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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/40858 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-01 and may be subject to change. BABesch 80 (2005) Reviews CATHERINE MORGAN, The Late Bronze Age Settlement shards were found in the Northwest and East Temenos and Early Iron Age Sanctuary (Isthmia, Vol. VIII). as well as in the Theatre area. According to Morgan Princeton, New Jersey: The American School of these and other scatters indicate that the area from the West Cemetery to the coast was occupied quite densely Classical Studies at Athens, 1999; 526 pp., 74 pls, during the LBA. Sections of the ‘Mycenaean wall’ to 6 tables, 6 plans; 31 cm. – ISBN 0-87661-938-3. the south of the temple are the only traces of architec- ture relating to this period. She notes the lack of strong Isthmia with its sanctuary of Poseidon on the Isthmus spatial concentration of LBA activity while its remains of Corinth is located on the strip of land fastening the do not indicate a specific function. For the reader it is Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece, to Boeotia and difficult to assess the extent of the LBA activity at Attica. In the Classical period, it was the major shrine Isthmia. After careful examination of the evidence, of the Corinthians outside their city and it was one of Morgan’s assessment varies from quite densely settled the four pan-Hellenic sanctuaries where Greeks from all (p. 305) to a small site (p. 432). parts of the Mediterranean came to compete and cele- Also much of the EIA evidence derives from sec- brate during the Isthmian Festival, held every two ondary deposits. Thousands of EIA shards have been years. Isthmia 8, the latest addition to the Isthmia vol- recovered at Isthmia of which 438 (less than 5% of the umes of the excavations by the University of Chicago is total amount of EIA shards) are assigned to contem- a welcome supplement to previous volumes, which poraneous levels located on East Terrace 1 (see included studies on the architecture and on specific Appendix 3, which presents the distribution of the EIA groups of artefacts such as the terracotta lamps and the pottery). Evidence from East Terrace 1 indicates that metal objects. Isthmia 8 presents in expert detail the Late this pre-existing stratum came to be filled with a mix- Bronze Age and Early Iron Age material of the excava- ture of burnt bone, three fragments of terracotta bull tions from 1952 to 1989 directed by Broneer, Clement figurines and pottery dating back to the Protogeometric and Gebhard. It therefore examines the available evi- period. It must however be recorded that this deposit dence on the origin of the settlement and sanctuary, the contained 28 fragments of Mycenaean shards, which in foundation on which this important shrine emerged. As my opinion could indicate LBA-EIA cult continuity a site it existed till the 3rd century AD while its origin since this stratum definitely demonstrates the existence remains elusive. However the title of Isthmia 8 in which of rituals during the EIA. The useful catalogue of a clear distinction is made between the Late Bronze Age deposits also lists other features at Isthmia with both (LBA) settlement and the Early Iron Age (EIA) sanctu- Mycenaean and EIA pottery (p. 213-221). Noteworthy ary, leave no doubt to the authors intention. is a deposit formed during the Archaic period con- Isthmia 8 is divided into three main sections. Part 1 taining 1809 EIA shards on East Terrace 3 where also of approximately 230 pages contains the material evi- other dumps containing many EIA shards were found dence, the pottery, the metal artefacts and the figurines. (Appendix 3). Morgan identified for the EIA a hierar- It also discusses the LBA activity in the vicinity of the chy of dispositions with high concentrations of mater- Temenos as well as the location of the EIA activities. ial during the 8th century BC as well as strata with EIA Part II analyses in almost 120 pages, the LBA and EIA material formed in later times from locally disposed pottery as well as the nature of the activities at Isthmia. material. The EIA focus of activity must have been Part III gives in about 90 pages an interpretation of around the Southeast Temenos. The quantity and con- Isthmia and the LBA Corinthia, of the development of centration of EIA material in this area is not matched the Isthmian sanctuary from ca. 1050 to 800 BC and of by the LBA artefacts. This is essentially the main dif- the 8th century BC. Part III is followed by a brief sum- ference between the two periods as well as the main mary and 4 appendices including one on the distribu- argument for differentiating between settlement and tion of the figurines and metals most of which derive sanctuary. An additional argument is the concentration from disturbed contexts such as the debris from the of EIA dining activities in this area. However in rela- post-archaic temple fire. A useful general index gives tion to ritual dinners, Morgan can be quoted after she the cross-references to topics such as the Neolithic and dismissed the possibility that the LBA pottery derives Middle-Helladic pottery assemblages or the Apollo from destroyed or looted tombs: ‘During the LBA, as sanctuary at Delphi. in later times, there is a close link between the vessel A topic that requires a closer look is the distribution forms found in settlement and sanctuary contexts, of the published LBA and EIA artefacts recovered at the which is readily understandable in view of the simi- site and the interpretation of the activities. Hardly any larities in functions performed, especially food prepa- of the finds derive from closed contexts pertaining to ration and consumption’ (p. 306). Though I agree with LBA or EIA strata though Morgan found a strong con- the author that the evidence published in Isthmia 8, def- centration of EIA shards in the East Temenos in associ- initely demonstrates the existence of an EIA cult, I can ation with ash and burnt animal bones indicating that not dismiss the possibility of a LBA shrine near the 7th sacrifices were made from onwards this period. century BC temple site. First it is necessary to fully Late Bronze Age activity in the vicinity of the acknowledge that most of the evidence at Isthmia was Temenos is attested by 619 Mycenaean shards of which found on a plateau that hardly left any traces of LBA none was found in situ. Concentrations of Mycenaean nor EIA activities in situ. Moreover it is not surprising 217 that the EIA material taken till the 700 BC outnumbers volume. Furthermore, the published text appears to be the LBA artefacts since it is in line with evidence for a a revised compilation of Johannowsky’s original typo- general increase in scale during this period. Moreover script and manuscript, put together by a group of the LBA artefacts will have been displaced over a younger scholars. It remains unclear how old the orig- longer period of time and thus are likely to be dishev- inal texts are, and to what extent they have been edited elled more than the EIA artefacts. Since the LBA evi- and updated. In the notes, some essentials of the 1980s, dence at Isthmia is lacking context, it is neither clear like Amyx and Neeft’s works on Corinthian pottery, are what happened to eventual bones, ashes or other styl- missing, although part of the bibliography continues istically un-datable materials that originally might have into the late 1990s. It is quite obvious that this is not a been associated with the LBA ceramics. Furthermore, properly structured and finished book, but simply the Morgan’s assessment that this region of approximately best that could be made under the circumstances. On a square kilometre was quite densely settled during the the positive side, we now at least have an extensive LBA, might be correct. It would then seem likely that report of the finds of an old excavation, which other- the community living here also maintained a shrine. A wise would have disappeared in the deposit, as many possible location for a LBA shrine is the site where a others of their kind. The Italian School of Athens sanctuary was definitely established during the EIA. In should be praised for the considerable efforts it addition I would like to stress that this Isthmia volume invested in publishing this report. presents 38 fragments of figurines of which 7 are Although certainly not perfectly finished and orga- assigned to the LBA (ago, Psi and Phi figurines). Four nized in its details, the general structure of the book is of the LBA figurines are recovered at the East Temenos. clear enough. After an extremely short introduction to These figurines whether they derive from settlements, the excavation of the sanctuary area and the technical graves or sanctuaries, signify cult activities. However, and formal characteristics of its pottery comes the first Morgan does not consider the LBA figurines at Isthmia part of the catalogue, covering the Geometric and characteristic enough for a sanctuary. All vague notions Orientalizing periods. This is followed by a long chap- available for possible cult continuity from the Bronze ter on the chronological problems regarding Cretan into the Iron Age at Isthmia are consistently allocated pottery in the Geometrical and Orientalizing periods.
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