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WO 2017/079676 Al O (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/079676 Al 11 May 2017 (11.05.2017) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every B82Y 15/00 (201 1.01) A O1H 3/00 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, G01N 21/76 (2006.01) A01H 5/00 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, (21) International Application Number: DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/US20 16/060704 HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (22) International Filing Date: KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, 4 November 2016 (04.1 1.2016) MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (25) Filing Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, (26) Publication Language: English TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 62/25 1,071 4 November 2015 (04. 11.2015) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TECHNOLOGY [US/US]; 77 Massachusetts Avenue, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 (US). TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (72) Inventors: STRANO, Michael, S.; 4 Paul Revere Road, LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, Lexington, MA 02421 (US). KWAK, Seongyeon; 10 SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, Magazine Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (US). GOMEZ, GW, KM, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). Juan Pablo, Giraldo; 3868 Shelter Grove Drive, Clare- mont CA 9171 1 (GB). WONG, Min, Hao; 184 Third Published: Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 (US). — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) (74) Agents: FOX, Harold, H. et al; Steptoe & Johnson LLP, — before the expiration of the time limit for amending the 1330 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 claims and to be republished in the event of receipt of (US). amendments (Rule 48.2(h)) (54) Title: NANOBIONIC LIGHT EMITTING PLANTS SNP-Luc Firefly Luciferase β ~PEG · ¾ . - L - e-i firs ATP + 0 + g P © A - H Oxy e ri + PP * A * CO, PVA P GA Dark reaction . - Regenerate S v s (LAMP) V Coenzyme^ Chitosan ·TPP C A CS A o FIG. A - (57) Abstract: A plant nanobionic approach can utilize a system of four nanoparticle types, including luciferase conjugated silica, o luciferin releasing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), coenzyme A functionalized chitosan, and semiconductor nanocrystal phosphors for wavelength modulation. NANOBIONIC LIGHT EMITTING PLANTS CLAIM OF PRIORITY This application claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/251,071 filed on November 4, 2015, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to nanobionic engineering of photosynthetic organisms. FEDERAL SPONSORSHIP This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. DE-FG02- 08ER46488 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention BACKGROUND As independent energy sources, plants are adapted for persistence and self-repair in harsh environments with negative carbon footprints. See Giraldo, J . P. et al. Plant nanobionics approach to augment photosynthesis and biochemical sensing. Nat Mater 13, 400-408, doi:10.1038/nmat3890 (2014), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A eukaryotic cell is a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles, most notably a nucleus. An organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and can be separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. Examples of organelles include mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and as previously mentioned, the nucleus. Organelles are found within the cell cytoplasm, an intracellular fluid that is separated from extracellular fluid by the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a double layer {i.e., a bilayer) of phospholipids that permits only certain substances to move in and out of the cell. In addition to these features, plant cells include specialized organelles that are not generally found in animal cells. For example, plant cells include a rigid cell wall. Plant cells also include chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are chlorophyll-containing double-membrane bound organelles that perform photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are believed to be descendants of prokaryotic cells {e.g., cyanobacteria) that were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A method of delivering a composition into a plant can include submerging the plant in an chamber, wherein the chamber contains water and the composition; and applying an external pressure to the chamber, thereby generating an inward flow through stomata pores of a plant leaf and infiltrating the composition into the plant. The method can further include localizing the composition in an organelle, a cell, or a tissue of the plant. The organelle can be selected from the group consisting of a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, chromoplast, gerontoplast, leucoplast, lysosome, peroxisome, glyoxysome, endosome and vacuole. The cell can be a stomata guard cell. The tissue can be mesophyll. The external pressure can be no less than 1.8 bar. A water contact angle on a surface of the plant can be less than 113°. The external pressure can be applied at a velocity less than 0.4 bar/s. The composition can include particles having a size of less than 20 nm, or less than 10 nm. The composition can include a nanoparticle. A light emitting compound can be immobilized on the nanoparticle. The light emitting compound can be luciferase. The nanoparticle can include a nanotube. The nanoparticle can include a carbon nanotube. The nanoparticle can include a single-walled carbon nanotube. The nanoparticle can include a polymer. The polymer can include a polynucleotide. The polynucleotide can include poly(AT). The polymer includes a polysaccharide. The olysaccharide can be selected from the group consisting of dextran, pectin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and hydroxyethylcellulose. The polymer can include poly(ethylene glycol). The nanoparticle can be photoluminescent. The nanoparticle can emit near-infrared radiation. The nanoparticle can be photoluminescent and the photoluminescence emission of the photoluminescent nanoparticle can be altered by a change in a stimulus within the plant. The stimulus can be a concentration of an analyte. The analyte can be a reactive oxygen species. The analyte can be nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxygen, or a hazardous gas, such as methane. The stimulus can be a pH of an organelle of the plant. The nanoparticle can be a semiconductor. The composition can include a dye. The composition can include an enzyme. The composition can include a nutrient. The composition can include a gene. A green plant can include a composition including a nanoparticle, a silane conjugated with the nanoparticle, and a dye conjugated with the nanoparticle. The silane can be (3- glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane. The nanoparticles can include silica. A green plant can include a composition including a nanoparticle, a polymer conjugated with the nanoparticle, and a light-emitting compound immobilized on the nanoparticle via the polymer. The polymer can include poly(ethylene glycol). The light- emitting compound can be luciferase. A green plant can include a composition including a nanoparticle encapsulated by a light-emitting compound. The light-emitting compound can be luciferin. A green plant can include a composition including a plurality of nanoparticles and a polysaccharide conjugated with each of the plurality of nanoparticles, wherein a chemical compound is encapsulated by the plurality of nanoparticles. The polysaccharide can be chitosan. The chemical compound can be coenzyme A . A green plant can include a composition including a nanoparticle, a polymer conjugated with the nanoparticle, and a enzyme immobilized on the nanoparticle via the polymer. The polymer can include poly(ethylene glycol). The enzyme can be luciferase. Other aspects, embodiments, and features will be apparent from the following description, the drawings, and the claims BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. In the figures: FIGS. 1A-1H show nanoparticles for light emitting plant and light production in vitro. FIG. lA-1 shows reaction mechanism of light production by firefly luciferase using nanoparticles. FIG. 1A-2 shows simplified structure of nanoparticles to study localization of nanoparticles (SNP-AF) and to create light emitting plants (SNP-Luc, PLGA-LH and CS- CoA). FIG. IB shows schematic illustration of infusion and localization of nanoparticles in plant tissues. FIG. 1C shows micrographs of nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of SNP-Luc (left), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of CS-CoA (middle) and PLGA-LH2 (right).
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