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Cells & Organelles
Cell: Smallest unit of life that can carry out all of the functions of a living thing.
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The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
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Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Pro-: before; -karyote : nucleus Eu-: true; -karyote : nucleus Very small and simple Larger No defined Nucleus Contain defined Nucleus No membrane-bound Contain membrane-bound organelles organelles Kingdoms Found in: Kingdoms Found in: Bacteria Animalia Archaea Plantae Protista Fungi
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
Unicellular Multicellular
Uni-: one; -cellular : cell Multi-: many; -cellular : cell Composed of one cell Composed of two or more cells Ex. Bacteria Ex. Plants, Animals
Cell Size
Vary greatly
8,000 of smallest bacteria can fit into 1 red blood cell
Nerve cells can be >1 meter long
Ostrich Egg has a volume of 1 L
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Cell Shape
Size is always related to function Ex. Nerve cells are very long – Why? Ex. Red blood cells are round – Why? Ex. Amoeba shape changes – Why?
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Cell Organelles
Two Word Definition: Little Organs
Specialized structure that performs important cellular function Helps the cell do different jobs
Each organelle has its own purpose which is very specific
Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
Animal Cells Plant Cells --- Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleus Nucleolus Nucleolus Mitochondria Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Golgi Bodies Lysosomes Lysosomes Ribosomes Ribosomes Centrioles Centrioles Cilia Cilia Flagella Flagella --- Chloroplast --- Chromoplast --- Leucoplast --- Vacuole
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Organelle: Cell Membrane
Two Word Definition: Selectively permeable
Function: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell (like a fence with gates) Provides protection and support for the cell
Organelle: Cell Membrane
Structure: Complex structure arranged in a double-layered sheet known as a lipid bilayer “Fluid Mosaic Model” – flexible lipid bilayer structure with proteins and carbohydrates embedded within the layers
Protein Gate Lipid Bilayer
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Organelle: Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane taken with a TEM
Egg Demonstration
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Solution Review
Solution Review
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Organelle: Cell Wall
Two Word Definition: Support & Structure Function: Provide support and protection for the cell
Organelle: Cell Wall
Structure: Composed mainly of Cellulose (carbohydrate fiber) More rigid than cell membrane
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Organelle: Cytoplasm
Two Word Definition: Cell Fluid Function: Allows movement of materials built inside the cell Medium for the organelles to sit/float in
Organelle: Cytoplasm
Structure: Semi-fluid substance made of water, proteins, lipids, and other chemicals
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Organelle: Nucleus
Two Word Definition: Control center
Function: Stores the cell’s DNA DNA: Instructions for making proteins Control different activities in the cell
Organelle: Nucleus
Structure: Surrounded by a double-layered membrane, called the Nuclear Envelope, which contain thousands of holes, called Nuclear Pores. These pores let messages in and out of the nucleus. Inner fluid is called Nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm in the nucleus)
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Organelle: Nucleus
Organelle: Nucleolus
Two Word Definition: Makes Ribosomes
Function: Assemble the ribosomes needed for the cell
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Organelle: Nucleolus
Structure: Dense “knot” of chromatin There can be more than one in the nucleus.
Nucleolus
Organelle: Mitochondria
Two Word Definition: Cell Powerhouse
Function: Site of Cellular Respiration Food Energy Makes “ATP” ATP = cell energy Like our battery back (energy reserve) Trivia: We use 1 billion ATPs / 2 minutes
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Organelle: Mitochondria
Structure: Kidney bean shape Two Regions in the Interior: Cristae: inner folded membrane Matrix: inner fluid
Organelle: Mitochondria
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Organelle: Mitochondria
Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Word Definition: Transport & Storage
Prefix/Suffix: Endo- = inside Plasma = fluid Reticulate = repeated patterns
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Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Organelle: Rough ER
Function: Transports and stores proteins
Structure: Covered in Ribosomes (like spots) Connected to the nuclear membrane Network of channel-like membranes
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Organelle: Smooth ER
Function: Transports and stores lipids & detoxifying drugs
Structure: NO Ribosomes (smooth surface) Connected to the nuclear membrane Network of channel-like membranes
Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus
Multiple Names: Golgi Apparatus Golgi Body Golgi Complex
Mr. Camillo Golgi Discovered the Golgi Apparatus in 1898! Won the 1906 Nobel Prize for nervous system research
Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body
Two Word Definition: Packaging Center
Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages protein vesicles made in the “ER” These vesicles will leave the cell Makes lysosomes
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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body
Structure: Flattened stack of membranes Like a “pancake stack”
Transport Vesicle from ER
New Vesicle forming
Transport Vesicle from Golgi
Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body
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Organelle: Lysosomes
Two Word Definition: Structure: Suicide Sacs Membrane sac filled with Function: hydrolytic enzymes Contain enzymes used to Made by the Golgi breakdown/destroy Apparatus materials inside and outside of the cell
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Organelle: Lysosomes
Formation of Lysosomes by the Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes is pinched off the Golgi and begins journey to cell membrane.
Organelle: Ribosomes
Two Word Definition: Protein Synthesis
Function: Site of the construction of proteins
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Organelle: Ribosomes
Structure: Made of rRNA Made of 2 interlocking parts (“subunits”) Ribosomes are found in two locations: Free ribosomes (“floaters”) Ribosomes connected to Rough ER
Organelle: Ribosomes
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Organelle: Ribosomes
Organelle: Chromosomes
Two Word Definition: Hereditary Information Genetic Mailman
Function: Code for all the organisms’ traits
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Organelle: Chromosomes
Structure: Composed of DNA and proteins When cell is at rest, DNA is known as “chromatin”
Organelle: Chromosomes
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Organelle: Cilia
Two Word Definition: Short/Fast Movement
Function: Locomotion
Structure: Short, hair-like structures 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
Organelle: Flagella
Two Word Definition: Long/Slow Movement
Function: Locomotion
Structure: Long, hair-like structures Flagella whips around for movement
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Cilia & Flagella Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
Organelle: Centrioles
Two Word Definition: Cell Division
Function: Makes spindle fibers Spindle fibers: protein structure that divides genetic material in the cell
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Organelle: Centrioles
Function: Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division As cell division begins centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell Once positioned centrioles will produce spindle fibers
Organelle: Centrioles
Structure: Made of microtubules of contractile proteins Tubules are in a 9x3 arrangement Centrioles are located at right angles to each other OUTSIDE of the cell nucleus
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Organelle: Chloroplast
Two Word Definition: Photosynthesis
Function: Site of photosynthesis reactions Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Organelle: Chloroplast
Structure: Similar appearance to mitochondria Two Main Regions: Stroma: fluid Grana: stacks of chlorophyll discs
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Organelle: Chloroplast
Stroma = Fluid environment Granum (-a) = chlorophyll storage
Organelle: Chloroplast
Relation of Structure to Function:
Sunlight energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll.
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Organelle: Chromoplast
PLANTS ONLY! Structure: Two Word Definition: Membrane sacks filled Color Storage with non-green pigments in plants Color Bodies Function: Coloration of flowers, fruits, and leaves
Organelle: Leucoplast
PLANTS ONLY! Structure: Two Word Definition: Membrane sack filled Starch Storage with starch Function: Starch Storage
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Organelle: Vacuole
Two Word Definition: Structure: Water/food Storage Similar to a water Function: balloon Food and water storage center inside the cell.
Organelle: Vacuole
- One cell organisms “stomach.”
- Function of water vacuole in plants is to provide tugor pressure which keeps plants upright.
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