3/21/2016 Cells & Organelles Cell: Smallest unit of life that can carry out all of the functions of a living thing. 1 3/21/2016 The Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. 2 3/21/2016 Two Types of Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Pro-: before; -karyote : nucleus Eu-: true; -karyote : nucleus Very small and simple Larger No defined Nucleus Contain defined Nucleus No membrane-bound Contain membrane-bound organelles organelles Kingdoms Found in: Kingdoms Found in: Bacteria Animalia Archaea Plantae Protista Fungi Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes 3 3/21/2016 Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms Unicellular Multicellular Uni-: one; -cellular : cell Multi-: many; -cellular : cell Composed of one cell Composed of two or more cells Ex. Bacteria Ex. Plants, Animals Cell Size Vary greatly 8,000 of smallest bacteria can fit into 1 red blood cell Nerve cells can be >1 meter long Ostrich Egg has a volume of 1 L 4 3/21/2016 Cell Shape Size is always related to function Ex. Nerve cells are very long – Why? Ex. Red blood cells are round – Why? Ex. Amoeba shape changes – Why? 5 3/21/2016 Cell Organelles Two Word Definition: Little Organs Specialized structure that performs important cellular function Helps the cell do different jobs Each organelle has its own purpose which is very specific Animal Cell 6 3/21/2016 Plant Cell Animal Cells Plant Cells --- Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleus Nucleolus Nucleolus Mitochondria Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Golgi Bodies Lysosomes Lysosomes Ribosomes Ribosomes Centrioles Centrioles Cilia Cilia Flagella Flagella --- Chloroplast --- Chromoplast --- Leucoplast --- Vacuole 7 3/21/2016 Organelle: Cell Membrane Two Word Definition: Selectively permeable Function: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell (like a fence with gates) Provides protection and support for the cell Organelle: Cell Membrane Structure: Complex structure arranged in a double-layered sheet known as a lipid bilayer “Fluid Mosaic Model” – flexible lipid bilayer structure with proteins and carbohydrates embedded within the layers Protein Gate Lipid Bilayer 8 3/21/2016 Organelle: Cell Membrane Cell Membrane taken with a TEM Egg Demonstration 9 3/21/2016 Solution Review Solution Review 10 3/21/2016 Organelle: Cell Wall Two Word Definition: Support & Structure Function: Provide support and protection for the cell Organelle: Cell Wall Structure: Composed mainly of Cellulose (carbohydrate fiber) More rigid than cell membrane 11 3/21/2016 Organelle: Cytoplasm Two Word Definition: Cell Fluid Function: Allows movement of materials built inside the cell Medium for the organelles to sit/float in Organelle: Cytoplasm Structure: Semi-fluid substance made of water, proteins, lipids, and other chemicals 12 3/21/2016 Organelle: Nucleus Two Word Definition: Control center Function: Stores the cell’s DNA DNA: Instructions for making proteins Control different activities in the cell Organelle: Nucleus Structure: Surrounded by a double-layered membrane, called the Nuclear Envelope, which contain thousands of holes, called Nuclear Pores. These pores let messages in and out of the nucleus. Inner fluid is called Nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm in the nucleus) 13 3/21/2016 Organelle: Nucleus Organelle: Nucleolus Two Word Definition: Makes Ribosomes Function: Assemble the ribosomes needed for the cell 14 3/21/2016 Organelle: Nucleolus Structure: Dense “knot” of chromatin There can be more than one in the nucleus. Nucleolus Organelle: Mitochondria Two Word Definition: Cell Powerhouse Function: Site of Cellular Respiration Food Energy Makes “ATP” ATP = cell energy Like our battery back (energy reserve) Trivia: We use 1 billion ATPs / 2 minutes 15 3/21/2016 Organelle: Mitochondria Structure: Kidney bean shape Two Regions in the Interior: Cristae: inner folded membrane Matrix: inner fluid Organelle: Mitochondria 16 3/21/2016 Organelle: Mitochondria Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum Two Word Definition: Transport & Storage Prefix/Suffix: Endo- = inside Plasma = fluid Reticulate = repeated patterns 17 3/21/2016 Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Organelle: Rough ER Function: Transports and stores proteins Structure: Covered in Ribosomes (like spots) Connected to the nuclear membrane Network of channel-like membranes 18 3/21/2016 Organelle: Smooth ER Function: Transports and stores lipids & detoxifying drugs Structure: NO Ribosomes (smooth surface) Connected to the nuclear membrane Network of channel-like membranes Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum 19 3/21/2016 Organelle: Golgi Apparatus Multiple Names: Golgi Apparatus Golgi Body Golgi Complex Mr. Camillo Golgi Discovered the Golgi Apparatus in 1898! Won the 1906 Nobel Prize for nervous system research Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body Two Word Definition: Packaging Center Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages protein vesicles made in the “ER” These vesicles will leave the cell Makes lysosomes 20 3/21/2016 Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body Structure: Flattened stack of membranes Like a “pancake stack” Transport Vesicle from ER New Vesicle forming Transport Vesicle from Golgi Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body 21 3/21/2016 Apparatus/Body Organelle: Golgi Golgi Organelle: Organelle: Lysosomes Two Word Definition: Structure: Suicide Sacs Membrane sac filled with Function: hydrolytic enzymes Contain enzymes used to Made by the Golgi breakdown/destroy Apparatus materials inside and outside of the cell 22 3/21/2016 Organelle: Lysosomes Formation of Lysosomes by the Golgi Apparatus Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes is pinched off the Golgi and begins journey to cell membrane. Organelle: Ribosomes Two Word Definition: Protein Synthesis Function: Site of the construction of proteins 23 3/21/2016 Organelle: Ribosomes Structure: Made of rRNA Made of 2 interlocking parts (“subunits”) Ribosomes are found in two locations: Free ribosomes (“floaters”) Ribosomes connected to Rough ER Organelle: Ribosomes 24 3/21/2016 Organelle: Ribosomes Organelle: Chromosomes Two Word Definition: Hereditary Information Genetic Mailman Function: Code for all the organisms’ traits 25 3/21/2016 Organelle: Chromosomes Structure: Composed of DNA and proteins When cell is at rest, DNA is known as “chromatin” Organelle: Chromosomes 26 3/21/2016 Organelle: Cilia Two Word Definition: Short/Fast Movement Function: Locomotion Structure: Short, hair-like structures 9+2 arrangement of microtubules Organelle: Flagella Two Word Definition: Long/Slow Movement Function: Locomotion Structure: Long, hair-like structures Flagella whips around for movement 27 3/21/2016 Cilia & Flagella Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA Organelle: Centrioles Two Word Definition: Cell Division Function: Makes spindle fibers Spindle fibers: protein structure that divides genetic material in the cell 28 3/21/2016 Organelle: Centrioles Function: Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division As cell division begins centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell Once positioned centrioles will produce spindle fibers Organelle: Centrioles Structure: Made of microtubules of contractile proteins Tubules are in a 9x3 arrangement Centrioles are located at right angles to each other OUTSIDE of the cell nucleus 29 3/21/2016 Organelle: Chloroplast Two Word Definition: Photosynthesis Function: Site of photosynthesis reactions Conversion of light energy to chemical energy Organelle: Chloroplast Structure: Similar appearance to mitochondria Two Main Regions: Stroma: fluid Grana: stacks of chlorophyll discs 30 3/21/2016 Organelle: Chloroplast Stroma = Fluid environment Granum (-a) = chlorophyll storage Organelle: Chloroplast Relation of Structure to Function: Sunlight energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll. 31 3/21/2016 Organelle: Chromoplast PLANTS ONLY! Structure: Two Word Definition: Membrane sacks filled Color Storage with non-green pigments in plants Color Bodies Function: Coloration of flowers, fruits, and leaves Organelle: Leucoplast PLANTS ONLY! Structure: Two Word Definition: Membrane sack filled Starch Storage with starch Function: Starch Storage 32 3/21/2016 Organelle: Vacuole Two Word Definition: Structure: Water/food Storage Similar to a water Function: balloon Food and water storage center inside the cell. Organelle: Vacuole - One cell organisms “stomach.” - Function of water vacuole in plants is to provide tugor pressure which keeps plants upright. 33.