Introduzione Ai Ragni Italiani (Arachnida Araneae)

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Introduzione Ai Ragni Italiani (Arachnida Araneae) Memorie Soc. Entom.83 24-03-2005 14:48 Pagina 3 Memorie Soc. entomol. ital., 83: 3 - 178 31 marzo 2005 A mio nonno, con affetto, dedico. Alessio TROTTA Introduzione ai Ragni italiani (Arachnida Araneae) Riassunto - Il lavoro comprende una parte introduttiva generale, che tratta della morfologia ester- na, della biologia e dell’ecologia dei ragni, a cui seguono cenni sulla raccolta, la conservazione, lo studio degli stessi e un glossario dei termini scientifici (italiani e inglesi) impiegati. La se- conda parte è costituita dalle chiavi dicotomiche - in versione italiana e inglese - relative alle 49 famiglie e a 249 generi di ragni italiani (i 126 generi di Linyphiidae sono esclusi dalla chiave). Seguono una lista dei 375 generi e delle 1534 specie di ragni sinora noti per l’Italia - aggiorna- ta al 30 dicembre 2004 - l’indice analitico e 352 titoli bibliografici utilizzati, per la massima parte, per la compilazione delle chiavi. La riproduzione di 505 figure costituisce il complemento ico- nografico indispensabile per la utilizzazione delle chiavi dicotomiche proposte. Abstract - An introduction to Italian spiders (Arachnida Araneae). This work includes a general introduction, that deals with the external morphology, biology and ecology of spiders, followed by notes about collecting, preserving and studying spiders, and an Italian and English glossary. The second part contains Italian and English updated keys to the 49 families and 375 genera of Italian spiders (excluding the 126 genera of Linyphiidae). It fol- lows a list of the 375 genera and 1534 species, an index and a bibliography. 505 drawings are also given as a completion of the keys. Key words: Araneae, Italy, key to families, keys to genera, checklist. SOMMARIO Introduzione ................................................................................................................................4 Morfologia esterna ......................................................................................................................5 Cenni biologici ed ecologici......................................................................................................11 Raccolta, conservazione e studio ..............................................................................................19 Glossario ..................................................................................................................................20 Prospetto numerico dei ragni mondiali e italiani ......................................................................24 Inquadramento sistematico dei ragni italiani ............................................................................25 Chiavi dicotomiche dei ragni italiani ........................................................................................25 Abbreviazioni e note ................................................................................................................25 Chiave delle famiglie ................................................................................................................26 Chiavi dei generi ......................................................................................................................32 Dichotomic keys to Italian spiders ............................................................................................50 Abbreviations and notes ............................................................................................................50 Key to families ..........................................................................................................................50 Keys to genera ..........................................................................................................................56 Lista dei ragni italiani ..............................................................................................................73 Indice ......................................................................................................................................121 Ringraziamenti ........................................................................................................................128 Bibliografia..............................................................................................................................128 Illustrazioni ............................................................................................................................147 Memorie Soc. Entom.83 24-03-2005 14:48 Pagina 4 4TROTTA INTRODUZIONE “I ragni sono un ordine di rilevante antichità […..] la cui morfologia generale, ab- bastanza uniforme, maschera l’esistenza di differenze strutturali a livello di importanti apparati (respiratorio, circolatorio, genitale). Le differenze esistenti tra i grandi gruppi di ragni sono perfettamente paragonabili a quelle dei vari gruppi di gasteropodi e pe- sci; per convenzione e per praticità si parla di un ordine degli Araneidi, mentre per complessità ed antichità bisognerebbe parlare di una classe. Da ciò deriva da un lato che qualsiasi informazione ottenuta da una famiglia di Ragni non può essere automa- ticamente generalizzata ed estesa ad altre famiglie e dall’altro che non è corretto paragonare in blocco i ragni a taxa non dello stesso livello (come per es. ad una fami- glia o tribù di coleotteri).” Con queste considerazioni Brignoli (1982b) evidenziava l’estrema complessità ed importanza di un gruppo zoologico come quello dei ragni, che rappresenta uno degli 11 ordini attualmente viventi della classe degli Aracnidi (i restanti ordini sono Scor- pioni, Pseudoscorpioni, Opilioni, Acari, Solifugi, Palpigradi, Amblipigi, Uropigi, Ricinulei e Schizomidi, gli ultimi quattro assenti in Italia). Attualmente a livello mondiale sono note 110 famiglie di ragni con 3565 generi e 38663 specie (Platnick, 2004); per l’Italia sono note 49 famiglie con 375 generi e 1534 specie (tab. I e II). L’idea di costruire una chiave dicotomica dei ragni italiani nasce dall’esigenza di colmare una lacuna in campo nazionale: come osserva Pesarini (1995) infatti, per quanto riguarda una prima determinazione dei ragni nostrani, è quasi sempre neces- sario ricorrere a opere relative a faune straniere, spesso molto più povere di quella italiana. Per la nomenclatura e l’ordine sistematico mi sono attenuto al “World spider ca- talog” di Platnick (2004). La lista dei ragni italiani è compilata utilizzando la “Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana” (Pesarini, 1995) opportunamente corretta ed aggior- nata sulla base delle pubblicazioni successive e delle segnalazioni di altri specialisti; in essa, come anche nelle chiavi dicotomiche, ho omesso le species inquirendae ed i no- mina dubia. Per le specie che recentemente sono state oggetto di nuova combinazione generica viene indicata in parentesi la precedente situazione nomenclatoriale. Ho ritenuto utile e corretto indicare, all’inizio di ogni chiave e della lista dei ra- gni italiani, i riferimenti bibliografici delle pubblicazioni utilizzate per la loro compilazione. La morfologia interna, la fisiologia, l’etologia e la zoologia comparata non ven- gono trattate in quanto esulano dalle finalità di questo lavoro; tali argomenti si possono approfondire consultando Gerhardt & Kaestner (1938), Millot (1949), Savory (1977), Palmgren (1980), Shear (1986a), D’Andrea (1987), Nentwig (1987), van der Hammen (1989), Ledoux & Canard (1991), Foelix (1996), Barth (2002) e Knoflach (2004). Il lavoro è aggiornato al 30 Dicembre 2004. Memorie Soc. Entom.83 24-03-2005 14:48 Pagina 5 Introduzione ai Ragni italiani (Arachnida Araneae) 5 MORFOLOGIA ESTERNA I ragni presentano il corpo diviso in due parti collegate da un ristretto peduncolo (figg. 1-4): una regione anteriore fortemente sclerificata (prosoma o cefalotorace) caratterizzata dalla presenza di uno scudo dorsale (carapace) e di uno scudo ventrale (sterno) e fornita di 6 paia di appendici (1 paio di cheliceri, 1 paio di pedipalpi e 4 paia di zampe) ed una re- gione posteriore (opistosoma o addome) che porta stigmi respiratori, orifizio genitale e filiere. PROSOMA (figg. 1-4). Dorsalmente è ricoperto da uno scudo fortemente sclerificato e indiviso (carapace), nel quale si riconoscono una parte anteriore (regione cefalica) ed una parte posteriore (regione toracica) limitate generalmente da due strie anteriori (strie cefaliche); nella regione cefalica si distinguono i cheliceri, i pedipalpi e gli occhi, nel- la regione toracica è generalmente presente la fovea, visibile come una stria longitudinale mediana (Araneomorphae) o come una depressione mediana più o meno profonda (Mesothelae, Mygalomorphae), che rappresenta il punto d’inserzione di al- cuni gruppi muscolari; dalla fovea in genere si irradiano delle strie disposte a raggiera. Ventralmente il prosoma è occupato dallo sterno e dal labium (talvolta fusi insie- me), ai lati del labium vi sono le coxe dei pedipalpi. OCCHI (fig. 5). Sempre semplici (ocelli) e generalmente 8 o 6, possono essere ridotti a 4, 2 o mancare del tutto; sono disposti in linee o gruppi e si dividono in mediani ante- riori (MA), laterali anteriori (LA), mediani posteriori (MP) e laterali posteriori (LP). Le linee oculari, generalmente 2 (anteriore, posteriore), in alcuni casi 3 (anterio- re, mediana, posteriore) o 4, vengono usualmente descritte come dritte, procurve (concavità rivolta in direzione toracica) o ricurve (concavità rivolta in direzione cefali- ca); generalmente la linea oculare anteriore si osserva frontalmente, la linea oculare posteriore va osservata dorsalmente. CHELICERI
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