DOCSLIB.ORG

Sasanian Empire: 29) ------, ------, AR Drachm, Wit H AFIO in Obv

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sasanian Empire: 29) ------, ------, AR Drachm, Wit H AFIO in Obv , " Vo/2, No, 9 Numismatic Art of Antiquity SEPTEMBER 1988 $1.25 Struck with premeditation Mules seen as coinage of necessity - not error by David L. Vagi Constantine II, Cons tans and Delma- Constantine the Great is known for tius. his many reforms ill the Roman The Roma obverse/soldiers-reverse world. To numismatists he is noted and the Constantinopolis obverse/ for the sweeping changes he made in soldiers-reverse mules were produced the Roman coinage system. A number between A.D. 336 and 337 at four of these changes clashed in A.D. major Eastern mints: Heraclea, 33516, resulting in lower quality Cyzicus. Nicomedia and Constanti­ coins and a peculiar series of 'mule' nople. The compact region on the error coins. coasts of the Sea of Marmara in which A mule is a 'hybrid' of standard the mints are located as well as the coin types, struck with obverse and short period of the mules' production reverse dies belonging to different are of great interest. issues. For example coin I, a standard The data show that these mules type, has the obverse/reverse were not the result o f mere combination N B; coin 2. another sloppiness, but of an intentional standard. type, has C/D. With this set­ compromise of quality to meet Post-reform folies of Constantius /I up, combinations AID and C/B would production standards during Constan­ struck on Pre-reform planchet be mules. Combinations Ale and BID tine's monetary reform of A.D. 335/6 would be highly improbable because which, in part, reduced the weight of of the hammer-and-anvil die system the bronze follis. used to produce coins. With this weight reduction came a qu ality on the smaller coins, one of shields and two standards between Three series of Constantin ian Era reduction in the foIles' diameter, from two things had to occur, a design them, the GLORIA-EXERCITUS bronze folies are involved in this an average of 17-18 millimeters to change or a design modification. The legend in the periphery and the group of muies: the voluminous 15-16 mm - reducing the surface area pre-reform reverse design of the mintmark in the exergue. 'soldiers'·reverse "GLORIA·EXERCI with which the celator had to work soliders-reverse follis included the Of these design elements, the only TVS" series celebrating the "Glory by about 20 percent following elements: two soldiers ones which realistically could be (fame) of the Army" and the two In order to retain acceptable design standing in the field with spears and Please turn to page X , most common commemoratives of the era, the "VRBS-ROMN with the bust of Roma/She-Wolf and Twins, and the "CONSTAN·TINOPQUS" Distinctive style with the bust of Constantino­ polis/Victory on Prow, which honor Eastern Severan coins attract collectors the two capitals of the Empire. The bulk of the soldiers· reverse by Douglas Smith following the death of Nero in 68 between Pescennius Niger, Clodius and city commemoratives were issued The history of the Roman Empire A.D. and the revolt of the Gordiani in Albinus, and the eventual victor, between A.D. 330-340, but as late as was punctuated with dates that have 238 A.D. Between these two events Septimus Severus. A.D. 347 at Antioch. These folIes proven over the years as having more stands that magnificent year 193 A.D. Certainly among the most interest­ were being issued in the name of five than normal interest to the collector during which the empire established ing issues of Septimus Severus are the different rulers, including Constan­ of ancient coins. Prominent among the army as the controller and source denarii issued during the war in the tine the Great. Constantius II, these can be counted the civil wars of emperors. The story of the New ·East with Pescennius Niger. An un­ Year's Eve murder of Commodus, the certain number of mints were estab­ elevation of the elderly Pertinax, and lished to fill the needs of the army in the shameful auction of the Purple to the East. These coins were produced in Didius Julianus has been told often distinctly Eastern style easily distin­ Miscellanea enough as not to require repeating guishable from the Roman coins. The • • • • here. It was obvious to most Romans locations and number of these mints that things had regressed to a point have been subjects of discussion for • Nelson-Atkins exhibits Greek art that a savior of the empire was needed years and the likelihood of certain The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City is currendy hosting - a strong man to restore order ~ a proof to settle this matter seems an exhibition titled "The human figure in Greek art". The 67 piece soldier with the power to enforce his slim. Coins existing which do not fit exhibition of Greek art from the tenth to the fifth centuries B.C. opened rule. The difficulty which arose here any of the mints styles have been on July 16 and will run until October 2. Included are marble statues was that not only was such a man attributed to minor branch mints, from the Acropolis, Greek bronzes, and an archaic painted terracotta waiting in the wings but there were travelling mints, and unofficial bar­ centaur. three volunteers for the job. This was barous mints of necessity. The possi· the prologue of the civil wars Please turn to page XIII • Mediterranean Archaeology debuts The first issue of Mediterranean Archaeology, an Australian and New Zealand Journal for the Archaeology of the Mediterranean World, is INSIDE being offered by the University of Queensland Press. The purpose of the r'tJ-< 0 .. annual publication is to provide a forum for archaeologists in Australia THE CELATOR: 8.' '" and New Zealand whose research focuses on the Mediterranean region. -;;;.&>0_ Personal subscriptio~ are A$46.00, students A$36.00 to P.O. Box 42, -xm St Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4067. ~..40 Point of View II N~ Book News 1111 8:'" • SAN members receive journal People VI Members of the Society for Ancient Numismatics were recendy treated' to Vol XVII, No. 3 of the society's journal SAN. Facing continued Art and Market VII H ~o production problems over the past three years, the. society has issued only Dust of Ages Villi ~.&. a token number of issues of its popular and well produced publication. Coin File XVIII • n The most recent issue contains articles by Marvin Tameanko, David R. Trivia XVIII &5 Sear, Walker Carlton, G. Ray Thompson and Raymond J. Hebert. Coming Events XVIlIl Persons interested in SAN may contact the society'S secretary, Beate '~'§ Rauch. at P.O. Box2138 TerminaJ Annex, Los Angeles, CA 90051. Classlfieds XXVI &l~ Prof. Directory liiO XXVI ~ - . I~ ,' The Celator September 1988 counterfeit detection in a future issue point of saying hello. it's always a of The C~lato r. great pleasure to meet readers of The Our travelling schedule for Cefator in person. Although we 7/,e Celmor's September includes the shows at New won't have a table at New York or York and Long Beach. In October we London. ask one of the dealers to will be at Coinex in London and the point us out. Meanwhile, tell a Point 0/ View ... Classical Numismatic Bourse in friend about the new voice of the Dallas. If you are planning to attend hobby ~n d by. all means. let us hear Commentary by Wayne G. Sayles one of these shows please make a your pomt of view! t never occurred to me that so consist of reprints of articles and many readers might be features from issues of the previous Letters to the Editor I interested in the outcome of year. Watch for ads in Th~ Celator my planned vacation (participating in announcing their arrival. Dear Editor: These ancient mints were undoubt­ an archaeological excavation) at We have received several c;omments Phalasarna, Crete. It seems that edly located "intra-muros". or within from readers about the dearth of I am happy to see the continuation the walled upper portion of the city, armchair travel is still a popular advertisements in The Cefalor for pastime. Practically everyone that I of Steve Album's excellent series of for pro tection. When Henry IV lower priced coins. In this issue there articles on Islamic coinages. especially rebuilt the mint in 1454 (~because the have talked to since returning from are at least four ads which offer fairly Europe in June asks about the dig. the area of main interest to me, Arab­ previous facility was in ruins from detailed listings of individual coins, Sasanian silver coinage, or as the Sadly. I do not have a story to tell. di s u se~). it was also in the walled many in moderate price ranges. The article "Sasanian motifs used in portion of the city. This is the f"trst Through a combination of unfortunate only thing that will ensure more of circumstances. I did not make it to Islamic coinage" in the July issue of Segovia mint of which we know the the same is a solid response to these The Celator. I would, however, like definite location within the city. In Crete. I did, however, visit some of offerings. If these are the kind of ads the museums of Rome and Naples that to point out a few minor errors. order for Philip II to harness the that you want to see more of. it On illustration no. 4 page XIX force of the Eresma to "roll" his escaped my attention on earlier visits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369
    Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369, Fravardin & l FEZAN A IN S I D E T HJ S I S S U E Federation of Zoroastrian • Summer 2000, Tabestal1 1369 YZ • Associations of North America http://www.fezana.org PRESIDENT: Framroze K. Patel 3 Editorial - Pallan R. Ichaporia 9 South Circle, Woodbridge, NJ 07095 (732) 634-8585, (732) 636-5957 (F) 4 From the President - Framroze K. Patel president@ fezana. org 5 FEZANA Update 6 On the North American Scene FEZ ANA 10 Coming Events (World Congress 2000) Jr ([]) UJIR<J~ AIL '14 Interfaith PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF '15 Around the World NORTH AMERICA 20 A Millennium Gift - Four New Agiaries in Mumbai CHAIRPERSON: Khorshed Jungalwala Rohinton M. Rivetna 53 Firecut Lane, Sudbury, MA 01776 Cover Story: (978) 443-6858, (978) 440-8370 (F) 22 kayj@ ziplink.net Honoring our Past: History of Iran, from Legendary Times EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Roshan Rivetna 5750 S. Jackson St. Hinsdale, IL 60521 through the Sasanian Empire (630) 325-5383, (630) 734-1579 (F) Guest Editor Pallan R. Ichaporia ri vetna@ lucent. com 23 A Place in World History MILESTONES/ ANNOUNCEMENTS Roshan Rivetna with Pallan R. Ichaporia Mahrukh Motafram 33 Legendary History of the Peshdadians - Pallan R. Ichaporia 2390 Chanticleer, Brookfield, WI 53045 (414) 821-5296, [email protected] 35 Jamshid, History or Myth? - Pen1in J. Mist1y EDITORS 37 The Kayanian Dynasty - Pallan R. Ichaporia Adel Engineer, Dolly Malva, Jamshed Udvadia 40 The Persian Empire of the Achaemenians Pallan R. Ichaporia YOUTHFULLY SPEAKING: Nenshad Bardoliwalla 47 The Parthian Empire - Rashna P.
    [Show full text]
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Royal Ancestry
    GRANHOLM GENEALOGY PERSIAN ROYAL ANCESTRY Achaemenid Dynasty from Greek mythical Perses, (705-550 BC) یشنماخه یهاشنهاش (Achaemenid Empire, (550-329 BC نايناساس (Sassanid Empire (224-c. 670 INTRODUCTION Persia, of which a large part was called Iran since 1935, has a well recorded history of our early royal ancestry. Two eras covered are here in two parts; the Achaemenid and Sassanian Empires, the first and last of the Pre-Islamic Persian dynasties. This ancestry begins with a connection of the Persian kings to the Greek mythology according to Plato. I have included these kind of connections between myth and history, the reader may decide if and where such a connection really takes place. Plato 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. King or Shah Cyrus the Great established the first dynasty of Persia about 550 BC. A special list, “Byzantine Emperors” is inserted (at page 27) after the first part showing the lineage from early Egyptian rulers to Cyrus the Great and to the last king of that dynasty, Artaxerxes II, whose daughter Rodogune became a Queen of Armenia. Their descendants tie into our lineage listed in my books about our lineage from our Byzantine, Russia and Poland. The second begins with King Ardashir I, the 59th great grandfather, reigned during 226-241 and ens with the last one, King Yazdagird III, the 43rd great grandfather, reigned during 632 – 651. He married Maria, a Byzantine Princess, which ties into our Byzantine Ancestry.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq
    OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES General Editors Gillian Clark Andrew Louth THE OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES series includes scholarly volumes on the thought and history of the early Christian centuries. Covering a wide range of Greek, Latin, and Oriental sources, the books are of interest to theologians, ancient historians, and specialists in the classical and Jewish worlds. Titles in the series include: Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and the Transformation of Divine Simplicity Andrew Radde-Gallwitz (2009) The Asceticism of Isaac of Nineveh Patrik Hagman (2010) Palladius of Helenopolis The Origenist Advocate Demetrios S. Katos (2011) Origen and Scripture The Contours of the Exegetical Life Peter Martens (2012) Activity and Participation in Late Antique and Early Christian Thought Torstein Theodor Tollefsen (2012) Irenaeus of Lyons and the Theology of the Holy Spirit Anthony Briggman (2012) Apophasis and Pseudonymity in Dionysius the Areopagite “No Longer I” Charles M. Stang (2012) Memory in Augustine’s Theological Anthropology Paige E. Hochschild (2012) Orosius and the Rhetoric of History Peter Van Nuffelen (2012) Drama of the Divine Economy Creator and Creation in Early Christian Theology and Piety Paul M. Blowers (2012) Embodiment and Virtue in Gregory of Nyssa Hans Boersma (2013) The Chronicle of Seert Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq PHILIP WOOD 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Philip Wood 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicholson Museum
    OF FACES POWER IMPERIAL PORTRAITURE ON ROMAN COINS NICHOLSON MUSEUM Peter Brennan, Michael Turner & Nicholas L. Wright OF FACES POWER IMPERIAL PORTRAITURE ON ROMAN COINS NICHOLSON MUSEUM Peter Brennan, Michael Turner & Nicholas L. Wright This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be made to the publisher. No photograph printed in this book may be reproduced without the permission of the copyright owner. Copyright for the text and images in this publication is held by the Nicholson Museum. Published by the Nicholson Museum, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia © The Nicholson Museum, The University of Sydney, 2007 Faces of Power Imperial Portraiture on Roman Coins ISBN 1 86487 833 9 This book was produced with the generous financial support of the Alexander Cambitoglou Nicholson Museum Endowment Fund. Book design by Virginia Buckingham, Virginia Buckingham Graphic Design. Photographs by Rowan Conroy. COVER & ADJACENT IMAGES: DOMITIAN ROME MINT: 75–79 AD AUREUS OBV: CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS; LAUREATE, BEARDED HEAD OF DOMITIAN R.; DOTTED BORDER REV: CERES AVGVST; DRAPED CERES STANDING L. HOLDING EAR OF CORN IN R. HAND, SCEPTRE IN L.; DOTTED BORDER NM 2004.2624 (BMC 322.) CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 Michael Turner FACES OF POWER 7 Peter Brennan A QUICK GUIDE TO ROMAN COINS 9 Nicholas L. Wright Romans – The people with the three names 9 Legends & their abbreviations 10 Greek Imperial coinage 12 Glossary of descriptive terms & abbreviations 12 COIN DENOMINATIONS 14 Primary Imperial Roman denominations 27 BC – 294 AD Primary Imperial Roman denominations after 294 AD Primary civic (Greek Imperial) denominations in Eastern provinces THE COINS 15 Peter Brennan THE DYNASTIES 79 Nicholas L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Behistun Inscription and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti
    Phasis 15-16, 2012-2013 Δημήτριος Μαντζίλας (Θράκη) The Behistun Inscription and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti Intertextuality between Greek and Latin texts is well known and – in recent decades – has been well studied. It seems though that common elements also appear in earlier texts, from other, mostly oriental countries, such as Egypt, Persia or Israel. In this article we intend to demonstrate the case of a Persian and a Latin text, in order to support the hypothesis of a common Indo-European literature (in addition to an Indo-European mythology and language). The Behistun Inscription,1 whose name comes from the anglicized version of Bistun or Bisutun (Bagastana in Old Persian), meaning “the place or land of gods”, is a multi-lingual inscription (being thus an equivalent of the Rosetta stone) written in three different cuneiform script extinct languages: Old Persian, Elamite (Susian), and Babylonian (Accadian).2 A fourth version is an Aramaic translation found on the 1 For the text see Adkins L., Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon, New York 2003; Rawlinson H. C., Archaeologia, 1853, vol. xxxiv, 74; Campbell Thompson R., The Rock of Behistun, In Sir J. A. Hammerton (ed.), Wonders of the Past, New York 1937, II, 760–767; Cameron G. G., Darius Carved History on Ageless Rock, National Geographic Magazine, 98 (6), December 1950, 825– 844; Rubio G., Writing in Another Tongue: Alloglottography in the Ancient Near East, in: S. Sanders (ed.), Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures, Chicago 2007², 33–70 (= OIS, 2); Hinz W., Die Behistan-Inschrift des Darius, AMI, 7, 1974, 121-134 (translation).
    [Show full text]
  • Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
    Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • English Summary
    ENGLISH SUMMARY Preliminary Remarks This English summary provides an overview of the main lines of development of Sasanian coin- age covered by part 1. of the German version. It is intended to give the reader a general idea and has thus been kept brief. For more detailed discussion I have inserted references to the relevant chapters into the main body of the text. Part 2. of the German version, which deals with the individual kings, is not covered by this summary. Technical Observations In the period 309–531, the only regular die axis of Sasanian coins is 3h2. The single exception to this rule seems to be the Khuzistani mint X of Shapur III where 9h appears to be the rule3. The production of copper coins tends to be considerably less careful than that of silver drachms, but for base metal issues, too, 3h is canonical. The number of die cracks rises steeply from the reign of Peroz onwards4, indicating that as a result of the increase in monetary production under that ruler, the dies were used until they literally fell to pieces. The number of repairs to dies5, interestingly enough, increases in direct proportion to the number of die cracks. Together with the greater number of coins struck from damaged dies, other production errors also become more common. The most notable of these is the “dead” or “blind” spot6 which becomes an almost regular feature from the reign of Peroz onwards: about 50% of all drachms of every ruler from this king onwards display this peculiarity. Among the most important and interesting phenomena are the alterations carried out on dies7.
    [Show full text]
  • The Poet & the Poem 1 EPITOME of the SHAHNAMA Prologue 10 IT
    CONTENTS List of Illustrations xiii Preface xvii Introduction: The Poet & the Poem 1 EPITOME OF THE SHAHNAMA Prologue 10 I THE PISHDADIAN DYNASTY 11 REIGN OF GAY UM ARTH 11 REIGN OF HUSHANG 11 REIGN OF TAHMURATH 12 REIGN OF JAMSHID 13 The Splendour of jamshid 13 The Tyranny of Zahhak 13 The Coming of Faridun 15 REIGN OF FARIDUN 16 Faridun & his Three Sons 16 REIGN OF MINUCHIHR 18 Zal & Rudaba 18 Birth & Early Exploits of Rustam 20 REIGNS OF NAWDAR, ZAV & GARSHASP 21 War with Turan 21 Robinson, B.W. digitalisiert durch: The Persian Book of Kings IDS Basel Bern 2014 viii THE PERSIAN BOOK OF KINGS II THE KAYANIAN DYNASTY 23 REIGN OF KAY QUBAD 23 Rustam's Quest for Kay Qubad 23 REIGN OF KAY KA'US 24 Disaster in Mazandaran 24 Rustam's Setzen Stages 26 Wars of Kay Ka'us 30 The Flying Machine 31 Rustam's Raid 32 Rustam & Suhrab 32 The Tragedy of Siyawush 36 Birth of Kay Khusraw 40 Revenge for Siyawush 41 Finding of Kay Khusraw 41 Abdication of Kay Ka'us 43 REIGN OF KAY KHUSRAW 43 Tragedy of Farud 43 Persian Reverses 45 Second Expedition: Continuing Reverses 46 Rustam to the Rescue 47 Rustam's Overthrow of Kamus, the Khaqan, and Others 48 Successful Termination of the Campaign 50 Rustam & the Demon Akwan 51 Bizhan & Manizha 53 Battie of the Twelve Rukhs 57 Afrasiyab's Last Campaign 60 Capture & Execution of Afrasiyab 63 The Last Days of Kay Khusraw 65 REIGN OF LUHRASP 65 Gushtasp in Rum 65 REIGN OF GUSHTASP 68 The Prophet Zoroaster 68 Vicissitudes of Isfandiyar 69 Isfandiyar's Seven Stages 70 Rustam & Isfandiyar 74 Death of Rustam 76 REIGN OF
    [Show full text]
  • BK-2014-Iran.Pdf
    Bernard Koziróg Starożytny IRAN w Biblii i historii Grodzisk Mazowiecki 2014 Redaktor Zbigniew Lew-Wojciechowski Redaktor techniczny Piotr Kosowski Zdjęcia Bernard Koziróg Copyright 2014 © by Bernard Koziróg Grodzisk Mazowiecki 2014 Wydawca dziękuje Prezesowi Firmy AIDA p. Irminie Gocan za wsparcie finansowe przy wydaniu książki OD WYDAWCY Oddajemy do rąk Szanownych Czytelników pracę prof. Bernarda Kozi- róga na temat Iranu, kolejnego kraju biblijnego. Współczesne kraje biblijne to: Izrael wraz z Autonomią Palestyńską, Egipt, Syria, Jordania, Liban, Irak, Tur- cja, Grecja, Włochy, Malta, Cypr i Iran. W krajach tych rozgrywały się sceny Starego i Nowego Testamentu. W starożytności na terenie Iranu miały miejsce bardzo istotne wydarzenia opisane na kartach Biblii, która wiele miejsca poświęca takim państwom jak Elam, Media i Persja. Z imienia wymienia Cyrusa, króla Persów i Dariusza Me- da. Cała historia Księgi Estery rozgrywa się w perskiej stolicy za rządów króla Kserksesa. Ponadto wiele biblijnych proroctw dotyka zagadnień związanych ze starożytnymi państwami z Wyżyny Irańskiej. Do tej pory ukazały się następujące książki prof. Bernarda Koziróga z tej serii: Izrael. Historia, religia, archeologia (2003), Starożytna Grecja. Historia, filozofia, religia (2004), Malta. Historia i religia (2006), Liban. Historia i reli- gia (2008), Starożytny Rzym. Historia, filozofia, religia (2008), Starożytna Sy- ria w Biblii i historii (2012), Cypr. Historia, religia, zabytki (2014). Praca Starożytny Iran w Biblii i historii jest 44. książką autorstwa prof. Bernarda Koziróga. WstęP Iran, kraj na Wyżynie Irańskiej1, rozciąga się pomiędzy tzw. Żyznym Półksiężycem na zachodzie a Azją Południową. Od północy i południowego zachodu znajdują się pasma górskie. Terytorium Iranu można podzielić na kilka krain. Na północy przy Morzu Kaspijskim rozciągają się Niziny Gilanu i Ma- zandaranu, które razem z równiną Gorgan są najżyźniejszym obszarem kraju.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Roman Frontier1
    Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern Archaeology of the Sasanian Period: Former Limitations and New Perspectives
    Newsletter di Archeologia CISA, Volume 7, 2016, pp. 35-88 A MODERN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SASANIAN PERIOD: FORMER LIMITATIONS AND NEW PERSPECTIVES Bruno Genito, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” Introduction* It is never easy to handle theoretical and methodological issues arising from a particular scientific topic in a kind of review of studies, which is, in its way, what is being presented here. Studies of the archaeology of the Sasanian period have been the subject of numerous acute and critical comments by distinguished scholars in the past, including Huff (1986, 302-308) and more recently as well (1998-2011). Those issues which have been handled, too, have clearly always somewhat suffered from a complex of inferiority to other periods of the history of ancient Iran which are considered by far, the most formative and important: the Achaemenid and the Islamic eras. And this in spite of the fact that the majority of scholars have looked upon the period in question as a real golden age of Persian culture and art, and that it was quite often mentioned in later Islamic sources (including the Shah-nameh by Firdousi), as in many ways an apogee of the fabulous, formidable and legendary Persian Empires. For many scholars the archaeology of the Sasanian period and also that of the early Islamic period, as Whitcomb rightly has pointed out (2010, 5), has always been considered a part of history, and especially of the history of art. This classification, set in stone, has had a long and respectable tradition so far, but at last it has begun to be seen from a different perspective by a growing number of scholars.
    [Show full text]