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THE SPIDER FAMILIES of EUROPE: Keys, Diagnoses and Diversity DIE BEITR. ARANEOL., 8 (2012) THE SPIDER FAMILIES OF EUROPE: keys, diagnoses and diversity A bilingual manual, 192 pp., 165 drawings, linked to 450 coloured photos in a separate volume DIE SPINNEN-FAMILIEN EUROPAS: Bestimmung, Merkmale und Vielfalt Ein zweisprachiges Handbuch, 192 Seiten, 165 Zeichnungen, verbunden mit 450 Farbfotos in einem gesonderten Band Joerg Wunderlich (ed.) BEITR. ARANEOL., 8 (2012) Photos on the front cover / Fotos auf dem Buchdeckel: On the left: Frontal aspect of a Jumping Spider (Salticidae) in Eocene Baltic amber. Note the huge anterior median eyes. Links: Eine Springspinne in Baltischem Bernstein, Vorderansicht. Man beachte die sehr großen, scheinwerferartig nach vorn gerichteten vorderen Mittelaugen. On the right: A male sparassid spider of Eusparassus dufouri SIMON on sand, Portugal. Note the laterigrade leg position of this very large spider, which legs spun seven cms. Rechts: Männliche Riesenkrabbenspinne (Sparassidae) (Eusparassus dufouri) auf Sand, Portugal. Man beachte die zur Seite gerichteten Beine dieser sehr großen Spinne mit einer Spannweite der Vorderbeine von sieben Zentimetern. 1 2 BEITR. ARANEOL., 8 (2012) THE SPIDER FAMILIES OF EUROPE: keys, diagnoses and diversity A bilingual manual, 192 pp., 165 drawings, linked to 450 coloured photos in a separate volume DIE SPINNEN-FAMILIEN EUROPAS: Bestimmung, Merkmale und Vielfalt Ein zweisprachiges Handbuch, 192 Seiten, 165 Zeichnungen, verbunden mit 450 Farbfotos in einem gesonderten Band Editor and author: JOERG WUNDERLICH © Publishing House: Joerg Wunderlich, 69493 Hirschberg, Germany Print: M + M Druck GmbH, Heidelberg. Orders for this and other volume(s) of the Beitr. Araneol. (see p. 192): Publishing House Joerg Wunderlich Oberer Haeuselbergweg 24 69493 Hirschberg Germany E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-931473-14-2 3 BEITR. ARANEOL., 8 (2012) Einleitung In diesem Handbuch werden die heutigen und fossilen (überwiegend die im Baltischen Bernstein erhaltenen) europäischen Spinnenfamilien behandelt, hauptsächlich ihre Be- stimmung und ihre Kennzeichen. Der erste Teil in deutscher Sprache ist eher für An- fänger gedacht; er beinhaltet vor allem Tabellen zur Bestimmung der Familien und eine Erklärung wichtiger Fachbegriffe. In einem zweiten Teil in englischer Sprache werden vor allem Kennzeichen, Verbreitung und Vielfalt der europäischen Familien behandelt, einschließlich der kreidezeitlichen und Tertiären Familien im Baltischen Bernstein und zugehörige Listen. Ein getrennter Band von SAUER & WUNDERLICH (1997) – „Die schönsten Spinnen Europas“ – bietet ca. 450 Farbfotos europäischer Spinnen, ihrer Netze, Beute und Kokons; er ist mit dem vorliegenden Band verbunden. – In einem kurzen Anhang wird über einige Spinnen aus Portugal berichtet. Introduction In this manual the European spiders – mainly the identification of their families and their diagnoses – are treated in two parts: One part in German which is held more popular and for beginners, including a glossar, as well as a second part in English which contains some more key characters and other details, diagnoses of European spider families, their distribution and diversity as well as more informations regarding fossil spiders in Cretaceous and Eocene European – mainly Baltic – ambers. A sepa- rate volume, by SAUER & WUNDERLICH (1997), contains ca. 450 coloured photos of European spiders, their webs, prey and egg sacs, and is connected with the present volume. – In a short supplement some spiders mainly from Portugal are reported or described. Danksagung: Für hilfreiche Anmerkungen zum Manuskript danke ich sehr PETER JÄGER und YURI MARUSIK; für das Scannen der Zeichnungen danke ich vielmals ALEX BEIGEL. Acknowledgements: I thank PETER JÄGER and YURI MARUSIK very much for helpful comments on my manuscript, and ALEX BEIGEL for scanning my drawings. I asked successful and thankful several authors for using their drawings in exchange with my drawings. 4 BEITR. ARANEOL., 8 (2012) CONTENTS – INHALT Seite/page Introduction .........................................................4 (1) Der deutschsprachige Teil ...........................................6 Vorbemerkungen, Einführung ...........................................6 Aufbau des Spinnenkörpers ..........................................147 Erläuterung ausgewählter Merkmale und Fachausdrücke .....................9 Übersicht über die heutigen und fossilen europäischen Spinnenfamilien . 22, 139 Die Bestimmungs-Tabellen . 31 Zeichnungen . 147 Index der Familien. 144 Schriften .........................................................146 (2) The English part ..................................................54 Introductory remarks .................................................54 List and systematic order of the spider families of Europe ................55, 144 Identification keys to the families. 58 Diagnoses and list of the European families, their diversity, and distribution ......79 Fossils: The families of the Cretaceous and Eocene European amber forests. 139 The figures (drawings). 147 Index and list of the families ..........................................144 Basic References ..................................................146 Few rare and a new species of spiders (Araneae) from Portugal, with resurrection of the genus Chiracanthops MELLO-Leitao 1942 (Clubionidae: Eutichurinae). 183 Note: Regarding the determination of selected European spider GENERA: see the volumes of the BEITR. ARANEOL. / Zur Bestimmung ausgewählter GATTUNGEN Europäischer Spinnen: Siehe die unten aufgeführten Beiträge zur Araneologie: Mygalomorpha: 6 (2011: 159-170); Filis- tatidae: 6 (2011: 173-174); Segestriidae: 3 (2004: 656-669), 6 (2011: 175-198); Tetragnathidae: 5 (2008: 81-103), 6 (2011: 203-226); Zygiellidae: 3 (2004: 924-955); Theridiidae: 5 (2008: 140- 469), 6 (2011: 227-237); Dictynidae: 3 (2004: 1380ff); Hahniidae: 3 (2004: 1413ff); Gnaphosi- dae: 6 (2011: 19-97); Prodidomidae: 6 (2011: 98-107); Clubionidae: 6 (2011: 121-157); Corin- nidae: 7 (2012: 12-24); Zoridae/Liocranidae: 5 (2008: 486-508), 6 (2011:108-120); Zodariidae: 7 (2012: 7-11); Philodromidae, 7 (2012: 25-56); Sparassidae: 6 (2011: 324-326); Salticidae: 5 (2008: 698-735). 5 (1) DER DEUTSCHSPRACHIGE TEIL Die vielfältigen und oft bunt gefärbten Spinnen und ihr faszinierendes Verhalten – etwa der Bau von Fangnetzen, die Brutpflege, der Beutefang und die Giftigkeit – wecken das Interesse zahlreicher Naturfreunde. Aber: Welche Spinne ist das eigentlich? In Deutschland existieren schließlich mehr als 1000 Arten, und in Europa weit mehr als 4000! Mehrere hundert fossile Spinnenarten wurden vom Baltischen Bernstein – er ist zwischen 40 und 50 Millionen Jahre alt – beschrieben, dessen überwiegend (sub)tropi- sche Fauna sich von der heutigen deutlich unterscheidet. Für Spezialisten existiert genügend Literatur, deren Fachausdrücke den Anfänger („Lai- en“) allerdings wegen ihrer „Unverständlichkeit“ schlicht abschrecken, sich näher mit den Spinnen zu beschäftigen, und davon abhalten, wenigstens die große Verwandt- schafts-Gruppe (Familie) des vorliegenden Achtbeiners herauszufinden. Eine sehr verständliche Einführung für Anfänger aus dem Jahre 1988 – sie ist keines- wegs „veraltet“! – ist „Die Wunderbare Welt der Spinnen“ von STEFAN HEIMER, die möglicherweise noch antiquarisch zu erhalten ist. Verbunden mit dem vorliegenden Band und zur groben Bestimmung der auffälligsten der etwa 60 europäischen Spinnen-Familien (und vieler Gattungen) eignet sich der Farbbildband von F. SAUER & J. WUNDERLICH aus dem Jahre 1997 (5. Auflage): „Die schönsten Spinnen Europas nach Farbfotos erkannt“. Dem Anfänger sollten diese Fotos zunächst genügen, um die auffälligsten Spinnengruppen zu erkennen. In diesem Buch finden sich allerdings keine weiterführenden Bestimmungs-Tabellen und verschiedene seltene Familien Europas fehlen. Die Erstellung einer sicheren, verständlichen und auch von „Amateuren“ benutzbaren Tabelle für die europäischen Spinnen-Familien – unter Berücksichtigung seltener Grup- pen und mit Hinweisen auf die gar nicht so seltenen Ausnahmen bestimmter Merkmale innerhalb verschiedener Familien – erschien mir dreißig Jahre lang extrem schwierig, war aber schließlich – in Erinnerung an problematische Bestimmungs-Versuche in stu- dentischen Tagen – doch eine verlockende Herausforderung. In einem zweiten Teil des vorliegenden Bandes finden sich ausführlichere Bestim- mungs-Tabellen in Englisch, kurze Kennzeichnungen (Diagnosen) u. a. der heutigen und fossilen europäischen Spinnen-Familien, sowie weiterführende Hinweise zur Be- stimmung zu den Gattungen verschiedener Familien. Es erschien mir sinnvoll, sowohl im deutschsprachigen wie im englischsprachigen Teil Hinweise auf die in den vorzeit- lichen europäischen Bernsteinwäldern nachgewiesenen Spinnenfamilien zu geben, unter Berücksichtigung der in Europa inzwischen ausgestorbenen Familien und auf weiterführende Schriften. Ich verwende im ersten deutschsprachigen Teil möglichst einfache und verständliche deutsche Ausdrücke, gebe Hinweise auf die Fachbegriffe, und weise bei den Bestim- mungs-Tabellen 1 bis 3 – wenn möglich – zunächst auf die auffälligsten Merkmale hin. Dabei sind die Merkmale der Augenlinsen – ihre Anzahl, Stellung und Größe – beson- ders wichtig (oft familien-typisch), siehe z. B. die Abb. 4, 10-47. Tabelle 4 bleibt dem 6 Fortgeschrittenen vorbehalten; in dieser Tabelle sind die winzigen Spinnen behandelt, darunter viele oft verkannte und besonders seltene Gruppen, deren Bestimmung eine intensivere – z. T. mikroskopische – Untersuchung
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