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INFLUENCE OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG AND DIETARY PROTEIN ON MALE CARIBBEAN FRUIT FLY, Anastrepha suspensa (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), SEXUAL BEHAVIOR By RUI MANUEL CARDOSO PEREIRA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, John Sivinski, for his involvement, support, and encouragement. I have benefited immensely from his critical and creative thinking, and also been greatly inspired by his enthusiasm for science. I am grateful to my committee, Jane Brockmann, Jorge Hendrichs, Heather McAuslane, Gary Steck, and Peter Teal, for their unstinting help. The diverse perspectives they provided enriched my work. I would like to thank the Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia da Madeira for financial support through the Ph.D. grant BD I/2002-004. Heidi Burnside and Nancy Lowman maintained the Caribbean fruit fly colony from which I obtained the flies for my experiments, Barbara Dueben helped prepare the methoprene solutions and Jeff Shapiro had the patience to teach me protein and lipid analytical techniques. I also thank Paul Shirk and Jeffrey Lotz for the beautiful Caribbean fruit fly pictures used in presentations of my work and Meghan Brennan for the advice in the statistical survival analyses performed in Chapter 5. Finally, I thank Hoa Hguyen for the indispensable technical assistance in most of the experimental activities performed. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1 2 INFLUENCE OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG AND DIETARY PROTEIN ON MALE SEXUAL SUCCESS .............................................................14 Introduction.................................................................................................................14 Material and Methods.................................................................................................15 Results.........................................................................................................................20 Discussion...................................................................................................................25 3 INFLUENCE OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG AND DIETARY PROTEIN ON MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIORS WITHIN MATING AGGREGATIONS.....................................................................................................29 Introduction.................................................................................................................29 Material and Methods.................................................................................................31 Results.........................................................................................................................35 Discussion...................................................................................................................38 4 INFLUENCE OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG AND DIETARY PROTEIN ON MALE ATTRACTIVENESS TO FEMALES...................................43 Introduction.................................................................................................................43 Material and Methods.................................................................................................44 Results.........................................................................................................................51 Discussion...................................................................................................................54 iii 5 EFFECTS OF SEXUAL INTERACTIONS ON MALE LONGEVITY ...................58 Introduction.................................................................................................................58 Material and Methods.................................................................................................60 Results.........................................................................................................................63 Discussion...................................................................................................................66 6 INFLUENCE OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG AND DIETARY PROTEIN ON MALE BODY LIPID AND PROTEIN CONTENTS .......................70 Introduction.................................................................................................................70 Material and Methods.................................................................................................72 Results.........................................................................................................................76 Discussion...................................................................................................................81 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION.........................................................................................84 LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................89 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................102 iv LIST OF TABLES Table page 1-1 List of tephritids that form leks..................................................................................6 3-1 Number of male Caribbean fruit flies that occupied the various positions within leks. ..........................................................................................................................38 3-2 Percentages of resident male Caribbean fruit flies (by treatment) in leks that won contests against intruders. ........................................................................................38 3-3 Summary of sexual success parameters in Caribbean fruit fly. ...............................40 5-1 Results of the survival analysis. ...............................................................................65 6-1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for male Caribbean fruit fly weight, total lipids, and total proteins among different ages in six different treatments. ........................78 6-2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for male Caribbean fruit fly weight, total lipids, and total proteins among treatments for different ages. ...........................................78 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Percentage of matings per treatment of male Caribbean fruit flies in laboratory and field cage experiments.......................................................................................21 2-2 Percentage of matings of male Caribbean fruit flies from day 4 to the end of experiment (day 35). ................................................................................................22 2-3 Percentage of male Caribbean fruit flies that mated more than once.......................23 2-4 Number of matings obtained per treatment at various ages by male Caribbean fruit flies. ..................................................................................................................24 2-5 Average number of male Caribbean fruit flies that mated twice, or three times on the same day. ............................................................................................................25 2-6 Mean copulation duration of male Caribbean fruit flies that mated 1, 2, and 3 consecutive times. ....................................................................................................26 3-1 Lek parameters and sexual success of male Caribbean fruit flies............................36 3-2 Female Caribbean fruit fly acceptance index...........................................................39 4-1 Arrangement of the experiment (attractiveness in laboratory).................................47 4-2 Arrangement of the experiment (attractiveness in greenhouse)...............................48 4-3 Artificial leks used in the greenhouse experiment. ..................................................50 4-4 Time spent by male Caribbean fruit flies calling and time spend by female visiting the males......................................................................................................52 4-5 Percentage of male Caribbean fruit flies in a greenhouse calling and female approaches to males. ................................................................................................53 4-6 Correlation between the number of male Caribbean fruit flies calling within an artificial lek and the number of female visiting in the greenhouse environment.....54 vi 5-1 Cumulative survival probability of male Caribbean fruit flies in the three experimental groups. ................................................................................................64 5-2 Cumulative survival probability of male Caribbean fruit flies in the four treatments. ................................................................................................................66 6-1 Average adult weight of male Caribbean fruit flies.

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