peter, 1670-1717; Antonio, best work 1680; of the hand and wrist. The least objection- 1725-1745; Joseph del Gesu (-.0 called from. able is BGhrer's. the letters 1. H. S. on his tickets), Handel and Haydn Society, a cele- OHgliclmi, Pietro, a favorite I ta.iancomposei, brated vocal society of mixed voices, at Bos- 1727-1804. His son Pietro was also a popular ton, which has been one of the most impor- composer of operas, etc. 1763-1817. tant influences in the elevation of Amencan Craillanme Tell (gweel'-ySm tSl), " William musical taste. Founded 181^. Still active. Tell," Opera in 4 acts. Rossini's 34th and Hamlet, Grand opera in 5 acts. By Ambroise last. 1829. Thomas. 1868. Onilfnani, Alexander (geel-mSn), a distin- Hammer, that part of the piano action which guished French organ virtuoso and composer, strikes the '-trings for the purpose of produc- son of an organist, born at Boulogne, March ing vibrations. Hammers are now made of 12, 1837. Organistof the church of the Trinity light wood, covered with felt made from the at Paris, finest wool. The felt rs put on by hydraulic Cr1lit&l\ a well known stringed instrument of pressure. very limited musical resources, but vastly Hammer Clavier, the piano-forte. romantic associations. Strung with six Hanover Houare Rooms, a celebrated strings, tuned E A D G B G. Practical only concert hall in London, opened in for vdcal accompaniment, and in very limited 1775, variously remodelled, and finally sold for a range of harmony. club house 1875. Gling'l, Joseph, a favorite dance composer of Hamerik, Asger(as-ger ham'-Sr-eek), a dis- the present time, born 1810 in Hungary. He tinguished Danish composer, born Apiil 8, has a celebrated orchestra in Berlin. Visited 1843, at Copenhagen. Was educated in G^^r- AtneHcA in 1848, many and England, and composed operas, of OmppettO (Ital. groo-pgt'-to). Literally " a which he wrote both words and music himself. little group,'* i. «., a turn. In 1872 he became Musical Director of the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, Md. Several Onida (Ital. gwee'-dU). A guide or direct, an of H's. compositions for orchestra obsolete mark. have been played with great favor by Theo. Thomas. (hS), the German name for B natural. Their Hanslick,_ Eduard, a prominent pianist, and B is our B flat. The key having five sharps, a discriminating and celebrated critic and Habeneelc:, Francoise Antoine, a French writer on music in the Vienna " Freie Presse'' violinist, conductor, professor and of the violin Born Sept 11, 182^, at Prague, was a pupil at the Conservatoire, etc. H, was the first to of Tomaschek, and educated in law at tne introduce Beethoven's symphonies in France. University of Vienna. Attracted attention B. 1781. Died 1849. as a critic as early as 1848. In i8sg and after, Haberbier, Ernst (hS.b'-er-beer), a distin- he has given several courses of lectures on the guished German virtuoso pianist, was born at History, of Music. KGnigsbcg, Oct. 5, 1813, the son of an organ- Harmonica, a musical instrument the tones ist. Made concert cour-iin Europein jB5o-'52, of which are produced by vibrations of cir- and in 1866 was living as director of music at cular glass plates strung on a horizontal Bergen in Norway.^ Died March, i86g. H. spindle, revolved by meansof a treadle. The was remarkable for his brilliant "interlocking" lower edges of the plates dip in a trough of SELssages. water. The tones were obtained by rubbing evy, Jacques F. F. E, (jS,k hal-gv-S,), a the plates with the tips of the fingers. The Jew, whose real name was Levi. Born in tone was delicate and pleasant, but had littU Faris, 1799.^ Studied with distinction at the artistic value. Conservatoire, and by 1828 became a promi- 2. This name is now given to a set of glass nent composer of operas in Paris, His rods or bars strung on tapes and struck by greatest was " La Juive" (1835). Died 1862. hammers. a «/tf, S. add^ a arm^ 5 eoe^ 8 end^ i ice^ I ill^ 6 old^ 6 odd^ 3 dove^ 00 moon^ n lute^ ii but^ li Fr. sound : , HAR DICTIONARY. HAU Harmonics, the overtones which form part of Harper, a celebrated family ot English trumpet^ complex tones. Supposing to C be the funda- ers, of whom the elder, T/i^waj, was born 1787, mental, the harmonics would be as shown in and was the greatest trumpeter in England the following table from 1806 to his death in 18S3. His son Thomas succeeded him in all nis positions. The elder Harper played a slide trumpet, and produced a pure, brilliant, even tone. HarjpsiclLOrd, the predecessor of the grand piano. Had from 4 to %% octaves. The wires were mide to vibrate by means of plec- tra or quills acting on the strings by friction ID 123456789 in-ftead of percussion, as in the piano-forte. CCGCEGB^CD E Invented as early as 1600, Gave place to the 2. The soft, flute-like tones obtained from piano-forte about the beginning of the pre- sent century. a vibrating string, by lightly touching it with the finger at proper points of division. Hsertel, Benno, a talented German musician, Harmonic Flute, a flute stop in the organ, and teacher of iheory in Joachim's Royal over-blown so as to specie the octave above Academy of Music at Berlin. B. 1846. its normal pitch, thus acquiring a clear and ringing quality. Of metal or wood, the latter Hartmann, Freidrich, a noted song composer called •' traverse flute." and director. Born 1805. Harmonic Stops, organ stops not of the Hartmann, Johann Peter Emil, a distin- ' foundation pitch ; such as octave, twelfth, guished Danish piano-forte, vocal, orchestral fifteenth, mixture, etc. and operatic composer, born at Copenhagen Harmonic Illusik (Ger. hSr-m5-nee' moo- 1805. Lives at Copenhagen, zeek'). The wind instruments in the orches- Harvard Husicai Association, The, tra. in Boston, a society designed to promote Harmonic Progression, movement from musical culture by eiving classical concerts, one chord to another. etc., in Boston ana Cambridge. Organized Harmonium, a reed instrument of the ser- 1837, largely through the efforts of Mr. John aphine family, in which the vibrations are oc- S. Dwight, who is still secretary (1880). casioned by wind forced out from the bellows Haslinger, a distineuished firm of music pub- through the reeds ; whereas in reed organs lishers at Vienna, founded 1826. One of the the wind is sucked in through the reeds. In- original publishers of Beethoven's works. vented by Alexandre Debain in 1840. Adolph (hSs'-s6), for third Harmony, the legitimate association or com- . Johann a of bination of sounds. The theory of H. in- the iSth century one of the most popular dra- volves' the formation and permutations of matic composers in Europe. Born 1699 at chords, and their proper connection and Bergedorf, Hamburg, where his father was movement accordmgto the principles of ton- schoolmaster and organist. In 1724 became ality. .Usually acquired by much practice in pupil of Porpora at Naples, and afterwards of writing afEer " figured bass." Alessandro Scarlatti. Began his career as opera composer at Naples. In 1731 he went Harmonic iScquence, a sequence or suc- to Dresden, where he lived as kapellmeister cessive repetitions figure of a harmonic ; «. ^. until 1760. Died in Venice 1783. He wrote the chords of C G, A E, F C, etc., a sequence more than 100 operas, besides masses, canta- of descending fourths. tas, psalms, symphonies, and a host of Harmonic Figure, a determinate succession smaller works. He was a great singer and a of fundamentals or inversions in harmony fine pianist, and had an inexhaustible flow ; of pleasing melody. e. g,^ let the figure be of two chords, the sec- fundamental ascending a fourth. ond The HaSSe, Faustina Bordoni, wife of the foregoing, bass then Is F, or G, or A, or B^. C D E F a great operatic singer, noted ft>r the beauty of exqtiislte HarmstOn, J. W., a. popular composer of her voice, her method, pleasing salon music. manners and amiability. 1700-1783. Harold en Itaiie, the 4th of Berlioz^s 5 Hatton, John Liphot, bom in Liverpool iSog, symphonies, op. 16, 18^4. A descriptive is one of the foremost composers in Eng^ work in four movements, t. Harold at the land at the present time. Has composed Mountains. 2. March of the Pilgrims and music for several of Shakspeare^s plays, an- Evening Prayer, 3. Serenade: 4. Orgie de thems, part-songs, operas, and-last the sacred . Brigands, drama _ Hezekiah," produced at the Crystal Hatton is fine accompanist, Harp, one of the oldest instruments, represen- Palace in 1877. a tations of which occur in the decorations of and visited this country in that capacity iji tombs at Thebes, supposed to date from 1848, and again with Parepa in 1867, simple harp about the time of Joseph, The Hank, Minnie (hawk, or howk), born in New the diatonic scale only. produces the tones of York to a German father in 1852. Made her sharps Double action harp§ afford and double debut as Amina in Sonnambula in 1868. pedals pins on sharps by the action of moving From 1869, she_ sang for several years in Vien- to revolving disks in such a way as shorten na, Perlin, Paris and Brussels in a large ran^e tone. the string and raise the Each pedal of parts. Revisited America with Mapleson in notes ofthe through- sharps all the same name 1879. Her voice is a mezzo soprano of great out the compass of the instrument. This force and richness, action was invented by Sebastian Erard. The harp is tuned to the key of Q,b. Haupt (Ger. howpt). The head or chief. & aUy & add^ % arm^ e eve., S end^ i ice^ t ill^ 6 old, 6 odd^ d dove.^ 00 moon^ u lute^ & 3m/, U Fr, stffti^ 29 HAU DICTIONARY. HER Hanpt, Karl August (howpt), one of the most has resided in Paris, rarely playine in public, distinguished German organ virtuosos of the but highly esteemed as teacher and composer. present time, was born in i>io at Cunau. His studies op. 45, 46 and 47, as well as the btudied at Berlin with A. W. Bach and Dehn, older set op. 16, have been in universal use and appeared in public in 1831. Has made among piano dtudents, and for elegance and many concert tours to France and England, refinement of diction they are not equalled by and throughout Germany, and forraany years other works of similar difficulty. They are, has occupied a commanding position in Berlin however, open to the pedagogic objection 01 as organist and teacher 01 organ and theory,^ being extremely unprogressive, easy and Among his American pupils are Prof. John K. difficult ones strangely alternating. Paine, of Harvard, Mr. H. C. Eddy, of Chi- cago, and Samuel P. Warren, of New York. Helmesberger^ Joseph, a member of a dis- tinguished musical family in Vienna, was Hauptmann, MorlCz (howpt'-m^n), the great born in 1928, appointed violin professor and theorist, was born in 1792 at Dresden. Studied director of the Conservatory at the early age the violin, on which he distinguished himself, of 24. In i860 he was appointed first violin and was from 1812 to 1818 a violinist at Dres- at the Imperial opera, etc. He leads quartette den, and again from 1823 at Kassel, where parties every season. His playing is noted also he taught theory^ and had among his for ^race, poetic quality, refinement, and pupils Ferd. David, Cur-chmann. Norbert Ibrilhancy. BurgmuUer, Kiel, etc. In 1842 he became cantor of the St. Thomas school and church, Helmltoltz, Hermann L. F., the celebrated in Leipsic, and te^dier in the Conservatory, investigator of sound, and the physiology of ' where he maintained his rank as one of the music, was born at Potsdam, 1821. Is pro- grea est theorists of his time. Died 1868. fessor in the Berlin University. His great He was a fine composer of songs, motettes work, '*Tone Sensations," is now translated and church works. He laid great stress upon into English. two aesthetic requirements, unity of idea and Helmore, Rev. Thomas, an English clergy- symmetry of form. man, author of several works in church mu- Kanptwerk (Ger. howpt'-vark). The Great sic devoted mainly to the restoration of the Organ. Plain Song. B. 1811. Educated at Oxford, Hautbois (Fr. ho-bwS). The oboe. Henkel, , a prolific composer of organ Hautboy (Eng.) The oboe. and church pieces, was born at Fulda, 1780. D. iSiit. His son, Geo. Andreas. v/Sl'^ bom Sir JSawliLlns, John, born 171Q, was educated 1805, and was also a prolific composer. D. 1871. A wrote for a lawyer, but being fond of music younger brother, ffeinrich^ b. 1822, is a dis- words for cantatas, etc., and finally his tinguished organist, and in 1844 was elected General History of the Science and Practice organist of St. Eustache, in Paris. Lives at of Music, in 5 vols., 1776, This has been re- Frankfort-on-the-Maine. printed by the Novellos, H, wa-. one of the executors of Dr. Johnson's will. Died 1789, Hensehel, Geore^e, born Feb. 18, 1850, was and was buried in Westminster Abbey. first a pianist, but at present the leading bari- tone singer in England, Is also a proiiHcand Francis Joseph (hi'-dn), father of the Haydn, talented composer. string quartette and symphony, was born near Vienna 1732. Died 1809. See Historical Hensel, Fanny Cecile, an elder sister of Men- Sketches, p. 157. delssohn, was born 1805. _ Was a fine player and a good musician. Died 1847. Haydn, Michael, ydunger _ brother of the pre- ceding, was a fine musician, and a successful Henselt, Adolph, one of the most distin- composer, altho'igh his fame has been too fuished virtuoso pianists of the present day, much over-shadowed by his greater brother. ut so nervous that he rarely plays in public, 1806. Born 1737. Died was born May 12, 1814, in Bavaria, and since Hayes, Catherine,_a very popular Irish soprano, 1838 resident in St. Petersburg. H. was a born in 1825. Died 1S61. pupil of Hummel, but is distinctly a virtuoso of the modem school. H. is a fine musician, Head Voice, the falsetto register, which in and a very successful^ teacher. As a composer men has more or less the quality of the he has decided originality and poetic value, female voice, and in women a fiute-like qual- though perhaps not such as will rank him ity. permanently with the highest. His piano- H dnr (Ger. hS dur) the key of B major, forte concerto is regarded as one of the most difficult ever written. Hebrides, The. One of the names of Mendels- sohn's concert overture in B min, op. 26, Heptachord, a scale or system of seven Called in Germany '' Fingals HGhle, and sounds. *' Die einsame Insel." 183 n>r 1832. Herculaneum, opera in 4 acts, by Felic. Heftig (Ger. hSf 'tig), vehement, boisterous. David, 1859, Heiter (Ger. hr-t6r), serene, bright. Hercules, a musical drama or oratorio, by Handel, 1744. Heiss (Ger. his), hot, ardent. Heinikelir aas der Fremde, German Herold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, one of the most gifted of the French opera composers, name of Mendelssohn's operetta, " The Son .was born at Paris^i79i, the son of a pianist. and Stranger.'* His earliest success was in 1813, but he com- Heller, Stephen, the universally known and posed a large number of operas before he elegant composer of etudes and salon pieces achieved a cosmopolitan success in " Zampa^' for piano, is an accomplished pianist. He was in iSsr. H, died young, just at the maturity born May 15, 1815, at Pesth. Since 1838 he of his powers, in 1833, aged 42. a ale^ & addy S arm^ e eve^ @ end^ 1 ice^ X ///, old^ 5 odd^ d dove^ 00 moon^ ii lute^ u dut^ U Fr, sound 30 HER DICTIONARY. HOF Herrmann, Gottfried, a many-sided German mate with Rossini, Chopin, Liszt, Meyer- musician and composer, born 1808 at Sonder- beer, Berlioz, Nourrit, Heine, etc. He was hausen, educated by his father, avioloncelist, the first to play Beethoven's E flat concerto and afterwards with Spohr, Aloys Schmitt, in Paris, After living some time at Leipsic etc. _ Since 1839 ^^ ^^^ occupied a very high and Dresden, he organized the Conservatory position as conductor, opera composer, and atCologne, wherene Has resided ever since. teacher of singing, not only at Sonderhausen His most distinguished pupil is Max Bruch. and LUbeck, but in many festivals, etc. Hiller wrices in at-lassical Rtyle, and has pub- lished 183 works, of almost every kind : chief Hersehel, Frederick William (Sir William of them being his '" Destruction of Jerusa- Herschel)^ the great astronomer, was born at lem,'* " Spring Symphony,'] and Piano con- Hanover in 1738, and at the age of 14 was certo in F sharp, Hiller is a polished and placed in the orchestra as oboeist. He came genial man, who has never lacked friends to England with the regiment about 1757, and was stationed at Durham. He soon became Hiller, Johann Adam, a very active, produc- organist at Halifax, and afterwards at Bath. tive, and influential German musician, was While living here he turned his attention to born at Wendisch-Ossig, in Prussia, 1738, and astronomy, and pursued his studies in the lived independently at Leipsic,. actively em- intervals of his professional duties for many ployed ini promoting public concerts. As a yearp. In 17B1 his discovery of the planet composer he is credited with having enlarged Uranus by means of the great telescope which the scope of the Lied. Died 1804. he had built, procured his appointment of Himmel, Freid Heinrich, a melodious, but private a<«tronomer to the king, and a pen- unimaginative composer, born 1765, died 18x4. sion of £400, whereupon he abandoned the English musician and musical profession. 1). 1S22. Hodges, Dr. Edward, an organist, was born at Bristol, 1796, and was (mlk'-§l hartz), virtuoso Hertz, Michael piano organist of Clifton church. In 1838 he came and composer, is one of the most talented to New York and became organist ot St. young musicians in Germany. educated Was John's, and in 1846 at Trinity. Returned to at Leipsic, and at present teaches at Berlin. England 1863. Died 1867. His daughter, at Warsaw. Born 1844 Faustina Hasse Hodges^ is an organist, as Herz, Henri, a much admired compo«ier and is also his son, Rev. J. S. Hodges. was born in 1806 Vienna, and fiianist, at Hoffmann, a celebrated name in literature of his father. was earned music In 1816 he and music in Germany. Amon^ the chief the Paris Conservatoire, entered at and two composers by this name were: jLrnst Iheo- to concert years later began compose. His dor^s^ highly origin d composer anu littera- tours from 1831 to 1834 were made chiefly in teur^ as well as jurist, b. 1776, d. 182c. H. Germany and France. In the latter year he was an extremely clever but fantastic news- to to the came to- England, and in 1846 1850 paper writer, and many of his pieces have United States^ and South America. In 1851 been translated, one by Carlyle. He wrote at the he was back in Paris and^ professor also zi operas, a requiem, two symphonies, Conservatoire, which he relinquished in 1874. etc. Karl yuiius A ' H., b. i8oz at Ra isbon, piano factory of his own in "* He set up a 1853, hves at LobschUtz, and is author of History hold rank. a and his instruments high As of Musicians in Silesia from 960 to 1830, compo ^er he has always written in the mode also of several other musical histories, as well of the day, as very many compositions, songs, chorales, nesse, Adolph (h@s'-s6), a great organist and piano pieces, concertos for different instru- elegant composer for the oigan, as well as in ments, an operette, etc. yohann George^ an most other lorms of music. He was born at organist and founder of musical theory, born BreslaAfi, Aug. 30, 1809, and in 1831 became 1700, died 1780. Composer of many church organist there. He made concert tours to cantatas, 400 serenades, concertos, t-tc. Lud- Paris, England and throughout Germany, wz^, a clever composer, h. at Berlin, 1830, Died August 5, 1863. where he lives as teacher of sinking, conduc- Heinrich violin viituoso Sexachord, a scale of six sounds, having a tor, etc. Antony semi-tone between the third and fourth, and and conductor, 1770- 1842. His brother, Phillip Karly was a pianist and prolific com- major seconds elsewhere, s, A lyre of six strings poser. 1769-1830. Heinrich (hin'-rlfk), a talented and nexameron, a set of six pieces, or songs. Hoftnann, progressive composer of the present time. This name is given to Liszt's Variations on '* Born J[an. 13, 1842, iu Berlin, where he stud- I Puritani" for two pianos. ied piano and composition with KuUak, Bidden Fifths, fifths produced by the pro- Dehn, and Wuerzt, and still resides. Is the gression of two voices to a perfect fifth through composer of operas, symphonies, songs, similar motion. and especially a number of very successful Hi^ti ASass, a mass sung with full ceremo- cantatas for chorus and orchestra, *'The " nial. Fable of the Fair Melusine,' Cinderella," *' Loreley,''etc., which have been extremely Fiine, a step in dancing peculiar Highland successful. Hofmann is a pleasing cumposer, to the Scotch Highlands. Also the dance and a good colorist with orchestra. itself. -The mttsic to which it is danced is the Strathspey Hoffman, Richard, a distinguished piano-forte virtuoso, teacher and composer in New York. Hiller, Ferdinand, one of the most eminent Burn in Manchester, England, May 24, 18-J, living German composers and musicians, was Came to New Yoik in 1846 or 1847, where he born of parents at Frankfort-on-the- Jewish has since held high rank as teacher and Oct. 24. 1811. He studied the piano, Maine; pianist. violin, and composition, partly with Hummel at Vienna. From 1828 to 1835 he lived at Hoffman, Edward, brother of the preceding, Paris, Composing and teaching, and was inti- a popular writer of light salon pieces. fi buty Fr, sound & «&, a addy a arm^ e eve^ S end^ i ice^ \ illy 6 oldy 5 oddy 6 dovey 00 mooHy u lute^ U HOH DICTIONARY. HYP Hohlflote (Ger. hor-flo'-tg), hollow-toned Huguenots, Les. Opera in 5 acts, by Meyer- fliUe. An organ stop producing a thick and beer. 1836, hollow flute-tone. Usually of 8 ft. Hullah, John, LL.D., a distinguished teacher UohnstOCk, Karl, a distinguished pianist, of singing and musical educator in England. violinist, and musician, of Philadelphia Born Born at Worcester 1812. Came early to Lon- 1828 at Bruflswick. Lame Co Philadelphia in don, where he has lived ever since. In 183B, 1848. after composing several small operas, Mr. Holden, Oliver, one of the original American Hullah turned his attention to the popular psalmodists, acarpenter by trade. Published instruction in vocal music in which he has his '^American Harmony' about 1790. Died ever since been engaged. HuUah advocates at Charlestown, 1831. the ''fixed Do,' as distinguished from the " movable Do " of the Tonic Sol-Fa schools. Holmes, Alfred, a talented composer and fine He is the author of many text-books of mu- violinist. Born at London 1837. Died 1876. sic, lecturer and profdssor of vocal music in His principal works were symphonies, his Queen's College, London, and Inspector ' *' of ' Robin Hood'* and the The Siege of Training Schools for the United Kingdom. Paris." His lectures on Musical History are very in- Home l^weet Home. This melody occurs teresting. (2 vols.) in Bishop's opera of "Clan," 1823. It is (Ger. hQ-mor). ; fancy. designated as a *' Sicilian Air," but is very Humor Whim possibly Bishop's own, Humoreske (Ger. hu-mor-Ss'-ke). A title Homophony, the same in sound. Equivalent adopted by Schumann for his piano-forte to unison, and opposed to P lyphony, or piece, op. 20. manifold sound. Now commonly applied to Humphry, Pelham, an English composer of music in which the parts all move together, anthems, songs, etc. B. 1647. D. 1674. instead of imitations, etc., as in polyphonic style. Hummel (hiim'-mel), J. N., a celebrated pian- ist, and an elegant and in some sense, classi- Hook E. & G. G., and Hastings, a firm of organ cal composer for the piano, was the son of a builders, established in Boston about 1835, musi ian,and born at Presburg, 1778. About and for the last twenty years occupying the 1786 He became an inmate of Mozart's house, foremost place among American builders. and for two years enjoyed his instruction. Their work is remarkable for sweetness and traveled several ars as a concert pian- purity of voicing. He y ist, studied composition at Vienna with Hopkins, Edward John, an English organist Albrechtsberger, was from 1804 to 181 1 Capell- and composer of church music, born at West- meisterto Prince Esterhazyin Haydn's place, minster i8i8. Died at Ventnor 1873. and afterwards lived at Weimar, with frequent journeys to Russia, France. England, etc. Hopkins, C. Jerome, an indefatigable teacher Died at Weimar, 1837. He wrote 3 operas, 2 of (jhorus singing, and eccentric pianist and masses, much piano music, etc. Hehad^ood organist in New York son of the late Bishop musician^ihip, elegance of style, but little Hopkins, of Vermont. H. publishes ''"The force and concentration As a pianist he was OrpkeonistC' a curious musical periodical, for some time the rival of Moscheles at Horn, French Horn, one of the most Vienna. characteristic and important brass instruments Hunten, Francois (hoon'-ten), a French pian- in the orchestra. Is composed of a tube 17 ist and composer, author of many light pieces feet in length, rolled into a spiral f rm. for piano, studies, etc. B. about 1810, Modern instruments are furnished with valves on the same plan as those of the cornet, and Hurdy-gurdy, an obsolescent instrument, crooks for the purpose of changing the pitch somewhat resembling a viola or large violin. of the whole tube. The tone of the horn is The strings are made to vibrate by means of peculiarly soft and pure. It is an extremely the friction of a wooden wheel let into the difficult instrument to learn to play, and the belly, just above the tail-piece, and revolved instruction books are said by players to be in- by means of a crank. Two of the fourstrings correct. are used for melody strings, or chanters, and Horneman. Johann Ole Emil, a Danish com- are stopped by means of^ keys on the finger- poser, b. i8og, d, 1870, at Copenhagen. board. The other two are drones and sound continuously when the instrument is played. Horneman, a ^^oung German composer, edu- It is essentially a peasant's instrument. cated at Leipsic, well known by his pretty overture to *'Aladdin.'* Born about 1850. Hutchinson Family, a family of natural singers, born Hornpipe, an English dance in common time, in Milford, New Hampshire. rather quick. Four of the brothers, born from i8r8 to 1828, were verjr noted as temperance and anti- Horsley, William, Mus. Doc, an English or- slavery singers throughout the Northern ganist, and elee and church composer. Born States and England from 1846 to 1858. Later 1774, died 1858. they were broken up, and are now represented by ^okn and his family Hncbald (huk'-bald), a monk of St. Amaud, and Asa and his family. They had in Flanders, born about 840, died 932, aged musical voices and sang simply. 02. The author of the earliest treatise on harmony which has come down to us. Owing Hymn, a song of praise to Deity. A lyrical to the imperfect notation he employs, there is poem for sij ging m church. some doubt as to the real intention of his music. But on the whole it sounds to us Hymn of Praise, The, a cantata by Men- delssohn, in dreadfully crude. It consists of parallel 4ths 1840. and 5ths. Hyper (Gr. hi'-p6r). Above. a «/«, S. add. H arm^ e e-ue^ 6 end^ I ice^ \ ill^ 6 old^ 6 odd^ dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ G but^ il Fr. sound . lAM DICTIONARY. INT Iambus, a poetical and musical foot, consisting Indeciso (Ital. een-dS-tshee'-zo), Undecided, of one short and one long syllable. wavering ; with unsteady time. Idea, a theme or subject. Index, the old name for *' direct,'* which see. Ideal, that which is expressive of the idea. See IndiiTerente (Ital. een - dif- f - Part IV S ran'- 16). Coldly, indifferently. Idomeneo Re di Creta (ee-do-man'-a-o ra dee kree-tS). " Idomeneo, King of Crete," Inflnite Canon, also csXi^A Endless Canon, opera seria in 3 acts, by Mozart. 1781. A canon without proper ending, each part leading back to the beginning, like a round. Idyl, (i'-dll,. or Idylle (Fr. ee-dtl'), a short poem in pastoral style ; an eclogue. Inflection, any change of pitch or modifica- II (Ital eel.) the. tion of the tone ot the voice. Im (Ger, in dem)^ in the. Inft-a (Lat. In'-fiii). Beneath. Imagination, the faculty of forming; lively Inhalt (Ger. en-hSlt). Content ; meaning. images within one's mmd, of scenes, histories, sounds, plays. It is the same as Phaniasie. Innig (Ger, In'-nlgJ. Cordial, fervent, sincere, Imboccatura (Ital. eem-bok-ka-too'-r£). devout. Used by Beethoven and Schumann The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. in the last senses. ImbrogrliO (U^l> eem-brol'-yo), confusion, Innocentemente (Ital. een-no-tshan-tl- want of distinct idea<>. man'-te). Innocently; in a simple and artless style. Imitation, the repetition of a melodic figure or motive called antecedent^ previously ap- In Partita (Ital. par-tee'-tS). In score. See pearing in another voice. Imitation takes ** Score." place ^' in the unison," i'.«., at the same pitch, in the second, third, fourth, etc., above or In C^uesta Tomba (Ital. een kwSs'-tS tom'- ba), " In this Tomb." celebrated contral- below. Strict imitation is an exact repeti- A to song of BeethovenV 1808. Also effective tion of the antecedent ; Free imitation an approximate imitation, one or more of the for bass. Much sung by Mr. M, W. Whitney. being enlarged diminished. intervals or Inquieto (Ital. een-kwe-a'-to). Restless, un- ImimerCGer. Im'-merJ. Always, ever. easy. Imperfect, less than perfect. Applied to in- Instante (Ital. een-stSn'-tS). Instantly. tervals to denote that they are too small. Instantemente (Ital. een-stStn-tS-man'-tS). Imperfect Consonances, the major and Vehemently, urgently. minor thirds and sixths, as well as their com- pounds with octaves. Institute, Prix de I' (piees du lln-stt-tUt), ''' Prize of the Institute.^' A prize founded Imperfect Cadence, a full cadence in by Napoleon III in 1859, of 20,000 francs, which the soprano ends on the third of the awarded biennially to the member of the In- chord. stitute most deserving of it. It has once Impetuosity, Impeto (Ital. eem'-p3-to). ve- been taken by a musiciau, Felicien David, in hemence. 1867. ImpetaOSO (Ital. eem-pa~too-o'-zo). Impet- Institute, any body or society established un- uously, vehemently. der law for a particular purpose. Impresario (Ital. eem-prS-zS'-re-o). A manager of operas or concerts. Institute Rationale, a great national in- stitution in France, established by the Direc- (Fr. &hn-prdmp'-too). ex- Impromptu An tory in 1795. It consists of 5 Departments: temporaneous production. light A and spon- I, Acadimie Fransaise. 2, Inscriptions ei taneous composition. Belles-Lettres. 3, Sciences. 4, Beaux A rts, Improperia (Lat.) The Reproaches. A S, Sciences Morales et Politigues. series of antiphons and responses used in the Instrument, in general a tool. In music an solemn service of the morning of Good Fri- apparatus for producing musical sounds. day. Orchestral instruments consist of the strings^ ImproTisare (Ital. em-prd-ve-z£'-r@). To violin family ; the w£«bassoons, and (brass^^ horns, Improvisateor (Fr. ahn-prd-ve-zSp-tiir'). trumpets, trombones, ophicleid, tuba, etc., An improviser. percussion^ drums, triangle, cymball, tam- Improvissatore (Ital eem-pro-ve-sS-to-rS). bourine, etc. All wind instruments are re- One who sings or declaims u verse or music garded as descended from the pipe, and all instruments exte m p oraneously stringed from the lyre. Improvisation, the act of sin^ng, playing, Instrumentation, the art of writing for or composing music without previous prepara- orchestra. Berlioz has a book on the subject. tion. The composition so produced. See also the and Vol. of J_. C, Lobe's Kompo- sitionslekre. Also a primer of the Novello In alt, tones above the F of the 5th line of the series. treble staff. Director, In altissimo (Ital.Sl-tees'-se-mo). The oc- Intendente (Ital. een-ten-dan'-tS). tave above the preceding. conductor. Incalzando (Ital. een-kal-zan'-do). Some- In Tempo (Ital. tSm'-po), in time, i.e. resum- what quicker (than the preceding part). ing the proper movement after a ritard. Incarnatns est rLat. In-kSr-nS-toos Sst), Interiude, a short passage played between the '* and was bom." A part of the Credo, usual- stanzas of a song or hymn. Also a light play ly set to slow music. introduced between the acts of a drama. fi o/f, & add^ S arm^ e evcy 3 endy i ice^ t ill^ o old^ 5 odd.^ d d 3 33 INT DICTIONARY. JAC Intermezzo (Ital. een-tSr-mat'-s5). An in- table, or at the opening of the service. An- terludCf or intermediate piece between two ciently sung while the faithful were entering others. An interlude, a name frequently em- the church. ployed by Schumann to designate short and Invention, a name given by J. S. Bach to not very important pieces. An /. was origi- certain small piano-forte pieces in two and nally character. of alight and pleasing three parts. Interval, difference of pitch between tones. Inversion, a turning upside down. In har- Intervals are named from the number of de- mony the change iroman interval to its com- grees the scale they second is of include, A plement. Also the substitution of the 3rd, 5th. the interval of the scale between any tone or 7th of a chord as bass, instead of the root, and the next -ve third takes ab or below. A the natural bass. In counterpoint the inter- to next tone one, etc. the but The represen- change of voices, the higher becoming the tation of an interval is determined its na- by lower, and vice versa^ at some pre-contrived ture. second is represenied by two notes A interval, which may be the octave, ninth, on adjacent degrees of the stuff ; third a by tenth, or twelfth. In tnelody the repetition two notes on successive lines, or successive of a motive or hrase, with its ups and downs spaces, etc. Intervals alike, as i which sound reversed. In the inversion of a chord, the the minor third and second, augmented are *' combination tone" remains unchanged, introduced and resolved differently. Like hence the identity of the chord is unaffected different words of the same sound, they can by it. not be determined when standing alone, as Ionic Key ) One of the church keys, hav- ail and ale: plain Bud plane: so sixidseiv; lonian Mode f ing the tones C D £ F G can to be able, and can a receptacle. The ABC, being in fact our major scale. manner of their use explains their meaning, an opera librettt^ Metastasio, and the true spelling thereupon follows. The Ipermestra, by which has composers. principal intervals in perfect intonation are had 18 Among Sarti, Jommelli, represented by mathematical ratios, those of them Hasse and Gluck. the tempered scale are not easy to determine, Iphigenie en Aulide, " Iphigenia in and almost impossible to produce on different Aulis," tragic opera in 3 acts, by Gluck, 1774. instruments twice owing to diffi- '* alike, the Ipliigenie en Tauride, Iphigenia in culty of tuning. '* (See Temperament." and Tauris," tragic opera in 4 acts, by Gluck. " Scale ratios.") The ratios of the principal ^ 1779. intervals, beginning with the most consonant, Irene (i-reen). An English version of Qou- are octave 2; i ; -^txfifth 3:2; ^^x fourth 4 : g, Tiod'*%^^Keine de Saba. ' 1865. maj, third 5:4; min. third^ 6:5; maj, IrlandaiS (Fr. eer-lShn-dS'). An air or dance second 8 : 7, 9 : 8, and 10 : 9, ac'ording to its tune in the Irish style. place in the scale ; min. second 14 : 13, 15 : 14, 16:15. Irish ]}Iusie,is noted chiefly for its sweet and Intervals, Perfect. The unison, octave, 4th pathetic melody, and lor its wild and devil- and 5th which occur between the tonic may-care dance tunes. and the 4th, 5th, and 8th of the maj"r scale. Irresolnto (Ital. ee-rar-zd-loo'-t5). Irreso- These are called perfect because they have lute, wavering. perfect "complements," because they and Isochronous, in equal time. are the only consonant intervals of those de- nominations. Isotonic System, a system of tuning in ab- solutely equal temperament. Intervals, Major. Second.;, ads, 6ths, 7ths, and Qths, between the tonic of the major IstesSO (Ital. ees-ta'-so). The same. scale and the corresponding diatonic tones. Isouard, Nicolo, a prolific French composer of Intervals, Minor. Seconds, 3ds, 6th5, /ths, opetas, distinguished by melody and freedom and Qths, a chromatic semi-tone smaller than from vulgarity. 1775-1818. the major intervals of the tame name. Israel in £gypt, the 5th of Handel's ora- Intervals, Augmented. A chromatic semi- tories. 1738. This work (ontains a greater tone larger than major or perfect intervals. number of*^bare-ficed plagiarisms from other composers than was perhaps ever offered in a Intervals, Diminished, A chromatic semi- great work by a man of genius. It is distin- tone smaller than perfect or minor intervals. guished, nevertheless, for grandeur and mo- Interrnpted Cadence, called also evaded notony. cadence, a cadence that is interrupted by the Italian Music was formerly noted for its unexpected entrance of some other chord scientific cleverness, and always for its melody (usually the sixth degree) where the tonic and pleasing quality. See Lessons xxxix and was expected. xli. Intonare (Ital. een-to-na'-rS), To pitch the Italiana in Al^ieri, L*, " The Italian in voice ; to sound the key noie ; to intone. Algiers." Comic opera by Rossini. 1813. Intrada (Ital. een-tr^-dS). An introduction. Italian S^ixtli. a name sometimes given the chord of the augmented sixth and maj. third, (Ital, een-tra'-pe-do). Intrepido Intrepid, as D(5 F B, bold. " Ite, llissa Est, Go ! Mass is finished," Introduction, a short preparatory move- The dismissal anthem in the Mass. ment. Jack, an upright piece of wood standing on a Intonation, the pitch. Also the introductory key of the harpsichord, bearing on its upper notes of the Plain Song where the precentor end a transverse piece of crow-quill to twang is hunting for the key. the string in passing, when the key i pressed Introlt (In-tro -It, or Fr. S,hn-trwS), Entrance, by the finger. In the piano the J[ack is the a hymn or anthem sung while the priest upright lever of the action, communicating the enters within the rails at the communion motion from the key to the hammer. a a/?, a add^ a arm^ e eve^ § end^ i /«, I zV/, 6 old^ 6 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ii but^ U Fr. s»uud 34 JAC DICTIONARY. JOM Jackson, William, an English violinist, organ- Jenny Bell* comic opera in 3 acts by Auber, ist and composer. Born at Exeter 1730. Died 1855. The scene is laid in England. 1803. Author of several operas and dramati- Jensen, Adolph (yen-sSn), one of the cal works, and wriiini^s about music. most imaginative and pleasing composers of the Jackson, William, an organist and chorus present time. Born Jan. iz, 1837, at KSnigs- master, whose earliest business was that berg. Was a pnpil of Ehlert and Marpurg, of a tallow-chandler, and who educated He has published very many works, songs, himself, wa« born at Masham 1816. Was the piano pieces, etc., in a style somewhat re- author ol an oratorio "The deliverance of sembling >cnumann, but more [)leasing and Israel from Babylon,^* 1845, and several can- not so deep. His studies for piano, op, 32, tatas. Died 1866. are worthy of particular mention as affording an agreeable introduction to Schumann. Died T^ackson, Samuel, an organist, composer and at Baden-Baden, 1879. arranger of music, and teacher, in New York. Jeptliah, HandePs last oratorio. His blind- Jadassohn, Saloman, a many-sided composer ness came on during its composition. of the present time, was born at 17S1. Bresiau in This subject was also set by Bartholemon at 1831, and studied with Hesse, LUstner, Florence in 1776, and Reinthaler about i85S« Brosig. and at Leipsic. In 1852 became resi- grand dent in Leipsic and conductor of the Jerusalem, opera in 4 acts by Verdi, being a French adaptation of" 1 "Euterpe" society is a teacher of har- Lombardi.^ J. Also an oratorio mony, composition and piano in the Conserva- in 3 parts by H. H. Pierson, torium, and a fruitful composer of piano 1852. a grand pieces,songs, symphonies, etc. Jessonda, German opera in 3 acts by Spohr. 1823. Jadin, Louis Emmanuel, a French composer, Jeune Henri. Le, opera-comlque in 2 acts of Belgian origin, conductor and teacher, who by Mdhul. 1797. wrote very many patriotic songs, much cham- Jeu (Fr. zhfih), play. The style of playing an ber music, and several operas. Born at 1768 instrument. Also a register in an organ. Versailles. Died in Paris 1853. Jeux (Fr. zhuh, plural of the preceding). Stops. Jaehns, Friedrich Wilhelm, (written Jdhns^ Jeux d' (Fr. yans), royal music director at Berlin, was Anches zhilh d'Snsh). Reed stops. born 1809. He has composed and arranged Jeu Clrande (Fr. zhfih gran'-d6). full much for the piano, and is author of an ex- The organ. haustive themaric catalogue of the works of Carl Maria von Weber. JToaeliim, Joseph (yo-Skh'-eem), the greatest of living violin plavers, was born at Kitt*iee, Jaell, Alfred (yal), a distinguished piano-forte June 28, 1831. He began to play the violin virtuoso, was born at Trieste, Mar. <;, 1032. at 5 years of age. in 1843, a boy of 12. al- studied the violin and piano at an early age, ready^ an accomplished player, he went to and made his first public appearances as Leipsic, where his remarkable talent was pianist at the age of 11. From this time for- recognized by all, and he remained with ward his success as a virtuoso was very great. David, and at ihe same time made thorough In 1843 he settled in Paris, but left at the time studies in literature and musical composition, of the revolution in 1847, and soon afterwards until 1850, when his career as virtuoso began, came to America. In 1851 and 1852 he played and has continued ever since with the great- with great success in Bo'iton and New York. est distinction and honor. In 186S he became Since 1854 he has divided his time between head of the " High School for Musical Execu- England and the Continent. Jaell is an ele- tion " in Berlin, where he has since resided gant pianistf with great fluency and neatness and labored, with the mo^t beneficent results of technic, but not much depth. He married Joachim is noted forthe breadth, erace, ten- a pianist. Miss Trautmann, in t866, derness and deep feeling of his playing, as well as for his un •jsproachable technique, in JalTe, Moritz (yaf-fa), A good violinist and which respect he is not surpassed by any. composer, living at Berlin. Born 1835. Au- He ib also a composer of exceptional ability. thor of two operas, a string quartette, etc., His greatest work is his "Hungarian and a superior leader of a quartette. Con- certo," op. II. Jahn* Otto (ySn), the biographer of Mozart, Joan of Arc, opeia in 3 acts, by Balfe, 1837. and a distinguished philologist, archaeologist Joconde, ou Les Coureurs d*Aventure, comic and writer on art and music. Born 16, June opera in 3 acts, by Isouard, 1814. 1813, at Kiel. Studied there and at Berlin John the Baptist, an oratorio in two parts, and Leipsic ; took his degree in Lived 1831. by at Bonn 1S55 to 1869. Died that year at GStt- Di. G. A, Macfarren. Produced at the B.ristol Festival in ingen. His great work of musical interest is 1873. his"W. A. Mozart," 1856-59. Jodein (Ger. yo'-d'ln). A style of singing Jahrbaecher far llasikalisclie Wis- peculiar to the Tyrolese peasants, the natural senSChaft, "Yearbooks of Musical Sci- voice and the falsetto being Ubed alternately, ence." Published iij 1863 and 18^7, containing Jole ( Fr. zhwS). Joy, gladness. valuable papers. (Breitkopf& HSrtel, many Jommelli. Niccol5, (yom-m^I'-lee). A dis- Leipsic.) tinguished Neapolitan opera composer. Born Jaleo de Xeres (Spa. ha-la-o da ha-rSs). ait Aversa 1714, and thoroughly educated in A Spanish national dance, of a quick, light music, at first at home, and afterwards in ch iracter. Frequently introduced in operas. Naples. Jommelli made his first appearance as an opera composer in with gr at (yan-not'-tS), the leading 1737, Jannota, success. The following twenty years were Italian teacher of singing in Cincinnati. passed at Venice, Vienna, Rome, and again *'* Jean de Paris, John of Paris," comic . at Naples, where for the most of the time his opera in 2 acts by Boieldieu. 1812. operas had distinguished success. Died 1774. fi aie% & »dd^ % arttty e eve^ 3 end-^ 1 ice^ I 2//, 5 old^ 5 odd^ d eU>ve^ 00 moon^ il lute^ fi but^ U Fr. sound 35 JON DICTIOJSTARY. KEl jFones, Sir Wm., the learned orientalist, was au- Jungrste Gericht, Das, Spohr's first ora- thor of a treatise on " The Musical Modes of torio. 2813. Not the same as his "The the Hindus," 1784. Born X746 at I^ondon. Last Judgment." Died at Calcutta 1794. Jupiter SympllOny, The. Mozart's 49th Jongleurs (Fr. zhonh-gltir). An old term and last symphony, m C (KBchel ssi) 1788. for the itinerant musicians of the loth and The name was applied, perhaps, by J. B. following centuries. Cramer. and his Brethren, the 8th of HandePs Joseph Just, a term apnlied to all consonant intervals, oratorios, 1743. and to the strings and pipes that give them Josephf opera comic in 3 acts, by M^hul. 1807. with exactness. 2. Oratorio in two parts by Dr. G. A, Mac- farren. Produced at the Leeds Festival, 1&77. JustO (ital. yoos-to). Exactness, precision. Josliua, the 14th of Handel's oratorios, 1747. Juni^mann, Albert (yoong'-mS,n). A ^ood and an elegant composer cf^ piano 'Josqain, Despr^s (y5s-keen' da-pra.). One pianist, at Langensalza. Lives ia of the greatest masters of the Netherlands pieces. Born 1824 Vienna. school, and the immediate predecessor in musical history of Lassus and Palestri^a, was Kafka, Johann Nepomule, pianist and salon born about the middle of the 15th century, composer, was born may 17, idig, in Bohemia. near St. Qucntin. He was a prolific com- Studied in Vienna, and since i8to has pro- poser, and left masses, about 50 secular 19 duced a constant succession of pleasing com- pieces, 150 motets with sacred words, etc. positions for the piano. His works sound somewhat meagre now, but he had genuine melody. H.alkbrenner, Friedrich W. M., was in his Jota (Spa. ho'-isi). A Spanish national dance day a grsat virtuoso pianist and_ a prolific in waltz time. Specimens may be seen in compos !r. He was born near Berlin in 1788. " Sarasate's Spanish Dances." Studied in Paris at the Conservatoire, where he carried off the honors for his pia/io play- (Ger. yoo-b&l fld'-tS), organ Jubel-Floete An ing. He at first settled in Lcndon, where he flute species. stop of the had fine success as a teacher and player, but Jnlillate Deo (Lat. joo-bS-1U'-tS dee'-5). in 1824 he returned to Paris, where he was re- " O be joyful in the Lord." The first words ceived as a partner in the house of Pleyel & of the looth Paalm ; is used as a canti- Co., piano-makers, and eventually amassed cle in the order of Morning Prayer. a fortune. His compositions for a time were held in the highest repute, and were so when The, celebrated over- Jubilee Overture, a Chopin went to Paris in 1831, but they are composed by von ture in E, op. 59, C. M. now forgotten. K. was an elegant pianist, Weber for the festival at Dresden in 1818. It but without a large tone or much depth of " save the King.'* winds up with God expression. D. 1849. Jubilee, The Peace. Two monster fe-^ti- Kalliivoda, Johann Wenzelslaus, a violin vals by this name were held in Boston i86g player ancl popular composer, was born at and 1871, under the inspiration and general Prague in x8oo. He died at Carlsruhe in direction of Mr. P. S. Gilmore. At the last 1866. Was the author of symphonies, be- there was an orchestra of goo, a large orean, 7 sides a large number of concertos, quartettes, a chorus of 14,000, and the audience room etc., which were melodious and well written, held about 40,000. but not of permanent value. Judas llaccabeus, the X2th of Handel's Oratorios. Begun July 9, ended Aug. 11, Kammer (Ger. k9.m'-mer\ chamber. Katn^ 1746. tner Musik^ chamber music. Judith, I. An oratorio by Defesch, 1737. 2. Kanne, Fr. A,, a talented German composer An oratorio by Dr. Arne, 1764. 3. A ''Bibli- and poet, born X77S in Saxony, who left a cal Cantata,'* by H. Leslie, 1858. number of operas and dramas. Died in Vien- Juive, La (zhu-eev'). "The Jewess,'' opera na, XS33. in = acts, by Hal^vy, 1835. Kapelle (Ger. kSp-pSl'-lS), chapel. A musical Jullien, Louis Antoine, the famous band- establishment, usually orchestral. Formerly master, and the first to brintica large orchestra applied to the private band of a prince or to America, was born at Sisterton, Apnl 23, magnate, but now app'ied to any orchestra. x8i2. In 1838 he began his career as a con- Thus, at Berlin, the Kaiserliche KSnigliche ductor in London, with an orchestra of and 90 Kapelle (97 musicians called Kammermusiker) a chorus of 80. From time to time he en- forms the regular orhcestra of the Grand larged his resources, employed the greatest Opera, with two Kapellmeisters (conduc- solo artists, started a store, leased a theater, tors), a Concertmeister (leader, or xst violin), the and so made much money and rode on and aBalletdirigeat (ballet-master). IGrove,"] highest wave of popularity, only to be over- taken finally by financial misfortunes. He Kapellmeister (Ger. kap - pel - mis'- tSr). came to America in 1853, and remained here Conductor of an orchestra. See above. until i'^54. On his return to England he again lost heavily, removed to Paris, and Kelser, Reinhard (rin'-hSrd kiz-Sr\ an emi- finally died in a lunatic asylum near Paris in nent German opera composer of the olden if i'i94 x86o. ^ To this enterprising, somewhat char- time, born 1673. For 40 years from he latanish, conductor, the English and Ameri- remained at Hamburg, a favorite composer. can public owe important education in the In one year he wrote 8 ooeras. He composed taste for clissical music and finished style of his last opera, *'' Circe,^ in 1734, and died in performance. 1739- «. ^eler-Bela (whose real name is Albert von Kimberger, Tohann Phillip (keem-bar-ggr). K^Ier) was born in Hungary in 1820, In Composer and theorist (most of the latter 1845 he begun study in Vienna, and in 1854 being false), was born 1731. Lived at Berlin took command of GungPs orchestra in Berlin. as Kapellmeister to the Princess Amelia. Presently he returned to Berlin and svic- Died 1783. ceeded to the Leadership of Lanner's orches- tra. Has composed many overtures, waltzes, Hit, a small violin. marches, etc., characterized by brilliant style, M-ittel, Johann Christian, a distinguished or- and showy instrumentation. gan virtuoso and, composer, one of the last pupils Kellosrg, Clara Louise, the favorite American of J. S. Bach. Born at Erfurt 1732. Died soprano, was born in Sumterville, C,, in 1809. His published works are not very N- important. 1842. She made her debut as Gilda in Rigo- His best pupil was Ch. Rink, oi Darmstadt. lette in 186 1, since which she has been con- stantly before the public. She is a conscien- Klavier, see Clavier. tious artist, has a voice of great compass and (Ger. kUng), purity, and is highly esteemed in England Klang Sound. and this country. Klang-forbe (Ger. klSng-far-bS). Toi»- Kelly, Michael, an Irish composer of theatrical color. music. 1764-X826. Klingemann, Carl (kWng'-gS-man), a Ger- Kent Buffle, an improved form of the key man literary man and poet, author of many bugle. It had a complete chromatic scale of the songs which Mendelssohn set to music. from B6 below the treble staff to C above. Bom at Limmer 1798. Died in London, x862, Superseded by sax-horns and cornets. as Secretary of Legation. Keolanthe, Or the Unearthly Bride, opera Klein (Ger. klin). Little, small. in 2 acts by Balfe, 1841. Klindworth, Cari, one Keraolophon fkgr-iwMfi-phSn), an organ of the best living musicians and pianists, most distinguished as stop of string tone and 8 ft. pitch. editor of the famous '* Jurgenson " edition are Kettle l>rains copper or brass basins of Chopin. Bom at Hanover 1830. In 1850 with a head of skin that can be tuned to a he went to Weimar to study with Liszt, where true musical note. Used by cavalry and in he was the associate of RaflF, Biilow, PrUck- orchestra^., always in pairs (tonic and domi- ner, Wm. Mason^ etc., being especially inti- nant). mate with the latter. From 1854 he lived 14 Key, a mechanical contrivance through which years in London. Since 1868 he has been the finger produces or modifies a sound in professor of piano-forte in the Conservatory instruments. at Moscow. K. has distinguished himself, also, by his arrangement of the piano score Key« a relationship of tones. All authentic of Wagner's " Der Ring des Nibelungen." modern music rests upon the normal key, or tonal system from which all our harmony is KIOSS, Karl Johann Chr., a noted organ drawn. Taking any tone as tonic the remain- virtuoso, born 1793 at Mohrungen, and served ing seven tones of the octave stand in the as organist and director in various places. following relations to it: 9-8, 5-4, 4-3, 3-2, Died 1853 at Riga. Left many songs, big and X5-8, a-i. These are the ratios little piano pieces, organ 5-3f of the pieces, etc. major scale. The same tones may be used in Klnghardtf August, a talented German com- the minor mode without alteration, but gene- poser and director. Born in 1847 at KSthen, rally theyf/*M of the major is sharped so as to educated at Dresden, and in became make a major seventh in the minor. Thus 1873 Hofkapellmeister in Naustrelitz. Is com- the tones CDEFGABC make the key poser of songs, piano pieces, overtures, etc.* of C. If G sharp be taken instead of G, the which show decided originality. key becomes A minoi. The subject of tona- lity has been thoroughly investigated by Knechtf^ Justin Heinrich (knSkt), a noted or- Helmholtz, to whose " Tone Sensations" re- gan, piano, and violin player, theorist, and ference is made. composer of psalms, motets, cantatas, sonatas, etc., etc., and instruction books. Born 1752, Key IVotet the tone of a key from which all , died the others are determined. That tone of a 18x7, scale which makes the best point of closing. Knee StoPf an organ stop worked by the knee. Kiel, Friedrich (keel), a German violinist, and Knell, a stroke of the bell, made at intervals, distinguished master of counterpoint and during funerals. fugue in the Berlin Hochschule for music. Is composer of a Requiem, a Missa Solemnis, Knight, Joseph Phillip, an English writer of and in 1874 an oratorio, Christus. Born iSax over 200 songs, best known of which is hiis at Puderbach. ^' Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep.*' He is a good organist. Born at Stratford-on-Avon, Klngf. Matthew Peter, an English composer of x8i2. Was at one time a clergyman. operas, 1773-1823. Kingf Charles the Second, opera in Knorr, Julius,'a German pianist, teacher^ and writer about music, was born at 2 acts, by G. A. Macfarren, 1849. 1807 Leipsic, and appeared in the Gewandhaus concerts (keerk'-hS), church. Kirche with success, in the first Chopin piece ever Kirche-Cantaten, church cantatas, of pUyed there. He was concerned with Schu- ** which Bach left a large number. mann and Schunke in establishing the New Journal of Music." Died June xS6i. Kirchner, Theodor (keerk -nSr). one of the most talented of the disciples of Schumann, a Koch, Henrich Christoph (kok), was a labori- composer oigenre pieces for the piano-forte. ous theorist and musical lexicographer, Boro Bom 1824 at Newkirchen. Lives at Leipsic. at Rudolstadt, 1749. Died 1S16. & ale,, Si add^ it arm^ e eve^ § end^ 1 ice^ t ill^ o old^ 5 oddy d dove^ 00 ntoon^ u lute^ tl but^ il Fr, soun^ 37 KOC DICTIONARY. KUL K.«Jechel, Dr. Ludwig Ritter von (ku'kSl). A Kretsohmer, Ed, a fine organist and one of learned musician and naturalist, the author the foremost dramatic composers of the pres- of a themxtic catalogue of all of Mozart's ent time. Born 1830. Studied in Dresden, works. (Breitkopf and Hartel, Leipsic 1862.) and in 1854 became organist there. Is Hof- Born 1800 at Stein. Died at Berlin 1877. organist and Director of ^ the boys of the " Koeltlei*, Louis, a many-sided German musi- Royal Chapel. His Geisterschlact " was cian, especially a pianist, musical writer and sung with great succr'ss in i86<, and took the prize. opera. teacher, is known in all countries by his His great s-a_ct Die Fulkung- Etudes for piano. Born at Brunswick 1820, ers,^' was successful in 1874 and 1875, was educated under Sechter, Seyfried and Krentzer, Konradin (kroit'-zSr), a talented Booklet. Since he lived at 1846 has Konigs. and favorite song and opera composer, b rn berg, Prussia, as musical director, etc, Z782_ in Baden. "Was well educated, and Koerner, Gothilf Wilhelm (kiir'-nSr). A pro- studied medicine. In xSog he became pupil lific _ German writer of musical text-books, of Albretchsberger in Vienn.i, where he re- particularly for the organ. Born 1809. Diea mained till i8li, and composed many operas. at Erfurt 1865. In 1817 he became Kapellmeister. Died in fiLolbe, Oscar (kol'-bS;). A theorist and com- Riga 1849. K. was the author of very many poser. Born in Berlin 1836, successful operas, of whi h perhaps the best known is " Das N-ichilager in Granada." Kollmann, A., a musician, born at Hanover in 1756, settled in England as organist at the Krentzer, Rudolph, the same to whom Bee- German chapel in London. Wa» author of thoven dedicated the famous " Kreutzer Son- many text books in music. D. 1824. ata," was a violinist and com oser, who was Kontski, Antoine, a fine pianist and composer born at Versiilles 1766. He was a fine musi- of many pleasing salon pieces. Born at Cra- cian, and especially a fine violinist, playing cow, 1817. Lives in London. ^with great success throughout France and Germany. He was professor of the violin Kotzivara, Franz, born at Prague, hanged from the foundation of the Conservatoire, himself in Ireland 1791, whether in remorse until in 1824 a broken arm compelled him to at having written his celebrated ntorceaUy stop playing. Died 1831 at Geneva. " The Battle of Prague," is not known. KrakOViak (kra-ko'-vt-Sk), called also Cra- Kreutzer Sonata, a famous piece for piano covienney a Polish dance belonging to the and violin, Beethoven s op. 47, 1803. neighborhood of Cracow. Is in 2-4 time, in Kriegcr, Adam (kreeg'-8r), a notable Gei' 8 measure periods. man organist and composer, 1634-X666, Krause, Anton (krow'-sS), a good pianist and Wilhelm (kroig'-er}. capable director, born 1834 at Geithain in Krue^er, K. A noted pianist composer Saxony. Was educated at Leipsic, and in and of parlor pieces for the piano, 1859 undertook the direction of the concerts, born 1820 at Stuttgart. Was pupil of Lindpaintntrr. etc., in Barmen, as successor of Reinecke. Is professor of piano in the r vator i Krause is author of 10 sonatas, €0 studies, Conse u m. etc., for the piano-forte, which are highly es- K.rug, Dietrich (kroog), a noted pianist, and teemed. author of a large instruction book for it, as KrebS, J. L. K., a distinguished German or- well as many piano pieces. Born i8a t in Ham- ganist and comjjoser for organ, educated un- burg. der Bach at Leipsic, and in 1737 organist at Krumhorn (crooked horn). An 8 ft. reed Zwickau. Born 1713. Diedat Altenberg, 1780. stop m the organ. Otherwise called "cre- Krebs, Marie, the_ celebrated piano virtuoso, *' mona," clarionet," etc. The name is not was born of a musical family in Dresden, 1851. now in use. In her ^th year she played B. F. BurgmUller*s 23 studies, op. 100, with pleasure and the most Kuecken, Friedrich Wilhelm, the melodious satisfactory completeness. She pursued her and distinguished song writer, was born at studies with her father only. Her concert Blackede, Hanover, 1810, He studied counter- career commenced in 1862, since which she point at Berlin, and with Sechter in Vienna, has played in all parts of Europe and in Eng- and orchestration with Hal^vy in Paris. K. land and the United States, with the greate>t was a prolific composer of operas, sonatas, etc., success. Her playing is distingui hed by as well as the son^s and duets on which his splendid and complete technic, and genuine fame rests. Lives in Schwerin. musical feeling, both in classical and brilliant Wilhelm (koo'-S), music. Kuhe, an elegant pianist and composer, was born in 1823 at Prague, KreiSlerlana (krls'-lgr-t-a'-nS), wreaths. and a pupil of Tomaschek, and later of Jul. Schumann's title of his op. 16, "eight fan- Schulhoflt at Cologne. Resides (probablyj in tasias for piano. ^' 1838. London. Best known by his charming ca- Krejci, Joseph, director of Prague Conserva- price '* Feu Foilet,^^ torium of Music. Born 1622 at Milobtin, An (koo'-nou). accomplished musician, a superior organist Kuhnau, Johann_ A very re- markable old musician, and skillful director, and a composer of Can tor of Leipsic, and the gie^test figure in clavier church music (masses, etc.), as well as over- German music before Bach. He was the inventor of the tures, songs, etc, _ sonata as a piece of several movements not Krenn, Franz, an excellent German organist, dance tunes. Bom 1667 at Geysing. Made , composer and director. Born i8i6 at Dross, cantor at Leipsic 1684. Died in Austria. Studied in Vienna with Seyfried. 1722. In 18^4 he became organist, and in i86z Knllak, Adolph, a deep thinker in music and Kapellemeister in the Royal Cathedral of St. a teacher. Born 1823. Died 1862 in Berlin, Michael. Is a composer of "' masses, vespers, Author of Das MusikalischschSn,*' 1858. a symphony, quartettes, etc. and " Die Aesthetik des Clavie. spiels," 1861, a Kullak, Theodor, the celebrated teacher, IJachinannf Karl, a many-sided German pianist, and composer, was born 1818 at philologist, who has published a number of Krotscnins. He was a pu^il of Czerny, and works on " The Chorus of the Greek Tra- in 1846 was made Hofpianist to the Kiugef gedy," the Niebelungenlied, etc., 1793-1851. Prussia. In conjunction with Stern and Marx in 1851 he founded a Conservatorjr of JLachner, Franz (ISkh'-nSr). One of the Music at Berlin. His own school of which greatest masters in mu ic at the present.day, he is still the head, the **Nt:ue Akademie was born April 2, 1804, and from 1836 to 1852 der Tonkunst;" he founded in 1855, Is the when he retired on a pension, he was hof- authorof many pieces, a great octave school, kapellmeister at Munich. L. is a prolific and one of the first piano-teachers in Europe. composer in the classical style, of songs, 4 ODeras, 8 svmphonies, cantatas, etc., and is Knmnier, Friedrich August, a great violon- very highly esteemed in Germany, cellist and com^ioserforms instrument. Born 1797. Lived in Dresden, and died there 1879. IJacllJier, Ignaz, brother of the precedin^^, was born 1807. Assisted his brother at Vienna, Kunkel, Jacob, a pianist, composer, ahd etc., and in 1861 se tied at Frankfort, where music dealer (Kunkel Bros.) was born Oct. he fills many musical positions. He is also a 23, 1846, in Kleiniedesheim. Studied with prolific composer of Ojteras, symphonies, his father and brother, L. M. Gottschalk, and piano-forte works, etc. afterwards with Tausig, Located in St. Louis in 1868, where he still resides. liacrimandO (Ital, l^kre-mSn'-d5). Mourn- fully. Kunkel, Charles, pianist, composer and music dealer, was born at Sippersfeld, in the Rhine liacrimoRo (Ital. la-kre-m5'-zo). In a mourn- Phalz, July 22, 1840. Came to America at ful, pathetic style. the age of 9, studied with his father who was a good musician, and with Thalberg and IJa diese (Fr. U dX-as')> The pitch ; A sharp. Gottschalk, removed to St. Louis in 1S68, where he since resides. liady Henriette, a ballet pantomime in 3 acts, music by Flotow, Burgmilller and Del- Knnst (Ger. koonst, from konneuy to be able). devez. 1844. The libretto was afte>-wards Art. *'*' expanded, and Flotow set it as Martha." Knnst der Fn^ne, " The art of Fugue." Xiady of the IJake, The. Cantata in s parts, A remarkable work of Bach's, one of his very music by Prof. G, A, Macfarren. 2877. latest, A series of ^^/ugues on the same sud~ j'ecty designed to illustrate the manifold lifendler (Ger. land'-ler). A country dance powers of r ugue. orairin a rustic and pleasing style in 3-4 time. Kurz (Ger. koorts). Short, detached, staccato. Popular in Austria, Bavaria, Bohemia, and Styria. It is danced more slowly than th« Kuertzen (Ger. kllrt'-zSn). To abridge. waltz. " have Myrie JBIieson (Greek), O Lord, %Ak Crrange^ M'me Anna (lit grang), one of mercy upon us P' The opening anthem in the most distinguished and lavorite coloratur the mass. singers of the present time, was born in 1825, Ij, left hand. at Paris. Studied singing with Bordogni. Made her debut in 1842, and had great suc- Ija, a syllable applied to the sixth sound of the cess in all p ins of Europe. She yi-^ited major scale. Also used in France as the America in 185^, and again in [869. Lives in name of the pitch A. Paris, where she is a prominent teacher of is dis- IJa (Ital. and Fr. la), the feminine form of article. singing. MMle Litta one of the most tinguished of her puoils. She has a soprano IJa bemol (Fr. la b^mol), the note A flat. voice of great compass, very finished execu- tion, a lovely trill, and sang with true artistic with called also liabial, organ pipes lips, ^ue conception and taste pipes. liagrrimoso (Ital. lS-gre-mo'-z5), and Lagri- liabitzky, Josef (yo'-zSf IS-beetz'-ld), the weeping, tearful. In a sad and well-known d^nce-composer, bnrn 1802 at mando^ mournful style, Schonfeld. Be^an the wurld as ist violin in 1820, and in 1821 removed to Carlsbad, where IJiyeiUieSSef the family namct of the distin- he still resides. He formed his orchestra in guished prima donna, MiM Marie Emma 1835. His dances are full of spirit, but not so Aibani, (ai-bU'-nee). She was born in 1851 poetical as those of Strauss. of French Canadian parents, near Montreal. Ijablaclie, Lui^ (IS-blSsh'), the great basso, In 1864 the family removed to Albany, derived her p«eudonvm when she was bom at Naples 1794. He was very musi- whence she finishing studies cal, and as a bojr a fine contralto, and as such went upon the stage. Her sang the solos in Mozart's Requiem on the were made with Lamperti, at Milan, and her death of Haydn in 1809. He had talent for debut was in 1870, when the beauty of her and the intelli- the 'cello. At the age of so he had a splendid voice, her plaisin^ method, her singing speedily raised her to bass voice of two octaves, "E^b to £^. From gence of position she holds. his debut in 1817 to his death in Paris 1858, the commandi.ig now Lablache was the foremost basso in Europe, She was married to Mr. Ernest Gye in 1878. and an actor and artist of the most sterling liallali Roobh^ Moore's poem, i. Opera by character. was immensely la ge, about He C. E. Horn, 1820. 2. Opera by Feliciea 6 ft. 4 in., and in his later years weighed David, i86b. 3. Opera in 2 acts, by Rubin- nearly 400 pounds. stein, 1863, 4. Paradise and the Peri, Schu- liac de fees, Le, opera in 5 acts, by Auber, mann. 5. Paradise and the Peri, coneert- 1839. The overture only has survived. overture, by Wm. Stemdale Bennett. dove^ 00 moot^ u lute^ ii buty U Fr» sound a aley <&> add^ a arm^ e eve^ S end^ I ice^ I «//, 5 old^ 6 odd^ 3 ; LAM DICTIONARY. LAU ILanillillotte, Pater Louis (ISm.beel-yot'-tS) liang^uendo (Ttal. 1Sn~gwan'-do), Jjan- a celebrated and popular church composer, giiente (Ital. ISn-gwan -tS), liangnido waf^born 1797 at Charleroi, and at the age of (Ital. ISn'-gwe-do). Languishing ; feeble 25 was kapellmeister in khe Jesuit College in with iangor, St. Scheul. In 1825 he joined the Order. L, Jianner, Joseph, the celebrated conductor and has produced a great quantity of music for the composer of^ dance music, was born at Vienna church, which IS showy, brilliant, a?./, effec- i 1 iGoi. Became a conductor at a very early tive, but little sub-tance. a^so has Was au- age, and died in 1843. thor of several works about music. Died in 1855. liarg^e, the longest note formerly in use, equal to ei£;ht whole notes. liament, an old name for harp tunes of the pathetic kind. liarg^ement (Fr. larzh-mSnh). Full, free in JLamentabile (Ital. IS-men-tS -be-lS). La- style. mentable, mournful. liarglietto (Ital. IfEr-gaf-to). A movement liamentations, the funeral music of the not quite so slow as largo, ancient was See Jews called by this name. Ijarj^O (Ital. ISr'-go), bro\d. A slow and sol- also Tenebrae, emn^ movement. This wor'"" is frei[ucntly Ijamentevole (Ital. la-mSn-tS'-volS). La- modified by others, asZ* •„;7tMc/,verj' largo; mentful, lamentable, Largo un poco^ a little \ ijo 1 Largo ma non largo, tc iiiuch. IJamentOSO (Ital. lS-m@n-to'-zo). Lament- troppOf but not able. liarj^hissimo (ItaL ISr-j^e^'-e -mo), the lin minear (Fr. IS- mtn-Qi). The key of A superlative oi largo. J^xfS iinely sloiv. minor. I^arigot (Fr. lar'-T-go), shnpher-'" :!ute or liamperti, Francesco O^m-par'-tee). The pipe. An obsolete name or an -.jan stop distinguished teacher of singing in Milan, was tuned an octave above he 12th. born at Savona, in 1C13, studied at Milan, liarynx, the upper part o{ the trac/i -a. It and in iSsowasappointed proifessor of singing consists of five annular cartilages, placed in the Cons'^rvatory, fr »m which he retired in above one another and united by cl-.stic liga- L. "^caches the old Italian method of 1875. ments. Farinelli, c-r:. Mile. Albani was his pupil. Ijast Shift, on a violin the shift to the 30th (Ger. Ijand lied Und' Iced). A rural or rus- line, or £, tic song. liast The, the English version Iiancor'S Quadrlille, a popular square Judgment, of Spohr s oratorio *'Die letzcen Dinge," dance for 8 or 16 couples. 1830. lian^, B. the distinguished pianist, organist, J., liassen, Eduard, was born at Copenhagen conductor and teacher in Boston, was born in 1830, but educated in Brussels, where he dis- X840. See Addenda. tinguished himself in composition, and finally, Xi&nge, Oustav (lang'-S), apleasing pianist and in 1851 received the great government prize. favorite composer for his instrument, was He went to Liszt at Weimar, who brought born 1830 at ^"chwerstedt. Studied with his out at intervals three of his operas. On father, who wr.s n organist, and later in Ber- Liszt^s resigning the directorship Lassen took lin with Gustav Schumann and Loeschhorn. his place, which he still holds. L. is a fine Since i860 has been very active .is r, composer, writer of the new school, having composed having publishec! over r o piece'.-. operas, songs, a symphony, overtures, etc. IifUlgC, S. de, the distincrtshe I organist, pian- JLassus, Orlando, or Lasso^ a Netherlands com- ist and composer, '.'a.% Son. r.t Rotterdam, poser of church music, born about 1530, who Feb. 22, 1840. He^ \i. ^aucht by liisfather, produced a great mass ofchurch compo'^itions, yet organist ii. -, who is .KotterJr- Cathedral. which influenced musical progress. D. 1594. He studied comrjsitit^:. ;'.'idc . F. Dupont, IjatOiir, Damcke, etc. X-'ron. iZQ^ ^874 he was Jean, a French pianist, and compnser, born at Paris 1/66, and settled in as located in Rotte:dair. .-/^ or • at. He then London spent a vear in Lade, rtid cue year in Paris, pianist to the Prince of Wales. L. was a '. prolific author of divertissments,^ variations, since which he has zxAcC '.i Jolo^ne as etc., which were very fashionable in their day. teacher of the organ c.'. c-z- -.ijosition in the Conservatory. He is -.a^hcrof symjphonies, He died in Paris in 1840, string quartettes, ovcr.v'cs, and especially of lianb, Ferdinand (loub), a great violinist, the interesting works for tlu organ. peer of Joachim and Wilhelmj. Born at lianshans, Wilhelm (lang'-hou::;, a German Prague in 1832. After the usual European virtuosi, violinist, composer and v.ritr .-.bi^ut music, experience of he settled in Berlin in iSs6 as l^acher of violin in Stern's bom Hamburg, 1S32. Stu Mc'' r.i Leipsic, Conserva- tory. His tone was extremely pur*", full served rs :D:ic:rt leister a:ii' : -•'rtor at and artistic. D. 1875. DUsseld> I'f, :ic., nni finally, ia 187- , >.^ok up his resid:nc: i". i'crlln, where he it engaged Ijaada Sion, the name of a sequence sung^ at in musico-litcrr.1-/ labors, and teaches history High Mass on the feast of Corpus Christi, in Kullak^s Coacervatory. Isauthor of string written by St. Thomas Aquinas, about 1261. quartettes, etc. liands, a religious service held at daybreak. liangsani (Ger. ISng'-sSm). Slowly. Equiva- lent to largo^ or adagio^ or lento, liaurens* Alberto (real name Albert Lawrence), an English baritone singer. Born about 1835. Ijanssamer (Ger. lang'-sSm-Sr). Slower. At present a teacher of Italian singing in lianja^aemente (Ital. ian-gue-man'-t€). Lan- New York. guishingly. I liauterbach. Johann Cristoph, one of the first Iieg;ai*e (Ital. Ig-gS'-rS). To slur, or bind. of living violinists, was born July 24, 1832, at liesato (Ital. iS-gS'-to). Slurred ; connected. Culmbach, studied with De Beriot, and made On the violin legato notes are performed with many concert tours since 1853, Resides in Dresden. a single drawing of the bow. In singing, legato notes are delivered with one continuous tone. Ijay, a tune or song. On the piano, legato requires every key to be JLe, or before a vowel V (Fr, lii), the. held down until the next is struck. Th* Ueader, the first or principal violin in an or- legato is indicated by a curved line, drawn chestra, the director of a choir. over or under the notes to be thus played. lieadiiig: Motive, the principal motive of a IJegatisslniO (Ital. iS-git-tees-se-mo, super- musical period or piece. A motive becomes lative of the preceding). As legato as possi- principal by bein^ repeated more times than ble. any other in principal key of the piece. This Jjegende (Ger. lag-Sn'-dg). A legend, or bal^ term is also used to denote the leading mo- Tad. tives, or "catch" motives of Wagner, and many later composers. These are striking Iieg:er (Fr. la-zha). Light, nimble. motives, each of which is introduced in con- lieserement (Fr. la-zhar-manh). Lightly; nection with some one principid character. nimbly gaily. See also Wagner in Chapter LI. ; liegrsieriSNiukO (Ital. Igd-jgr-ees'-se-mo). Ijeading NTote, the major seventh of any Very lightly ^superlative of Leggiero.) scale, so-called on account of its strong ten- (Ital. l6d-je-a'-ro). dency towards the tonic. Iiegrgiero Light, swiffc, delicate. IJebhaft (Ger. lab'-hSft). Lively, vivacious, quick, Lessierameiite (Ital. led-je-Sr-man'-tS), liebmn, Francesca, a celebrated operatic so- Lightly, swiftly. prano, born 1756. Died 1791. Had a voice JLieidenschaft (Ger. lld'-Sn-shSft). Passion, of great compass and purity. She also com- feeling. posed sonatas, etc. IieidenschaftliciL (Ger. Ud'-gn-shaft-Ufkh). lie Carpentier, Adolphe Clair, a French Passionately. piano composer and music teacher, botn in Ijeier (Ger. ll'-gr). zSog at Parts, Died 1869. A lyre, a hurdy-gurdy. lie Clair, Jean. Marie, a^^ celebrated violinist lieise (Ger. IT -zS). Low, soft, gentle. and composer for his instrument, born at lieiter (Ger. ll'-tSr). Leader, also the scale. Lyons 1697. Died 1764. Two of his sonatas were edited by Ferd. David, and are highly lieitmotive (Ger lit-mo-tev). A leading esteemed. motive. liecocq, Charles, the popular composer ofcomic liemmens, Nicolas Jacques (iSm'-mSn). A operas, operettas, etc., was born in Paris in distinguished Netherland organist and com- 1832, entered the Conservatoire in and 1849, poser for the organ, was born Jan. 23, 1S23, at distinguished himself. His first successful Zoerle-Parwys in Belgium. He studied the ** opera was Le Docteur Miracle," in 1857. organ at the Conservatory in Brussels, ** and Among his most popular pieces are La afterwards, . with Hesse at Breslau. In 1849 Fille de M'me Angot,'* 1873, which ran for he became professor of the organ in the Con- 500 nights consecutively. His works are dis- servatory m Brussels. L. has published tinguished for life, brio^ and easy gayety. many brilliant pieces for the organ in a school Ijecon (Fr. la-sonh) lesson, an exercise. somewhat between the gravity of the German and the levity ; JiC Conppey, F^licien, a French piano com- of the French also an impor' tant organ school. poser, bom in Paris 1814, educated at the Conservatoire, and in 1843 appointed pro- Iiemmens-Sherringrton, Mdme., wife of fessor of harmony there, and teacher of piano the preceding, is a prominent English so- in the ladies classes. Is the author of many prano, who was educated at Brussels. elementary and instructive compositions. liemoine, Jean Baptiste^ was a French opera Kjecnreux, Theodore Marie, a French pianist, composer, born 1751. Died at Paris 1796. organist, and composer, was born at Brest Gabriel 1829, educated in Paris, and in 1848 returned Xiemoine* L., son of the preceding, V as a prolific composer of piano and chamber to Brest as organist and teacher of music. _ Is the author of many elegant and pleasing music. 1773-18x5. salon pieces. lieno (Ital. la -no). Weak, feeble, faint.] liedger IJineS (perhaps a corruption xtileger) lient (Fr, ISnh). Slow. short lines added to the staff above or below to extend its compass. lientamente (Ital. iSn-ta-man'-tS). Slowly. Ijeeds Musical Festival, was founded Iientando(Ital. l€n-tSn'-do), Going slowly. 1858. They are triennial 1874^ 1877,1880, Synonymous with rallentando. I^efftlmre-"W"ely, Louis James (iS-fa'-br wa- IjentO (Ital. Ian'-t5). Slow. Frequently modi« 13), a distinguished organ virtuoso and im- fied by other words, as lento assai^ very Erovisalore, was born 1817 in Paris, became lento ; Cento di tnoltOy very much lento. is father's assistant as organist at the early age of eight. At 15 was appointed his father^ Ilenz« Wilhelm von, Russian councilor at St. successor at St. Roch. Entered the Conser- Petersburg, and author of " Beethoven and vatoire in 1833. Wasorganistof the Madeline His Three Styles " (2 vols., 1852), " Beetho- from 1847 to 1858, after which he went to St. ven : An Art-Study" (6 vols. ^855-1860), and Sulpice. Died 1869. Was a prolific composer an interesting little book on Piano-forte Vir-> of organ music, chamber music, symphonies, tuosi. Lenz is an inaccurate but entertain- masses, a comic opera, etc. ing writer. a ale^ a adJy a arm^ e evty'^i end^ \ ice^ X iH^ o oldy o odd^ 5 dove^ no nt06n^ u lute^ ^ but^ tt Fr, sounS. 4« LEO DICTIONARY. LIS IJeo, Leonardo (la'-6), one of the most celebra- liieMicli Oedaoht (Ger. leeb - likh gg- ted Neapolitan composers^ was born 1694, and dakht). The German name for the "stopped died 1746. He wrote several operas and a diapason," an 8 ft. flute stop in the organ. large number' of pieces for the church. liiebling', Emil (leeb'-ling). Concert pianist Ijeonliard, Hubert, a favorite Belgian violin and teacher, was born at Berlin in 1851, virtuoso, composer and teacher for his instru- studied with KuUak, and came to Chicago in ment. Born 18 9 at Bellaire. Afiei the ustual 1872, where he has since held high rank. 1 career of a virtuoso, he settled down in 1849 Ijied (Ger. leed). A song. as professor of the violin in the Conservatory JLiedclten (Ger. leed'-kh*n). A short song, or at Brussels. melody. Julius Emil, a notable German lieonhard, IJiedforin (Ger.) A song-form. pianist, composer and teacher, born 1810, died 1831 in Leipsic. Jjieder-Spiel (Ger. lee'-dSr-speel). "A Song-play," an operetta, Ijeonore ou 1' Amour Conjugal. An opera- JjiederkreiS (Ger, leed'-Sr-kris). A cycle comique in 2 acts, words by Bouilly. music by of songs. Gaveaux. 1798. Translated into Italian, the book was composed by Paer in 1804. Trans- liieder obne Worte (Ger. leed-Sr o-nS vor'- lated into German, it was composed b^ Bee- tS). Songs without words. A title made fa- thoven as " Fidelio." Ii was B.'s wish to mous by Mendelssohn. call the opera Leonore, but he was overruled liigatnr (Ital. le-gS-toor'). See ligature, by the management of the theatre. His four liigature, an old name for the tie or bind, overtures to it are : No. i in C, op. 13S, com- posed in 1807 ; No. 2 in C, iSgS. and played JLight, a general name applied to any bright but at the three performances of the opera • No. unimportant composition. 3, C, 1806; Fidelio, in E, for the second and Xiight of the IVorld, The, an oratorio in final revision of the opera. 18 14, two parts, by Arthur S. Sullivan, 1873. Xieschetitzky, Theodor (ISs'-chSt-th'-sklO, fiilliburlero, a celebrated old Irish doggerel a distinguished pianist, for some time profes- song and tune, the latter by Purcel. sor of piano at Si. Pe ersburg, but now living Jjilt (Scotch). To sing or pipe. Also the name in Vienna. Is the author of many pleasing of a quick tune. the piano. Born 1831. M'me pieces for _ _ Annette Essipoff was his pupil and wife. liily of Killarney, a gr&nd opera in 3 acts, by Jules Benedict. X862. IJeSlle, Henry David, was born in London, the great soprano, was born at June 18, i8b2. He became conductor of the liind, Jenny, 1820. Studied singing there choir which bears his name in 1855, through Stockholm, in Garcia in Pans. which he has established his fame as a re- and afterwards with Manuel _ but her reputa- fined and highly accomplished conductor of Her debut took place in 1842, until vocal muaic. Is the author of a symphony in tion was not fully established 1847. Her rican under Barnum's management F, 1847; " Immanuei," an oratorio, 1853; Am tour " " was in 1850 and 1851. In 1852 she married Judith," oratorio, 1858 ; Holyrood," can- Mr. Otto Goldsmith, the pianist. She still tata, i860 ; *Mda,^' opera, 1864, etc., etc. lives in London. IJeStocq, opera in acts, by Auber, 1834. 4 lalndblad, Adolph Frederick, Swedish com- Ijesnenr, Jean Fran9ois, a French composer poser, mainly of vocal music, born at Stock- of operas, and teacher, born 1763, and in 1792- holm in 1804. He was a teacher of singing, 1796 appeared as the author of several operas. Jenny Lind being one of his pupils. Died In 1813 L. succeeded Grdtry at the Instjtut, 1878. .and in t8i8 became professor of composition Idindpaintner^ Peter Joseph von, a success- at the Conservatoire. Died 1837. ' fuLand industrious German composer, and a superior conductor, born at Cobienz, 1791. IJevezza (Ital. l€-vat'-tsS). Lightness. In 1819 he was appointed Kapellmeister at liiaison (Fr. Ie-a-z5nh). Smoothness of con- Stuttgart, and held that place until his death nection, also a bind or tie. in 1856. He wrote 28 op'iras, 3 ballets, 5 melodramas oratorios, 6 masses, and liiberaineilte (Ital, le-bS-ra-man'-tS), Free- and songs with piano accompaniment. ly, easily. above 50 (Ger. lln'-kS), left. The left hand. liilbitum (Lat.). Pleasure; ad libitum^ at Linke pleasure. JLtinley, an English musical family. Thomas, liibretto (Ital. le-brat'-to). A little book. In 1725-1795, was a composer of dramatic pieces, other words, the text of an opera or other and takes high rank. Three of his daughters dramatic piece of music. were successful singers. William, his young- est son, devoted himself to literature and arbitrary deviation the liicense, an from music. 1767-1835. established rules. Justifiable only by some eminent violinist good effect thereby attained. liipinski, Karl Joseph, an of the modern school, was born in Poland in liie (Fr. le-a'). Smoothly, the same as legato, 1790. After many concert tours, in which he extent a rival of Paganini, L. JUieheslied (Ger. lee'-bSs-leed). A love was to some song. became Kapellmeister at Dresden, where he died in 1861. His numerous compositions are (lee'-b!fg). successful Ijiebigr a ale.^ £1 add^ S. arm, e eve^ 3 end^ 1 ice^ \ ill,, old^ 6 odd^ o dove^ 00 jnoon^ u luie^ ii but^ U Fr, sound LIS DICTIONARY. LUR lastemann, Bemhard ^ Ferd., the distin- liOnjSfa, a note equal to four whole guished notes. Not violinist^ was born about 1838. He now in use. graduated at Leipsic in 1856, In 1868 he Ijong: came to Boston, where he has since resided, Appogfgiatnra, a grace note, with- out a stroke through the stem, as teacher, first violin in quartette and which in old music occupies half or two-thirds symphony organizations, and at last in the time of 1879 the following note, as conductor of his own orchestra. liOhg Sleter, Iambic tetrameter, a form of d'istesso tempo (Ital. 13fs-stas-sotamp6) English verse, consisting of eight syllables The same time, in the same speed. to the line: ^-'— s-/— | w— , f f^— ( IjiSzt, Franz, the king of the piano-forte, and one IjOns Pause, abbreviated L. P., implies a of the most remarkably gifted men of the very long pause at a certain note or rest. present century was born in 1811. See Chap- ter 50. Xiord of the Isles, The. Dramatic cantata Henry Gadsby. ^itany, asolemn form of prayer, by 1879. IJOrtzing, Gnstav Albert, an opera composer JjltOlff, Henry Charles, the brilliant pianist and born at Perlin, 1803. Died at Berlin, 1852. composer 01 salon pieces for piano, was born Although Lortzing was composer of very in London 1818, was a pupil of Moscheles, many light operas, of which the " Czar and and made a successful public appearance, as Carpenter" is the best known, he died in early as the age of twelve. He removed to neglect. His writing is pleasing Brunswick as and musi- music publisher in 1851, and in cianly. 1861^ to Paris, where he has since resided. " He is also a composer of symphonies, over- liOreley, Die, The Loreley." An opera upon tures, etc, which Mendelssohn was engaged at the time of his death in 1847. 2. Also an opera by liitargy, the ritual for public woifship in Max Bruch, 1864. churches using printed forms, liOtti, Antonio, a celebrated Italian composer IiObe, the J[..C., distinguished teacher of com- of operas, oratorios and church music, 1667- position and music at Leipsic, was born 1797 1740. One song of his, **/*«?- Dicesti^'* is at Weimar, and appeared as solo flutist in the still current And admired. Gewandhnus orchestra in Leipsic in iSii. In 1843^ he removed to Leipsic as editor of a XiOure (Fr, loor), a dance of slow time and dignified musical periodical. He composed five operas, character, resembling the Gavotte. besides overtures, etc., but is best known by liOve'S Triumph, opera in 3 acts, by Wm. his letters on music, and his remarleably Vincent Wallace, 1862. interesting Komposiiionslehre (4 vols. 8vo., 1851 to 1867). liOwe, Edward, an English composer of church music, and professor at Oxford. Born about liobegresang:, eine Symphonic Cantata, the X615. Died 1682. German title of Mendelssohn's " Hymn of Praise," op. 52, 1840, IiUCCa, Pauline, (look-kS), the brilliant and pleasing operatic singer, was born in Vienna IJOCkf Matthew, an English musician bom in 1842, made her debut in Berlin in z86z. died 1653, 1677. Best known by his music to She was in America in 1873. ** Macbeth," and " Tempest,'* liucia di JLammermoor (loo'-tse-a de IfOCO (Ital. 16 -ko), place. Denotes that a pas- lSm'~m8r-moor). Opera in 3 acts, by Doni- sage is to be played as written, and not an zetti, 1835. octave higher or lower, liUCio Sill a, a Dr'annna ^er tnUsica in 3 liOdoiSka, comedy in 3 acts. Music by Cheru- acts, by Mozart, 1772. bini. 1791. Also the same story set to music IiUCrezia Bor^a (loo-krad'-zt-a bor'-jS). by Kreutzer. 1791. Opera in 3 acts, by Donizetti, ;^34. liOesehhorn, A., an excellent pianist and Ijuestner, Ignaz Peter, a noted violinist and musician, was born in Berlin 18x9. He was a teacher, born 1792 at Pois-chwitz, lived main- pupil of Berger. L. is a fine pianist, the I]^ at Breslau, where he founded a school in author of many valuable studies and other violin playing, and died in 1873. His sons pieces, and professor of piano since at 1858 were all musical, and occupy prominent posi- Berlin. tions in different parts of Europe. !Loewe, Karl, an industrious composer, bom JjUetirs, Carl (leers). A talented composer of X796 at Loebejuen, and died 1869. . Loewe symphonies, songs, etc. Born at Schw^rin, wrote 5 operas, many ballads and small pieces, and several instmction-books. 1824, IJnisa miller, opera in 4 acts, by Verdi, 1849. liOgier, Johann Bernard (I6-jeer'), was bom in 1780 at Kaiserlantern, and came to London at liUlli, Jean Baptiste, was one of the old masters the age of xo. He made a great success and in the time before Bach. He was a French a fortune in England by a patent system of composer of popular operas and sacred music^ instruction on the^ piano and in harmony, Born 1633 near Florence, Died 1687. L. which was for a time all the rage. He died was musical director to Louis XIV. near Dublin in 1846. He is said to have been JLumbye, Hans Christian, a Danish composer the inventor of the keyed bugle. of dances, born at Copenhajgen 1808, was liOliengrill (lo'~hen-gren). A romantic drama the leader of an orchestra, like Strauss's, in 3 acts, by Richard Wagner. 1847. First Lanner's, ^Gilmore's, etc, Died 1874. His produced at Weimar by Liszt in 1850. See son George succeeded to his father's popur Chapter LI. larity and leadership. Jjombardi, I (e lom-bSr-dee). Italian opera liUXline (loor-leen). Grand opera in 3 acts, in 4 acts, by Verdi, 1843. by Wm, Vincent Wallace, 1860. ao/ff, a add^ S arm^ e eve^ S end^ i ice^ I ill^ 5 old^ 5 oddy d dove^ 00 mootty ti lute^ u but^ U Fr. sound 1 LUS D) CTIONARY. MAN liUSingando ^Ital. loo-zen-gSn'-do). Flat- Maesslg (Ger, mas'-sYg). Moderate, mode- teringly, coaxingly. Whence, *' in a soft and rately. tender manner." Maggfiore (Ital. mad-je-o'-r8). Greater, ma- liUStigen Weiber von IVindsor, jor, the major key. " Merry Wives of Windsor/' opera in 3 acts, Maj^nificat (Lat. mSg-nef-lf-kat), ** My soul by Otto Nicolai, 1849. doth magnify the Lord,'* a part of the vesper linttaoso (Ital, loot- too -o'-zo). Sorrowful, service. mournful. Maid of Artois, opera in 3 acts, by Balfe lillte, a large and beautiful stringed instrument, 1836, with a long neck and fretted fingerboard, with Main ' Fr. manh). The hand, as main dr0tt^ from six to nine strings. The body was pear- right hand ; main gauche^ left hand. shaped. Now obsolete. Maistre, Mattheus le (otherwise known as IJnx, Friedrich (loox), a distinguished organ vir- Matthias Lemaitre), a distinguished Nether- tuoso and composer, 1820, at born Nov. 24, land composer. Born about 1510.^ Died Ruhla. Educated in organ and piano playing 1577. From 1554 he was kapellmeister in by his father^ who was Cantor, and in 185 Dresden. music-director in Dessau. Is the author of a symphony and many considerable works. Maitre (Fr. matr), a master, director. (Fr. mS-zhilr). Major, major key. liWOfT, Alexis, a Russian violinist, composer Majenr and writer, born 1799. Died 1870. Majesta (Ital. ma-ySs-tS). Majesty, dignity. liydian llode. The church mode having Majeste (Fr. mS-zhSs-ta). Same as the pre- the tones FGABCDEF. ceding. liyre, an ancient stringed instrument. The Miyor, greater, as major/iouriA ^ greater fonrih, modem lyre has its representative in the etc. hurdy-gurdy. Major Semitone, a diatonic semitone, as Ijyiric, song-like. E F, B C, F sharp, G, etc. Xiysberg, Charles, properlyBovy, hence Bovy- Malan, Rev. C^sar, a Swiss theologian, who Lysber^, a brilliant pianist and composer of composed church music. 1787-1864. salon pieces, was born in Geneva 1821. He Malenconico (Ital. mlC-16n-k5'-ne-ko). Me- studied the piano with Chopin in Paris, and lancholy, sadness, published his first pieces, under the pxeudo- Malibran, Maria, one of the most distinguished nym of Lysberg, in 1836 or 1838. He resided and fascinating sonranos the world has ever in Geneva, and. died in 1873. seen, was the daughter of Manuel Garcia. M. is used as abbreviation of mezzo^ tnetronofne^ Born 1808 at Paris. Made her debut in 1825, mano^ etc. See "Abbreviations,'* and immediately achieved success. She was Ma (Ital. mS). But. married to De Beriot, the violinist, in 1836, the year of her death. MaaSf Louis, virtuoso pianist and teacher at Matilde, Leipsic. Born about 1850. Mailinser, a celebrated soprano in the ^rlin opera. Born 1847. MTade her George MacfiEirren, A.,Mus. Doc, the Eng. debut in 1866, lish composer and President of the Royal (Ital. mSn-kSn'-do), Falling, Academy of Music, was born IVlarch 9, 1813, Mancando de- and educated in the institution of which he creasing, dying away. is now president. Dr. Macfarren had defect- Mandolin, a small and very elegant instru- ive vision in his youth, and about 1865 he be- ment of the lute kind, having frets like a came entirely bhnd. In spite of this he has guitar, and four or five pairs of strings, set in been a productive composer, being the author vibration by a plectrum. The lowest string of several^ cantatas, operas, oratorios^ part- is of gut ** spun over," the next of steel spun, songs, of which " St. John, the Baptist,'* is and the others of steel not spun. one of the best. Maniera (Ital. mS-ne-a'-r^). Manner, style. !l!Iacf)Eirreil. Mrs. Natalia, wife of the preced- Maniere (Fr. man-ear). Manner. ing, is a contralto singer and translator of opera libretti, etc. Mannerism,^ adherence to the same manner or peculiarities Uacfarren, Walter, brother of G. A., is also of style. The constant recur- a professor of the piano in the same institu- rence of the same chord or phrase. tion, and a composer, Manns, August, the eminent conductor of the Crystal Hacbeth, opera in 4 acts by Verdi, 1847. 2. Palace concerts in Sydenham, was Overture for orchestra in B minor, Spohr. born at Stolz^nbarg, 1825. He became mem- 3. Also music to Shakespeare^s tragedy, by ber of a military band, from which he was Matthew Locke. 1673. transferred to GungTs orchestra in 1848, and at length came to London in 11854, as sub- lltadrigral (mad'-rS-g&l). A composition for conductor, and in 1S55 as full conductor in his three or more voices in strict style, on secular present position, in which he has been of the words, popular in the i^h and 17th centuries. {greatest ^ service to English musical taste by Madrigals were full of imitations and fugues, introducing the best German works in a su- and sung without accompaniment. They perior manner. were the predecessors of the modern glee, Mano (Ital, m£'-no). Hand. Maestoso (Ital. mS-es-to -zo). Majestic, pertaining stately, dignified. Manual, to hands. The key-board for the hands, as distinguished from the plural Maestri, ottnaestro. pedaie, the key-board for the feet. Maestro (Ital. m^as-tro). Master, composer, Manual Coupler. A coupler connecting the a skilful artist. keys of two organ manuals. & aie^ Madefy a arm^ e eve^ ^endy I icg^l 2//, ooldy oodd^ d dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ^ duty ii Fr, sound MAR DICTIONARY. MAT Slara, Gertrude Elizabeth, one of the greatest compo^^ed very many popular operas, and singers of the past century, born at Cassel died full of years and honors, in Hanover 1749, died in 18^3. 186 1. narcia (Ital. mSr'-tshe-a). A march. martiri, I, '* The Martyrs,'' opera in 4 acts, march, a quick, or at least decided ihythnif by Donizetti, 1840. suitable for marching. marXj Adolph Bernhard. an elegant and fluent llEarcello, Benedetto (mar-tsh8l-16), an emi- critic and theoretical writer upon music, was nent Venetian composer of cantatas, psalms, born at HalM, 17991 and, although educated for the law, became in 1824 ^^^^ editor of and church music. Born x686. Died 1739. ^^ the Berlin Musik Zeiiungy thenJust founded. Louis» a French organist of dis- Harchand, He became professor in the University in tinction, 1669-1732. 1830. Died in 1866. Was composer of two SEarchesi, Luigi (mSr-ka'-ze), a fine operatic oratorios and other music. singer. Born at Milan Died 1755. 1829. marziale (Ital. mSrd-zea -IS). Martial. marches!, Mathildi de Castrone, the distin- masse, Victor, a pleasing French opera com- fuished teacher of singing at Vienna, was §oser, was born 1822 in Lorient, studiedwith orn at Frank t ort-on-the- Maine, 1826, and istinction in Paris, and has composed about made her debut in opera in 1S47. Since 1854 16 operas. Is a member of the Academy, and she has lived in Vienna. Her greatest recent teacher of composition in the Conservatoire, pupil was Etelka Gerster. masaniello (miis-sS-ne'-al-lo). Otherwise marches!, Salvatore, husband of the preced- known as *^ La Muette di Portici,*' opera ing, is also a vocal teacher, and composer of in 5 acts, by Auber, 1828. songs, vocal exercises, etc. Born 1822. masnadieri, I^ *^ The Brigands," opera in marchetti, F., one of the most distinguished 4 acts, by Verdi, 1847. opera composers at present in Italy, was born in 1S33. mason, Lowell, Mus. Doc, was bom at Med- marked, accented. field, Mass., 1792, and died at Oran|re, N. J., 1872. He was a self-taught musician. His Markirt (Ger. mSr'-kert). Marked, accented. first book of psalmody was published in 1822, maretzek. Max (mSr-St'-zSk), the well- and was a step towards better music in New known conductor, composer, and impressario, England. Dr. Mason was peculiarly an edu- was born in i8ai at BrUnn, and was educated cator, and as such exerted an extremely im- at Vienna and Pans. His opera, ^' Hamlet," portant influence, which is still very per- was -written in 1843. He came to New York ceptible. Owing to his early privations, he in 1847, where he has since resided. was not a musician in the learned sense of term. fine sense for marinelli, Galtano, a prolific opera composer. the But he had a har- of writing four-part Born 1760 at Naples, Died about iSii. mony, and the gift simple "Wrote 16 operas. music agreeably and purely for voices. He was studious in his tastes, and collected a maria dl Rohan, opera in 3 acts, by Doni-' fine library, which was left to Vale College. zetti, 1S43. He was a man of generous and noble char- *marino FallerOj opera in 2 acts, by Doni- acter, as well as great ability, and would zetti, 1835. have distinguished himself in any walk of life. mario, Conte di Candia, one of the greatest mason, William, Mus, Doc, son of the pre- operatic tenors, was born of a noble family at ceding, is a pianist and composer, born at Genoa in 1812. His debut was made in 1838, Boston in 1829, Learnrd the piano young, after which he ruled king of operatic tenors and in 1851 stuiiied with Moscheles and Haupt- until 1867, when he retired from the stage. mann at Leipsic, and afterwards with Dreys- Married to Mme. Grisi in 1846. D. 1883. chock at Prague, and Liszt a.t Weimar, where maritana, opera in 3 acts, by Wm. Vincent he was classmate of Billow, PrUckner, Klind- Wallace, 1845. worth and Raff. Mason is a fine harmonist, a good melodist, and a composer of remark- Friedrich Wilhelm, eminent writer marparg. ably elegant pieces for the piano. Since 1856 on music and its theory, born 1718. Died in he has resided in Orange, N. J., and occupi aa/tf, & add^ S arm^ e eve^ S end^ 1 ice^ I «V/, old^ odd^ 6 dove^ 00 inoon^ u lute^ ii but^ U Fr. sound MAT DICTIONARY. MID 9Eattei, Tito (tee'-to mat-ta'-e), a popular menie (Fr, mam). The same. composer of son^s and piano pieces in London. mendel, Hermann, editor of Menders Musi- JUayer, Charles (mi'-Sr), a favorite German kalisches Conversations-Lexicon (Musical piano virtuoso, composer and teacher, born Encyclopedia), was born at Hall^, 1834. He and died in at KSnigsberg 1799. Appeared early as a undertook his lexicon in 1870, letter pianist. Lived much in St. Petersburg, and 1876, just as the work had reached the died in Dresden 1862. As a player he be- M, It has since been completed in 11 vol- longed to the school of Field. umes, and is the most complete work of the kind. may; i^ueen, The. A pastoral cantata, by mendelSSOhn, Felix, was born at Hamburg, Sir Wm. Sterndale Bennett, 1855. 1809, and died 1847. S^^ Chapter XLVI I. Slaznrka, a rather slow Polish dance in triple (Ital. ma-no), less ; meno mosso^ less time. meno movement, slower. Measure, the grouping of pulsations in music. four-part. mcnsur, a measure. . Measure is two-part, three-part, or There are also compound measures of these menuct (Fr. ma-noo-6), A minuet. various grades, in which each unit consists of menuetto (Ital. ma-noo-St'-t6). A minuet. a triplet. Measure includes two elements, well-known opera com- both of which are essential t' > the intelligibility mercadante, Xav., a of music; a steady movement through the Eoser. Born at Altamura in 1798. In 1840 piece, and a clear accent at the beginning of e became director of the Conservatorium of each measure. The longer measures_ take Naples. Died 1870. , also secondary accents, at the beginning of messa di "Voce (Ital. mas-sadevo'-tsheS). their aliquot parts. The gradual swelling and diminishing of the Measure-note, the note which represents a voice. unit of time. It is always indicated by the messe (Ger. mSs'-sS). A mass. quar- lower figure of the time-signature, 4 for mesto (Ital. mas'-to). Sad, mournful. ter-note, 8 for eighth, etc. mestoso (Ital. mas-td'-z6). Sadly, mourn- jiffedee, opera in 3 acts by Cherubini, Z797> fully. mCediant, the third note of the scale, the mess*"^. The, an oratorio, by Handel, 1741. medial between tonic and dominant. met, abbreviation of Metronome, medial Cadence, a passing or imperfect metal, organ, a composition of tin and lead in cadence. varying proportions. Tin should'beat least meeresstille and Oluelcliche Falirt, one-third. *' Calm sea arid Prosperous Voyage,'* poem (mSt'-ro-nom). mea<;ure of by Goethe. Music by Beethoven in i8i5> metronome A time. chronometer invented by Maelzel, Also by Mendelssohn for orchestra only, 1828, A of clock-work and es- Also by Rubinstein. consisting essentially cape wheel, and a pendulum swinging on a melllig, Anna, a distinguished pianist, born ' pivot in the middle of its length. It can be at Stuttgart 1846, educated there, and after- made to go slower by sliding a hall up towards wards with Liszt, made her debut in England the top of the pendulum. The rate is indi' 1866. Was in America in 1873 and 1874. cated by the letters M.M. for the metronome, Resides in Stuttgart. Has great technic, a a figure showing the place of the ball on the reiined style, but somewhat cold. graduated scale of the instrumentj and a note melinl, Etienne Henri, a celebrated French which is to occupy the time of a single tick. omposer. Born 1763 at Givet. Went to meter, the plan_ of verse according to its feet Paris in 178 r, and came out as a composer in and length of lines. his fourth opera in 1790. He wrote 24 operas, mej^cr, Leopold de (mi -Br), An eccentric and many other works. Died 1817. pianist, born 1816, a pupil of Czerny, visited Metaterisinger vonKuemberg,"The America in 1845 and ^868, and lives in Paris Master Singers of Nuremburg," opera, by R. and London. Wagner, 1846. meyerbeer, Giacomo (giU-ko'-mo mi'-Sr- melange (Fr, ma-13nzh'). A mixture. bar), whose real name was Jacob Meyer Beer, melancoUa (Ital. mSl-£Cn-ko'-ItS). Melan- the celebrated opera composer, was born at choly. Berlin of a wealthy Jewish family, 1791. His melodeon, a reed instrument having a key- debut as composer was made in 1811. His operas ** board like the piano-forte. best known were 11 Crociato,'* 1824, *' Robert der Teufel," in 1831, and " Les of or pertaining to melody. melodic, Huguenotte," 1836, the " Prophete," 1849. melody, a tune ; a symmetrically organized Died Z864. All these operas are showy, and and completed period. extravagant, rather than inspired. meiodia (Ital. ma-lo'-dlS). A melody. mezza, feminine of mezzo, melodia, an organ stop of theflute tone, 8 ft. mezzo (Ital. mat-tso). Half, or medium. pitch. Commonly in the choir organ. voice of soprano mezzo Soprano, a quality, . melodic (Ger.) A melody. but not so high as a pure soprano. mdodioso (Ital. ma-lo-de-5'-zo). Melodi- mi (Ital. me). The third tone of the scale in ously. solinization. melodrama, a drama illustrated by music in- microphone (mi'-kro-fon). An instrument terspersed, or frequently as accompaniment for observing feeble sounds ; a microscope for to the spoken dialogue, sounds. mclusine, overture by Mendelssohn, 1833, middle Voices, the inner voices in choral Also set as choral work by HoflFman. wriiing, the alto and tenor. a a/iP, & add^ S arnty e eve^ S endy 1 ice^ I z7/, o old^ 6 odd^ d dovcy 00 moon^ u lute^ u hut^ U Fr, sound 46 MIG DICTIONARY. MOZ ]|Ilgnoil, opera in acts, by Tbomaa. 4 Ambroise Monteverde, Claudio, one of the greatest SEillS, S. B., virtuoso pianist, composer and masters in his time. Born 1566 in Cremona. teacher, was bom at Leicester, England, Died 1651. He wrote operas, and deserves March 13, 1839. Studied at Leipsic, and particular honor for developing recitative. came to New York about 1858, where he has Montrr (Fr. mfinh-tra'), " mounted," in front. since held a distinguished position. Hence frequently applied to the diapason military Band, a brass band, or brass and stop in an organ, because its pipes are often wood (horns, trombones, cornets, tubas, clari- displayed in front. nets, oboes, flutes, piccolo kettle-drum, Morceac (Fr. mdr-so')> A piece, a choice piece. snare>drum, and cymbal). Mordent (Ital. m8r-dan-tg). A transient Minor, smaller. shake or beat, formed by the principal note JUinor second, a diatonic semitone. and the next above. See supplement. mOnor third, a third equal to three semitones. Moresca (Ital. mo-rSs-kS), Moorish. A mor- ris-dan e, in which bells are jingled and iniinor triad, a triad with a minor third. swords clashed, minore (Ital. me-n5"-rS), minor. Morlacchi, Francesco (mOi-lSk'-kee), a suc- ]|Elnor Scale, the scale beginning with the cessful and meritorious opera composer, born syllable La^ or the 6th of the major. See Z784, died 1841. " Mason's Piano Technics," for a discussion Momin^on, Earl of, father of the Duke of of the M.S. Wellington, was a comiK>ser of glees and Minnesingers, minstrels of the 12th and 13th church pieces. Born 1742 in Ireland. centuries, who wandered from place to place Mortier de Fontaine, bom 1818 at War- singing a great variety of songs. saw, the first who flayed Beethoven's gigan- Minstrels, wandering singers. tic sonata, op. xo6, in public. Minuet, an ancient, slow and stately dance in Moore, Thomas, an English poet and song- 3-4 time, usually in two strains. writer, born in Dublin 1779. Published his Iri^h Melodiesin 1823. Died 1852. Miserere (Lat. me-sS-ra'-rS), *'Have mer- Morg^an, George Washbourne, the distin- cy,'* a psalm of supplication. fuished organist, living in New York, was Missa, a mass. Missal^ a mass-book. orn in England about 1827, anr^ came to twenty ago, where for MisteriOSO (Ital. nils-ta-rI-o'-z5). Mysteri- New York about years ously. a long timf. h was organist of Grace Church. Ignatz, the distinguished piano Misurato (Ital. me-soo-i^'-to). Measured, in Moscheles, exact time. virtuoso and teacher, -v/s- born st Prague in Z794. Studied with Z^Jrakha, ?- I later with Mixture, an organ stop composed , of several Dionys Weber ami Clementi. h^ made his ranks of pipes, designed to strengthen the debut in 1B15, and had famo*" ruccess all ** over-tones in the klang. ' harmonic Two over Europe, He resided i London as rank" m^ixtures sound the 12th and 15th of teacher, conductor and pianist, for sumr years, not> struck. Three rank the 15th, 19th, the ' and joined Mendelssohn as profe'^sor of piano mixtures not contain and 22d. Modern do . at the Leipsic Conservatory, in 1846, where the third of the chord (or any of its octaves, he died in 1870. the loth, 17th, 24th), but only o-itaves and Moses in £sypt, an opera, or oratorio, by fifth-., and are voiced in flute quality. They Rossini, 1827, impart a clear and ringing quaUty to the tone of the full organ. MOSSO (Ital. mos'-so). Movement, motion. ModeratO (Ital, mSd-a-i^'-to). Moderately. MOSZkov^ski, Moritz (moz-ko'-skY), one of the most gifted of the younger composers, Mode, a scale or key, " Major mode," major was b prn about 1853, and resides i . Berlin, key. where he was pupil of Kullak, and is a clever Modesto (Ital. mo-das'-to). Modestly. pianist. His compositions are mainly for the piano, and are fresh, musical and melodious. Modulation, a harmonic progression out of one key into another, by means ofambiguous Motette (mo-tSf). A motet ; a vocal com- chords. *^ Modulation of voice*' means con- position, wiih sacred words. The line be- trol of the voice. tween motet and anthem is not clearly drawn. Modus (Latin), A mode. Motive, a musical figure or germ employed as a text. See Chaps. I. and X, Moins (Fr. mw3). Less. Motion, mode of progression. Rhythmic M. is Bemhard (mo-leek'). An excellent MoliQue, progression in notes of uniform value, or in a violinist. Born at Nurembur|f, 1802. Died particular rhythmic figure, through several Wrote concertos for violin, trios for 1869. measu es orperiiids. See Chaps. VII., VIII. piano, violin and 'cello, and an oratorio, and IX. Voice M, is similar, parallel, con- ^*Abraham," i860. trary, or oblique, t ontrapunial M. is " two Moll (Ger. mol). Soft, z.^,, minor. against one, *' three against one," " four MoltC (Ital. m61'-t5). Much, very much, a against one." great deal. Mouthpiece, that part of a trumpet or brass Monochord, an instrument composed of a instrument which is applied to the lips. single string stretched over a sounding-board, Mozart, Leopold, bom 1719 in Augsberg. Died along a graduated scale, for measuring musi- 1787. He was an excellent mu ician, and a cal intervals. tasteful and talented composer, and vice- Monody, a composition on one subject, gener- kapellmeister to the Archbishop of Salsz- ally of a sad character. burg. lute^ ii but^ 11 Fr. sound a ale^ & add^ a arnty e eve^ 6 end^ I ice^ X ///, 6 old^ 5 oddy 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u " MOZ DICTIOJSTARY. NAU SEozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, son of the pre- Nachschlas (Ger. nakh'-schiag). A passing ceding, was born Jan. ajy 1756, at Salzburg, tone ; or, if one might say so, an appoggia- and died 1791. See Chap XLV. tura after a. note, instead of before it. Sfnette JVava, Gaetano (nS-vS), a distinguished Italian Xicolai, Otto (nlk'-iS-lx), composer of the teacher of singings and composer of vocal ex- popular opera, *' The Merry Wives of Wind- ercises. Born i8o3 at Milan. Died 1875. sor," was born ir KSnigsburg, 1810, and after Among his pupils was Santley, the baritone. serving some years in Berlin as organist, ap- peared at Vienna as conductor in 1837. Was Bfecessario (Ital. na-tshes-sS-rT-o), neces- appointed kapellmeister at Berlin in sary. Indicating that the passage must not 1848, died in just after completing his be omitted. and 1849, most popular opera. Xeapolitan Sixth, a chord consisting of a HiTicolai, Wilhelm F. G.,was born in 1829 at minor third and minor sixth to a given bass. Leyden. Studied at Leipsic, and then with ]Veck, that part of a violin, or other similar in- Schneider in Dre-den, and returned to Ley- sttument, extending from the head to the den as an organ virtuoso. Is professor of the body, and carrying the finger-board. organ and conductor at the Hague. -dSr- -Sr), a com- Neefe, C. G. , a musician of s me distinction in Miedermeyer, Louis (ne mi his day, who was Beethoven^s instructor. He poser of operas, moiettes, masses, and teacher wasorganist at Bonn. Born 1748. Died 1798. of piano, born at Nyon, on Geneva Lake, in 1832. Studied with Mnscheles and FSrster. Neise lia, oa le BTonvel JBgiuhard, Resided mainly at Paris, where he died in opera in 4 acts by Auber, 1S23. 1861. ^Vegligenasa (Ital nag-le-jan'-tsS). Negli- Niemann, Albert, the famous German tenor, ge nce^ carelessness. was born 1831 at Magdeburg. Is""kammer- Xeithardt, August Heinrich (nit - hSrdt), sSnger" at Berlin, and played the part of *" " founder of the Berlin Dom-Choir, was born Siegmund in Die Walkiire at Bayreuthin at Schleiz, 1793. Served in the army about X876. twenty-five years, and in 1S39 was made royal ^Vigfht-Horn, a name sometimes'applied to a music director. Died 1861. Published a com- 4 ft. flute in organs. pilation of the best church music, in 8 vols. Xlgfht J>ancerB, opera in 2 acts by Loder. Kel (Ital. nal), also Nella^ Nelle^ Nello and 1846. Nell*, In the ; at the ; as I/elsiesso temj/Oy Nielson-Rofinsevilie^ M'me Christine,the in the same time. successful piano-teacher iti Chicago, was born USTet (Fr, na), also Hfett (Ger. nSt). Neatly, at Chris tiansand, Norway, Aug. 10, 1845. clearly, plainly. Was a pupil of Haberbier, at that time pro- fessor in Leipsic, and i ' 1871 came to America, K^eron, opera in acts, 4 by A. Rubinstein, 1879- where she has since resided. Was married to STeirada. a celebrated German family of violin- Dr. Rounseville in 1875. ists, of which M'me Wilhelminb Nurmann- Nillson, Christine, the celebrated prima- Neruda is the most distinguished living donna, was born in Sweden, 1843, and early member. She was born at Brtim, 1840, Mar- manifested her remarkable talent for music. ried a Swedish musician named LudwigNor- She played the violin and sang from house to mann. Plays much in England, and is a h -use. Her voice attracted attention, and great favorite as leader of quartettes in the she was sent to Stockholm, and afterwards to Popular Concerts. Paris, where she was pupil of Wartcl. She Netherlands School, The, embraced such made her debut in 1864 as Violeita. In 1871 composers as Dufay, 1432, Ochenheim, xS^Sj she was in America. Her voice i? of moder- Josquin de Pr^s, 1521. This school developed ate volume, great sweetness and carrying musical science, especially counterpoint, power. earlier than any other in Europe. IVocturne (Fr. nok-tUrn), also Noiturno^ a nocturne. A song-like composition of a soft Neukomill, Sigismund Chevalier (noi'-kom), and tender character, as if suitable for the was at Salzsbure, 1778. Studied with, bom hours of night. See Lesson XXXII. Michael and Joseph Haydn, and appeared as a composer in 1808. He led a wandering life, Node, that point of a chord at which it divides always, however, having good appoiniments, itself when it vibrates by aliquot parts, and and spent the last twenty years of his life be- produces " he harmonic over ..ones. Any over- tween Paris and London. Died in Paris, tone cap be prevented by striking the string 1858. His two oratorios, '*Mounc Sinai" and at its own node. ** David," and his symphony in E flat, were Koel (Fr. no-el). A Christmas carol or hymn. played several times in England. Was an ^Wohl, Ludwig (nol'^, a well known writer on industrious but uninspired composer. music and musical subjects. (" Mozart's IVexus, an old term for a phrase or sequence. Letters," " Beethoven's Letters," etc.) Was Westphalia, 1831. He was educated Micht (Ger. nikht). Not. born in at Bonn and Heidelburg, and there since nikht zoo gS- IVicht asn geschw^ind (Ger. 1872 he resides as professor of musical history quick. schvlud'). Not toj and aesthetics. des Niebelun- STIebelnngen. C*i?*r Ring IVohr, Chr. Friedrich (nor), a violin virtuoso '*), " Niblung." se- gen. The ^ing of the A and conductor at Saxen-Meiningen. B rn operas or mu-.ic-dramas, by quence of four 1800. Wrote operas, a symphony, etc. Died Richa d Wagner. First performed 1876. The 1875. four operas in the series are : Das Rkeingold not; no; as non thoUo^ not much; non 1854, Die Walkilre 1855, Siegfried 1857-1859, IVon, great ; non troppo^ not tuo much. Die Gdtierdmmmerung 1871. tanto^ not so IVone (Ger. n6'-n§). The ninth. Also the mccolini, Joseph, a prolific composer of Ital- the last of the lesser hours in the Breviary. ian operas, born 1771, died 1843 at Piacenza. or in nine Author of 9 operas, 5 oratorios, 30 masses, 2 Nonet, a composition for nine voices, requiems, 100 psalms, etc. voice-parts. moon, \i lute, u buty u Fr. sound a ale^ Hadd, S arm^ e eve, e end, i ice^ \ illy old^ cS odd, 6 dove^ 00 Koiq* DICTIONARY. OCT or sections of an 'Non nobis I>oinino, '^Not unto us, O Sriimber. The several pieces for con- Lord." A celebrated canon sung as a grace opera or oratorio, are numbered overture is after meat, at public dinners in Englai.d. venience of reference, etc. The never counted, Ultra, " Nothing more beyond." Xon Plus "Now dismiss us." The The bumptious title of a piano sonata by Nunc DimittiS, canticle of Simeon, St. Luke, ii : 29, etc, A Woelfl, op. 41, in i£o7. vesper song. Konne !l!»anglaate, La, opera in 5 acts by Knt, a slip of ebony or ivory glued to the neck G6unod. 1854. of the violin, at the upper end of the finger- STorma, opera in 2 acts, by Bellini. 1832. board. 2. Of the bow, a piece of ebony or ivory right ; natural proper. Kormal, ; over which the hairs pass. BTormal-ton (Ger. nor-mal-ton). The tone O (Ital. 0), or. A, to which orchestral instruments are tuned. Oil (Ital. before a vowel od), or, as, either. fi^cale, the natural scale. Wormal Oaheley, Sir Herbert Stanley, Mus. Doc was Siormal l^chool, a school for teachers. born at Ealing, July 22, 1830, and educated at Ox ord. Studied music with Dr. EJvey and O,, a teacher of singing in St, STorth, James Schneider, of Dresden, and completed at Louis. Born abont 1830. Leiosic. In 18' 5 was appointed profe-sor of JKrotation, the signs by means of which music music in Edinburg University. Comijoser of is represented. See Appendix. songs, anthems, etc. Is a good organist. IffOte, a sign of musical utterance. ThepiicA Obbligai'O (Ital. 5b-ble-^a'-to). Necessary, is indicated by the staff degree on whicn the obligatory, must not be omitted. of the note is played ; the length by the form Oberon, romantic opera in 3 acts, by von note. Weber, 1826. Sfote Printing;. The earliest printing from Obertbuer, Chas., a distinguished performer movable types was by Ottaviano dei Petruc- on, and composer tor the harp, was born cio, in 1466. March 4th, 1819, at Munich. Resides in London, and has compotied an opera, mass, STote-Head, the oval part of the note, which and many compositions for haip. occupies tlie pitch-place, 6 Oberiverk (Ger. ' -b8r-vark). The upper Xote-Stem, the line running fro'm the head. manual on a two manual organ. Martin Gustav, composer, JVottebohm, Obligat (Ger. 6b - It - gSt') Indispensable, teacher and writer on music, was born near necessary. Ludenschied in 1817. Studied in Berlin with Piano, an English term for the Bergerand Dehn, and afterwards with Sech- Oblique diagonal arrangement of strings, usual in up- ter. was one of the chief editors of the He right pianos. critical edit onsof Bach, Handel, Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Mozart, His compositions Oboe (Ger. 0-bo-S). A wooden reed-instru- include clavier trios and quartettes, solos for ment of two foot tone. Itis played with a pi;nno, etc. double reed. It consists of a wooden tube about two feet 1 ng, with sound holes on the gifted tenor singer Wonrrit, Adolpb, a highly sides, like a fiute. Has asomewhac plaintive in Paris, born 1802. IJied 1839. Was profes- and wailing tone. sor of dra-matic declamation in the Conserva- exactly like the tory, Oboe d' Amour, an oboe tuned in A, a minor third " usual one, but UffOVelletten, Novellettes," the ritle of a lower. series of 8 piano pieces by Schumann, op. 21. Oboe dt Caccio, an old name for an oboe 1838. standing in %b or F, JHfOVellO. Vincent, an English composer, editor Oboe Stop, an organ stop consisting uf imping- an t organist, w isboru in London, 1781. Was ing reeds and conical pipes of a small scale, organist in severa' important churches, author usually in the swell organ. Owing to the and compiler of much church music, and died reed and block being of me' al, it has a harsher at Nice, x86i. tone than the orchestral oboe. Jjltrovello. Clara, the celebrated soprano, daugh- Oca del Cairo, "The Goose of Cairo," ter of the preceding, made her dv but in 1833, opera bufTa in two acts, by Mozart, 1783, and was the leading oratorio and operatic Ocarina (o-kS-re'-na). Terra-cotta instru- soprano in England for many j ears. ment somewhat resembling the flageolet. XO'vello, Joseph Alfred, eldest son of Vincent, O'Carolan, or Carolan, Turlogh. one of was a bas« singer, and the founder of NoveU the la^t and most famous of the liards of Ire- lo's " Sacri d Music Warehouse." the first land._ Born 16^0. Died 1738, and was iamous depot of music at a low price, and the begin- for his improviaations. ning of the present firm, " Novello, Ewei & Co. Born iBio. Lives at Genua. Octaeliord, an instrument or system compris- ing eight sounds, or seven degrees. IVozze cli FiSAI***- Le, "The Marriage of the Figaro-" opera buflfa by Mozart (Figaro's Octave, eighth tone, in the diatonic scale, above or Hockzeii)^ 1776. below any other. The octave is the most perffct consonance in music except the (Fr. nii-^hn-s'). Lights and shades JVnances unison. Its ratio is 2 : i. Octaves are equiva- of expression, lent in harmony. BTnit BlanoheS. "Restless Nights." The Oetave, an organstop of diapason quality and title of a set of 18 lyric piano pieces by Stephen 4 ft, tone, standing an octave above the dia- Heller, op. £2. pason. A a/tf, a add.^ 2 arm^ e eve^ § end^ 1 ice^ \ ill^ o old^ 6 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 tnoon^ u luie^ ii but^ ii Fr, sound SO OCT DICTIONARY. ORG Octave Flute, a small flute an octave higher Opera Buffa, comic or buffo opera. than the German flute. Opera, Italian. The greate-t composers of Octave Successions, or " consecutive oc- this school were Donizetti, Bellini, Kossini, taves," the parallel motion of two voices at Verdi. the' interval of an octave, are forbidden in Opera, German. The greatest composers of four-part harmony, because they temporarily this school were Gluck, Mozart, von Weber, reduce the number of parts to three. and Wagner. Octette, a composition for eight voices or in- English, opera in English, struments. Opera, by Eng- lish composers. The principal masters of this Ode, an air or song ; a hymn of praise. school are Balfe and Wallace. Ther^dore, Oesten, tht? famous arranger of Opera, French. The principal composers teachingpieces lor the piano, was born at are Haldvy, Harold, A, Thomas, and Meyer- Berlin, Dec. 1813. Learned in- 31, various beer, although the latter is also partly Ger-^ struments, and was in great demand as a man. teacher of piano-forte. Died 1870. Opera Seria, a serious or tragic opera. Oeuvre (Fr. iivr), work ; composition piece. ; opera in which A term used in numbering a composer^s pro- Opera, Grand, the dialogue is carried on by means of recitatives. duction-^ in the order of their composition or publication. Operetta, a httle opera. Offenbach, Jacques, the famous composer of Ophilcleide (6f-T-klId). A large bass brass opera buffo, was born at Cologne, 1819, of instrument, of deep and powerful tone. It Jewish parents. Studied music, became or- has a compass of three octaves from double chestral conductor, and appeared as composer Bflat. in 18^3, O. composed 69 pieces and 143 acts Opus (Lat. o'-pils, abbreviated op.") Work. within 25 years. D. 1880. Used by compo-^ers in numbering their works (Lat. - - Offertorium 6f- fBr to rY iim). A in the order of their composition or publica- hymn, prayer, anthem or instrumental piece tiun, as op, i, op. 2, op. 3, etc. played during the offertory, OpnS Posthumus, a work published after Oline (Ger. o'-nS), without. Okne hegleitung^ the death of its author, without accompaniment ; chne pedals^ with- Orage (Fr. o-rMzh), a storm. An organ stop out pedals (in organ music) ; ohne ddmpfer^ without dampers (with the pedal pressed intendefl to imitate the noise of a storm. down). Oratorio, a species of musical drama consist- Old Hundredth, The, a tune long associated ing of arias, recitatives, choruses, orchestral with the looth Psalm. Supposed to have accompaniment, etc., pei formed without been written as early as 1551. dramati.: action or scenery. O. was origin- ally performed as a religious service. See Ondegrgfiante (Ital. on - dad - je - Sn' - tS). Waving, undulating, trembling. Chapter XLI. Orchestra, a full combination of stringed and Ongleur (Fr. 6nh-gfur). An old term for a performer on the lyre or harp, wind instruments. A full orchestra should consist of not less than eighty to one hundred Olimpiade, libretto by Metastasio, composed men, disposed as follows : ist violins 20, sd over times, by Caldara, Pergolese, 31 Leo, violins 18, violas 10, ^cellos lo, basses 10, Hasse, etc. oboes 9, clarinets 4, flutes 2, piccolo i, bas- Olynipie, lyric tragedy in acts by Spontini, 3 soons 2, horns 8, trumpets 4, trombones 3, 1S19. tuba X, kettie-drums 2, snare drum, bass Open Olapason (di-3^pa'-s6n). The most drum, triangle and cymbal. In reducing this important stop in an organ. It consists of the horns would be reduced to 4, and as a pipes, scale free solid metal of large and and last resort to 2 ; the trumpets to 2, and the tone, and forms the foundation of the tone of clarinets to 2, Other _ redm tion- would be the full organ. made in the strings. The smallest number of Open Harmony, or Open Position^ a posi- strings compatible with blending is 5 zst vio- tion of chord- in which the three upper tones lins, etc. of the chord do not fall within the compass of Orchestra, that part of a theatre occupied by an ocave. the orchestra. The chairs adjacent to it. Open Pipe, an organ pipe open at the upper Orchestrion, an instrument of the organ end. kind, arranged to be played by means of a Open Note, a tone produced by an open string, tune-cylinder, or barrel, so as to imitate the a free, uncramped tone. sound of an orchestra. Large instruments of this class cost as high as Open Strins, a string vibrating through its $5i<^<^o* whole length. Open notes on the violin have Organ, a wind instrument the sounds of which more resonance than those produced by are produced by pipes either flue or reed, and *' stopping." played by means of a key-board like the Opera, a drama set to music for solo singers, piano-forte. It was invented from A D. 800 chorus, orchestra, scenery, and dramatic ac- to 1400. The essential parts of an organ 3 re tion. The words of an opera are called the ^bellows to collect air and force itout through ** Book.'' or " Libretto." Opera dates back the pipes, wind-ways^ a sound-board or to the 15th centurv. The principal schools of •wind-chest containing the valves and sup- opera are the Italian^ in which the singing porting the pipes, keysiar opening the valves, is the chief thing, the French., \xv \i\\\^ the and pipes for making the sound. Large or- dramati action is chief j the German^ which gans contain one large bellows with several aims at the c>)mplete union of action, singing, /eederSsSiA many wind-chests as there are key- and music .1 description, and op ra buffa in boards, and as many valves as there are keys. which the absurd and laughable is aimed at. Concerning pipes see Organ Stop. k ale^ & addy S arm^ e eve^ S end.^ 1 ice^ X zV/, o old^t 5 oddy d dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ii but^ U Fr, sound 5« oRa DICTIONARY. PAG octave or eighth. Organ lllnsir, music designed to be played Ottava (Ital. St^tS'-va). An upon the organ. Ottava alta (Ital. Sl-tS), the octave above, Organ. Stop, or Register (German Stim- or an octave higher. Marked Zva TKung^ voice). A set of pipes voiced alike, one (Ital. bSs-sS). The octave for every key in a key-board of an organ. Ottava bassa _ - Marked 8»« bassa , orS^a Stops are classed as ^/a/ by me ns of whi h the pipes ' f astopare shut off or admitted to communication with Ou (Fr. 00), or. the valves. Onlibiehelf, Alexander (oo-lS-bt-chSf). A Organ Builder, one who builds organs. Russian writer about music, best known by his '* Beethoven et ses trois styles^'' was born Organ, Chamber, a small organ for use in a in Dresden and died at Nischni-Novgo- Tiouse. 1795, rod in 1858. OrganO (Ital. or-gS'-no). An organ. Onseley, Rev. Sir F. A. Gore (oos-le), profes- Organo Pleno (Lat. or-gS-no pla'-no). sor of music at Oxford, a writer on theory, ^ in 1825. ruU organ ; all the stops of the great or- and composer, was born gan " drawn. Ouvertnre (Fr. oo-var-tiir). An overture. Organ Pieno (Ital. pe-a'-no). The full or- introductory instrumental piece gan ; all the stops of the great org.tn. Overture, an to an opera or oratorio, or even for separate of touch- Or^an Toucli, the proper method perfiTmance. Overtures are of two kinds, of an org^n. ing the keys those inform of a sonata-piece, ^ii^ potpourri Organ Tone, a tone of uniform force from its overtures, composed chiefly of melodies oc- beginning to end. curring in the work following. Organ Point (called ^Sso Pedalpoinf)^ a bass P., abbreviation o{ piano Aitdpedale, tone prolonged for several measures^ while Elberfelde, iSlij was various coherently arranged harmonies are Pabst, August, born in Conservatury at Riga in performed by thehgher parts. made director of the 1857. Ha-i composed four operas. His two Organ Trio, a composition arranged for three sons, Louis and Paul^ are talented pianists. single parts, employing two manuals and a pedale. There are six sonatas of Bach writ- Pachelbel, Johann (pakh'-8l-b8l), the imme- ten in this form. diate prede'.essor of Sebas. Bach, as com- poser, was born 1653 at NUrnburg, and occu- key-board of an Organ manual, the manual pied important positions as torganist. Died organ. They are designated as great, swell, 1706. choir, and solo organs. Pacher, Joseph A, (pakh'-Sr), pianist and the pedale key-board. Organ Peclale, salon composer, was born 1816 at Daubro- Orgne Kxpressive (Fr. org Bgz-pra-sef). witz. Came, at the age of 16, to Vienna, The harmonium, or reed organ, where he afterwards resided. Died 1871. Orlandi, Ferdinand, a composer and professor Pacini, Giovanni (pa-tshe'-ne), composer of of singing, born in Parma, 1777, appeared Italian operas, born 1756, made his debut as as opera composer in 1801. Appointed pro- composer at the age of^i8, and lived at Ven- fessor in the Mailand Conservatory 1806. ice, and afterwards at Milan. Died in Died 1840. Wrote 20 operas, masses, mo- 1867. tettes, and over 100 different works. Pseon, a song of rejoicing ; a hymn to Apollo. OrthOJp*aphy, the art of correct spelling, in obedience to which one writes the chromatic Paer, Ferdinand (pa'-Sr), a composer of Italian tones according to their derivation and har- operas, was born 1771 in Parma, where he monic relation. made his fiirst successes as a composer. Later he lived at Paris. P. wrote about 50 operas, Osborne, G. A., a composer of pleasing pieces and many other works. D. 1839. for the piano, was born at Limerick in 1806. Studied in Paris and came to London 1843, PaganinI, Nicolo (pag-Sn-en -e), the wonder- where he since resides. Tul violinist, was born 1784 at Genoa. He Ossia (Ital. 6s-se-S). Or, otherwise,^ or else. grew uij in^ poverty and cruelty, but per- Written above the staff in cunnection with severed in his study of the violin, in which he an easier or different arrangement of the same received assistance from many good masters, passage. and in 1798 began his concert tours, in which he excited the astonishment and admiration pin iUcile (Ital. os-se-S pioo fS-tshe- Ossia of all Europe. He brought forth many com- or else in this more easy manner. 13), positions in new forms, which hw called Ostinato (Ita'. os-te-nS'-to). Obstinate, con- Caprices^ which, with Baches 6 sonata?, stand tinuous, unceaMng, adhering to some peculiar as the most original and rem arkable works for melodic figure, or group of notes. the violin. Died May 27, 1840. a aley ib add-t % arnt^ e eve^ S end^ i ice^ t z7/, 5 old^ 5 odd^ dove^ 00 tnoon^ u lute^ li but^ U Fr, sound 52 PAI DICTIONARY. PAS Paisiello, Giovanni (jo-va'-ne pS-e-sSl-lG), a Panteleon, a.Uo_pania/on, an old instrument celebrated composer of Italian operas, was of the dulcimer species, but larger. It was born 1741 inTaranto. Studied in Naples and more than nine feet long, four feet wide, and appeared as composrr at the age of i^. P. had a hundred and eighth-six strings of gu-, traveled over Europe, received with distinc- which were played on with small sticks like tion everywhere, writing operas for Paris, the dulcimer. London, St. Petersburg, etc. He wrote in Papag^eno (Ger. pS-Ta-ghan-o all some 94 operas, and many other works, noete fl6t-B). Pan's pipes, a and died 1815 in Naples. mouth organ. Paix, Jacob, a prominent musician and noted Pape, Willie, a brilliant pianist and composer of several showy arrangements of favorite organist, born in Aug< Out^ ii %ale, a add^ S arm^ § eve^ S end^ 1 ice^ t rV/, old, 6 odd^ 6 dove, 00 moon, u lute^ & Fr. sound 53 PAS DICTIONARY. PEK Pasdelonp, Jules (jool pS-dS-loo), the Pauke (Ger. poii-kS). A kettle drum. concerts in founder of popular classical Paul, Dr. Oscar (p'lwl), professor of musical France, was born in Pai ib in 1819. Educated science in the University at Leipsic, was born took at the Cons-rvatorjr, where in 1833 he 1836 at Fieiwaldau, studied theology at the the first prize for piann-playing. Appeared University of Leip-^ic, as well as music. ^ In in 1851 as director of the Hociety of Young 1866 he was appointed to his present position, introduce Artists^ whose mis^irtn it was to in which he has distinguished himseL. Is classical mii-ic, in which he h.^s been vc'-y teacher of the piano in the Conservatory. successful, and has gained the approval and favor of the public. Pause, adelay or sudden cessation of rhythmic movement by the prolongation of a tone or (Fr. pli-sul). dance by one per- JPas Henl A chord. The character ^T- which requires former. this. Pa»sa«aglio (Ital. pSs-sa-kai-ye-o). A (Ital. pK-vS'-nS), a grave, stately species of chicon, a slow dance in 3-.^ time, Pavana dance, which took its name ixom. pavo^ a pea- the music consisting of divisio 'S or variations cock. It w-tS danced by princes in their on a ground bass, and always in a minor key. mantles, an 1 ladies in gowns with long trains, Passacaille (Fr. pas-sS-kal). A passacaglio* whose motions resembled those of a peacock's Passage, any phrase or short portion ofan air, tail. It was in 3-4 time, and generally in or ot.ier composition. Also used for bravoura three sirains, each repeated. passages^ those parts of a piece which prcduce Pavilion (Fr. pa-ve-yonh). The bole. of a an but do not belong to the melody of effect^ horn orother wind instrument. the piece. Pavilion Chinois (Fr. pS-ve-yonh she- Passagio (Ital. pSs-sSd-je-o), a passage. nwa). An instrument with numerous little Passamezzo (Ital. p£s-s£-mat'-s5), an old, bells, which impart brilliancy to lively pieces slow dance, little differing from the action of and pompous military marches. walking. Pax, Karl Edward, organist of the charity Passepied (Fr. p&ss-pe-a'); A sort of jig, a church in Berlin, was born at Glogau in 1802. lively old French dance in 3-4, 3-8, or 6-8 A composer of men's songs, and instructive time ; a kind of minuet. piano pieces. Died 1867. Passing; Notes, notes which do not belong Pedal, of or pertaining to the foot. Hence to the harmony, but serve to connect those damper pedal^ the lever by which the foot essential. that are raises the dampers from contact with the Passion Music, music composed for holy strings ; softpedal^ a lever operating mechan- week. ism for diminishing the tone; sivell pedal^ Passions Uluslk, Bach wrote four passion a lever for operating the blinds of the * swell tone- sustaining Pedal^hy means of oratorios, the best known of which is that ac- organ;'' tone is prolonged after the finger is cording to St. Matthew, in 1729. which a removed from the key. Passionate (Ital. pSs-se-5-nS'-to). Passion- ate, impassioned, with fervor. Pedal Piano, a piano-forte fitted with organ pedals for practice. Pasta, Guidetta (gwe-det'-tS pSs'-ta), a fa- mous dramatic singer. Born at Como, 1798, Pedal Point, see Organ Point. made her debut at Verona in 1822, and sang double the pedals, that is, with the greatest success throughout Europe. Pedal X>opplO, play with both feet, a direction in organ play- Her voice was of large compass, and very ing. beautiful. Died 1865. stops PasticiO (Ital. pSs-tet'-tshe-o), a medley, an Pedals, Combination, pedals for drawing opera made up out of songs, etc., by various in the organ. composers. Pellegrini, Angelo (p§l-l§-gre'-ne). A dra- Pastoral, a musical drama on a rural subject. matic composer, born in Como about 1805. Also an instrumental composition in pastoral His three operas are often given, Etelinda style. 1S31, La Vedova di Bengala 1834, // diser~- tore svizzero 1841^ Pastorale (Ital. pSs-td-rS'-lS). Pastoral. Pastorelle (Fr, pas-to-rSl). A pastoral. PenSOSO (Ital.p§n so'-zo). Pensively, mourn- fully. Patetico (Ital. pS-ta'-te-ko). Pathetic. Pentachord, an instrument with five strings, Patimento (Ital. pS-te-man'-to). Affliction a scale or system of five diatonic sounds. grief, suffering, Pentatonic ISeale, a scale of five notes, Adelina, and Carlotta, sisters, distin- PattI, sometimes called the Scotch scale, and simi- guished singers. Carlotia was born at Fl r- _ lar to the modern diatonic major scale with ence, and is noted for her delicate and 1840, fourth and seventh degrees omitted. brilliant execution. Adelina^ born at Madrid, 1843, sang in concerts at an early age, an 1 PepaSCh, Johann Christoph, was born at since 1859 has occupied the highest rank in Berlin 1667, where he lived 20 years, when he Europe. went to Holland, where his first compositions were published, and then to England, where Pauer, Emst (powr), pianist and composer, he achieved great success as a composer. Died was born in Vienna, 1826, studied there with 1752. Dirzka and Seen ter, and later with Mozart's second son. In 1851 he came to London, Perdendo (Ital. nar-dan'-do), Perdendosi where he has since resided. Is a successful (Ital. par-dan-do'-ze). Gradually decreasing com oser, but best known by his editions of the tone and the time ; dying away ; becom- Schumann's works, etc. ing extinct. a ale^ S. add^ S arm.y e eve^ § end^ 1 ice^ I zV/, 6 old^ 6 oddy 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ u but^ U Fr. soun4- 54 ; PER DICTIONARY. PIO Period, a melodic or harmonic formation con- Pfluehauiit, Robert (pfloog'howpt), a bril- sisting of two or more sections, of which two liant pianist. Bori 1833 in Berlin, studied must stand in the relation of antecedent and with Liazt. Died 1863. consequent. See Part Second. Pkantasie (Ger. f^n-t£-see'). Fantasy, fancy, Perkins, Henry S., a teacher and writer of imagination. choral music, was at Stockbridge Vt., bom Pkilidor, Fran9ois Andr£, .a French opera March at 20, 1833. Studied music Boston, composer. Born 1726. Died in London, and commenced his work as conductor of 1795. P. was the inventor of French comic musical conventions in i860. Is author of opera, of which he composed 22. about twenty collections of singing-class and convention music. Philharmonic, lovers of harmony, a society devoted to the interests of m..sic. PerkiliS, Jule ^., brother of the preceding, a g;ood pianist and composer, and a fine bass PluloSOphy of Art, the relation of art to singer, was born at Stockbridge, Vt., 1845. the human mind. See Part Four. Studied singing in Paris and Italy, and made Phone (Gr. fo'-nS). The voice, a sound or his debut in opera there about 1868, with dis- tone. tinguished success. In 1873 he joined the Phonetik (Gr. fS-nSt'-Yk). System ofsinging, Maple.>on Opera Company in London. Died or of notation and harmony. at iVlanchester, England, 1875. Phrase, a short musical sentence, a musical Perkins, W. O., Mus, Doc. composer and thought or idea which makes sense, but not teacher of music, brother of the preceding, complete sense. was born at Stockbridge, Vt., about 1829. Studied in Boston, conducted conventions, Phrasing, the art of uniting tones into etc., since i860. Resides in Boston. phrases, and separating phrases from each other, as well as the proper modulation of the Perne, Fran9ois Louis (pern), a learned French sound so as to express the musical idea. teacher nf musical theory and composer. Born 1772 at Paris. Died 1832. Phrygian, one of the ancient Greek modes. Persiani, Jose^o ^par-se-S'-ne). An opera Physharmonica (Gr. flTs-hSr-mfin -It-kS). composer. Born in one of the States of the An instrument, the tone of which resembles Church, 1805. that of the reed pipes in an organ, and is pro- Perti, Giacomo Antonio (par'-te). A notable duced by the vibration of thin metal tongues, composer of the old school. Born z66i. His of a similar construction to those of theliar- first mass was produced undei his own direc- monium. The name is also applied to a stop tion in St. Peter's in 1680. Died i7«)6. in the organ with free reeds^ and with tubes of half the usual length. Percussion (Eng. n§r-kush'-6n). Striking, as applied to instruments, notes or chords Piacere (Ital. pe-K-tsha'-rS). Pleasure, incli- or the touch on the piano-forte. nation, fancy ; a piacere^ at pleasure. Perfect, complete, satisfactory. The perfect Piacevole (Ital. pe-S-tsha-vo-IS), Pleasing, consonances are unison, octave, fifth and graceful, agreeable. fourth. Piaclmento (Ital. pe-S-tshe-man-to). See Perfect Cadence, a cadence consisting piacere. essentially of the chord of the dominant Pianino (Ital. pe-It-ne-no). A small piano- seventh, followed by the tonic, both chords forte. uninverted, and the soprano and bass having (Ital. pe-3'-n5). Soft, gentle. the touic in the last chord. Piano (Ital. pe-£-jan'-do). Plaintively, Perpetual Canon, a canon without an end- Piagendo sorrowfully. ins^, like a round. Piano-forte. The distinguishing feature of Pesante (Ital. pS-zSn -tS). Heavyv ponderous, the piano-forte is the use of an elastic ham- with importance and weight, impressively. mer to strike the strings. Has been gradually Peschka-I^eutner, Minna (p6s-kha loit'- evolved through countless modifications dur- nfir). A brilliant singer, long a favorite at ing the last two centuries. Steinway & Sons Leipsic, and heard in , this country in 1871. are the most brilliant and successful experi- Born 1839 in Vienna. menters during the past twenty-five years. Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (pSs-tS-lot-zi), Piano a qneu (Fr. pe-IC'-no a kiih). A grand the celebrated teacher, was born in Zurich, piano-forte. devoted himself to improving the X746, and Piano Score, a series of staves arranged for of teaching children by presenting to method representing vocal music its piano-forte ** ' and them the thing before the sign. accompaniment. Enrico (an re'-ko pa-trSl -IS), an Petrella, Piatti, Alfred, the celebrated 'cellist, was born ian of operas. Born in 1813, in Ita composer in Bergamo, 1823, and appeared in public at Naples, and produced Palermo, educated with great success at the age of 16. In 1846 the age of his first oi)era. Was author at 15 he first came to London, where for the most operas. Died in Genoa. of about twenty 1877 part he has since resided. Is author of a Pen (Fr, puh). Little, a little. number of pieces for 'cello and piano. Pezze (Ital, pi. pat-sS). Fragments, scraps, Pibroch (pe'-br5k). A wild, irregular species select, detached pieces. of music, peculiar to the Highlands of Scot- Pfeife (Ger, pfT'-f?). Pipe, fife, flute. land, performed on the bagpipe. Pfeiffer, Oscar, pianist, born at Vienna, 1828, PicchiettatO (Ital. pe-ke-§t-t£'-to). Scat- made concert tours 1845-1867 in Europe. In tered, detached. In violin playing it means 1864 went to Rio Janeiro, wherealso he had that sort of staccato indicated by dots under fine success. Composes for the piano. a slur. ill^ old^ dove^ 00 moon^ ii luie^ ii hui^ il Fr. sound ao/^, & add^ 'i. »r/«i e eve^ 6 end^ i ice^ X 6 5 oddy 6 55 PIC DICTIO NARY. POI Piccinnl, Nicolas (pet-tshe'-ne), known under Pixis, Friedrich Wilhelm, an organist in Mann- the name Piccini. a celebrated opera com- heim, 1770, a pupil of the Abbe Vogler. Au- poser, the rival of Glui-k, was born in 1728, thor of a number of works for organ and piano. near Naples.^ Educated at Naples. Appeared Pizzicato (Ital. pet-se-kS'-tS). Pinched^ as composer in 1747, which was the beginning meaning that the strings of the violin, violon- of a long and brilliant car er as opera com- cello, etc., are not to be played with the bow, poser. P. lived chiefly at Naples. Died at but pinched, or snapped with the fingers, Passy, 1800. producing a staccato effect. Piccinni, Louis, second son of the preceding, Placidamente (Ital. pia-tshe'-da-man-tS). was born in at also 1766 Naples, and was a Calmly, placidly, quietly. very good composer. D, 1827. Plagal, ancient modes in which the melody PioCQlominl, Marie (pek'-k6-lS-me'-ne), a was confined between the dominant and its pleasing singer, born at Siena, 1836. Made octave. her debut at Turin in 1S55. Came to Ameri- which ca in 1858. Plag'al Cadence, a cadence in the final chord on the tonic is preceded by the Piece (Fr. pS-as'). A composition or piece of harmony of the sub-dominant. music ; an opera, or drama. Plain Song, or Plain Cliant^ the name Pieno (Ital. pe-a-no). Full. given to the old ecclesiastical chant when in Its simple state wi'hout those har- PietOSO (Ital. pe-a-to'-zo). Compassionately, most and monic appendages with which it has since tenderly. Implying, also, a rather slow and sustained movement. been enriched. The ancient music for the - psalms and liturgy. Pifferart (Ital. pi. pef-fS-iS'-re). Pipers. Plaintif (Fr. pl^nh-tef). Plaintive, doleful. Pilate, August (pI-lK'-tSj, a composer. Born Plaque (Fr. pia-ka'). Struck at ff«*:^, without at i8io, Bouchain, educated atParis. Brought any arpeggio, or embellishment. out his first opera abouc X854, Plaquer (Fr. pia-ka'>. To strike at once, Pince (Fr. pS-nh-sa). Pinched, ^^fi pizzicato. speaking of chords. Pipe, any tube formed of a reed, or of metal or Plectrum (Lat. plSk'-trtim). A quill, or wood, which being blown inro at one end, piece of ivory or hard wood, used to twitch produces a musical sound. The pipe^ which the strings of the mandoline^ lyre, etc, was originally no mere than a simph oaten Plein Jen (Fr. planh zhii). Full organ. The straw, was one of the earliest instruments by term is also applied to a mixture stop of which musical sounds were attr-mpted. several ranks of pipes. Pipes of Pan. See Pandean Pipes. Pleno (Lat. pla'-no). Full. See " Full Organ." Piesendel, Johann George, a distinguished Pleyel, Ignaz (pir-Sl), composer of a great German violinist. Born at Karlesburg, 1687. number of instrumental works, was bom the Played and conducted in all the principal twenty-fourth son cf his father, about 1757, cities in Europe, and died ^^%$. near Vienna. Died 1831. Piston (Fr. pls-tonh). valve in- A in a brass Pleyel, Camille, eldest son of the preceding, strument. cornet Hence a piston^ cornet with also a good composer, was born at Strassburg, valves. Z792. T)ied in Paris, 1855, Piteli, means "point," the highness or lowness Plico (Lat. ple'-k5). A kind of ligature used of sounds. That (juality of tones which de- in the old music, as a sign of hesitation or pends on the rapidity of the vibrations pro- pause. ducing them. Pitches are named by letters, Pnenniatic liCver, a contrivance for di- as A, A sharp, _B, C, etc. The different minishing the weight of touch on large organs, octaves are distinguished as largey sntally invented -by Mr. Charles Barker, of London, once-marked.^ etc., namely. Middle C and and afterwards of Marseilles. It consists of the six degrees above it belong to the *' once- a small bellows about i4inchesby3,for every marked octave" and written e, a, etc, ore', d', *• key. When the key is pressed it opens a e',etc. ; the octave above thisisthe twice- valve into this bellows, which is immediately marked octave" c", d", e", f ', etc. The *' inflated and thereby opens the valves belong- octave below middle C is the small octave," ing_ to the key touched. " written c, d, e, etc., the octave below this the The pneumatic action " completely softens the touch, " large" octave, 0, D, E, etc., below this the which on large organs amounts "double" octave, CO, DD,etc. Pitches are to several pounds per key, but it results in loss of time. also distinguished as "8ft" "4ft," " 2ft," or a In order to diminish this "i6ft,'] according to the length of the pipes as much as possible, the pneumatics producing them. Organ stops are designated are operated by a "heavy wind," of a pressure mthis way according to the lenethof thepipe equal to a column of water 6 inches high, or producing the tone for the fingei>-key two thereabouts. octaves Pocliette (Fr. p6-shSt). below middle C. ^ The standard pitch A kit, a small violin is 8ft. A stop of this pitch g;ives for every used by dancing masters. note sounds agreeing with the voice ; i6ft. FOCO (Ital. po-ko). Little: ^% poco a poco^\\t- stops give sounds an octave lower ; 4ft. stops tle by little ; uvipoco adagio^ a little adagio. an octave higher, aft. an octave higher still. Pohl, Karl Ferdinand (pol), the popular author Pitch, Concert. French pitch is about • 522 vi- of Mozart and Haydn in London," Biogra- brations per second for middle C. Concert phy of Haydn, etc., is an organist, and was pitch is higher, about 540, born 182? at Berlin and studied in Vienna Pin (Ital. pe-00). More. X&piu allegro^ more with Sechter. allegro; piu forte^ moie forte ; _^/a moto^ Poi (Ital. p6'-e). Then, after, afterward ; ^za«tf quicker, etc. poiforte^ soft, then loud. & a/*, S. add^ S. arm^ e eve^ S end^ 1 ice., 1 z7/, 6 oldy fi odd^ 8 dove., 00 moon., vi lute^ ii buiy ii Fr. sound 56 POL DICTIONARY. PKO Polacca (Ital. p6-iak -ka). A Polish national Potter, Cypriani, pianist and composer. Born dance in 3-4 time ; a dance tune in which an in London, 1792, where his father was a pro- emphasis is placed on the first unaccented fessor ofmusic. Studied with Calcott, Crotch, part of the measure. and Woelfl Was made professor in the Koyal School of Music, PoUca^ a lively Bohemian or Polish dance in and m 1825 president of the same. Died 2-^ time, the first three quavers in each bar 1872. Wrote trios, duos, being accented, and the fourth quaver unac- sonatas, and piano pieces. cented. Pral trill, theOerman name for the mordente^ an embellishment consisting of two small Polonaise (p5l-5-naz). A movement of three notes preceding a principal See appen- crotchets in a measure, the rhythmical pause one. dix. coming on the last crotchet of the bar. Pratt, Silas G., pianist and composer, was bom Polyphony. " many sounds." Applied to com- Aug. 12, 1847. Studied at first in Chicago, positions consisting of three or more inde- afterwards with WUerst and KuUak, at STidently moving voices, as in -fugue, etc. Berlin, and still later with Liszt, at Weimar, istinguished from Homopkony^ in which Has written two operas, a symphony, many there is but one melod.ous voice, the qthers piano pieces, etc. being accompaniment, as in glees and Ameri- can psalmody. See Chapter V. Precentor, the appellation given formerly to the master of the choir. Pomposo (Ital. pdm-po -zo). Pompous, state- ly, grand. Prelude, a short, introductory composition, or extempore performance, to prepare the ear Poiiiatowski, Joseph, Prince, and kinsman for the succeeding movements. of Stanilaus II, last king of Poland, was bom at Rome, 1816. He was educated in music, Precipitando (Ital. pra-tshe-pe-tSn-do). and produced seven or eight operas. Hurrying. Preci^itato (Ital. Ponte* Lorenzo da, a famous writer of opera pra^tshe-pS-tS'-td). In a precipitate manner, hurriedly. librettos, among them Mozart's *' Figaro'* and "Don Juan." Born 1749. Died 1838, Precisione (Ital. prU-tshe-ze-o'-nS). Pre- cision, exactness. Popper, David^ a distinguished 'cellist, bom Preg^Mera (Ital. pra-ghe-a'-m). Prayer, 2843. Lived since 1868 m Vienna. supplication. Porpora, Nicolo (pdr -pS-rS), the distin- Preparation, that disposition of the harmony guished opera composer and lival of Handel, by which discords are lawfully introduced. was bom at Naples in 1686, educated there, A discord i!» said to be prepared when the dis- appeared as composer in 1708, and after cordant note is heard in the prececing chord, several years* wandering between Vienna, and in the same part, as a consonance. Loudon, etc., in 1760 he returned to Naples, Prestamente (Ital. prSs-ta-man'-tS). Hur- where he lived at the head of the Conserva- riedly, raiJidly. tory of San Onofrio. Died 1767. Wrote Prestezza (Ital. prSs-tad'-sa). more than 50 operas, 6 oratorios, 4 masses, 29 Quickness, ra- other sacred works, 6 symphonies for cham- pidity. ber, etc. Presto (Ital. pras'-to). Quickly, rapidly. Portamento (Ital. por-ta-man'-to). A term Pressure tone, a sudden crescendo. applied by the Italians to the manner or Prima (Ital, pre'-ma). First, chief, principal. habit ot sustaining and conducting the voice. Prima Vista (Ital. pre'-mS ve'-stM). At A singer who is easy, and yet firm and steady first sight. in the execution of passages and phrases, is said to have a %OQa portamento. It is also Prima Volta (Ital. pre'-ma vol'-ta). The used to connect two notes separated by an in- tirst time. terval, by gliding the voice from one to the Principal, the chief idea in a piece of music. other, and by this means anticipating the lat- See QiapterXIII. ter in regard to intonation. Principal, an organ stop of diapason tone. In Portando la voce (Ital. por-tan'-do la v5'- English organs the principal is the ** octave," tshS). Carrying the voice, holding it firmly a 4ft. stop. In German it is the open diapa- on the notes. son of 8ft. or i6ft. Posanne (Ger, po-zoii-nS). A trumpet, a Program me, an order of exercises for musical trombone, a sackbut, also an organ stop. or other entertainments. Programme SInsic, music designed to tell Potpourri (pot-poor -re]). A medley, a capric- in tones a story derived from some poem, or cio ox fantasia^ in which favorite airs and legend. See Chap, XXI. fragments of musical pieces are strung to- gether and contrasted. Progression, movement from one tone or chord to another. Position, a shift on the violin, tenor, orviolon- cello: the arrangement or order of the several Prosody, a term, partly grammatical and members of a chord. partly musical, relating to the accent and metrical quantity of syllables, in lyrical com- Positive, an appellation formerly given to the position. little organ, placed in front of the full or the preface great organ. Prologue, jtlusical, or intro- duction to a musical composition or perfor- Possibile (Ital. pos-se'-be-lS), possible ; // mance ; a prelude. piu forte possibiUy as loud as possible. Professor of JVInSiC, the instructor or lec- Postludinm (Ital. post-lii -dl-um). After- turer on music in a chartered college or school piece, concluding voluntary. An accomplished musician (English usage). a ale^ a add^ a arm, e eve^ S end^ i ice^ I i//, 6 old^ G odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ii but^ U Fr, snund. PRU DICTIONARY. RAI German Pmo.kner, Dionys, a brilliant pianist, and a Querfloete (Ger. kwar flS-tS). A flute. good teacher. Born about 1830. ^ Studied Vith Liszt at Weimar, at the same time with Querstand (Ger. kwar-stand). A false rela- Billow, Mason, Klindworth, Raff, etc. Came tion in harmony. to New York in 1874, but made only a short (Ital. kwe-a'-to). Quietly, calm, se- stay. I-i now professor of Piano in the Con- Quieto servatory at Stuttgart (1880). rene. quas-ta). This, that. Prnckner, Caroline, a distinguished German Questa (Ital. dramatic singer. Born at Vienna in 1832. Quiek-step, a lively march, generally in 2-4 Prudent, Emil (pru-dSnh), a brilliant pianist time. and composer of elegant fantasias and salon Quintadena (kwlfn-ta-de'-nS). An organ pieces, was born at Angouleme, 1817. Stud- stop of soft, flute-like quality, which gives ied at the Conservatoire, and was much in- the twelfth quite plainly. fluenced by Thalberg. Died at Paris, 1863. Quintaton (Ger. qutn-ta-ton"). A manual Prume. Fran9ois, one of the most brilliant organ stop of 8ft. tone and stopped diapason violinists of recent times, was born at Stavelot quality, producing the 12th perceptibly. Also in iSi'^, appeared in public as violinist at an a pedal stop. early age. Died 1849. Quinten-folgfe (Ger.) Successions of fifths. Prnme, Jehin. nephew of the preceding, was also a flne vioanist, and visited America in Quintette, a composition for five voices. z86u. Born at Brussels, 1840. Quintole, a group of five notes. Psalm, a sacred song or hymn. Quint Oedaekt (Ger. quint ghe-dShkt). An Psalmody, the practice or art of singing organ stop of the stopped diapason species, collection of music de- p>alms ; a style or sounding the fifth above. signed, for church service. Qui TolliS (Lat.) " Thou who takest book of Psalms. Psalter, the away,'' part of the Gloria in Excelsis, usually Pnreell, Henry, an English dramatic and set in music as a separate number. church composer, was born in London, 1658, (Lat.) "For thou the son of a musician. His talent was such, Quoniam tu Solus alone art holy," part of the Gloria, usually that at the age of 18 he was organist of West- number. minster Abbey and the Royal Chapel. He set as a separate composed music to many plays. Purcell had B., right (hand). genius, and showed fresh and vigorous positive Baekett, an old wooden wind-instrument, melodic invention.^ He had not the severe lower and deeper than the bassoon. contrapuntal training of Bach or Handel, his contemporaries. Died at the age of 37 in Baddoppiamento (rad-dop-pe-S-man -to). 1695- Augmentation, reduplication ; the doubling Quadrat (Ger. quSd-rat'^. The mark called a of an interval. natural. Sec Chromatic Signs in Appendix. Radecke, Robert, a pianist, violinist and Quadrille (Fr. k^drel). A French dance, conductor, born at Dittmannsdorf in 1830. or set of five consecutive dance movements, Studied with his father at Leipsic, where he called La Pantalon, La Foule, L^ Ete, La distinguished himself, and in 1S52 was made Tenise (or La Pastourelle) and La Finale, second director of the Leipsic Sing-Acade- QnantK, Johann Joachin, 1697-1773. A dis- mie. Resides at Berlin. Has composed many tinguished musician in the employ of Frede- songs, overtures for full orchestra, etc., and rick the Great, of Prussia, known especially in many ways shown himself one of the first the time. as a flute virtuoso. His instruction book for musicians of present that instrument marks an epoch in the de- Radical Bass, a bass exclusively composed velopment of the flute, and of flute-playing. of the roots of the chords. QuHutz was also an excellent violinist and oboist, was thoroughly acquainted with all RaiT, Joachim (yo'-2k-em rSf), one of the the orchestral instruments in use in his time, greatest composers now living, was born May and with the art and science of music. He 12, 1S23, at Lachen in Switzerland. His first left a large number of compositions, especially opera, ^^ King Alfred,'^ was composed in 1849. for the flute. From this time on Raff has produced a long succession of works, well written, although Quart (Fr.) A fourth. all sometimes too carelessly, which have at Quarter-note, a black note, otherwise known length acquired currency throughout the crotchet. as world. They consist of 8 symphonies, 2 Quarter Rest, a rest equal to a quarter note. suites, 5 overtures, several concertos, very Quarter-tone, a small interval of no precise much chamber music, songs, piano pieces, in all over dimension, because the "whole tone itself etc., zoo works. At present (1880) varies. Raff is director of the Conservatory at Frank- fort-on-the- Maine. Quasi ' Ital. quS'se). As if, like. Quartette (.Ger. guar-tStt). A composition Rallentando (Ital. ral-lSn-tan'-do). The for four voices or in!>Lruments. time gradually slower and the sound gradual- ly soUer. Quart-Sex (Lat.) Fourth-sixth chord. Quart - Septime (Lat.) Fourth-seventh Raimondi, Pietro, a highly esteemed com- chord. poser and teacher of counterpoint in Rome, 1786-1853. Wrote more than 60 operas, 32 Quatuor (Lat.) A composition for four voices. ballets, 150 ps ilms of the style of Marcel lo 5, Quaver, an eighth note. and very many other church pieces. a aity ^ add^ i. army e eve^ 8 end.^ 1 ice^ \ illy 6 old^ 6 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 mot,n^ u lute^ ii buty U Fr. sound 58 ; RAM DICTIONARY. REI Rameaa, Jean Philippe (rS-mo), a celebrated opening and rlosing the pipe. Used in reed French composer and theorist, was born 1683 stops of the organ generally. The reedof in Dijon. Educated at a Jesuit college. Ap- oboe and bassoon conbiiits of two thin slips of peared as writer of theoreti> al works m 1722, reed (woody fibre), closely approximated, and ten years later as an opera composer. which alternately close and open when blown Died 1764. through. The clarinet reed con>ists of a slip, or tongue of reed vibrating against the Bansdes Vaches(Fr.rSnhdSvash). Pas- wooden socket, and is, therefore, an imping- toral airs played by ihe Swiss herdsmen to ing reed. The harmonit;s bf a reed are simi- assemble the cattle together for the return lar to those of a string, 1 home. hence ree. instruments take the place of strings in military bands, BapiAamente (Ital. ra-pe-dS-man'-tS). Beed, Daniel, one of the old American psalmo- Rapidly. dists, published hisfirst book, "The Colum- Bapido (Ital. ra-pe-do). Rapid. bian Harmony," in 1793. The music was illiterate. Bappoldi, E. (rSp-por-de), one of the best William, violinists of the present, was born in Vienna, Beeve, a successful English oomposer of inusica.1 dramatic Feb. 22, 1839. Is concertmeisterof the Royal pieces, and teacher of Opera at Berlin. music, lived in Lond n. Burn 1757. Com- posed sixteen comic operas. Bathberj^er, Valentine, a prolific old church Beeves, Sims, the great tenor, was born at composeff a Benedictine monk, born 1690. Woolwich, 1821, made his debut about 1840, Batio, relation. The relation of the rate of after serious studies in London and Italy, vibrations in tones, and has since held highest ank among opera- tic and oratorio lenors. His son has in 1880 BaUKZini, Venanzio (roud-ze'-ne), an Italian made a promising debut as tenor. singer and composer of operas, born at Rome Becreatioii, a composition of attractive 1747-1810. style, designed to relieve the tediousness of practice Bavenscroft, Thomas, professor of music at an amusement, Oxford, and one of the earliest English com- Bedowa (rSd -S-wS). A Bohemian dance in posers of psalmody, was born 1590. Died 1635, 2-4 and 3-4 time, alternately. Bavina, Jean Henri (rS-ve-n3), pianist and Befrain, the burden of a song, a ritornel ; a composer, was born at Bordeaux, May 20, repeat. See Burden^ 1818. ^ Studied in the Conservatoire, and dis- tinguished himself as a composer of salon Begel (Ger. rag -61). A rule. pieces. Died 1862. Begister, an organ stop. Be (Ital. ra). The secpnd syllable in solmiza- Beglstration, the art of changing and com- tion. In French, the pitch D. bining stops so as to produce a musical effect Bebec A Moorish word signifying an instru- in organ playing. ment with two strings, played on with a bow. Begnard, Francis, Jacob, Paschalius and The Moors brought the Rebec into Spain, Carolo, four brothers, of Douay, in Flanders. whence it passed into Italy, and after the ad- They lived in the i6th century. Jacob and dition of a third string obtained the name of Francis left many compositions, especially Rebecca^ whence the old English Rebec, or the former, who was Jcapellmeister at Prague. fiddle with three strings. Behearsal (r€-her -s&l). A trial, or practice, Bebel, Fran9ois, a French opera composer, previous to a public performance. 1701-1775. Beicha^ Joseph, 1746-1795, A distinguished Becherclie (Fr. re-shSr-sha). Rare, affected, violinist and composer of Prague. He left formal. many compositions. Bechte Bande (Ger. rShktS hand). Right Beiehaj Anton, 1770-1836, nephew of Joseph. hand, A distinf^uished composer and theorist, also born in Prague. lived for BecitatiTe (rSc-I-tS-teev'). A musical decla- He some years in Vienna, in the society of mation. See Chapter XXXVIII. Haydn, Albrechts- berger, Salieri and Bc-ethoven, The last Bedern, Count von Fr. Wilhelm, Prussian twenty-eight years of his life he spent in general intendant of the opera, and composer Paris, where he was professor of counterpoint of occasional pieceSf was born i8oz in Berlin. at the Conservatoiy, He wrote symphonies and overtures, and a great deal of chamber to reduce, or arrange a full instru- Bednciren, music. Hisfirst important publication deal- mental score for a smaller band, or for the ing with the theory of music consisted in " 36 piano-forte or organ. fugues for the^ piano-forte, writien on a new Beed, a contrivance for procuring vibrations. system." This new system consisted in an- 'X\\^/ree r^^^Z consists of a socket and a thin swering the theme on every degree of the vibrating slip of brass fastened to it at one scale, instead of on the dominant. But as end, the other end swinging completely this principle is destructive of tonality, it through the opening in the socket at each failed to attain favor among musi' ians. - He vibrati'm. Used in accordeons, concertinas, published works on melody, on harmony, and reed organs, harmoniums, and "free reed'* on composition, which were much uved both stops in the organ. Impinging or striking: in France and in Germany. He failed in his reeds^ consist of a steel socket with a tn attempts at dramatic cnmposition, but suc- angular opening, and a vibrating brass tongue, ceeded as an instrumental composer, and was which strikes against the socket in vibrating, universally respected as a learned and able and does not pass through, thus alternaielv musician, and a skillful teacher. u ale^ a add^ U. arm^ e eve^ 3 end^ 1 ice^ X iV/, old^ d odd^ d dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ fl buty U Fr^ sound 59 REI DICTIONAUY. REL KeicUardt, Johann Friedrich, 1752- 1814. returned to Berlin and tooka position as Kapellmeister in Berlin, and a prolific com- teacher in a church musx institute. He was poser of operas and instrumental music, as called in 1826 to Dresden to take the place of well as a cr.tic. In the latter field he lacked director of German opera, vacated by Mar- hreadth of view and depth of insight, and schner, and gave such evidence of his supe- here, as in his compositions, he failed to pro- rior ability as a director that the King of duce anything of lasting value. But he was Saxony appointed him as successor^ to the of importance in the development of the Ger- deceased von Weber. His compositions in- man song, for he introduced a more energetic clude operas, church music, masses, n^ tettes, declamation, and hit upon a truer musical orchestral works, 5ymphonies,_and overtures, expression for some of Goethe^s songs than aud also string&nd string and pianoquin tettes, had been found before. He is also the father quartettes, trio and duos, besides piano works, of the German Liederspiel (Vaudeville), a and songs. His songs, and especially piano play with popular songs introduced. and string trios were at one time very popu- lar, but are almost unknown at the present Rein (Ger. rin). Pure, clear, perfect ; kurz time. P. 1B59, und reiHy distinct and clear. Reissle^r, F. A., a brother of the above composer,^ director KHcinberser. Joseph (rin -bar-g6r)oneofthe Born July 26, 1809. As teacher he attained to some eminence in most talented composers of the present time, and Norway, his adopted home. was born in Vaduz, 1839. Showed great tal- ent for music, and was organist in church at Keissman, Dr. Phil. August, was born at the age of seven. He was educated at Mh- Frankenstein, Nov, 14, 1825, where^ he also nich, and resides there as teacher and con- received his first musical instruction. In ductor. Has written several operas, oratorios, 1843 he went to Breslau, where he studied organ pieces, piano works and chamber music, theory, composition, organ, jpiano, violin and *cello, thus becoming practically acquainted Aeinecke, Karl (ri'-nSck-S), composer, con- with music in many depanments. During a ductor, and piano virtuoso, was born June 23. a stay at Weimar he decided to follow litera- 1824, in Altona. He was taught by his ture, and to his literary works is due the father, an excellent musician. At 18 years of greater part of his reputation. follow- age he made a successful concert tour to The literary works, Copenhagen and Stockholm, engaged as con- ing are his principal *'From Bach to Wagner, " History of the German ductor at Barmen in i8>;4, 'In 1859 he ac- -ry of Music," three cepted a more important conductorship at Song,"* "General Hist books, '* General Musical Instructor," Breslau. Since 1S61 he has been the conduc- ** Manual Composition," biographies of tor of the world-renowned Gewandhaus con- of Mendelssohn, Schubert. certs at Leipsic. He continues to be an ex- Schumann, and University of Leipsic conferred cellent concert pianist, and has made many The upon Philosophy concert tour* to London and elsewhere. He him the degree of Doctor of in resides in Berlin, and lectures on is aho constantly engaged in composition, 2875.^ He and has published more than 100 original the history of music in the Conservatory. works, among them .symphonies, operas, Relisiosamente (Ital. rS-Ie-je-o-zal-man'- masses, oratorios and overtures, and much t^). Religiously, solemnly, in a devout man- chamber music. ner. Jtetnlcen, Johann Adam, a very celebrated RellStab, John Carl Frederick, was bom Feb. organist, was born at Deventer, Province of 27, 1759, at Berlin. _ Died Aug. 13, X813. He Ober-yssel, in the Netherlands. Hiseduca- was the son ofia printer, and made some im- tion was mainly obtained at Leipsic and firovements in that art. He organized in Ber- and Hamburg, in the latter place studying in the first musical circulating library, and with Sjheidmann, whom^ he succeeded as also was the fir-,t to write musical critiques for organist at the St. Catherine Church. Bach the public press. He did much for music in made two journeys to^amburg to hear him, Berlin,'by the introduction of artists in con- the last time playing several hours for Rein- certs. Among his literary woiks may be ken, who declared that the art of organ- mentioned "^ An Examination into the Rela- playing, well-nigh extinct, had found a new tion of Musical and Oratorical Declamation,'' exponent. He died at the advanced age of and " An Introduction, for Piano-P layers, to 99 years and 7 months, Nov. 24, 1722. He Bach's Method of Fingering, and his Embel- published but one work, entitled '* Sonatro, lishments and Manner of Execution." concertanten, allemanden, couranten, sara- banden and chiquen for two violins and Rellstab, Caroline, a daughter of the above, cembals." bom April 18, 1794, at Berlin, died Feb. 17, 1814. She was rightly called one of the great- Carl Martin (rin'-t^lSr), a Ger- Itelnthaler, est singers of her time, possessing an organ of man musician of some note as teacher of remarkable beauty and compass, Tvom AS to F, voice and director of various musical societies coupled with great dramatic talent. in Bremen, and also a school of vocal music, was born at Erfurt, Oct. 1822. He is the 13, Rellstab, Henry Frederic Louis, a son of J. *^ author of an oratorio of note, Gebtha." C, born April 13, 1799, *^'^^ Nov. 28, i860. A musical critic and writer of note. The BeiSSisrer, Carl Gotlieb, a German musician following are among his works." A witty of versatile talent as singer, pianist, and com- book entitled 'Henriette" (Sontag), "or poser, was born Jan. 31, 1798, at Belzig. The Beautiful Singer ; a History of our Day, Became a pensioner in the Thomas school in by Freimund 'Zusehauer ;" '*Branz LIfzt," Leipsic, where he studied composition and "Ludwtg Berger." biographies, and "The piano. Later by the kindness of friends he Condition of the Opera since Mozart's time." received money to pursue his studies in Berlin, Winter and later in Munich with ; after travel- Belated, having much in common. Related ing through Italy, France and Holland he scales, those differing in but one tone. 'i. eve, T ire, a a/tf, S. add^ arm^ e e end^ I ///, 5 old, 5 odd^ 6 dove, 00 moon^ XL lute, il but^ ii Fr. sound 60 ; REL DICTIONARY. RIG Relation. False, that connection which any RUytlimic (rtth-mXk). Rhythmical. two sounds have with one another when the Rhytlimus, a rhythm. interval which they form is either superfluous or diminished. Rihattnta (Ital. re-bat-too '-tS). A beat, a Relisioso (Ital. rS-le-je-o'-zo). Religiously, passing note. solemnly ; in atievout manner. Ricci, Frederico frt'-tshe), a dramatic composei Reminiscence, reminiscence, btjrn at Naples, 1809, and also a teacher of singing. Renienyi, Eduard(rS-man-ye), agreat violin virtuoso, born 1830, in Hewes, Hungary. Ricci, Luigi, brother of the above, born at From 1842-1 "45, studied in the Vienna Conser- Naples, 1808, died Jan. i, i860. An opera vatory. At thebreakingouto* the Hungarian composer of note. revolution he entered the army as an adju- Richardson, Nathan, a native of Gloucester, tant, and at its close came to America as an Mass., boin about 1830. Studied music for exile, and concerted through the country. several years with Drcyschoclc at Prague, In 1853 he went to Lisztat Weimar ; 1854 was and on his return to America in 1852, pub- appointed solo violinist to the queen oFEng- lished his" Modern School for the Piano- land, and later went back to his native land. forte," which was little else than a transcript Since early in 1879 he has been concerting of his lessons with Dreyschock. He estab- this m country. His playing is characterized lished the firm of Russell & Richardson in by great fire and dash. Boston, and afterwards wrote R.'s "New Method for the Piano-forte,'' Remote, far away. Remote keys are those which has sold over 500,000 copies. Died having few tones in common, as C and F 1858. sharp, or F and C sharp. Rtchter, Ernst Friedrich Eduard (rlkh'-tSr), CJerman composer and writer on theory, bom * Repeat, a character indicating that certain Oct. 24, rSoS, at Gross-Schonau. Received measures or passages are to be sung or played his education at twice. Zittau and Leipsic. At the founding of the Leipsic Conservatory he was JEtepercnSSiO (Lat. rgp-gr-ktis'-sl-o). Reper- appointed teacher of harmony and composi- cussion ; the answer in a fugue. tion. _ At the death of Hauptmann he was appointed cantor of the Thomas-Schule. Replica (Ital. ra*-ple-ka). Reply, repetition. _ As as See, also, Repercussio. composer^ he is known best by his church compositions, but his works on har- Reprise ( Fr. ra-prez). The burden mony, counterpoint of a song ; and fugue, are what give a repetition, or return, to some previous part him rank among musicians. He died in 1878, in old music, when a strain was repeated, it Richter, Hans, one of the m"st distinguished it was called a reprise. orchestral conductors of the present time. Requiem (Lat. ra-qut-6m). A Mass, or Born about 1833. musical service for the dead. Ries, Ferdinand, piano virtuoso and composer, Resolution, the subsidence of a dissonance was born at Bonn, Nov. 28, 1784, and died into the consonant tone it temporarily dis- Jan. 13, 1838. R. was the favorite pupil of placed. Beethoven lot four years, and to his and Dr. F. G. Wegler's '* Biographical Notes of Resonance, the reverberation or echo of Bee- sound. thoven," we owe, in a large measure, our knowledge of Beethoven as man and artist. Response, response or answer of the choir. He was quite a prolific writer, but his works have Rest, a mark signifying silence. Rests are of in the main sunk into oblivion, different forms, corresponding to note-lengths. Riedel, Carl (re'-dSl), born Oct. 6, 1827, at Retard, gradually, more slowly. Kronensberg. He was the founder and direc- tor of the now famous Reidelsche-verein, a (Lat. ra'-tro). Backward, the Retro melody choral society which has done much for the reversed, note for note. advancement of music in Germany, but es- Renter, George (roi'-ter), a celebrated organ- pecially in Leipsic, by bringing out the works ist and composer of church and organ music. of ancient and modern composers. He has Porn at Vienna, 1660, Karl (called the made no great reputation as a composer, al- younger), son of the above, born in Vienna, though many of his works have merit. 1697, was also a noted organist. Died in 1770. Rietz» Eduard (reetz), a noted German violinist Rotnanus^ a Benedictine monk, born at Kall- and director, born in 1801 at Berlin, died 1832. milz, near Regensburg. 1755, and died 1806. A composer of note among his brotherhood in Rietz, Julius, brother of the above, born in his time. Berlin, i'ec. 28, 1812. A composer, director Reyer, Louis Etienne Ernst (ri'-er), a French and teacher. Was director, in 1838, of the opera composer, born at Marseilles, Dec. x, Gewandhaus Orchestia in Leipsic, wher^ he 1823. also taught composition in the Conservatory. R. is the editor of many standard works in Revoice, to restore the voice of a reed or the Breitkopf & HSrtel editions. Died Oct. or^an pipe by removing the dust, and other- I, 1877. wise correcting the impairment of use. Ri;^hini, Vincenzo (rlg-ee'-ne), an Italian opera Rhapsody (Eng. r3.p'-so-dy). A capriccio^ a composer and director of great note in his fragmentary piece ; a wild, unconnected com- time, was born at Bologna, Jan. 22, 1756. position. Although his operas were very popular at the Rhythm (Eng. rtthm). The division of musi- time, they are never heard, and aside from an cal ideas or sentences Into regular metrical overture to "Tigranes," of great nobilityjbut portions ; musical accent and cadence as ap- few, if any, are heard at the present time. plied to melody. Died Aug. 19, 1812. i ale^ a add^ a arm^ e eve^ S end^ 1 ice^ I zV/, 6 old^ 6 odd^ 3 dove^ 00 tnoon^ ii lute.^ u bui^ U. Fr. sound, 61 RIM DICTIONARY. ROS violinist, born at Bor- Bimbault, Dr. Edward, a learned English Rode, Pierre, a favorite lived chieflv in Paris, and writer abmit music, born at London June 13, deaux, 1774. He for the elegance and grace 1816. Is author of many collections of music, was distinguished Died a history of the organ, etc. D. 1876. of his play. 1830. singeJ Kinforzando (Ital. ren - for - tsSn' - do). Roger, Gustave Hippolyte, 1815. A tenor Strengthened, reinforced; a repeated rein- of the Paris Op^ra Comigue, distinguished as his dramatic ability as for his singing. forcement of tone or expression ; indicating well for that several noie"!_ are to be played with After he had passed his prime as anopera enej-gy and emphasis. singer he became professor of singing in the Pans Conservatory. D. 1B79- Rine-k, Christian Heinrich, a distinguished or- ganist and composer for the organ, was born Rolir (Ger. ror). Reed, pipe. at Elgersburg in 1770, was a pupil of Kittel, Rohrfloete (Ger. r6r'-fl6'-tS). Reed-flute, a a pupil of K.ich's. In 1805 he be ame cantor stopped diapason in an organ. Stadtorgianist at Darmstadt, where he died in Role (Fr, rol). A part or character performed 1846. by an actor in a play or opera. Ripieno (Ttal. re-pe-a*-no). The tuiti^ or full Romanza, parts which fill up and augment the effect of Romance (Fr.) See the full chorus of voices and instruments. In Romantic, strange, striking. See Part Sixth, a large orchestra all the violins, violasand ro-man'-tsa). Formerly the basses, except the principals, are sometimes Romanza (Ital. given to the \ ng lyric tales sung by called Ri'PiStii. name the minstrels, now a term applied to an irregu- Ritardando (Ital. re-lar-dan'-do). Retard- lar though delicate and refined composition. ing, delaying the time gradually. Andreas, Dr., 1767-1821. A dis- RitenutO (Ttal. re-tS-noo'-to\ Detained, Romberg, talented and slower, kept back; the effect different from tinguished violin virtuoso, and a Ritarddndo^ by being done at once, while skilful composer, most of whose artistic life He wrote six sym- the other is effected by degrees. was spent in Hamburg. phonies, eight overtures and much chamber (Ital. re-tor-nal). The burden of Ritornell music. His best known work is his setting also, a shore symphony or introduc- a song ; of Schiller's " Lay of the BcU," tion to an air ; and the symphony which fol- lows an air. It is also applied to tutii parts, Romberg, Bernhard, 1767-1841. Cousin of introductory to, and betweeti, or after, the Andreas, and associated with him in his con- solo pabsages in a concerto. cert tours for many years. He was a distin- guished violoncello viituoso, and a prolific Ritter, A, G.. organ virtuoso and royal music composer for his instrument. He was also an director, was born at Erfurt, Aug. ii» 181 1. accomplished musician, and was conductor Was pupil of Ludwi^ Berger, A. W. Bach, four years in Berlin, and two years professor etc., and in 1847 be^-ame organist at the cathe- in the Paris Conservatory. dral in Magdeburg. Is theauthorof maiy fine works for organ, and an instruction bcfok. Ronconi, Dominico(r(5n-k6'-ne), 1772-1839. A Ritter, Theo, a pianist and composer, born renowned tenor singer with a wonderful voice, about 1838 in Paris. He was a pupil of Liszt, admirably trained. He was equally distin- taught in and is a composer of merit. Was in this guished as a singing teacher. He ^ country in 1875, with Nilhon. Milan, Venice and elsewhere in Italy, and also in Munich, Vienna and Paris, whither he Freidrich Louis, Mus. Doc, a learned Ritter, was repeatedly called. mu-.ician and protessor of music in Vassar College, was born at i^trassburg in 183^, and Ronconi, Felice, George and Sebastian, sons rame to New York about 1864. of Dominico, and all excellent singers. George was the best of the three. Ritter, Fanny Raymond, a brilliant mezzo so- prano singer of (Jerman. Itali \n and English Rondo, a round. See Chap, XIV. songs, and fine writer about music Was RondlnO (Ital. ron-de'-no), a little rondo. bom at Avon, England ; resid s at Pough- keepsie, N. Y. Wife of preceding. Rondoletto (Ital. r6n-do-lat'-t5). A short and easy rondo. Ritual, an order of rites, hence the written order of public religious service, Root of a Chord, The g;reatest common measure of the system of vibrations produc- RiTe-King;, M'me Julia, the distinguished ing the chord. The root is the resultani-tone piano-forte virtuoso and composer, was born of the chord,_ and^ remains unaffected by at Cincinnati, O., in 1853. Early showed a changes of position in the parts, or by inver- talent f »r music, anl played Thalberg's sion. Dibsonant chords have properly no '^ Don Juan " fantasia in public at the age of roots. eleven. Later she ma .e some studies with Mills in New York, after which she went to Rore, Cyprian de,.i5i6-i5<5, A very distin- guished master, Weimar, with Liszt. Returning to thi . coun- and one who contributed try in '875, she met everywhere the most dis- essentially to the d.velopment of music. He tinguished success, and played highly import- wrote many moteties and madrigals, in many ant and artistic programmes in all parts of of which he applied for the first time the the country. She resides at present in New results of his own experiments and those of York, where she occupies a distinguibhed his predecessors, Willaut and Zarlino, in position. chromatic tones and harmonies, thus increas- Riverso (Ital. re-var'-so). Reverse motion, ing the means of musical expre-^sion, the subject backward, in double counterpoint. RONellen, Henri, iSn. An extremely popu- RoclilitZt Friedrich Johann, a writer about lar piano teacher, of Paris, and the composer music, at Leipsic, born 1769, died 1842. Au- of a great number of popul ir parlor pieces. thor of an elaborate collection of vocal music, He was a pupil of Henri Herz in piano play- etc. ing, and of Fdtis and HaMvy in composition. ao/f , a addy U. arm^ e eve^ e end^ I ice^ I zV/, o ald^ 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u luie^ H but^ ii Fr. sound 6a ROB DICTIOIS'^ARY. SAC Bosenliain, Jacob (ro-sen-hme), 18x3. An Rousseau, Jean Jacques (roos-s.o'>, 1712-1778. excellent pianist, teacher and composer of This distinguished philosopher and auinor serious music \ born in Mannheim, but settled was also possessed of decided musical^ talent. for many years in Paris. He won the hearty He lacked thorough technical training, but praise of Mendelssohn and Schumann, and is succeeded, nevertheless, in producing at least respected by all who know him. He now one opera which was decidedly successful. lives in retirement in Baden-Baden. He also educated himself to be an authoiity in musical criticism, took an active part in Bosetti, Franz Anton (ro-sSt'-tt), 1750-1792. A the disputes between Sully and the Italians, Bohemian musician and composer. He and afterwards between the Gluckists and wrote oratorios, symphonies and chamber Piccinists, and contributed materially to the music. elevation and purification of French taste. Ross, John, 1764-1833, Organist of St. Paul's, at Aberdeen. He wrote six concertos for Kubato (Ital, roo-bS'-to). Stolen; z. e, piano and orchestra, seven sonatas for piano- slackening or varying the time for the pur- forte, songs, etc. pose of expression, Rossi, Lemme (r5s'-st), 1601-1673. Professor of Rnbini, Giovanni Battista (ru-be'ne), 1795- philosophy and mathematicsat the University 1845. O e of the mosr renowned singers who of Pdrouse, his native city. He wrote a work ever lived, and the best tenor in Europe in on the relations of the musical iniervals. bis day. His voice wa 1 ice^ \ illy 5 old^ o odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ii buiy il Fr, sound a aCe & a.dd^ a arm^ e eve^ S end^ 63 SAC DICTIONARY. SCH scene, a distinct part Sacli.bnt, an old bas& wind instrument resem- Scena (Ital. sha'-nS), a bling a trombone. of an opera or play. Joseph. Bom 1812. Pianist, teacher Sacred lliisic. Musiccomjposedforreligious Scliad, and composer. Professor at Conservatory of worship, or in a religious spirit. (ieneva. Ger- Saengerfest (sang -Sr-fest), a festival of Schalmei (Ger. schSl-mi'), an 8 ft. reed stop man singers. in the organ. Saint-SaenS, Chas. Carville, bom X83S. one Scliarf, an acute " mixture" stop in the organ. of the most noteworthy French composers. Sclierek, Max. Born 1840. Violinist and Has written symphonies, operas, and much composer in Pasen, eKe. Is best known in this country by his skSrt-zSn'-do). Playfully. " Phaet n *' and his " Danse Macabre." The Sclierzando (Ital. former is a find specimen of legitimate pro- Scherzo (Ital. skart'-z6). Play, sport, jest. gramme music; i. e.^ music which seeks to Sdierzoso (Ital, sk6rt-zo'-s6). Merry, play- express a se. ies of emotions, connected with a ful, iocose. defi ite series cf incidents. He is aUo an ex- Dr. Gustav, the musical literateur cellent organist and pianist. Schilling, and writer about music^ was bornin Schwieg- Sainton-Dolby, Madame, an eminent Eng- ershausen, Hanover, in 1805,^ educated at lish contralto and teacher of singing, Gottingen and Halld, and resided for some author of a complete Sala. N1C0I0, 1732-1800. A Neapolitan contra- time in Stuttgart. Is vols. vo.), puntist and opera composer. Encyclopedia of music (7 8 a theory of harmony, biog;aphical notices, etc., (Fr. sS-le-sI o-nSl')- An organ Salicional etc. Came to America in 1857. stop of string quality and soft 8 ft. tone. Schindler, Anton, the biographer of Beetho- Salieri, Antonio, i75o-'825. Born in Venice. ven, was born 1796 at Medl, frtudied the Lived mostly in Vienna. Prolific composer violin, and became opera conductor. In of operas, which had onlya short-lived popu- Vienna he became acquainted with Beetho- larity. Was fiiend of Glwck, rival of Mozart, ven, and in 1840 published his book. Died and teacher of Franz Schubert. in 1864. Saloman, Siegf ied, born 1818. Danish com- Schira, Francesco Vincenzio, a dramatic com- poser and violinist. Has written operas and poser, was bom at Mailand, 1812, studied instrum ntal music; also lectures on the there in the Conservatory, and composed his theory of music. first opera in 1833. Lived for several years in Lisbon as opera conductor, and died there SaltarellO, an Italian dance of the 15th of cholera, c-ntury, in triple measure. Also a modern Roman folks-dance. Schlsma, very minute interval equal to the ratio 32805 : 32768. Salve rftsina(sai-v8 ra-ee'-na). "Save, O Queen, a hymn to the Virgin, Schlag instrumente (Ger.) Instruments of percussion ; drums, cymbal«i,_ triangles, llartini, G. B. First half of i8th century San bones, etc., as well as all the dulcimer tribe, in Milan. Talented comDoser. Wrote sym- among which is the piano-forte. phonies resembling the earlier ones of Haydn. Schmitt, Alois, a favorite clavier player of the tig (Ger. sSnf-ttg). Soft, gentle. Sanf old school, and composer for his instrument, Sandbar (Ger. sang'-bSr). Singable. was born in 1789 at Erlenbach. At the age Sarabanda, or SarabanAe, an old dance of 14 he appeared as virtuoso, and studied composition with Andr^, at Offenbach. Died in 3 4 time, in slow and stately movement. z866. Was composer of symphonies, quar- de, extremely gifted Sarasate, Pablo an youngs tettes, piano-pieces, etc, Spanish violinist of the present time. He Alois was born already belongs in the^ first rank of virtuosi. Schmitt, G., at Hanover in Was a pupil of Alard, in Paris. 1827, composed an opera at an early age,_and appeared as pianist with success, especially Sarti, Giuseppo, i72g-i8o2. Italian opera com- in England. On his return to Germany he Martini. poser, pupil of Padre ^ Was conduc- filled m^ny positions as opera conductor, and tor and teacher in Milan, Venice, and at the composed much music, including several court of Russia. ^operas. SatK (Ger. sStz). Piece. Satz is the German Schnabel, Joseph Ignaz, was a celebrated for piecef phrase, movement. church composer of masses, etc. Born 1767 Saxborn, a brass instrument of the trumpet at Naumburg. Died 1831. kind, invented by M. Sax, in 1842 ; much School, education, training. used in brass b^nds. Schneider, Friedrich Jobann Chr., was born Sca1<^, the to'ie'; of a key arranged in regular near Zittau in 1786. He was the son of an order according to the pitch. organist, and at the age of eight took his Scarlatti, A1e a aley & add.^ a arm^ e eve.^ S end^ 1 ice^ \ iU^ o old.^ 6 odd^ d dove^ 00 ntoon^ u luie^ vl bu£^ U Fr, sound 64 SCH DICTIONARY. SER Schneider. Johann Gottlob, brother of Fried- jSchlllbofl*, Julius, piano virtuoso and salon rich, was also horn at Altgersdorf, near Zittau, composer, was born at Prague in 1825. in 1789, and studied not only the organ but Studied with Kisch and Tomascheck, and also the piano and all orchestral instruments, appeared in public successfully at the age of distinguishing himself particularly upon the sixteen. In his 17th year he went to Paris, 'cello.^ In iSii he succeeded His brother as where he learned higher piano-playing from organist in the University church at Leipsic, Chopin, Liszt, and Thalberg. Since 1854 he and in 1812 became organist at GQrlitz. Dur- has lived in Dresden. ing the 13 years in this position he studied organ building carefully, and effected various Scbnltze* Edward, violinist and leader of the important reforms in it. In 1820 he came the famous Mendelssohn Quintet Club of Boston, second time to Dresden, and there resided was born in Germany about 1828, and came until his death, April 13, 1864. Schneider's to this country with the Germania Musicai activity Society, about was great in three directions : as 1852, and has resided since teacher, organ expert, and virtuoso performer. then in Boston. Sdinlz, Johann Peter, a noted song composer, SSchneider, Johann Julius, royal music direc- was born at Liineburg, 1747, and became di- tor, etc., was born at Berlin in 1805, the son rector of the theatre. Died 1800. Schulz of an organ builder He showed great talent exercised important influence on the develop- for music, and studied the piano, organ, sing- ment of the Lied. ing, theory, violin, horn, etc., and presently occupied all sorts of prominent positions in Schnmami, Gustav, called also "the Berlin Berlin as teacher, director, organist, and Schumann,'^ \^ as born at Holdenstedt, March composer. H*! wrote operas, cantatas, 200 15, 1815, and has lived most of his life in songs for male voices, a quintette for piano and Berlin, where he is highly esteemed as com- wind instrument, organ pieces, 70 pedal exer- poser and pianist. cises, 40 fugues, 80 choral preludes, etc. Has been the recipient of many honors. Sdinmann, Robert, the greatest composer of the romantic school, was born at Zwickau, SScllOberlechner, Franz, composer and piano 1810. Died 1856. See Chapter XLIX. virtuoso, was born in at Vienna, a pupil 1797 Schar^v-enka, Philip. Bom 1847. Teacher of Hummel, began early as a composer, in in Kullak^s Academy of Music in Berlin, of received 1824 10,000 rubles for an opera he which he was a pupil. Composer of sym- brought St. out at Petersburg, and died 1843. phonies and lesser works. Wrote 5 operas and various instrumental works. Scbarwenlca, Xaver, younger brother of Philip. Born 1850. Also a pupil of KuUak's Scboenfeld« Henry, was born' in Milwaukee, Academy, and taught there for some time. Oct. 4, 1856. He is a pupil of the Leipsic Distinguished pianist and composer of piano- Conservatory and Lassen, of Weimar. He forte music, as well as chamber music. is a composer of considerable merit. Among others, " The Easter Idyll," a cantata for ScblveitzeT, Anton, was a dramatic composer and kapellmeister at solo, chorus and orchestra ; several sonatas, Gotha and Weimar. ' pieces tor piano, violin, chorus and songs, etc. Born 1737, died 1787. Composed about 20 operas, Schroeder-Devrjleiit, Wilhelmine, a great ScordatO (Ital. sk5r-dS'-to). Out of tune, dramatic singer. Born at Hamburg, 1804, false. the daughter of a. celebrated tragedienne, Seore, all the voice-parts of a piece, arranged made her debut in 1819, and in 1822 distin- in parallel staves so as to show the entire herself in Beethoven's * Fidelio." fuished instrumentation at a glance. Orchestral )ied i860. score contains all the orchestral parts ; vocal score^ all the voice parts piano score^ all the Schnbert, Franz Peter, the founder of the ; piano romantic school of composition, and the great part, or the voice and piano parts. master of song, was born Jan. 31, 1797, near Score-reading^. The art or act of playing father Vienna. His was a schoolmaster. At or thinking music from the orchestral score. the age of eight he was choir-boy in the Lichtenthaler church, and began the study Seeling;, Hans, a brilliant pianist and good of music, and presently played the first violin composer, was born in 1828 at Prague, made with success. _ In 1810 he wrote his first a number of concert tours, and died at Prague fantasia for piano-forte for four hands, and in 1862. from then until his death he produced a con- Selig^man, Hippolyte-Prosper, a violoncello tinual succession of compositions, in the virtuoso, born 1817 at Paris, and educated form of son^s (of which he left 600), sonatas, there. Is the composer of over 50 works, an opera, eight symphonies, masses and vocal mostly operatic fantasies. Is the owner of works of all sorts, trios, duos, etc. Schubert one of the best of Nicola Amati's 'cellos. is distinctly a melodist, yet as a harmonist and orchestral colorist he is also great. His Senfelj Ludwig, was one of the most noted songs are among the most beautiful works of German composers of church music in the this kind, and in the greatest ones, like ^* The z6th century. Erl King," and *^ Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel,'* he extended the bounds of musical Senza (Ital. sand'-zS). Without; as senza pedale^ without pedal; senza riiard^ with- expression. In his longer works he is fre- out retard. quently diffuse. But his melodies are always fresh and spontaneous, in which respect he Servo, Alex, Nikol j^sYa'-vo), a Russian opera is like Mozart, See p. 190^ for further obser- composer and writer, a friend of Liszt and vations on Schubert's relation to Chopin and Wagner, was born 1820. Several of his operas Schumann. Sfihubert died 1828. were produced in St. Petersburg. Died 1871. a ale^ 3. add^ 'i, arnt^ e eve^ @ end^ 1 ice^ 1 ///, o oldy 5 oddy d dove.^ 00 moon^ U lute^ li buiy U Fr* sound 5 6s SER DICTIONARY. SOS Bohemian opera com- (sar-va), iSe?- Skraup, Fr. 1801-1862. tSerTaiS, Adrien Franpois _ poser. Also an excellent conductor and a 1866. One of the greatest violoncellists of composer of masses and of chamber music. his time. He wrote much for his instrument, Extending, and was prnfessor of the violoncello at the Slargando (Ital. Siar-gSn'-do). Conservatory of Brussels. widening, making the time gradually slower. voices or in- (Sextette, a composition for six SlentandO (Ital. slSn-tSn'-do). Becoming struments. gradually slower. Seyfried, Ignaz Xaver, Ritter von (si'-freed), Lindsay. Born 1826. Pupil of Mos- 1776-1841. Pupil of Mozart and Albrechts- Sloper, piano playing. Studied also in bcrger. For 30 years conductor at the cheles in became an excellent pianist, and " Theater an der Wien," Vienna.^ Prolific Germany, teacher in London. Has also composer of operas and church music. is now a piano composed piano-iorte music and songs. Sforza (Ital. sfor'-tsS). Forced, with vigor. Slnr, a curved line over two or more notes to a trill. See "Embellishments" in Shake, show that they represent legato tones. Appendix. con- Sharp, a character indicating elevation. See Smart, George. 1778-1867. Excellent study ot *' Pitch Notation " in Appendix. ductor, and did much to promote the music in England. Founded the William H., virtuoso pianist and classical SheriVOOd, Philharmonic Society. Was a friend of Weber. composer, was born in Lyons, N. Y., i8S4i Was also a good composer. the son of a music teacher. Studied the in piano at an early age, and in 1871 went to Smith, John Christopher, 1712-1795. Born s Berlin, where he studied with Kullak, and Germany, but lived in Eneland in Handel afterwards with Liszt at Weimar, Since his time. Was a pupil of Handel in composition. organist return to America in 1875, Sherwood has ap- Wrote many operas. Was_ a good musician. peared in all the leading cities with the great- and a talented and accomplished important and highly artistic est success in Smith, Sydney, an English pianist and arrang- programmes. Resides in Boston. Is one of er of popular pieces. Born about 1840, and first pianists of our time. the educated at Leipsic. William, 1754-1829. English composer Shield, SmorzandO (Ital. smor-tsSn'-do). Extin- operas for Covent Garden Theatre. of over 50 guished, put out, gradually dying away. Shift, position of the hand on the finger-board a small side-drum used in mili- of the violin. Snare Drum, tary music, deriving its name from two cords Si bemol (Fr. se bS-mSl'). B flat. of gut stretched across one of the heads. Siciliano (Ital. se-tshe-lt-a'-no"). A dance of These give it a hard metallic tone. peasantry, in soft, slow move- the Sicilian Soave (Ital. so-a-vS). Softly, sweetly. ment, in 6-8 time. Soedermann, Aug. Johann, 1832-1876. Swe- sharps or flats placed at the begin- Signature, dish composer of marked originality. Pupil of a staff or movement to indicate the ning of Richter and Hauptmann. Also an excel- See "Chromatic Signs" in "Synopti- key. lent conductor. cal Chart of Musical Notation." Appendix. Sol (Ital. sol). The fifth of the scale, the tone Silbermann, Gottfried. Born 1683. One of G in French. the best oigan builders of his time, and one of the original inventors of the_ piano-forte, Solfa. See Tonic Sol-Fa. substituting hammers for the quills of the old Solo, a piece for a single singer or player. harpsichord. SonimSk(Ital. som-mS). Extreme, great. Som- Antonio, first halfof the 18th Silvani, Giuseppe tna espressione^ very great expression. century organist in Bologna, and composer of much church music. Sonata (Ital. so-na'-tS). An important form in instrumental music. See Chapter V. Simile (Ital. se-me-lS). Similarly, in like manner. Written after finger markings, indi- Song, a short poem for singing. A short piece cates that theyfw^tfrzM^isto be continued in of music in lyric style. manner. After ped means that the the same Sonore (Ital, so-no'-ra). Sonorous, harmoni- the same way thereafter. pedal is to be used in ous, Born 1831 in Hungary. Sinser, Edmund. Sontag, Henrietta, 1805-1852. A renowned greatest violin virtuosi of his time. One of the opera singer, distinguished for the beauty of Stuttgart. Now professor in her voice, the perfeciion of her method, and Singer, Otto. Born in 1833. Excellent pianist, the astonishing facility of her execuiion. She comtAjser and teacher. Now of the College of commanded enormous prices. She married Music in Cincinnati. Count Ro<^si, of the Italian diplomatic service, lived happily him Sin'al fine (Ital. sen ai fen'-S). To the end, and most wiih or to the word^«£. until her death by cholera in Mexico. SinsfSpiel (Ger. sinct-spel). A song-play, ^ Sopra (Ital, so'-pr£i). Above. play interspersed with songs, an opera. Soprano (Ital. so-prS'-no). The highest Sinistra (Ital. sln'-lfs-trS). The left hand. female voice. The music for soprano voice. Siren, an instrument for measuring the rapidity Sordino (Ital. sor-de'-no). A mute. A small of vibrations producing given pitches. See instrument for obstructing vibration. In the Tyndal on sound. trumpet it is a plug nearly closing the bell. On the violin^ a small instrument for pinch- Sivorl, Ernst Camille. ^ Born^ 1817. The ing the bridge, greatest living Italian violin virtuoso. Also a thorough musician, and a composer for his Sospirevole (Ital. sos-pe-ra-v6-16). Sigh- instrument. ing, very subdued. a atty ^ add^ 'i. arjn^ e eve^ 3 end^ l ice^ 1 1//, ao/d,, 6 odd, 5 dova, uo mo&n, u /ute^ u dut^ il J*r, sound 66 SOS DICTIONARY. STR SostenutO (Ital. s6s-ta-noo'-t6). Sustaining StarlCi Ludwig. Born 1831. One of the foun- the tone. ders of the Stuttgart Conservatory, and one *' SottO voce (Ital. sot-to vo-tshS). Under of the authors of Lebert and Stark's Si hool the voice, that is, in a low voice, softly, for the piano-forte." Lebert and Stark also wrote an "Elementary Instruction Bo k for t^peidel. Wilhelm, bom 1826, in Vienna. An Singing," and a " German Song School." excellent pianist, and especially renowned as Teacher of the piano-forte and of singing, a Beethoven interpreter. Also an excellent also conductor an 1 composer, especially of composer and c< nductor, and one of the sacred and secular choruses. founders of the Stuttgart Conservatory. Staildi^l, Joseph_ (stow" - digl). 1804-1861. Speidel, Ludwig^ brother of Wilhelm, born Jn Austrian bass singer, renowned in opera, 1830. Distinguished critic, and one of the oratorio and songs. " To his noble interpre- editors of the Vienna New Free Press." tations the songs of Franz Schubert owe a Spianato (Ital. spe-lt-nJi'-to). Smooth, even, large part of their popularity. One of the legato, greatest singers of this century. ISpiccatO (Ital. spek-kS-to). Pointed, de- Stelfani Agastiflo, the Abb^. 1655-1730. One tached. Inz/zWzff tnustCy ^^ with the point of of the m St distingui-^hed composers and the bow." singers of his time. A Venetian. He com- posed operas, church, music Spindier, Fritz, bom 1817. Fine musician, and chamber music. composer, and piano-forte teacher. Pupil of Fr, Schneider. Has written much piano-iorte Steibelt, Daniel, 1755-1823. Born in Berlin. musiCf also chamber music and a symphony. Pianist and composer. As a player he was Is a teacher in Dresden. brilliant and effective, but lacked thorough Spinet, an old instrument somewhat like the tcaini. g both in this and in composition. His square piano. works have no permanent value. the of family in SpiritOSO (Ital. spe-re-to'-zd). In a spirited Steinway, name a engaged manner. the manufacture of pianos in New York, under the name of Steinway & Sons. The Spitz lloete (Get. sp!tz fl6'-tS). An organ founder of this firm, Henry Steinway, was stop of a pointed flute-tone, generally of 8 ft. born in Brunswick, 1797. It is now conducted JSpolir^ Louis, 1784-1859. Native of Brunswick. by his two surviving sons, Theodore and Distinguished composer and viojin virtuoso. William. Also an excellent orchestral conductor. He StePii, Julius, Born in Breslau in i8ao. He wrote in all branches of composition, but es- is one of the ablest and best musicians of our pecially operas and symphonies of high rank. time, excelling, as a cimductor and teacher. His Conservatory of Music and Singing So- Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacilicus, i774- Sponholz, Adolph Heinrich, 1803-1851, _ Or- He is a mist distinguished singer of songs, ganist in Rostock, and composer of piano- and in opera and oratorio, and an excellent iorte music, songs, motettes and orchestral teacher and conductor. He is now director pieces. of the Stern Society in Berlin, Stabat niater (sta'-bat ma-ter). A cantata Stop, an organ register. See Register, Rossini words or oratorio by in 1832. The Stopped Pipes, organ pipes stopped at the those of old hymn. are a very upper end. In this case the sound-wave is Staccato (Ital. stSk-kS -t5). Detached, dis- reflected back again to the mouth of the pipe, tinct, separated. iVrtccd^tf isof manyjgrades, consequently stopped pipes are only half as from the mild one made by the violin bow long as open ones giving the same pitch. when reversed for each successive noie, to St. Peter, an oratono by John K. Paine, in the extreme j>izzicato made by snapping the 1873, Alao by Sir Julius Benedict. strings. St. Paul, oratorio by Mendelssohn, in 1836. (Ger, stand'-khen). A serenade. Stsendchen Stradella, AUessandro, 1645-1670 (?). One of Stainer, Jacob, 1621-1683. The greatest violin the best singers and composers of his time. builder of the Tyrol, and one of the greatest He WdS born in Naples, and assassinated in anywhere, Genoa. Antonius, The most Stainer, Mark, bom 1659. Brother of Jacob, Stradivari, 1644-1737, renowned best of all violin makers. also a violin maker. and He was born, lived and died at Cremona. Stainer, Dr. an English organist and com- J., Stradivari, Francisco and Oruobone, sons of poser, author of many arrangements , for the makers. organ, church music, etc. Antonius, and aUo good violin Maurice, born \^ Hungary in Camille Maria, 1811-1870. Cele- StrakoscU, Stamaly, 1825, Pianist, composer and impressario. brated French teacher of the piano-forte, and Lives in New York. composer of valuable studies for that instru- ment. He taught Camille Saint-Saens and Str athspey, a lively Scotch dance, in common L, M. Gottschalk. time. lute^ ii Fr. sound a ale^ a add^ 'i arm^ e eve^ S end^ 1 ice^ I ///, o oid^ 6 odd^ o dove^ 00 moon^ u but^ U 67 STR DICTIONARY. TAR Organ, that division of the orgsn Strauss, Jos., 1793-1866. Conductor m the Swell pipes are enclosed in a box with "mov- service of the Grand Duke of Baden. Violin- whose blinds^ operated by a '-swell-pedal, ist and composer of operas^ overtures and able crescendo and diminuendo, chamber music. thus making the most important instrumental Strauss> Johann, 1804-1849. Lived in Vienna, SympllOny, form, being, in fact, nothing but alarge sonata and is known the world over by his beautiful See Chapters XV. and XVI. dance music. His sons, John, Joseph and for orchestra. Edward, are hardly less renowned for their Symphonic Poem, an orchestral composi- indeed, so. productions in the same field. John, tion iij symphonic style, but not strictly has also written comic operettas. His waltz, " a cutting into." a conceal- *' On the Beautiful blue Danube," is the best Syncopation, the measure accent, either by a false known of his works. ment of accent (accent on what would properly be an Strens (Ger, strSng). Strict, severe, rigid. unaccented part of the measure), or by a StrepitOSO Utal. strSp-S-to'-zo). Noisily, prolongation of a tone out of a weak part of boisterously. the measure past the moment when the ac- cent should come. StrettO (Ital. strat'-to). Pressed, close, con- Stanislaw. Born 1830. Violin tracted. That part of a fugue where all the Taborowskif _ Brussels. Lives in subjects come together, or where the imita- virtuoso. Studied in tions take place more rapidly after each other, Russia. A quicker passage leading to a close. Taccbinardi, Nicholas, 1776-1860. Dis- tinguished tenor singer of Florence. Sang Strict, severe, rigid. also in other Italian cities, and in Paris. Stringed Instruments. Instruments Be silent. Indicates that whose sbunds are produced by striking Tace (Ital, tS'-tshS). certain instruments are not to play. Violini strings (as in the piano-forte or dulcimer), violins be silent, etc. drawing them (as m the harp or guitar), or tacet^ ^^^friction of a bow (as in the violin family). Tact (Ger. takt). Measure, time, greatest English Stringendo (Ital. stren-jan'-do). Pressing, TalliS, Thomas, one of the hurrymg, accelerating the time. contrapuntists of the 16th century. Was an excellent organist. String Quartette, the violin family,_ con- in sisting of violins, viola and 'cello. Music for Xamberlik, Enrico, was bom at Rome these instruments, Also called "string band.'' 1820, One of the best tenor singers of our time. Taught singing in Madrid after 1867, Strophe, a stanza. a small instrument of the drum Stueck (Ger. stUk). Piece, air, tune. Tambourine, family^ consisting of_ a wooden hoop with Sub (Lat. siib). Under. holes in the sides, in which are jingling Sub-bass, the low bass. The violon. A pedal pieces of metal, and a sheepskin head stop in the organ, 16 ft. stretched on it. Subdominant, the fourth of the key. TambnrinI, Anton, 1800-1876. A_ distin- opera Subject, the leading idea of a work. guished Italian bass singer. Sang in with Rubini, Lablache and others, and was succession of pieces in- Suite (Fr. swet). A their equal. tended to be played in connection. Tamtam, an Indian instrument of percussion, Sul (Ital. sool). On, upon the. Tansur, Wm. Born 1699.^ English contra- Sullivan, Arthur Seymour. Born 1842. He puntist and writer on music. was a pupil of the Leipsic Conservatory, and (Ital. tSn'-to). So much, so great. is a talented and accomplished musician and Tanto composer. He has written works of con- Allep'o ma non ^a«/tf, allegro, but not too siderable importance, including one or two much. oratorios, but is best known in this country Tantum !Ergo (Lat. t^n'-tum ar-go). A by his comic operetta, "H. M.S. Pinafore,'' Latin hymn sung at the benediction in the which had a most extraordinary run in 1879. Roman Catholic service. Supertonic, the tone above the tonic, the Tappert, Wm. Bom 1830, in Silesia. Writer second of the scale, on music of great ability, and a strong Wag- ner partisan. Also teacher in Tausig's piano Suppe, Franz von, was born in Dalmatia in _ school in Berlin. Editor of " The Universal 1820. He is a conductor in Vienna, and has composed operas, symphonies, quartettes, German Musical Journal" since 1878. etc. Hs is best known by his comic operet- Tarantella (Ital tar-ran-tal'-ia). A swift, ""^ ' " tas, of which Fatinitza and The Beau- delirious sort of Italian dance in 6-8 time. tiful Galatea' ' have been given in this country. Tardando (Ital. tar-dan -do). Lingering, Suspension, a dissonant tone held over from retarding the time. a preceding chord where it was consonant, Tartini, Giuseppo, 1692 - 1770. One of the and finally resolved (geneially downwards) very greatest violinists of the i8th century. into some proper tone of the chord into which He was the founder of a new school of violin it had intruded. playing, and of a new system of harmony. Svendsen, johann Severin, was horn in He was the discoverer ofthe so-called " Com- Christiana, Sweden, in 1840. He studied at bination tones." He was also a most dis- the Leipsit Conservatory, and is a much ad- tinguished teacher, sought by pupils from all mired and highly respected musician and countries. He was also an excellent com- composer. He has written admirable and poser, and wrote over 200 concert pieces for original quartettes, symphonies and other his instrument, the best known of which is works. the still renowned " Devil's sonata.*' a aley a add^ a arniy e eve^ e end^ 1 ice^ \ ill^ 5 old^ 6 odd^ o dove^ 00 tn&on, u luie^ ii bui^ U J^r, sound 68 TAS DICTIONARY. Till Xastatur (Ger. tSs'-ta-toor). The keyboard whether Largketio is faster than Largo^ or of the organ or piano-forte. A ndantino faster than A ndante^ but modern usage is as here indicated. For the meaning Taste (Ger. tfe'-tS). The touch of any instru- proper place. ment. Hence the key. of the different terms look in the (Lat. tan'-S-bra). Darkness, a TastO solo (Ital. tSs'-to s6'-16). One key Tenebrae Catholic service in holy week. alone; in_ organ or piano music this means the parti in unison, without harmony. Teneramente (Ital, ten-fir-S-man'-tg). Ten- derly, delicately. Taubert, Ernst E., bom 1838. Critic and com- poser in Berlin. Tenerezza (Ital. tSn-S-rat-tsS). Tenderness, softness, delicacy. Taubert, Wm. C. G., bom 1811. Pianist and conductor of the Royal Opera and orchestra Tenor, the highest male voice. Tenor robust^ in Berlin. Composer of no great significance. is a strong tenor. Tausis, Carl, 1841-1871. Born in Warsaw. Tenor C, the C next below middle C. of One the very greatest of all pianists, with TenutO (Ital. tS-noo'-to). Held, sustained, technique a so absolutely above all difficul- held down its full time. ties and Fo perfect. as to defy criticism, and an (Lat. tSr). Thrice, three times. innate fire and force hardly surpassed by the Ter great Liszt himself, whose pupil he was. Terpander, a great Greek poet, composer This fiery vigor was subdued and tempered and theorist, lived about the 7th century, B.C. by his intellectual tendencies and attain- Terschak,^ Adolf, Born 1832. Flute vir- ments, for Tausig was an earnest student of tuoso. Lives in Vienna. philosophy, and a lover of all higher intel- lectual pursuits. He was also an admirable Tertia (Lat. tSr'-shX-a). Third, tierce. teacher. Terz (Ger. tarts). A third. Technic, skill or ability in the mechanical part Terzetto (Ital. tar-tsat'-to). A short piece, of any art. Piano-forte technic^ the perfect or trio, for three voices. use of the fingers pedal technic^ proper use ; Teschner, G. W. Born 1800. Teacher of of the feet ; vocal teckniCy correct use of the singing in Berlin- Accomplished mu-^ician voice. and indefatigable investigator, and collector TedeSCO (Ital. tS-das'-ko). In the German of old music, of which he has published much, style. especially songs, and valuable vocal studies. Te deam landamns (Lat. ta da-Un law- TestO (Ital. tas'-to). The text, theme or sub- " da'-mils). We praise Thee, O God," an ject, old hymn of praise. Tetracbord, a system or scale of four tones. Telemann, George P., 1681-1767, Bom in An instrument producing lour tones. Magdeburg. Was 46 years conductor in Ham- the words of a song, or opera. burg. Played organ, piano, violin and other Text, instruments. Was a highly educated man, Thalberg, Sigismund, was born at Geneva in and a teacher and composer. Developed a 1812, and died in Italy in 1871. He was a great musical interest in Hamburg; wrote brilliant piano-forte virtuoso, and invented many operas there, and also much instru- the peculiar style of playing which consists' mental music. in carrying a melody supported by the pedal, white playing a rapid accompaniment in ex' is a system of compromises Temperament, tended arpeggios. He was greatly admired by means of which twelve tones in an octave as an executant in this peculiar style, but oc- are made to do duty in place of about forty- cupied himself very little with the works of eight which would be necessary to perfect masters, and was by no means a great inter- intonation in all keys. Mathematicallystated, pretative or creative artist. His compositions temperament makes, for example, the major are now little used. thi.d equal to four-fifths divided by two oc- ta'-mS). The taves. That is, 3-2 X 1-2 X 3-2X3-2X1-2X3-2 Tbema or Tbeme (Ger. =81-64=5-4, Temperament is, therefore, a principal melodic subject In a work. An air, system of imperfect tuning peculiar to the which is afterwards varied. all intervals except piano and org in, in which Theniatie IVork, means literally, work on the unison and octave are more or less im- motives taken from the theme ; it is now ap- perfect. Its advantages are the simplicity of plied to any elaboration of motives, whether the key-board of the twelve keys to an octave those of the principal theme of the piece or itself in place of forty-eight. Music is wri^ not. See Chapters I. and II. ten without respect to temperament, ^ Theory of Music, includes Sounds the TempestoSO (Ital. tSm-pSs-to'-zo). Tem- science of musical tone ; "tonality^ the doc- pestuous, stormy, boisterous. trine of scales and keys ; Harmony^ the doctrine of chords and chord-successions. Tempo (Ital. tam'-po). The time, the move- Counterpoint^ voice-relation ; Fugue^ the ment. The movement of music is approxi- logical development of a subject ; Forfn^ the mately indicated by means of Italian terms, symmetrical arrangement of the parts of a which refer generally to the unit of time,_ so work; Orchestration,, the proper method of that slow movements may yet have quick employing and combining instruments Tech- notes in them. Reissmann divides tempos ; nicSy the principles of correct performance, into three classes: Slow, including Xar^, and perhaps ^sthetics^ or the principles Grave^ AdagiOy Lento, ana Z,ar£'keliOyVfhich. of the beautiful. here stand in progressive order of speed, the slowest first. Medium, *^ going^^* A ndanie, Tbibant, Anton, F, G., 1772-1840. Professor A ndantin^^ Moderaio^ Allegretto. Quick, in Heidelburg University. Was a connois- Allegro^ yivace, yii'acissttno^ Presto^ and seur in music, and wrote a valuable book on Prestissiitto, .Theorists are not agreed as to "Purity in Musical Art." lute^ « ale., a ad/'.^ " xrm^ e eve^ 5 end^ iice^ T «V/, 6 old^ 6 odd^ Q dove^ 00 moon^ u u duty ii Fr. sound 69 Till DICTIOJsTARY. TOT tone of ihe scale Xhird, an intervalbetween any Toccata (Ital, to-ka'-ta). An obsolete form of and the next but one above or below. composition for the organ or piano-forte, re- quiring brilliant execution, Tkiele. CarlL., 1816-1848. Organist in Berlin, distinguished for supei ior technic and the im- Todi, Maria F., 1748-1793. _A distinguished aginative quality of his playin?. Left many Fortusue.^e singer, oan^ in the principal important works for his instrument, which capitals of Europe in the important operas of are the most difficult legitimate organ pieces her day. yet produced. Todt, A, W. Born Z833. One of the best Thomas, Ambroise, C. L.,born iSzi. Distin- J. living organists. Is organist and teacher in guished French opera composer, and director Stettin. Has composed much instrumental of the Paris Conservatory. His work best music, songs, psalms, a symphony, an ora- known in this country is " Mig-non." He has torio, and a school of singing. also written instrumental music. Toepfer, G., 17^1-1870. Organist, theorist, Thomas, Theodore, born in East Frisia in 1835. J. and composer, reacher in the Seminary at Has been a violinist and conductor in New Weimar. Contributed much to the science New York since 1847. He developed and of organ building, by placing it on a scientific trained the finest orchestra yet seen in Ameri- foundation, to which end he devoted ten ca, with which he made extended concert years to scientific study, tours for many years. At the establishment of the Cincinnati College of Music in he 18^7, Tomascheck, J. W., 177^-1850. Bohemian was called to be its director, but resigned composer, pianist and teacher of high reputa- early in 1880 and returned to New York. He tion. Wrote a symphony, chamber music is a very superior conductor, possessing re- and smaller works. maikable pjwer of commanding his forces and making them realize his ideals, which are TomlinS, Wm. L., vocal teacher and conduc- very high, his readings of great works pos- tor, was born in England about 1844. Studied sessing an unusually imaginative quality, and music in the Tonic Sol-Fa schools, and with producing a remarkable effect on audiences. G. A. Macfarren and Silas, came to New York in 1869, and resides in Chicago, where Thomas, St., School in Leipsic. An old he holds leading rank as vocal conductor. school for boys,, wiiere church music has been assiduously cultivated since the 13th Tone, a musical sound. A sound of determin- century. It retains the endowments it had ate pitch, and consequently of regular vibra- before the Reformation. Among its most tions. distinguished Cantori, or directors and teach- Tonart (Ger. ton'-art). Key ; as key of D, ers of music were J. S. Bach, Moritz Hauptmann and E. F, Kichter. Its choir of key of C. pupils, numbering 60, provides the music in Tonfarhe (Ger. tfln-far'-bS). Tone-color, or the c.ty churches, and sings motettes every timbre. The quality of tones. Timbre de- Saturday p.m, St. Thomas' church. m pends upbn the number and relative intensity of over-tones present in the sound. Tichatscheck, J. A. Born in Bohemia in 1807, A remarkable tenor singer. Held the Tonic, the key-note. Speaking by ear, the first rank for many years in Vienna, Dresden tonic is that tone scale or Icey which and elsewhere. Retired from the stage in of a makes the best ending or point cf repose. 1870. Mathematically, it is the tone from which all Tiersch, Otto. Bom 1838. Professor of Theory the others in the key are determined, as shown in Stein's Conservatory, Berlin. Has pub- in the article Kev* lished works on harmony and other branches of theory, besides contributing many articles Tonic Sol-Fa. The name of a newand very to musical newspapers, and to MendePs En- simple English notation for vocal music, based cyclopedia of Music. on the fact that, in singing, pitches are deter- mined by their relation in key^ and not from Tletjcns, Therese, 1831-187:?. Born in Ham- melodic intervals or absolute pitch. JBesides burg. Was a most distinguished prima donna the notation, the system also includes a new of Her Majesty's Theatre, in London, and and very much improved method of teaching an artist of the highest rank. music, by cultivating the musical perceptions more than is generally done. See yohn Cur- Timbre (Fr. tShnbr), quality of tone. iven, (Ital. kettle- Timpani tem-pK'-ne). The Tonlcnnst (Ger, ton-koonst). The art of drums. Music. Timothens, a distinguished Greek musician. Tonleiter (Ger. tonMi'-tSr). Scale. Born 446 B.C. He was a reformer,, and added five new strings to the seven-stringed Tone-painting, representing scenes or emo- lyre, adding also to the harmonic resources tions by means of tones. of his time by his experiments and discoveries. For this he was banished from Sparta, the Torelli, Guiseppe, one of the first violin virtu- sapient rulers of those parts fearing lest these osi in Italy. A few years earlier than Corelli. iriolin innovations should corrupt the morals of their Died 1708. Originated the concerto ; youth, wrote much chamber music. Tinetoris, Johann. Born about 143s, in West Tottmann, Albert, born 1837. ' Violinist and Flanders. Distinguished theorist, and author musician. Lives in Leipsic. Is now writer of the first Musical lexicon. Was also an ex- on musical subjects, and teacher of theory cellent composer. and aesthetics. aa/f , Si add^ a arm^ e eve^ 3 end^ I ice^ I ;'//, o old^ o odd^ 3 dtrue^ 00 tnoon^ \\. lute^ ti &ut^ U Fr. sound 70 TOU DICTIOKARY. UNP Toui:Jee, Eben, Mus. Doc, the head of the Trombone, a very powerful instrument of the New England Conservatory of Music at Bos- trumpet species, having a tube eight or ten ton, was born at >yarwick, R. I., June i, feet long, with a sliding piece, by means of 1834. Studied music ^oung, and early be- which it is lengthened or shortened, and came a teacher, especially of choir singing, thereby its fundamental is changed. He_ founded the N. E. Conservatory in 1867, Trovatore, II, opera by Verdi. which has had a remarkable success. Dr. Tourjee has great ability as au organizer, and Troubadours, the bards and poet-musicians unlimited enthusiasm. It was under his of Provence, about the tenth century. efforts that the great Peace Jubilee choruses Trumpet, a brass instrument of a brilliant were formed, numbering no less than 10,371 tone. Compass about two octavesand half. members a in actual attendance. An 8ft. reed-stop in the organ. Xraetta, Tomaso, 1727-1779. A renowned TschaikOTVSky, Peter. ^ Born 1840. Rus' opera composer of the Neapolitan school. sian composer of reputation ; is teacher 0/ composition in the Conservatory. Transition, a change ; as of key, or style, or Moscow expression. Has written songs, piano-forte music, sym' phonies and operas, and a piano-forte con- Transposing Instmments, those which certo. play from notes higher or lower than the Tscbirch, the family name of six brothers, the actual sound. All these instruments play oldest of whom was born in 1S08, all of whom from notes in the key of C. *' B& instrjiments '* were excellent German musicians. play every thing a whole-step lower than written. Those "in D" play one degree Tuba (Lat. tu'-ba). A trumpet. The bass higher. "In A," a minor third lower. " In trumpet. An organ stop, of which the tuba EJ" a minor third higher. Bass instru- fnirabilis is the most powerful kind. ments are usually written as they play. The Tnrca, alia turca (Ital. toor'-kS). In Turk- transposing instruments are the clarinets, ish style. cornets, trumpets, trombones, and horns. Turkish music, is mostly of a wild and Tra-Viata, La, (trave-S'-tS), opera by Verdi. noisy character, based on keys not admitting of harmonic treatment according to our ideas. Tremando (Ital. tra-man'-do). Tremolo, or vibrating. Turn, a grupetto. See Embellishments in Ap- pendix. Tremolando (Ital. tra-mo-ian'-do). Vibra- ting. Chords marked tretn. are played as Tnrini, F., i<9o-i656. Italian church composer shown in Appendix. (See "Abbreviations.") and lej.rned contrapuntist. Tatta]aforza(Ital.toot'-tS IS for-tsS). All Tremolo (Ital. tra'-mo-lo). A note or chord the force, as loud as possible. made to quiver, or shake. Tutte Gorde (Ital. toot'-ta kor'-da). All Tremulant, a contrivance in the organ for the strings. These words, or the abbrevi- producing tremolo. ation T. C. or expression ^rf ftfr L «/tf, Si add^ JC arm, e eve^ S end^ i zV^, I z7/, old^ 5 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u luie^ K\ hut^ li Fr. snun^ UNU DICTIONARY. yio Busseto, Itaiy, Ifn, llna(ltal. oon,oon'-a). On«, a. UnPeco^ Verdi, Guiseppe, was born in prolific composer of Italian a little. in 1813. He is a operas, of which the best known, in his earlier ITp Keatf the last beat in the measure. stj'le, is ''II Trovatore," a work popular on effective melodies, HJrban, F. J. Bom 1838, in Berlin. Excellent account of its pleasing and contrapuntal treat- musician and superior singing teacher. _ His but poor in harmonic and instruction book on this subject is Ijighly ment, and lacking In truth of dramatic prized. characterization. In these points he^ has greatly improved in his later opera, " Aida," (Fr. oot). The note C ; the syllable origi- Ut great Requiem Mass, he nally applied by Guido to the note C, or do. in which, as in his shows the influence of the modern German Ut bemoi (Fr. oot ba^mol). The note C flat. school. Ut diese (Fr. oot di-az). The note C sharp. in VerlinlSt, J, J. H., bom 1816. Lives Am- composer. Ut Sapra (Lat, iit sii-pra). As above, as be- sterdam, Talented conductor and fore. Vernier, A., bom 1769, in Paris. Harp vir- Nicolo, i79i-i84g._ Italian composer J. Vaccai, tuoso, and composer for his instrument. of operas and church music. (Fr. v8r-sRt). little verse ; a name ValOtti, F. A., 1697-1780. Learned Italian Verset A for the organ. musician and composer of church music. applied to short lyric pieces waltz. Valse (Fr. vals). A Vervoitte, C. J. Bom 1822. French musi- cian and composer of church music. Able Valse de Salon (Fr. vaise dS sa-l5nh)._ A church music, and a learned waltz for parlor playing, and not for dancing. conductor of See Lesson XX. antiquary. Van rten amplified. See Lesson VI. ting full quality of tone ; resonant, (Fr. vo-dS-vel'). country bal- Vaudeville A Victoria, T. L. Born in'Spain about 1540. or song, also form lad a roundelay ; a simple Lived in Italy. One of the greatest masters. of operetta or short inter- ; a comedy, drama, Wrote much church music, spersed with songs. Vierling, George, was born in Frankenthal in VeccUl, Orazio, a distinguished Italian com- 1820. He is a gifted and most accomplished poser of the i6th century, and one who did musician, and the composer of numerous much toward the development of dramatic songs and choruses, besides instrumental music, music, including overtures and a symphony. (Ital. va-la*-taj. "" Velata Veiled ; a voice sound- One of his greatest works is The Rape of ing as if it were covered with a veil. the Sabines," written for chorus, solos and Velocity, rapidity. For principles of velocity orchestra, which has contributed much to see Mason's Piano Technics. raise his reputation. Veloee (Ital. v6-lo'-tshS), Veloeemente Villotean, G. A., important writer on music. (v5-lo-tsh§-man-tS). Swiftly, quickly, in a Accompanied Napoleon I. to Egypt in 1798, rapid time. and investigated the origin and development of Egyptian and oriental music. Velocissimo (Ital. vS-lo-tshes'-se-mo). Very swiftly, with extreme rapidity. Vinae, V., 1835- 1872. Bohemian composer, Venetian School. Venice was an import- conductor and teacher. Wrote church and ant musical center as earlyasi4oo, Itsgreat- chamber music, and an opera. est musical progress was made under the Vinci, L. 1690-1734.- Neapolitan opera com-, influence of the great Netherlander, Adrian poser and conduetor of note. Willaert, kapellmeister at St. Mark's Cathe- dral, who, with his pupils and successors, Viola, a tenor violin, an instrument similar in formed what is known in musical history as tone and formation to the violin, but larger in the Venetian School. size, and having a compass a fifth lower. Venl sancti spiritns, " Come Holy Spirit," a hymn sung at the " Benediction " Viol da gamba (Ital. ve-ol de gsCm'-bS). formerly in the R. C, service, Leg-vi^y an instrument much used in Germany, but nearly obsolete. It was a Ventil (Ger. ven-tel')- A^ valve. In organ little smaller than the violoncello, furnished building the name ventil is applied to large with frets and five or six strings, and hLld valves closing important wind-trunks, thus between the legs in playing, hence its name. shutting off an entire department of the or- gan from its wind supply. Viola, d'amore (Ital. ve-o'-iad'a-mo'-rS). An instrument a little larger than the viola^ Veracini, F. M., Italian violinist, 1685-17S0. furnished with frets and a greater number of next to Corelli, the best of his time. strings, some above the fingerboard and soma Verdelot, Ph.. end of the 15th and first part below. The name is also given to an organ of the i6th centuries. Noted Belgian contra- stop of similar quality to \.h.Qffami/a or salic* puntist. zonal. ! A a/r, a add^ , arm^ e eve^ e end^ I ice^ \ ill^ 6 old^ 3 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ ii but^ U Fr. sound 72 VIO DICTIONARY. WAL 'Violin, a well known stringed instrument hav- Volckmar, Wm.,Dr., born 1812, Able plan- ing four strings, and played with a bow. It ist, organist, theorist and composer. His or- is the most perfect musical instrument known^ gan school ha<^ permanent value. of brilliant tone and capable of every variety Robert, born 1815. One of the of_ expression. When, or by what nation Volkmann, ^ best living composers. Has written symphon- this important instrument was first invented ies, chamber music, vocal and piano-forte is not at present known. music. D. 1883. Tioloncello (Ital. ve-o-lSn-tshal'-lo). The VOSS, Ch., born 1815. Piano teacher in Paris. large or bass violin; the name is also applied Writer of popular pieces for piano-forte. to an organ stop of small scale and crisp tone. v6x). Voice. Viola (Ital. ve-6'-la). A tenor or alto violin. Vox (Lat. Its four strings are c, g, d' and a'. Vox hnmana (Lat. vdx hii-ma -nS). Human Tiolono (Ital. ve-6-lo'-no) or Violon^ the voice; an or^an reed stop of 8 ft. tone, in- double bass, the largest of the string family. tended to imitate the humanvoice, which it The ^cello is the little violon. Violin is a sometimes does, though very imperfectly. feminine diminutive of viola. Vox Angelica (Lat. v6x an-gSl'-K-ka). An Virginal, a small keyed instrument, much organ stop of 8 ft., usually a free reed. used about the time of Queen Elizabeth, and Vuillaume, J. B., 1798-1875. The greatest of placed upon a table when played upon. It is a large family of distinguished French violin supposed to have been bhe origin of the makers. spinet, as the latter was of the harpsichord. Vulpins, M., 1560-1621. Cantor in Weimar, Virtnoso (Ital. ver-too-o'-zo). A skillful and and composer of church music. masterly x}erformer upon some instrument. Weber. Vivler, E. Bom 1821. French horn player Von Weber, see and composer. Voiles Werlt (Ger. fol'-Igs vark). The full Vivo (Ital. ve'-vo). Animated, lively, brisk. organ. Vocalize (Ital. vo'-k^lez). An exercise for Voicing, the operation of improving the tone the voice. of reeds, pipes, or piano-hammers. In reeds this is done by bending the tongues in certain Vocalise, to practice vocal exercises, using ways, so as to make the reed speak more vowels and the letter A sounded in the Italian quickly, and produce a better tone ; VQ.pipes.^ manner (S) for the purpose of developing the by regulating the admission of the wind, the voice, and of acquiring skill and flexibility. size of the mouth, etc. ; pianos are voiced by Voce (Ital. vo'-tshS). The voice. softening the hammers until harsh over-tones are suppressed. In all voicing the principal Voce Flebile (Ital. vo-tshg fla'-b^lg). A uniformity weeping voice. difficulty is to secure evenness or of quality. di Petto (Ital. vo'-tshS de pat'-t5). Voce organ The chest voice, the lowest register of the VoiX Celeste (Fr. vwa sa-16st'). An effect, on the same voice. stop producing a wavy principal as the Unda Maris. Vogel, F. W. F., distinguished Norwegian organist and teacher, ii. 1807. Volti Subito (Ital.vool'-tesoob'-e-to). Turn quickly. In old music this or the initials Voj^l, Heinrich. Born 1845. Bavarian tenor over frequently occur at the bottom of apage. singer of high r^-nk. V. S. VOffl, Therese, wife of H. Bom 1845. Also Vorspiel (Ger. for'-spel). A prelude, an in- singer in Munich opera. Both she and her troductory movement or overture. husband are admirable interpreters of the Voluntary, an organ or choir piece introduced chief rSles jn Wagner's operas. without announcement. born in Belgium in VMeuxtempS, Henri, 1S20, fVachtel, Theodore (vSkh'-tSl). Born 1824 the most renowned violinists of the is one of in Hamburg. Was son of a coachman, and French school. He has composed much for himself a coachman. Possesses an extraordi- professor of the violin his instrument, and is narily fine tenor voice, which he eventually at the Brussels Conservatory. trained and became one of the most admired Viotti, Giovanni Battista, 1753-1824. A re- opera singers in Europe. • the violin and the founder nowned master of l¥xu;ner, Johanna (Jachmann). Bom 1828 of the modern school of violin playing. He niece of Richard Wa^er. One of the finest VkTote many concertos for the violin , and much dramatic singers of this century, distinguished chamber music. equally as singer and actress. Vittori, Loreto, a renowned Italian singer, Richard, one of the ^eatest masters composer and poet of the latter part of the Wasner, has appeared in dramatic music. Bom i6th and the first past of the 17th centuries. v^o in 1813. See Chap. LI. D. 1883. Vivaldi, Antonio, a distinguished Venetian pianist violinist and composer of the latter half of TVallace, Wm. Vincent, violinist, and the 17th century. composer. Born in Ireland, in 1814. His father was master of a military band, and the 1794-1822. Distinguished opera Vog^l, J. M., boy showed great aptitude for it, and at in Vienna, who introduced many of singer fifteen was successfully occupied in Dublin songs to the public. Schubert's as a violinist. Then followed concert tours Theorist, " Mari- Vogler, G. J. Abb^, 1749-1814. . com- all over the world. His operas were poser and organist, much admired in his time, tana," composed in 18^5, "Lurline" i860, but of no great significance in his art. etc. He also composed a great number of pieces, many of which were popular in Volante (Ital. vo-lan'-t5). Flying; a light and piano Died 1865. rapid series of notes. their day. I ice, I ill, 6 old^ 5 odd, 6 dove, 00 moon, u lute, u but, U Fr. sound g, o^, a add, a army e eve^ S end^ WAL DICTIONARY. WIK fValther von dn Tosel^v^eide, latter W^ieek, Friedrich, 1785-1873. A most distin- part of i3th century ana first part of J3th. guished musician and teacher. Among his One of the greatest and most prolific of the pupils were his daughter Clara, who became Minnesingers. the wife of Robert Schumann, Schumann him'^elf, Fritz Spindler, Anton Krause, Hans George Wm., organist, composer, Warren, von Biilow,a.na other celebrated musicians. and teacher in New York, was born about His two daughters, Clara and Marie, became 1830, is a popular composer of salon pieces for celebrated pianists. His little book, ^* Piano pianOf songs, etc. and Song, how to teach, how to learn, and Wartel, Pierre F. (vSr-tgl). Bom 1806. Dis- how to form a judgment of musical perform- tinguished French singing teacher. Has ances," should oe in the hands of every teach- been also a fine tenor singer at the Grand er and student of music. Opera in Paris. Was, master of Nillson, and Wieprecht, W. F., 1802-1872. Prussian mili- many other prima donnas. tary bandmaster of great distinction, and an Wasteleivslcy, Joseph W. Born 1822. One excellent composer of military music, of the first pupils to enter the Leipsic Con- WieniawSky, Henry, 1835-1880. A celebra- servatory. Pupil of Mendelssohn, Haupt- ted Polish violin virtuoso and composer. Not mann and David. Excellent violinist. Best only were his technical attainments extraor- known in this country by his biography of dinary, but his interpretative pdwers were of Robert Schumann. Has written other equally the first rank, and as he constantly strove to valuable works, be a genuine aitist rather than a mere execu- tant, he commanded the highest respect. Wauer, Karl (vowr), 1783-1857. Distinguished bass singer and actor at the Royal Opera in Wieniaw^ski, Joseph, brother of Henry, was Berlin. born in 1837, He is a distinguished pianist, teacher and composer, and has rendered great Favorite Webbe, Samuel, 1740-1824, English service to his chosen art, especially in Mos^ composer of glees and catches, cow, where he taught for many years. He Weber, Carl Maria von (va -bSr), 1766' 1826. now lives in Warsaw. One of the most important of the Romantic Wilb;^e, John, was a distinguished English School of composers. His opera " Der singing teacher and composer of madrigals at Freischiitz," opened a new epoch in that the end of the x6th and beginning of the X7th branch of composition, _ His instrumental century. compositions were also original, and many of Wilhelm, Carl, 1820-1873. A good German them of very high rank. He was also a res- director of singing societies, and composer of pected writer on musical subjects, a thorough much music, especially for male chorus. His musician, and an excellent pianist and con- most popular song is *''The Watch on the ductor. Rhine.'' Weber, Constance, wife of Mozart and cousin WilUem, Guillaume Louis Bocquillon, 1781- of C, M, von Weber's father. 1842. A distinguished French singing teacher, W^eber, pionys, 1771-1842, a highly respected composer, and writer of theoretical works. Bohemian musiciah, teacher and composer, His instruction books are still prized. and one of the founders of the Prague Con- Wilhelmj, August Emil Daniel Friedrich servatory, Victor, was born in Usingen, in 1845. He is the most popular violinist Weber, Gottfried, 1779-1839. A jurist of high since Paganini. He is a virtuoso and artist rank, but still better known as a musician, of the highest rank, and is distinguished teacher and composer, theorist and critic. equally for his pure, His great work on musical composition has broad, noble tone, the unsurpassable perfec- bef^n translated into English. tion of his execution, and his admirable in- terpretation of masters of all times and styles. liVTebSter, P., an American melodist, and J. Willaert, Adrian, one of the most prominent author of popular son^s. Born about 1830, musicians and composers of the 16th century. and died in Wisconsin in 1871. He was chapelmaster in St. Mark's Church in Venice, Weo.kerlin, J. B. T, Born 1821. Praise- and was the founder of the Vene- worthy French composer and music historian. tian school. He was a superior teacher and wrote a great amount of church music. His W^eelkes, Thomas, distinguished English most celebrated pupils were Cyprian de Rore Madrigal composer of the latter part of the and Orlandus Lassus. i6th century. Willmers, Rudolph, was born in Berlin, in W^ehle, Chas. Born 1825 in Prague. Piano 1821. He was an excellent pianist, a pupil of virtuoso and composer. Lives in Paris, Hummel. He was also a pupil of Fr. Schneider where he teaches and composes. in theory, and became a thorough musician « and a good composer. He died in 1878. W^eigl, Joseph, 1766-1846. Composer of operas and conductor in Vienna, Winter, Peter von, 1754-1825. Bavarian con- ductor and opera composer of high reputation. Weitzmann, Carl Friedrich,bom 1808. Com- Wind-chest, that part of poser, teacher and theorist in Berlin. Best an organ which supports the pipes, and contains known by his theoretical and historical works. a wind- chamber and the valves His " Manual of Musical Theory j" translated and pallets, for sup- plying the pipes. by £, M. Bowman, is published in this coun- try. D. 1880. Wind-trunk, a large pipe for conveying wind from the bellows to a Wieck, Clara, see Clara Schumann. wind-chest. Winterfeld^ Carl G., 1784-1852. Distin- Marie, daughter of Fr. Wieck, Wieck, and a guished jurist and a very prolific and reliable distinguished pianist. musical historian of Berlm. a ale^ a add^ a arm^ e eve^ § end^ 1 ice^ \ ill^ o old^ odd^ dove^ 6 o 00 moon^ u lute^ ii bui^ U Fr, sound 74 WOE DICTIONARY. ZWI WOelll, Joseph, 1773-18x4. Piano virtuoso and and hence has not been able to develop his composeFf known chiefly as a rival of Bee- talent, as he thoven otherwise might, an(L produce s in Vienna. His playing was much works of lasting value. admired. Zachau, Fr. W., "Wohlfhart, 1663-1721. Excellent organist, Heinrich. Bom 1797, Excellent composer and theorist. Was teacher of teacher G. of the piano-forte, and author of F.HSndel, in Halle. numerous highly prized instruction and text Zarlino, Giuseppe, 1517^1590, A renowned boolss, which have had a wide circulation. Venetian composer and theorist, chapel mas- w^Olr, a beat or dissonance in tuning, occasioned ter at St, Mark's church. His theoretical by the interference of imperfectly attuned works were of great importance, and mark vibrations. The sourness or dissonance of the beginning of a new epoch. imperfectly attuned chords. Zart (Ger, tsSrt). Tenderly, softly, delicately, "Wollr, Edward. Bom x8i6. Piano virtuoso and composer. Teacher in Paris. Zelenkxi^ T, D., 1681-1745, Bohemian com* Wolff, Heinrich. Born 1813. Violin virtuoso poser of church and instrumental music. Has in Frankfort, and composer. a hi^h reputation among connoiseurs. TVolff, Hermann, Born 2845. Composer and Zellner, L. A. Bom 1823. Theorist, composer writer. Editor of the Berlin New Journal and teacher, and Secretary of the Vienna of Music. Conservatory. A much honored musician. Wolfram von £schen1iach. one of the Zelter, Carl F., 1758-1832. Professor in the greatest of the German Minne-smgers. Died Acadrmy of Arts, and Director of the Sing- abour 1220. ing Academic in Berlin. A composer of WolfisoHn, Carl, pianist, composer, conductor merit. Intimale friend of Goethe, and more and indefatigable promoter of chamber music, or less acquainted with Schiller, Fichte, was bom in Germany in 1830. He came to Hegel, Schleirmacher, KOrner, Beethoven, this country about i860, and settled in Phila- Haydn, etc. The first teacher of Mendels- delphia, where he gave chamber concerts for sohn. many years. In 1873 he came to Chicago and Ziegrfeld, Florence, M. D., pianist apd became the director of the Beethoven Society. teacher, President of the Chicago Musical Mr. Wolfsohn has three times played in pub- College,was born in Jever, in North Germany, studies with lic the entire series of Beethoven s 33 sonatas in 1841, began his Stiehl, and for piano-forte» and all the most important pursued them later at Lelpsic, where he grad' works of Chopin and Schumann. uated in 1B63. Came to Chicago in 1867, Wollenlianpt, Herman A., a German pianist, where he occupies a leading position. and composer of popular salon pieces. Born Ziemlich (Ger. tsem' - Itkh). Tolerably, at Skendlitz^ in 1827. Was a pupil of Haupt- moderately. mann. Residing for several years in New Zingaresa (Ital, tsen-ga-ra'-zlE). In the style York^ where he died about 1865. Several of of gypsy music. his pieces met with great success, the most Zitliem, an instrument which may be called famous of them being " The Whispering a compound of the harp and the guitar. The Winds," and " Valse Styrienne.*' harmonies of the first named instrument are YVOrk, Henry C, an American composer of produced from it, and it possesses the sweetest to not popular songSf who, until 1861, was a journey- notes pertaining both, but great com- man printer. A lucky hit in a war-song led jpass, to the production of many more, which also Zvrischen-Spiel (Ger. tsve-shSn-spel). In- were successful. Work is not a musician, terlude played between the verses of a hymn. Skole^ Si add^ S arfn^ 6 eve.^ S end^ 1 ice^ i <'//, 5 old^ 5 odd^ 3 dove^ 00 mootty ti /»/«, il hut^ U Fr, sound !N'OTE. The thanks of the editor are due, and hereby tendered, to Prof. John C. Fillmore, of Milwaukee, for important assistance, amounting to the preparation of almost the entire biographical matter in the last twelve pages of this work. 7S . ADDEI^DA. A second edition of " How to Understand Music " being required much sooner tlian was expected, the opportunity is taken for remedying as far as pos- sible the more noticeable omissions of the Dictionary. Several new biographical articles are added, and a large number of foreign words, principally German, which, although not generally recognized as strictly musical terms, are occasion- ally met with in the works of Beethoven, and very often in those of Schumann and the later German writers. As these terms are liable to embarrass students not familiar with German, it was thought advisable to include them here. In its present form, including tiie addenda, it is thought that this work includes all the terms and directions to be met with in the works of the classic and the principal modern writers. Many typographical errors of date in the biographical articles in the body of the work have also been corrected. The editor would take it as a favor if the reader will notify him by postal card of any errors he may happen to notice as he consults the work. EvANSTON, III., Jan. 15, 1881. Aber (Ger. 2'-bSr). But. Aspiratamente (Ital. as-pe-rS-tS-man'-tS. take breath audibly). Wit|;i AccentuatO (Ital. at-tshan-too-S'-to). Dis- From aspirare^ to tinctly and strongly accented. effort, with cmction, (Ger.'ouf-ga-regt). Agitated. Accnratezza (Ital. aic-koo-rS-tat-za}. Ac- Aufg^eregt curacy. Auflebend (Ger. ouf-lab'-Snd), Reviving, re- to life tempo. Aensserst (Ger. ois'-sarst). Utmost, ex- turning ; a treme. AuS (Ger. ous). From^ out of. AfTetazione (Ital. af-fSt-tS-tse-o'-ng). An Ausser (Ger. ous -sar). Out of, beside. artificial or affected style. AusdrnckSTOll (Ger. ous -drooks-fol). Ex- Alflitto (Ital. af-flet'-to). Afflictedly, sorrow- pressive. fully, with mournful expression. Bailmsessigf (Ger. bai-mas-sYg). In dance A^Trettando (Ital. Si-fret-tan'-do). Hurry- movement. ing, accelerating the time. BallO (Ital. bai-lo). A dance or dance tune. Afrlcaine, li' (ISf-rl-kaii). Opera by Meyer- Battuta (Ital. ba-too'-ta). A measure, in beer, 1849. measured movement; a battuta^in correct Agitirt (Ger. a-gl-tert ). Agitated, hurried. time. Aida (ae'-da). Opera by Verdi, 1871. JBelebt (Ger. bg-Iabt'). Animated, sprightly. Allarg;ando (Ital. al ISr-giin -do). Enlarg- Sesebleunig^en (Ger. be-shloi -ne-ghSn), ing, broadening, i. e. more slowly and em- To accelerate, to hasten. phatically. Bestimnit (Ger. bes-tlmt'). Distinct, deter- Allesrraniente (Ital. al-la-gi^-man-tg.) minate. Gaily, joyfully, quickly. Be^veg^t (Ger. bS-vagt). Animated, rather AllegriSSlmo (Ital. al-la-gres'-se-mo). Ex- fast. tremely and lively. quick Beivegung (Ger. bS-va'-goong). Motion, AUe (Ger. al-le). All. movement, Alternativo (Ital. ai-ter-na-te'-vo). Alter- BoUemian Girl. Opera by Balfe, 1835. nating one with movement another. Brabam, John (brahm). A famous tenor Amabilita (Ital. a-ma-be-le-ta). Tender- singer, born in London, 1774. Studied with ness, amiability. Leoni and Rauzzini, made his debut in 1796, In opera B, was for many years the composer Ancora (Ital, an-ko -ra). Once more, repeat; of his own parts, which were universally also, yet, still. popular. Had great versatility, and wrote Anfang (Ger. Sn' -tSng). Beginning. many extremely successful songs. Died 1856. Ankunft (Ger. Sn-koonft). Arrival, coming. Brioso(Ital. bre-6'-zo). Lively, vigorously. vioUnist, Ardamente (Ital. ar-da-man'-tS). Ardently, Bull, Ole Bornemann, the Norwegian with warmth. was born at Bergen, Feb. 5, 1810. He was designed for the church, but his love for Armonioso (Ital. ar-mo-ne-o'-zo). Con- music, and his success in a concert given dur- cordant, harmonious. ing his career as a university student, deter- mined his devotinghimself entirely to music. Arpa (Ital. ar'-pS). The harp. From about 1830 his life was spent in concert ArpesT^iando (Ital. Sr-pad-je-an'do). Play- tours throughout Europe, and after 1852 in ed in arpeggio, in imitation of the harp. most parts of the U. S. He had a home at a ale, S. add, a. arm, e eve, e end, 1 ice, \ ill, 5 old^ 6 odd^ 6 dove, 00 vwn, u ^ute^ u but, U Fr. sound 76 ': ' OAL ADDENDA. GEH Cambridge, Mass., as well as ac Madison, DistansEa (Ital. dez-tSn-tsl£). Distance, space Wis., and Bergen, Norway, and lived by between. in all turns of them. He died greatly beloved Distintaniente (Ital. dez-ten-tS-man'-tS). by a large circle of friends, in 1880. As a Clearly, distinctly. violinist he was very eminent, and extremely Devoutly, solemnly. popular with the common people. Divoto (Ital. de-v6'-to). DocIv(Ger. dokh). Yet. Calniandosi (Ital. kSl-mSCn-do'-ze). Becom- ing gradually more calm, Doctor of Alcantara. Opera by Eichberg, 1862. Cantaiiilo (Ital. kSn-tSn'-do). In a melodious, singing style. Due (Ital. doo'-8). Two ; in two parts. Capricciosamente (Ital. kSi-pre-tshe-6-zii- Dnrchaus (Ger. diirkh'-ous). Throughout. man'-tfi). Capriciously. Eilencl (Ger. il'-^nd). Quick, speedy. Carmen. Opera by Bizet, 1875. Einfach (Ger. in'-fSkh). Simple, plain, uun Cai'y, Annie Louise. This eminent and charm- ornamented. ing contralto was born in Maine in 1846. Her Sinigen (Ger. in'-I-ghSn). Some, any. finj voiceearly obtained for hera local recog- (Ital. el-S-gSn-tS-man'-tB). nition, and she pursued serious vocal studies llle$:antemente Elegantly, gracefully. with Mr. John Dennett at Portland. After some years successful experience as a concert £11. Oratoria by Costa, 1855. singer, she went abroad and studied in Paris £nergicamentc (Ital. Sn-Sr-je-ka-man'-tS). and Italy. Miss Gary attained her earliest Energetically, forcibly. eminence as an oratorio singer. Since 1869 or (Ger. Sn-ar'-ghlsh). Energetic, 1870 she has been extremely successful in fncrgisch with emphasis. English and Italian opera. Hervoice is of great purity and depth, and beautifully culti- Entschlossenheit (Ger. gnt-shl5s'-s'n-hit). Resoluteness, firmness. vated ; and her phrasing is retined and satis- factory. She is one of the greatest singers Ermattet (Ger: ar-mSt'-tBt). Growing faint, of our time. weary. Ghaqne Mesnre (Fr. chSk ma-ziir). Each £rstes (Ger. 8rst'-es). First. measure; frequently used for the pedal in Eriraclien (Ger. ar-vSkh-Sn). To awaken, to pianoforte music. be aroused. Clarion. small, Clarino (Ital. kla-re-no). A Espressione (Ital. Ss-pras-se-o'-ne). Ex- ft. reed or octave trumpet; also a 4 organ pression, feeling. stop, tuned an octave above the trumpet stop. Essipoff*, Annette, virtuoso pianist, was born The terra is also used to indicate the trumpet in Russia in studied principally with parts in a full score. 1853, Mr. Leschetitzki, whom she afterwards mar- Coda (Ital. ko'-da). The end: a few measures ried, and made her debut with distinguished added near the end ofa piece of music, to make success in 1870 or '71. She visited America a more effective close. in 1875, where she charmed all hearers by the refinement, grace and poetry of her playing Corrente (Ital. kor-ran-tS) or Coranto. An less than by her consummate virtuosity. old dance tune in 3-2 or 3-4 time. no M'me Essipoff resides chieflv at Vienna, and Cronch, F. Nich"lls, a composer of many popu- plays in all the European capitals. ballads during the second quar- lar songs and es-ten'-to). Becoming extinct, century, of which the best Estinto (Ital. ter of the present dying away. known is " Kathleen Mavourneen." Came 8s-tra-mS-man'-tS). to America in 1845. Estremamente (Ital. Extremely. Damnation of Faust. Opera by Berlioz, Fatinitza (fa-tln-ef-zS). Opera by Supp^. 1846. Feme (Ger. far-n§). Distance. Danirosch, Leopold, a distinguished violinist Festive, solemn. and musical director, was born in Posen, in Festlich (Ger.-(fgsf-llkh). 1832, where his musical studies were begun. Fenrig (Ger. toi'-rlg). Fiery, ardent, pas- "Was educated in medicine at Berlin, andin sionate. native 1854 was a practicing physician in his John C, a highly esteemed mu- appeared at Mag- Fillmore. town. In 1855 and 1856 he sician, piano teacher ana critic, was born in solo violinist, with great deburg and Berlin as Connecticut, 1843. Studied at Oberlin and became conductor at success. He presently Leipsic. Was for 9 years professor of music Posen. In 1871 he came the Stadt theater in in Ripon College, Wis., and now resides in the Arion to New York as conductor of Milwaukee. at Society, and has since resided there. Is So- (Ger fol-ghSn). To follow. The fol- present (1881) conductor of the Oratorio Folsen a con- lowing, succeding. ciety, of symphony concerts, etc. As and fort'-set-soong). A con- durtor D. is distinguished for energy Fortsetzung (Ger. vigor of conception. Is a warm advocate ol tinuation. al- the Liszt-Wagner "music of the future,' power. Forza (Ital. fort'sS). Force, strength, though a successful exponent of the classic. orchestral Is also a composer of violin and Frei (Ger. fri). Free. works. C^ebunden (Ger. ghS-boon'-d'n). Connected, Belicatissimamente (Ital. dSl-e-ka-te- syncopated. se-ma-man -tS). With extreme delicacy. Gehender (Ger. ga-hSn-der). Going. Held, sus- I>eux (Fr. dU). Two. Kelialten (Ger. ghe-half-Sn). tained. Difficile (Ital. de-le-tshe-18). Difficult. but, Fr. sound dove, 00 moon, x>. lute, ii u ice, I ill, o old, 5 odd, 6 a ale, a add, a arm, e eve.., g end, i 77 ; , " GEH ADDENDA. MEP Oeinessener (Ger. ge-mSs'-sSn-Sr). Meas- where he has been very successful. He is ured, precise. rather Sigenre pianist, a wonderfully fine per- former of small pieces, than an interpreier of Oesaii;^ (Ger. ghe-s^ng). Singing; the art of broad and deep works. singing, a song, melody. Oesan^voU (Ger. ghS-sSng-fol). Songful Klagrend (Ger. kla'-g'nd). Plaintive. in a singing style. Caniabile, Kraft (Ger. kraft). Power, strength, energy, €retra«i:en (Ger. ghS-trS'-g'n). Well-sus- Krseftifi: (Ger. kraf -tig). Powerful, vigorous, tained, carried. full of energy. Oioc'OndO (Ital. jo-kon'-do). Cheerful, gay, Knerzung (Ger. kiir'-tsoong). Abbreviation, merry. shortening. (Ital. gles-sSn'-do). Sliding. Olissando _ A Ifseva (Lat. la'-vS). The left ; the left hand. method of pUying a run by sliding the finger B. distinguished pianist, organist, rapiJly along the keyboard of the pianoforte, I«ang, J., conductor and teacher, was born at Salem, or by sliding the linger along ihe violin string. Mass., in 1840. Became organist in church Gran (Ital. grSn). Great, grand. at the age of 11. In 1858 became organist of Oraziosamente (Ital. grS-tse-o-z£t-man-te), the "Handel and Haydn" Society, of Bos- Gracefully, smoothly. ton, a position he still holds. Is also con- ductor of the ""Cecilia'* and '* Apollo Grosse (Ger. gros'-sS).^ Major, referring to Societies, and as such has brought out in inteivals ; also, grand in style. Poston a brilliant list of master works, em- Out (Ger, goot). Good, well, sufficiently. bracing the principal choral works of Schu- Halten (Ger. hai -tSn). To hold back, check. mann, Mendelssohn. Beethoven, etc., and in 1880 Berlioz^s ''Damnation of Faust," for Hastig (Ger. hSs -tig). Hurrying, hastening. the first time in America. Mr. Lang occupies one of JXastinj^s, Dr. Thomas, the pioneers in a high soci.iI position in Boston, where he American music, was born in Washington, has so long held leading rank as concert pia- he discovered Ct., 1784. In some way his nist, piano teacher and musical educator. talent for music, and began to teach in 1806. JLargramente (Ital. liCr-giC-man'-tS). Larg&r His first book, Musica Sacra^ was published ly, fully ; in a full, free, broad style of per- ' in 1817, and in 1822 his "Dissertation on formance. Musical Taste." He was the sole or asso- ciate editor of some 16 books of church music. liCbendig (Ger. la'-bSn-dXg), Lively, quick. As a man he was studious, retiring and lov- Lebhafti^keit (Ger. lab-hSf-tltg-kit). Live- able. He was author of several hymn.t which liness, vivacity. are still in use. liCsgendario (Ital, iSd-jen-dSr'-Yo). A Hauptsatz (Ger. houpf-sStz). Principal legend. theme or subject ; the motive or leading idea. r^eggrerezza (Ital. iSd-jSr-at'-tsS). Lightness Heimlicll (Ger. him'-Kkh). Secretly, quietly, and agility. calmly. Iieg:no (Ital. Ian '-yd). Wood; col Zegno^ with Hoechst (hSkst). Highest^ utmost. the bow stick. HuebSCli (Ger. heebsh). Pretty, handsome. Lieicht (Ger. Ilkht). Light, easy, facile. Imperioso (Ital. em-pa^re-o -zo). Imperi- liigato (Ital. le-gS'-to). See Legato. pompous. ous, liinda di Chamouni (de-tshS'-moo-ne). Improvisata (Ital. em-pro-ve-za -tS). Im- Opera in 3 acts, by Donizeiti, 1842. provised ; in a fluent and off-hand style. liunga (Ital. loon -gS). Long. InconsoXabile (Ital. en-kon-so-lS -be-l@). LuStig (Ger. loos'-tlg). Merrily, cheerfully, Innere (Ger. en'-nSr-§). Inner; as the inner gaily. voices, or parts. Jflagic Flute, The (Ger. Die Zauberfioie^ Innlgkeit (Ger. en -nXg-kit). Inwardness, Hal IlFlauto Magico). Opera in 4 acts by feeling, Mozact, 1791. IniiigSten (Ger. en -nigs-ten). Most fervent, Mai (Ger. mSl). Times ; 20 mal^ twenty times, most devout. etc. IntiniO (Ital. en -te-mo). Inward feeling (Ital HHarcando mSr-kan-do). I Marked,-m^.-^.^a Mareato (ItaLmSr-ka'-toj. \ Introduzione (Ital. en-tro-doo-tse-o >n3). accented, well pronounced. An introduction. Marcatissimo (Ital. m£r-kS(-tes'-se-mo). Inversione (Ital. en-var-se-6 -n8). Inver- Very strongly marked. sion. Mayo, Oscar, was born in Germany Jagdlied (Ger. yMgd'-leed). Hunting song, in 183S. Studied music with Fesca, came to this •f eden (Ger, ya -den). Each, every. country in 1869, and resides at Evanston, 111. Is a piano teacher, a good musician, and a JTosefTy, RafFaele (yo-s5f '-fi). Virtuoso pianist, prolific composer of instructive and pleasing was born at Miskolcs, Hungary, in 18^2. He pieces. pursued his more advanced studies with Mo- schelesat Leipsic, and afterwards with Tau- niehr (Ger. mar). More. sig. He made his debut in 1870 and at once (Oer. attracted attention by the daintiness, uniform Mehrere ma'-ra-rS), More ; compara- tive of preceding. crispness, and brilliancy of his playing. His technique is superb, and his phrasing refined Mephistopheles. Opera by Arrigo Boito, and musical He visited America in 1879. 1875. a ale, & add, S arm, e eve, S end, I ice, I ///, o old, 8 odd, 6 dove, 00 moon, u lute, fl hut, U Fr, sound 78 MER ADDENDA. PRE Merz, Karl, a prolific composer of piano music, into the bellows, to prevent which a. safety- songs, etc.^ and piano teauher. Was born in valve is provided. Germany in 1836, and since x86i professor of Paine, John Knowles, organ virtuoso, com- music in Oxford Female College, Ohio. Is poser, and professor of music in Harvard editor of Brainard^s Musical World, one and College, was born at Portland, Me., about of the most instructive and widely-respected 1840. Educated in Boston and with Haupt writers upon music in this country. at Berlin, and since about 1869 professor at ^lidsaminer Nights' Dream. Music Harvard. Is author of an' oratorio, *' St. by Mendelssohn, consisting of Overture, Peter," an elaborate and original work, per- 1826, Nocturne, and 11 other numbers, 1843. formed by the Handel and Haydn Societ\ in ;91irella. Opera by Gounod, 1864. 1874, two symphonies, string quartettes, a mass, etc. Mit (Ger. mit). With, by. Parker, C. D., pianist, organist and com- aioeglich (Ger. mgg'-likh). Possible. J. poser, was born at Boston about 1836^ Edu- jlEonk, Wm. H., organist, and composer and cated there and at Leipsic, and \qx fifteen arranger of church music, was born in Lon- years has occupied a leading position in the don in 1823. In 1874 was made professor of musical life of his native city. Is organist at vocal music in King's College, and occupies Trinity Church, and author of a cantata or various educational relations. Was one of oratorio, " Redemption Hymn," part-songs, the editors of " Hymns, Ancient and Mod- etc. ern." Passione (Ital. pSs-se-o-ne). Passion, feel- Slonnlislit Sonata. A name often, but ing. foolishly, applied to Beethoven's sonata in C Pausa (Ital. (pou-zS). A pause. sharp, Op. 27, No. 2, composed in 1801. Pedale (Ital. pa-da -IS). Pedal. The pedal (Ital. m5-ran'-d6). Slorendo Dying away, keyboard of an organ. The abbreviation gradually diminishing in tone and time. "ped.*' requires the use of the pedal. Slose in KgittO ('* Moses in Egypt "). An Per (Ital. par). For, by, through, in. oratorio or sacred opera by Rossini, z8i8. Petersilea, Carlyle, pianist and head of a ])Ioses. An oratorio by A. B. Marx, 1841. school of music in Boston, was born in Boston Motiv (Fr. m5'-tev). Motive. See Chaps, i in 1838, learned the piano with his father, and X. who was a good teacher, and afterwards stu- 9IOtO (Ital. mo'-to). Motion, movement; con died abroad. P. has rarely appeared in pub- ntoto^ with motion, rather quick. lic,biit since about 1870 has been prominently engaged as a piano teacher in Boston. IHConntain Sylph. Opera by John F. Bar- nett. Phantastiseh (Ger. fSn-tSs -t!sh). Fantas- tic, fantastically. lEovement. Manner or rate of going. Hence employed as name for any piece of music, or Pianissimo (Ital. pe - Sn -es' - se - mo). Ex- part of a piece, so far as it continues in the tremely soft. same tempo. Thus a sonata has three or four Piccolo (Ital. pe'-k6-16). Small, little. A ** movements. A number" (as in opera or small flute. Also a 2 ft. organ stop, of wood other dramatic work) frequently consists of pipes. several movements, which in performance are Piu-e-Piu (Ital. pe-oo a pe-oo). More and closely connected. more. HI. S. Mano sinistra^ the left hand. Plaidy. Louis (pli'-dy) celebrated teacherof the ]|Eanter (Ger. moon'-tSr). Lively, sprightly. pianoforte and author of a book of " Tech- Xaclilassend (Ger. nahk-lSs'-sSnd). Slack- nics," was born in 1810 at Wemsdorf. He ening. was for many years a professor in the Leipsic Conservatory, retiring about 1871. He died Xaclttlaeer in Oranada, Das (Ger. in Grimma, 1874. nakht-la-gh@r in Gra-nS-da). Opera by Kreutzer, 1834. PochettO (Ital. p6-ka't-to). A little. ]Vae1i-nnd-nach (Ger. nSkh oond nSkh). Pocchissimo (Ital. p6-kes-se-m6). Avery By little and little, by degrees, little, as little as possible. Woch (Ger. nokh). Yet, still, more. Poet and Peasant. Opera by Supp^. Oberstimme (Ger. 5'-ber-st!tm'-mS). Treble, Foi-a-poi (Ital. p6-e a po-e.) By degrees. upper voice part. Popolare (Ital. po po-ia -rg). Popular. Ombre, L' (Fr. I6m'-br). Opera by Flotow, Postilion de Lonjumeau, Le. Opera by 1869. Adam, 1836. Orphee aux Elnfers. Opera in 2 acts, by Prsecis (Ger. pra-ses). Precise, precisely. Offenbach, 1858. Precedente (It.il. pra-tshe-dan'-tft). Pre- Orphee et Euridice. Opera in 3 acts, by ceding. Gluck, 1774. Preciosa (pra-tshe-o'-za). Music to drama, OrpheuJ4, or Orfeo. Opera by Monteverde, by Weber, 1820. 1607. Also by Gluck, 1762. Precipitandosi (Ital. pra-tshe-pe-tan-do'- Othello (Ital. Otello^ o-tal'-lo). Opera by ze). Rossini, 1816. Precipitoso (Ital. pra-tshe-pe-t5-z6). Hur- Overblowing is the production of a higher rying, precipitate. than the natural tone of a pipe, by forcing the Precis© (Ital pra-tshe'-z6). Precise, exact. wind. In the flute the upper octaves are legitimately so produced. In the organ it is Prestissimo (Ital. pras-t5s'-se-m6). Very apt to arise when too much wind is pumped quickly, as fast as possible. \x. bui^ U Fr» sound a ale^ a add^ a arm^ e eve^ B end^ I ice, I ///, 6 old^ odd^ 3 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ 75 ^ PRI ADDENDA. SPI PrincipiO Ital. pren-tshe'-pI-6). The prin- USantle^, an eminent English baritone singer, cipal, the leading idea or part. born in 1838. (Ger, shaik'-hSft). Waggishly, Prophete, Le (pro-fat '). Opera by Meyerbeer; Schalkhaft libretto by Scnbd, 1849. playfully, capriciously. Puritani, I (e poo-re-tS'-ne). Opera by Schlnmmerlied (Ger, shloom'-mSr-leed). Bellini, 1835. Slumber song. i^natre (Fr. katrj. Four. j^cliluss (Ger. shloos). The end, conclusion. Rascll (Ger. rash). Swift, spirited. ^elinell (Ger. shnSll), Quickly, rapidly. Banschend (Ger. roush*-8nd). Rushing, ^Clineller (Ger. shnSl-ler). Quicker, faster, roaring. Sch.'wseclier (Ger, shva -ker). Fainter, softer, Repfttlzione (Ital. ra-pe-te-tse-o'-nS). Rep- eiiticn. Schwangesanse (.Ger. shvan-ge-sang-5). Songs;' title of a set of songs by Bice, Fenelon B., Mus. Doc, director of the "Swan Oberlin Conservatory of Music, President of Schubert. American Music Teachers' Association, was JSchumann, Clara (Clara Wieck), the greatest born at Green, Ohio, in 1841, educated at ' lady pianist who has yet appeared, was born Hillsdale College, Mich., graduated at Boston Sep. 13, 1819, at Leipsic, and learned piano Music School in 1S63, entered Leipsic Con- playing from her father. She made her first servatory in 1867, was appointed Professor public appearance as pianist at the age of of Music in Oberlin College and Director of 9, and^ three years later made an extended the Conservatory in 1871, where he has suc- and highly successful concert tour. In 1840 ceeded in building up a fine school, and ex- she was married to Robert Schumann, the ercises a commanding influence in favor of composer, M'me Sch umann has resided good music and sound musical education. mainly at Dusseldorf, and as late as the end of the 1880 Rienzi (re-ant'-se). Opera by Wagner, 1840. year played in public in various parts of £uroi>e with the greatest success. RigolettO (re-go-lat'-to). Opera by Verdi, Her technique is remarkable, and the artistic 1851. quality of her playing unapproachable; in Ri£;ore (Ital. re-go'-rS). Rigor, strictness, spite of her age, she still plays with great fire firmness. and ieeling. Rilasclando (Ital. r§-ia-she-an'-do). ]R.elax- ScioItO (Ital. she-ol'-to). Free, light. . ing the time. ^cioltamente (Ital. 'she - 51 - ta - man'- tS), (Ital. re-z5-loo'-to). Risoluto Resolute, bold. With freedom, agility ; easily, the notes RiSvegliato^ (Ital. res-vel-ye-a-to). Awak- being rather detached than legato. ened, re-animated. Secco (Ital. 6ak'-ko).^ Dry, unornamented, Ritardare (Ital. re-tSr-da'-rS). To retard, chord without arpeggio, or slacken the time. Secondo (Ital. sa-kon'-d5). Second, asecond. Biteiiente (Ital. re-t5-nan-te). Detaining, holding back the time. (Segno (Ital. san'-y6). A sign: al segno, return to the sign ; dal segno^ repeat from (Ital. ret'- mo). Ritmo Rhythm, cadence, the sign. measure. Segue (Ital. sa-gwS). Now follows, as follows; Robert le I>iable. Opera by Meyerbeer, also, go on, in a similar manner. libretto by Scribd, 1831. Segnente (Ital. se-gwan'-te). Following, next, Romeo and Juliet. Opera by BelUni, 1829. Also a symphony by Berlioz, 1840. Sehr (Ger. sar). Very, much, extremely, Root, George Frederick, Mus. Doc, one of the Selinsuchtvoll (Ger. san'-sookht-fol), most distinguished and popular of American Seite (Ger. si'-te). Side, page, line. song writers, in Sheffield, was born Mass., Selon (Fr. s§-lon). According to. Au^. 30, 1820. At an early age he became a pupil of Dr. Lowell Mason and Mr. Geo. Semiramide (sa-me-ra-ml-dS). Opera by Jas. Webb. In 1845 he became teacher of Gluck, 1748; Meyerbeer, 1819; Rossini, 1823. singing in Rutger's and the Spingler Female Seilt|»3ice (Ital. sam-ple'-tshS). Simple, pure, Schools in New York, and organist of Mercer plain. St. Church, where he remained for ten years. Sempre (Ital. sam'-pr§). Always, continually. Hi3 first popular song was '^ Hazel Dell," which was sung and whistled the country Sentimento (Ital, 5@n-te-man'-t5). Feeling, through. This was followed by "Rosalie, sentiment, delicaie expression. the Prairie Flower," etc. In i860 he became Sforzando (Ital. sfor-tsan'-do), ) t7„^„.j head of the music firm of Root & Cady in '0'«d, fSforzato (Ital. sfor-tsa'-to). f Chicago, where he still resides. During the one particular note or chord to be empharized. war the publications of this house were uni- versally current. Mr. Root wrote many Sincerita (Ital. sen-sa'-re-tS). Sincerity, battle songs, elementary singing books, can- simplicity. tatas, etc Singbar (Ger. sXng'-bar). That maybe sung. Root, Frederic fW., son of the precedingj was Singend (Ger, sing'-end). In singing style. born 1846,^ in Boston. Is a prominent Sino (Ital. se'-no). To, as far as, until. teacher of singing, composer and writer about music, in Chicago. Slentare (Ital. slgn-ta'-re). To slacken. Saiten (Ger. si'-t'n). Timbrel, strings of a iSonnainbala, La. Opera by Bellini, 1831. violin. ISpielend (Ger. speel'-Snd). Playing. Sanft (Ger. sanft). Soft, mild, smooth. Spieler (Ger. speel'-er). Player. a ale^ a add^ 3. arm^ e eve^ e endy 1 ice^ X ill^ 5 old^ o odd^ 6 dove^ 00 inoan^ u lute^ u but^ ii Fr. sound 80 . ; ; STA ADDENDA. WEB Staccatissimo (Ital. stak-ka-tes'-se-mo). Tariazioni (Ital. vfi-re-a-tse-6'-ne). Varia- Very much detached, as siaccato as possible. tions. Stark (Ger. stSrk). Strong, loud, vigorous. Verlauf (Ger. fSr-louf ), The lanse, progres- Stserke (Gcr. stiir'-k6). Vigor, force, energy. sion, what follows. Steisenden (Ger. sti-ghend-6n). Ascending. Verschiebung (Ger. fSr-she'-boong). De- lay, lingering, shifting. In German music, Stimme (Ger. stIm'-mS). The voice, sound ; the softpedaL also, the sound-post in a violin, etc.; also, a part in vocal or instrumental music ; also, an Vie I (Ger. fel). Much, a great deal. or^aa stop. Viertel (Ger. fer-t'l). Quarter note, StraCr (Ger. strSff). Extended, full. Vigore (Ital. ve-go'-rS). Vigor. String Band. A band of stringed instru- Vigoroso (Ital. ve - go - ro - z6). Vigorous, ments only. hold, energetic. SubifO (Itnl. soo'-be-to). Quickly, imme- Vivace (Ital, ve-va-tshS). Lively, quickly. diately , at once. Vivacissinio (Ital. ve-va-tshes'-se-mo). Sussnrando (Ttal. soos-soo-rSn'-do). Whis- Very lively, extremely vivacious. pe.ing, murmuring. Vivacita (Ital. ve-va-tshe'-tS). Vivacity, Takt (Ger. tSkt). Time, measure. liveliness. Tannlif^nser (tSn-hois-Sr). Opera in 5 Vivente (Ital. ve-van'-tS). Animated, lively. acts, by Wagner. Volkslied (Ger. folks', led). A. people*s Xhayer, Engen'^W., organist, composer and song. A simple ai.d natural melody. teacher, was born in Mendon, Mass., in 1838, studied in Poston and afterward in Berlin. Volkston (Ger. folks-ton). People's song Made a successlul concert journey in Ger- a simple, natural melody, many as Vir uoso organist, and has since VoUa (Ital. vol'-tai. Time; also, an old air occupied various prominent positions in Bo^- peculiar to an Italian dance of the same ton, where he founded his Organ Studio in name, Is composer of a mass, 1875. many organ Vorlier (Ger. for-hSr). Before, formerly, works, a large method, etc., etc. Vorigren (Ger. for'-e-gh5n). Former, preced- art Thoronglli Bass. The of representing ing, chnrd-succesKJons by means of bass notes, and figures giving the accompanying inter- Vovtrag (Ger. for-trSg'). Execution, deliv- ery, the act of uttering. vals ; the art of playine from such a bass. Hence, often usedTas equivalent to the word Vorzntragen (Ger. fort'-zoo-tra-ghSn). To Harmony. deliver, to utter. Tic A cim'ed line connecting two successive Walkuere, Die (vai-keer'-6). "The Val- notes of thts same pitch, to show i^at the kyrie," cpera by Wagner, 1855. second is a continuation of the first, and "Warren, Samuel P., organ virtuoso and com- therefore is simply prolonged. poser, was born in Montreal, in 1841, earl^ Ton (Ger. ton). Tone, sound, voice melody showed unusual talent for the organ, his also,, accent, stn-ss; also, pitch of any note father heing an organ builder. Held position as to its acuteness or gravity ; also, the kqy as church organist at the age of 12. In 1861 or mode. he began his single rhythmical pulsation ; the primary ele- menced his teaching in New York. ^ He now ment of the measure ; a beat. See chap, vii. resides (iSBi) in New York, and is still active. a aU^ S, add^ a arm^ e eve^ e endy X ice^ 1 zU, 6 old^ 6 odd^ 6 dove^ 00 moon^ u lute., ii but^ U Ft. souna. 8z WEI ADDENDA. ZWE Weich (Ger, vikh). Minor, in respect to keys W^OOd. The "wood,'' in English musical and mode. speech, includes all wind instruments except the brass. Welter ^er. vi-tSr^. More distant, broader. SSainpa. Opera by Herold, 1831. IVenig (Ger. van -Kg). Little. Whiting;, George E., organist and composer, Zefliroso (Ital. zSf-fe-ro'-zo). was born at Holliston, Mass., in 1837. studied Zeichen (Ger. tsi -k*n). A musical sign, note, abroad in 1862 and 1874, between which times or chaiacter. he held g'tod positions as organist in Boston. (Ger. tsit'-mSss). Time, measure. In 1878 was appointed organist of the Cin- Zeitniass position still holds. cinnati Music Hall, a he Zerrahu, Carl (tzer-iShn ), the distinguished Has composed important wnrks for organ, as conductor, was born in Mecklenbur^-bchwer- well as for chorus and orchestra, 'ine best in, in 1826. V^ ent in 1848 to London with of these, ''The Tale of the Viking." com- onjhestra, ** The Germania Musical Socieiy," peted for the $[ ,000 prize in 1880, and missed gave concerts for three months then they It by one vote. W. is an original and ver- came to America and traveled about for six satile musician, years, giving c ncerts all over the U. S. and Canada, Z settled in Bostrn in 18C4, was Wbitney. Myron W , the distinguished basso, elected conductor of the Handel and Haydn was bori in Mass.. in 1833. His magnificent Society, which position he has he d ever voice atfracted attentinti as early as 1855. since. also conductor of Harvard S\m-, He studied in Boston and afterward spent N phnny since their beginn ng in 1864, sometime abroad, returning to this country Concerts teacher of voice, harmony and the art oi in x868, where he has ever since held th'e N. E. i onservaiory, con- highest rank as an intefpretT of the bass conducting in the ducts the annual musical festival in Worces- roles in oratorio. W. is in e» ery wa* a great ter, and various other musical organizations. singer, and an artist 01 the highest rank. Wie (Ger. ve). How. as. Zcesernd (Ger. ts6 -ghSrnd). A continual of the time. Wiedep (Ger. ve-dSr). Again, anew, a second retarding time. XVL (Ger. tsoo) At, by, in, to, unto. W^iesenlied (Ger. ve'-ghSn-Ieed). Cradle Zurueekhaltnng (Ger. tsoo-riik-hSl'- s ng. toong) Retarding, keeping back, WIikI Band. band of wind instruments- A Zuspielen (Ger. tsoo- spei'Sn). To play. flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons and the brass. Zw^oimal (Ger tsvi -mSI) Twice. a aicy & addy S arm^ e eve^ 3 end^ i zc^, i 2'//, old, 6 odd^ d dove^ 00 moon^ u lute^ il but^ U Fr* sound 8a - ) (appendix.) Synopsis of Pitch Notation. iPrepared expressly for this work.) SECTION FIRST. PITCH. Fitch is represented by the lines aad spaces of the staff. These are called degrees. There are as many lines and spaces used as there are diatonic degrees in the scale of the masic represented. Por ordinary nse the staff consists of five lines and the spaces belonging to them, chosen from any convenient part of the so-called Great Staff of eleven lines. Pitches above or below this compass are represented by means of short or leger lines, and irhenin the highest or lowest pitches these leger lines become too numerous to be easily recognized by the eye, the abbreviation 8va is employed, as shown below at ( £. GREAT STAFF OF ELEVEN LINES, Skowing the relation and pitch of the various Clefs and Staves used in Pianoforte and Vocal Music, and in Orchrestral Scores ; together with the letters indicating absolute pitch. d'" ^ 71oUn or Soprano _b" Staff. •Soprano-Staff.—f'-S" —Mezzo-Sopr. Staff.- yf—a ;ztl?- •Tenor-Staff.- «/ -Middle-C--M:i( -.-r-a-s -Alto-Staff. ^ _Q_A ______Base staff. ^^^" ^^~~ ^^^m "CC~ ~mi~^^ -AA- -P7, Written. (B) .Played. It ' 4—+-i—4—I—4—4-4— 4—4-4—4-+- ' \— I 11 ' 4—4—4— I I I I I P-4—4—4-4—4-4—4— 4—4—+-4—^— ^ CHROMATIC SIGNS. indicates an elevation of a semi- The chromatic signs are the ft X, b, bb and J. The sharp #, it is applied only to natural degrees (see a below.) The double sharp X or JSJ indicates tone ; flat an elevation equal to two semitones ; applied to "sharp" degrees. (See J below.) The b indicate'! a depression equal to a semitone; applied only to natural degrees. (See c below.) equal to two semitones; applied only to flat de- The double flat, bb> indicates a depression cancels grees. (See d below.) The % restores a staff-degree to its "natural" condition and any of the previous signs. (See « below.) In restoring a single sharp or flat after a double flat, a sharp or flat to one, it is necessary to use anatural to cancel the double sharp or and restore the degree to its desired condition. (See «.) 83 * SYNOPSIS OF PITCH NOTATION. Written. -Mi (a) (d) Played. jd) (i)^ ^_ ^ SIGNATURES. Sharps or flats placed at the beginning to indicate the key, are called signatares. The sharps or flats so placed not only effect the degrees on which they are placed throngh- ont the staff, hat apply also to the octaves above and below on the same staff. In printed mnsic the signature is repeated at the beginning of every line. In mannscript music the clefs and signatnres are frequently omitted, except at the beginning of each piece or page. Example of staves with signatares and names of staff-degrees. -c.3i.~i.- -«• „ . .. . 8 n«. - °-°'"'^- M'&- a 81..n^ -O Shan.. - - ruh... i -0Jkirp, " '*"»• P ACCIDENTALS. 1. An accidental affects all notes following it on the same staff degree in the same measure 2. When the last note of one measure is affected by an accidental and the following meas- ure begins with a note on the same degree, the accidental applies to that note also, but not to any that occur after a different tone has intervened in the same voice. Written. _ TFg ^P—r=f=^^-^— ^: - 5^[j^ ttfct: P q gj Played. ^•—j-^f ^^ ^a^i—it^^ft i Sj ^j- 3. Accidentals are played as written. A single'sharp or flat on a note already sharped or flatted in the signature, is not double-sharped or flatted by the single accidental, but only singly, the accidental having been introduced for precaution. See (j/) below. Written, MARKS OF ABBREVIATION. In order to save space, repetitione of groups of notes aro sometimes indicated by marks of abbreviationf as at k above. ARPEGGIO. A tremolando effect in chords is indicated by bars running across the stems. A waved line before chords indicates that the notes are to be played successively, begin, nlng with the lowest note reached by the waved line, and not together. The Arpeggio begins at the time of the chord, and the tones follow each other very rapidly, and generally some- what creecendo towards the last. 84 MELODIC EMBELLISHMENTS TIME NOTATION. A note indicates a musical utterance. The relative length or duration of several ntter- ances in connection, is represented by the different note-forms which are named whole note, half, quarter, etc. Every note-form has a rest of corresponding value, which indicates a silence of the same length. A dot after a note or rest adds half to its valae. A second dot adds half as much as the first, so that two dots increase the value of the note by three quarters. NOTES AND RESTS. Whole. MELODIC EMBELLISHMENTS. Written- 4. DOUBLE APPOGGIATURAS. Doable appoggiataraa consist of t^o grace notes preceeding a melodf note. They begin at tlie proper time ofthe principal note (and tlierefore with tlie corresponding Base note), and are played as qniclcly as possible, the accent falling on the principal note. ^mWritten.^ '^^ Flayed, a. b. p^f= -p^f-. V-f-j-^- a±?^=i=m. srac ?=PC -p-f- =^ 5. THE TURN, OR GRUPETTO. The tnm consists of a principal note and two auxiliary notes, above and below respect- ively, which may be a whole step or a half step distant from the principal. Generally the upper auxiliary is the next tone above in the same key, and the lower a semitone below the principal. When the upper auxiliary is only a semitone above the principal, as In the case oftnms on the 3rd and 7th degree ofthe scale, the lower auxiliary is played diatonic, and consequently a whole step below the principal, in order to avoid the misleading chromatic effect which would otherwise be produced. On the 5th degree ofthe minor scale, the lower auxiliary is played chromatic. The turn usually comes at the close of the principal note, as at a, b and c in the examples, where also is illustrated the use of accidentals In connec- tion with the turn-sign. Sometimes, however, it comes at the beginning of a note, as at c2. In which case the turn-sign stands directly over it. With dotted notes the turn comes be- tween the note and the dot, as shown at e and /. »a KCS9 !h=S-- S ±=i: ^m ±^ i I— FS=^-*ft»^*—*— ^-l-^-^-F-'^^FH-| ! j , | H j 6. THE MORDENT, OR BOUNDING TRILL. These two embellishments are precisely alike, except that one is made with the note below the principal, and the other with the note above. The first Is distinguished by the vertical stroke through the sign, as at a, below. The other, also called Mordent by some, and Pralt trill or "Bounding Trill" by others, lacks the vertical stroke through the sign, and is made 86 MELODIC EMBELLISHMENTS. wtth the note above. The same embellishment Is Pometimes written ont in small notes as at e. According to Di. Wm. Mason the Prall-TriU should be accented on t^ejlnt note as at d. In all cases the embellishment is to be played as rapidly as possible. ^^^-.^ ?^& i=t= g^^ d According to Mason, e / with double notes. P J It 7. THE TRILL. The trill consists of a rapid vibration or alternation of a principal note and the next above in the same key. A vocal trill should begin somewhat deliberately^ bnt immediately become rapid, as shown at a below. It concludes with a turn, which, however, may sometimes be omitted in chain trills. On the pianoforte a long trill accompanied by a melody in the same hand, may omit the auxiliary note at the moment of sounding the melody, in order to facilitate the passage, as shown at d. It is of the greatest importance that the notes of the trill should be of equal power. At the start the auxiliary may be accented. Trills should vibrate at a uniform speed, after the motion is once established, and in some definite ratio to the time of the passage. The trill begins with the principal note, and not with the auxiliary, although the contrary has been taught by eminent masters, and is sometimes required by a grace note as at b and e below. Written. f ^'^^^^S^l^^^^P'^^^ ^ a "^^^^^^mPerformed. 5kgHi^.V.[ v,7ij^^-_",- fc..