Final Review (By Chapter)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Biology Final Review (by Chapter) Mr. Jurey Final is weighted heavily towards the 2nd half of the year, but there are questions from the 1st and 2nd nine weeks. A thorough review of homework packets, note packets, and the book will give you the best chance at a good grade! *** This review sheet is meant to act as a supplement to your final preparation and is in no way meant to be used by itself! IT IS NOT ALL INCLUSIVE*** 1.) What is biology? Life? Scientific method Scientists: Redi, Spalanzani, Pasteur Terms: inference, quantitative, qualitative, theory, hypothesis Concepts: spontaneous generation 2.) Ecology Terms: community, species, population, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, ecosystem, primary succession, secondary succession Concepts: food webs/chains, energy pyramid 3.) Intro to Chemistry Terms: radical, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, methyl 4.) Macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins) Terms: glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, carbohydrate, protein, lipid, amino acid, glycerol, fatty acid 5.) Cells Terms: nucleus, nucleolus, ribosome, smooth/rough ER, cell membrane, cell wall, golgi body, chloroplast, chlorophyll, chromoplast, leucoplast, mitochondria, chromosome Concepts: Cell Theory 6.) DNA Scientists: Wilkins, Franklin, Watson, Crick, Chargaff Terms: nucleotide, DNA, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, RNA, base, DNA/RNA polymerase Concepts: protein synthesis, DNA replication, Chargaff’s rules 7.) Mitosis/Meiosis Terms: mitosis, meiosis, gamete, fertilization, germ cell, somatic cell, sex cell, zygote, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase, spindle fibers, centromere, centriole Concepts: mitosis, meiosis 8.) Genetics Scientists: Gregor Mendel Terms: dihybrid, monohybrid, hybrid, purebred, phenotype, genotype Concepts: Tay Sach’s, Huntingtons, Sickle Cell, Achondroplasia , Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis, Polydactyly 9.) Evolution Scientists: Charles Darwin, Charles Lyle, Thomas Malthus, Jean Baptiste LaMarck, Alfred Wallace, August Weismann Terms: homologous, analogous, vestigial, embryology, microevolution, macroevolution, punctuated equilibrium, gradualism Concepts: evidences for evolution, industrial melanism 10.) Cell respiration and Photosynthesis Scientists: Van Helmont, Ingenhousz, Priestly Terms: NADH, FADH2, ATP, ADP, chlorophyll, chloroplast, mitochondria, matrix, cristae, stroma, thylakoids, grana, glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation Concepts: light dependant and light independent reactions, glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, ETC, alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation 11.) dissection Terms: See lab packet. Know dissection terminology as well as relative locations and uses for muscle groups, organs, and external features 12.) Taxonomy Scientists: Linnaeus Terms: dichotomous key, classification, kingdom, phylum, class order, genus, species, taxonomy, animalia, plantae, bacteria, archeobacteria, monera, fungi Concepts: hierarchy of taxonomy .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Protein Import Into Isolated Pea Root Leucoplasts
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 September 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00690 Protein import into isolated pea root leucoplasts Chiung-Chih Chu and Hsou-min Li* Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Leucoplasts are important organelles for the synthesis and storage of starch, lipids and proteins. However, molecular mechanism of protein import into leucoplasts and how it differs from that of import into chloroplasts remain unknown. We used pea seedlings for both chloroplast and leucoplast isolations to compare within the same species. We further optimized the isolation and import conditions to improve import efficiency and to permit a quantitative comparison between the two plastid types. The authenticity of the import was verified using a mitochondrial precursor protein. Our results show that, when normalized to Toc75, most translocon proteins are less abundant in leucoplasts than in chloroplasts. A precursor shown to prefer the receptor Toc132 indeed had relatively more similar import efficiencies between chloroplasts and leucoplasts compared to precursors that prefer Toc159. Furthermore we found two precursors that exhibited very high import efficiency into leucoplasts. Their transit peptides may be candidates Edited by: for delivering transgenic proteins into leucoplasts and for analyzing motifs important for Bo Liu, University of California, Davis, USA leucoplast import. Reviewed by: Keywords: leucoplasts, plastid, root, protein import, translocon Kentaro Inoue, University of California, Davis, USA Danny Schnell, Introduction University of Massachusetts, USA *Correspondence: Plastids are essential plant organelles responsible for functions ranging from photosynthesis and Hsou-min Li, biosynthesis of amino acids and fatty acids to assimilation of nitrogen and sulfur (Leister, 2003; Institute of Molecular Biology, Sakamoto et al., 2008).
[Show full text]
Microscope Studies on the Morphogenesis of Plastids V
Bot. Mag. Tokyo 84: 123-136 (March 25, 1971) Electron Microscope Studies on the Morphogenesis of Plastids V. Concerning One-dimensional Metamorphosis of the Plastids in Cryptomeriac Leaves* by Susumu TOYAMA** and Kazuo FUNAZAKIS** Received November 25, 1970 Abstract To know about the mechanism of interconversion of plastids, electron micro- scopic observations were made on Cryptomeria leaves which aquire a reddish brown color in winter and recover their green color in coming spring to summer. In normal green leaves, two different kinds of plastids have been observed, viz, the chloroplasts having well organized grana structure in mesophyll cells and those completely lacking grana lamellae in bundle sheath cells. General feature of plastids in reddish brown leaves, may be summarized as follows : (1) The presence of red granules of rhodoxanthin (a carotenoid), and a well developed lamellar system involving grana- and intergrana-lamellae. (2) The plastoglobules, osmio- philic granules in plastids, increase in number and size as compared with the chloroplasts in normal green leaves. (3) Shrinkage which is one of the character- istic features of senescent plastids is not observed. (4) RNA content in plastid stroma is almost unchanged throughout an entire leaf stage ranging from normal green to subsequent regreening. Basic structure of the plastids in regreened leaves is quite similar to that in winter leaves, except for some increase of thylakoid membrane and decrease of osmiophilic granules. Accordingly, it is presumed that the plastids appearing in reddish brown leaves are not mere chro- moplasts but those having an incipient nature of the chloroplast, since real chromoplasts can not be converted into the chloroplasts.
[Show full text]
Malate- and Pyruvate-Dependent Fattyacid Synthesis In
Plant Physiol. (1992) 98, 1233-1238 Received for publication July 9, 1991 0032-0889/92/98/1 233/06/$01 .00/0 Accepted October 10, 1991 Malate- and Pyruvate-Dependent Fatty Acid Synthesis in Leucoplasts from Developing Castor Endosperm' Ronald G. Smith*2, David A. Gauthier, David T. Dennis3, and David H. Turpin Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 ABSTRACT or leucoplast glycolytic enzymes are more than adequate to endosperm Leucoplasts were isolated from the endosperm of developing account for the triacylglycerol synthesis of castor castor (Ricinis communis) endosperm using a discontinuous Per- (17). However, glycolytic intermediates have not been well coil gradient. The rate of fatty acid synthesis was highest when characterized as carbon sources for fatty acid synthesis (18). malate was the precursor, at 155 nanomoles acetyl-CoA equiva- In this study, we present data regarding the kinetics and lents per milligram protein per hour. Pyruvate and acetate also exogenous cofactor requirements for fatty acid synthesis in were precursors of fatty acid synthesis, but the rates were ap- isolated leucoplast preparations using pyruvate, malate, and proximately 4.5 and 120 times less, respectively, than when acetate as carbon sources. We show that malate and pyruvate malate was the precursor. When acetate was supplied to leuco- support much higher rates of fatty acid synthesis than does plasts, exogenous ATP, NADH, and NADPH were required to acetate and the metabolism of both these substrates alleviates obtain maximal rates of fatty acid synthesis. In contrast, the any requirement for externally added reductant. Based on the incorporation of malate and pyruvate into fatty acids did not measurement of leucoplast-associated NADP+-malic enzyme require a supply of exogenous reductant.
[Show full text]
Revised ST.26 – 26/Oct/2016 ANNEX I
Revised ST.26 – 26/Oct/2016 ANNEX I ST.26 - ANNEX I CONTROLLED VOCABULARY Final Draft TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: LIST OF NUCLEOTIDES ................................................................................................................................. 2 SECTION 2: LIST OF MODIFIED NUCLEOTIDES .............................................................................................................. 2 SECTION 3: LIST OF AMINO ACIDS ................................................................................................................................... 4 SECTION 4: LIST OF MODIFIED AND UNUSUAL AMINO ACIDS ..................................................................................... 5 SECTION 5: FEATURE KEYS FOR NUCLEIC SEQUENCES ............................................................................................ 6 SECTION 6: QUALIFIERS FOR NUCLEIC SEQUENCES ................................................................................................ 21 SECTION 7: FEATURE KEYS FOR AMINO ACID SEQUENCES ..................................................................................... 40 SECTION 8: QUALIFIERS FOR AMINO ACID SEQUENCES ........................................................................................... 47 SECTION 9: GENETIC CODE TABLES ............................................................................................................................. 48 Revised ST.26 – 26/Oct/2016 ANNEX I SECTION 1: LIST OF NUCLEOTIDES The nucleotide base codes to be used in sequence
[Show full text]
Stromule Biogenesis in Maize Chloroplasts 192 6.1 Introduction 192
Plastid Tubules in Higher Plants: An Analysis of Form and Function Mark T. Waters, BA (Oxon) A thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2004 ABSTRACT Besides photosynthesis, plastids are responsible for starch storage, fatty acid biosynthe- sis and nitrate metabolism. Our understanding of plastids can be improved with obser- vation by microscopy, but this has been hampered by the invisibility of many plastid types. By targeting green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the plastid in transgenic plants, the visualisation of plastids has become routinely possible. Using GFP, motile, tubular protrusions can be observed to emanate from the plastid envelope into the surrounding cytoplasm. These structures, called stromules, vary considerably in frequency and length between different plastid types, but their function is poorly understood. During tomato fruit ripening, chloroplasts in the pericarp cells differentiate into chro- moplasts. As chlorophyll degrades and carotenoids accumulate, plastid and stromule morphology change dramatically. Stromules become significantly more abundant upon chromoplast differentiation, but only in one cell type where plastids are large and sparsely distributed within the cell. Ectopic chloroplast components inhibit stromule formation, whereas preventing chloroplast development leads to increased numbers of stromules. Together, these findings imply that stromule function is closely related to the differentiation status, and thus role, of the plastid in question. In tobacco seedlings, stromules in hypocotyl epidermal cells become longer as plastids become more widely distributed within the cell, implying a plastid density-dependent regulation of stromules. Co-expression of fluorescent proteins targeted to plastids, mi- tochondria and peroxisomes revealed a close spatio-temporal relationship between stromules and other organelles.
[Show full text]
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortn Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOSS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE NONPHOTOSYNTHETIC CHLOROPHYTE ALGA POLYTOMA. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dawne Vernon, B.S.
[Show full text]
Characterization of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Genomes in the Colorless Alga Polytoma
CHARACTERIZATION OF CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR GENOMES IN THE COLORLESS ALGA POLYTOMA III. Ribosomal RNA Cistrons of the Nucleus and Leucoplast CHI-HUNG SIU, KWEN-SHENG CHIANG, and HEWSON SWIFT From the Whitman Laboratory and the Department of Biophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago. Illinois 60637. Dr. Siu's present address is the Department of Immunopathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La JollY, California 92037. ABSTRACT The colorless alga Polytorna obtusum has been found to possess leucoplasts, and two kinds of ribosomes with sedimentation values of 73S and 79S. The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of the 73S but not the 79S ribosomes was shown to hybridize with the leucoplast DNA (p = 1.682 g/ml). Nuclear DNA of Polytoma (p = 1.711) showed specific hybridization with rRNA from the 79S ribosomes. Saturation hybridization indicated that only one copy of the rRNA cistrons was present per leucoplast genome, with an average buoyant density of p = 1.700. On the other hand, about 750 copies of the cytoplasmic rRNA cistrons were present per nuclear genome with a density of p = 1.709. Heterologous hybridization studies with Chlarnydomonas reinhardtii rRNAs showed an estimated 80% homology between the two cytoplasmic rRNAs, but only a 50% homology between chloroplast and leucoplast rRNAs of the two species. We conclude that the leucoplasts of Polytoma derive from chloroplasts of a Chlarnydomonas-like ancestor, but that the leucoplast rRNA cistrons have diverged in evolution more extensively than the cistrons for cytoplasmic rRNA. Polytoma obtusum, a colorless chloromonad, has Polytoma was found to contain two major DNA been shown to possess two distinct classes of species, a-DNA and B-DNA (10).
[Show full text]
WO 2017/079676 Al O
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/079676 Al 11 May 2017 (11.05.2017) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every B82Y 15/00 (201 1.01) A O1H 3/00 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, G01N 21/76 (2006.01) A01H 5/00 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, (21) International Application Number: DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/US20 16/060704 HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (22) International Filing Date: KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, 4 November 2016 (04.1 1.2016) MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (25) Filing Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, (26) Publication Language: English TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 62/25 1,071 4 November 2015 (04. 11.2015) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TECHNOLOGY [US/US]; 77 Massachusetts Avenue, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 (US).
[Show full text]
Periodic Root Branching in Arabidopsis Requires Synthesis of An
Periodic root branching in Arabidopsis requires PNAS PLUS synthesis of an uncharacterized carotenoid derivative Jaimie M. Van Normana, Jingyuan Zhanga, Christopher I. Cazzonellib, Barry J. Pogsonb, Peter J. Harrisonc, Timothy D. H. Buggc, Kai Xun Chanb, Andrew J. Thompsond, and Philip N. Benfeya,e,1 aDepartment of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology and eHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; bAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; cDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; and dCranfield Soil and Agri-Food Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom Contributed by Philip N. Benfey, February 24, 2014 (sent for review January 5, 2014) In plants, continuous formation of lateral roots (LRs) facilitates the primary root tip but remains confined within the primary efficient exploration of the soil environment. Roots can maximize root. The primordium is considered to be an LR only after it has developmental capacity in variable environmental conditions emerged from the primary root and cell division is activated at its through establishment of sites competent to form LRs. This LR apex (8). Developmental progression of individual LRPs is sen- prepattern is established by a periodic oscillation in gene expres- sitive to a vast range of developmental and environmental cues sion near the root tip. The spatial distribution of competent (reviewed in ref. 10), which, ultimately, allows for plasticity in (prebranch) sites results from the interplay between this periodic root system architecture in variable subterranean environments. process and primary root growth; yet, much about this oscillatory In the root’s radial axis, LRs form strictly from a subset of process and the formation of prebranch sites remains unknown.
[Show full text]
Editorial: Structure and Function of Chloroplasts - Volume II
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Biochemistry -- Faculty Publications Biochemistry, Department of 11-25-2020 Editorial: Structure and Function of Chloroplasts - Volume II Yan Lu Lu Ning Liu Rebecca L. Roston Jurgen Soll Hongbo Gao Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biochemfacpub Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Biotechnology Commons, and the Other Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biochemistry, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biochemistry -- Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. EDITORIAL published: 25 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.620152 Editorial: Structure and Function of Chloroplasts - Volume II Yan Lu 1, Lu-Ning Liu 2, Rebecca L. Roston 3, Jürgen Soll 4 and Hongbo Gao 5* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States, 2 Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 3 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States, 4 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany, 5 College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China Keywords: chloroplast, envelope, thylakoid, protein import, photosynthesis Editorial on the Research Topic Structure and Function of Chloroplasts - Volume II As the site of photosynthesis, the chloroplast is responsible for producing all the biomass in plants. It is also a metabolic center for production or modiﬁcation of many important compounds, such as carbohydrates, purines, pyrimidines, amino acids, fatty acids, precursors of several plant hormones, and many secondary metabolites.
[Show full text]
Section 3: Cell Organelles
Copy into Note Packet and Return to Teacher Chapter 3-3: Cell Organelles Objectives Describe the role of the nucleus in cell activities. Analyze the role of internal membranes in protein production. Summarize the importance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Identify three structure in plant cells that are absent from animal cells. The Nucleus (Boss’s office) The nucleus is an internal compartment that houses the cell’s DNA (the boss). Most functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the cell’s nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope are many small channels called nuclear pores (doors & windows in office). Ribosomal proteins and RNA (memo from office) are made in the nucleus. Ribosomes are partially assembled in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum (path in factory = Jetson’s moving walkway) (Label) Ribosomes (assembly line) are the cellular structures on which proteins are made. The Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER is an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell. The part of the ER with attached ribosomes is called the rough ER. The rough ER helps transport proteins that are made by the attached ribosomes. New proteins enter the ER. The portion of the ER that contains the completed protein pinches off to form a vesicle. A vesicle is a small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells. The ER moves proteins and other substances within eukaryotic cells. Packaging and Distribution of Proteins (UPS or shipping department) Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the cytoplasm from the ER to an organelle called the Golgi apparatus.
[Show full text]
Regulation of Plastid Transcription by Sigma Factors and Anti-Sense Rnas in Arabidopsis Thaliana
Regulation of plastid transcription by sigma factors and anti-sense RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Malik Ghulam Mustafa To cite this version: Malik Ghulam Mustafa. Regulation of plastid transcription by sigma factors and anti-sense RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana.. Molecular biology. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2010. English. tel-00797125 HAL Id: tel-00797125 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797125 Submitted on 5 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université de Grenoble; France Ecole Doctorale de Chimie et Science du Vivant Regulation of plastid transcription by sigma factors and anti-sense RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Thesis To obtain the grade of Doctor of University of Grenoble, France Discipline: Biology Presented and defended publically by Malik Ghulam Mustafa on 15 December 2010 Directors of thesis : Dr. Silva Lerbs-Mache : Dr. Livia Merendino Composition of Jury: Laurence Maréchal-Drouard Reporter Françoise Monéger Reporter Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont Examinator Silva Lerbs-Mache Director of thesis Livia Merendino Co-director of thesis Abstract Abstract : Les chloroplastes, responsables de la photosynthèse chez les organismes autotrophes, possèdent un génome plastidial codant de 100 à 130 gènes dont environ 80 pour des protéines principalement impliquées dans la photosynthèse, la transcription et la traduction.
[Show full text]