Unidad Educativa Javier

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA JAVIER

Monography ¨Corrupcion in latinoamerican soccer since 1950¨

Student Xavier Jurado

Teacher Teresa Vazquez

6th grade

2017-2018

Thanking In first place, I want to thank god for giving me the opportunity to study. To my parents who gave me the gift of life and have always trusted me and made me the person who I am now. To my teachers who have thought me well and make me give my best every day. My friends who always supported me and gave me their advices and finally I want to thank Unidad Educativa Javier for giving me a second family.

Monography introduction The following work is an investigation into corruption in Latin American soccer since 1950 and its purpose is to make known the meaning and cases of corruption that affects football to all its fans and representatives to publicize their risks and penalties and promote fair play under all circumstances, thus improving the most practiced sport in the world. Corruption in football is a subject with many precedents, but there are few occasions that are investigated and sanctioned. Studies have shown that corruption in football has increased considerably since 2000 due to external factors such as the entry of Arab billionaires who own equipment that destabilize the country's economy, and the economic problems of each region. There are many books referring to corruption that talk about the different cases that have been throughout history, which have interviews, surveys and forms for confirmation, there are other studies academically that claim that the percentage of corruption in football in America is greater compared to other continents whose main sport is soccer. There are investigations that cover corruption in sports, such as football. A well-known case is the title of Atlético Nacional, champion of the Copa Libertadores where the club president was Pablo Escobar, a Colombian drug trafficker who laundered money with the sports entity, which was discovered months later when he admitted being a supporter of the Independiente team in Medellin. It is important to know about corruption on a continental level because the economy and image of our football is affected. The monographic work consists of 3 chapters with their respective conclusions and recommendations that allow the reader to have a general view of the problem.

Index Heading……………………………………………………………………….. i Thanking………………………. ……………………………………………. ii Introduction………………………………………………………………….. ii Index………………………………………………………………………….. iii Chapter 1 1.1 Sports corruption meaning…………………………………………………. 1 1.1.1 Sports corruption penalty………………………………………………. 1 1.1.2 Typical actions of soccer corruption…………………………………… 1 1.2 The doping ………………………………………………………………… 2 1.2.1 Doping, what is the answer?...... 2 1.2.2 Sanctions…………………………………………………………………. 3 1.3 Manpulation of soccer matches…………………………………………….. 3 1.3.1 Sports corruption in bets…………………………………………………. 4 1.3.2 Sanctions…………………………………………………………………… 4 Chapter 2 2.1 Edilson Pereira………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1.1 Shame in Brazil…………………………………………………………….. 5 2.2Damaged championship……………………………………………………….. 6 2.3 Prison for Pereira ……………………………………………………………. 6 2.3.1 Arrest ………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.3.2 Actual life…………………………………………………………………….. 7 Chapter 3 3.1 Pablo and his soccer club……………………………………………………… 7 3.1.1 Causes………………………………………………………………………… 7 3.2 Atletico Nacional……………………………………………………………….. 8 3.2.1 Copa Libertadores 1989 …………………………………………………….. 8 3.2.2 Kingdom of horror…………………………………………………………… 8 3.3 The club after Escobar death………………………………………………….. 9 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………… 9 Annexed……………………………………………………………………… 9,10,11

3 iii

Chapter 1 Sports corruption 1.1 Sports corruption meaning Considered a crime, it is called sports fraud or sports corruption when a manager, employee, administrator, or collaborator of a sports company, requests or accepts through a third party or directly an advantage of any nature not justified for a third party or for himself, as payment to favor or unduly disadvantage the sports society. 1.1.1 sports corruption penalty The punishment or sentence of the crime of sports corruption is sanctioned on the basis of the general modalities of private corruption, the sanction can reach from six months to four years in prison, economic penalty of up to three times the value of the benefit or advantage and special disqualification for the exercise of industry or commerce for a period of one to six years depending on the seriousness of the crime.

It is possible that the penalty is reduced from three to six months in prison and the financial penalty can also be reduced by pleading in court depending on the amount of benefit or advantage and the functions of the offender. This must be authorized by a judge and approved by FIFA. 1.1.2 Typical actions of soccer corruption As you know, the crime of sports corruption can happen in many different ways. In football, the most popular sport in the world there are many cases of corruption, but the best known for manipulating players and sports authorities are doping and match-fixing, always seeking to unfairly altering the conditions of the game. In general, the authors are players and referees who break the FIFA regulation knowing their penalties and fines, for an opportunity to have an additional income of money or some kind of benefit, in other cases the infraction is made by sports club leaders or authorities looking to improve the economic situation, leaving the club in better position or seeking to harm a third party. 1.2 The doping The term doping is used to define the use of prohibited methods or substances within the sport. The AMA defines as doping any of the following violations of the anti-doping regulation.. • Possession of prohibited methods or substances • Not being available for tests that are outside the competition, not indicating where you are or not presenting the documents due on purpose • Complicity • The purchase or sale of prohibited substances or methods

• The presence of a prohibited substance in the body of an athlete • Refusing to give an anti-doping test without justification reasons.

1.2.1 Doping, what is the answer? The AMA is an independent international agency funded and formed in equal parts by governments and the sports movement, was created in 1999 and its main activities are scientific research, the development of anti-doping skills, education and control of the World Anti-Doping Code, document that explains the fight against doping in each sport and country in the world.

The World Anti-Doping Code is fundamental for all sports, most sports have the adopted code and are governed by it. Numerous sports organizations at national and international level have taken the organization of the operation of anti-doping initiative, including educational programs, simulations and tests.

The use of anti-doping programs is a very complex and expensive process that requires the most advanced testing technology, to have a sophisticated logistics, and the political will to punish code infringers.

1.2.2 Sanctions The World Anti-Doping Code establishes sanctions for violations of the rules. There is a provision to declare the suspension of 1 year, 2 years, 4 years or permanently, depending on the circumstances. Now there is the possibility of a reduction in the period of suspension if the individual provides important help in relation to the breach of the rules by another person. The historical results of an athlete could be annulled for a period of time and economic sanctions imposed.

There is an endless struggle between those who are willing to help athletes cheat by exploiting medical advances and anti-doping testing technology. The AMA and others conduct research to improve detection procedures for existing and new substances used to improve performance. • Quality above quantity. Bring resources where they can have the greatest effect. • Espionage to complement the tests. Several of the most prominent doping cases have been discovered by informants instead of anti-doping tests. • Respect the rights of athletes. Although athletes have to agree to undergo anti-doping tests to compete, the regulations of the tests must be balanced and effective and respect the rights of athletes.

• Need for financing. Both governments and responsible sponsors have an obligation to pay to protect the clean sport they hope to benefit from. • Independence. Often, national or international sports federations, and even governments, have been reluctant to sanction their own stars. The tests and actions should be carried out independently of the sports federation. • Analysis of historical samples. Samples taken inside and outside the competition should be frozen and reanalyzed several years later, when science has improved. • Clearer responsibility. The responsibilities that the multiple national and international organizations must have are not clear. If the main "beneficiaries" of the anti-doping regime (athletes, the general public and / or another group) are identified, the institutional structure of the anti-doping regime could then have them in full consideration.

1.3 manipulation of soccer matches It is known as manipulation or match-fixing to an arrangement, omission or intentional act made to unduly alter the course of a type of sports competition with the objective of favoring or disadvantaging a party, eliminating all nature or part of nature unpredictable competition in view of having an undue benefit such as winning a match or unfairly score points. Match-fixing generally arises between two teams in different economic and social positions. Usually there is one with a chance to win a title or qualify to the next round of a knockout tournament, have a recognition or even gain popularity, while the other party is usually a team with nothing to lose, located in a neutral position that seeks in some way to improve their economic situation by accepting amounts of money for having a bad performance on the playing field.

1.3.1 Sports corruption in bets This type of corruption in sports occurs on the part of sports entities that agree between them the final result of a football match, benefiting through pages of illegal bets of their respective championship, both clubs make a bet of very large amounts, and bet the team with less chance of winning or at least known, making the result favor them and taking a significant sum from the bookmaker where they were made. This type of fixation is very popular in leagues not recognized worldwide or non-professional where teams are owned by a member of the government that uses the proceeds for projects not linked to football.

On the other hand there is also corruption on the part of players, this type of crime is not so serious, because it does not have large amount of money, does not affect the outcome of the matches and does not economically harm any sports club. It is given by means of bets depending on the events of the match, regardless of the winning team. The most popular parts of a match to bet on are the number of passes, goal kicks, corner kicks, throw-ins and cautions or expulsions by a team. These bets are made in a betting house,

3 by an acquaintance or relative of the players, who tend to make the bet in the game, Party matches have increased markedly from 2000 to the present.

1.3.2 Solutions FIFA created a company called Early Warning System made to detect bets in sports competitions, there are several sports currently with similar ideas that created programs for the prevention of illegal bets or games of chance linked to sport. The threat of match-fixing began to be taken into account in countries that do not want to be affected by this type of crime. Currently, an industry of organizations fighting non-profit sports corruption that provide services to sporting societies is being made so that the risk of match-fixing is considerably reduced.

Chapter II The whistle mafia

2.1 Edilson Pereira De Carvalho Edilson Pereira De Carvalho was a Brazilian referee recognized continentally for being part of the delegation of FIFA referees. Edilson was born on August 4, 1962 in the city of Jacarei, Brazil. He is currently married and has a daughter, Edilson's passion was football from an early age, trying to become a professional player of the Sao Jose club, unfortunately he did not succeed, but decided to devote himself to arbitration, being a religious man, Edilson had his ritual before of each match. On his yellow and red cards he wrote: God is faithful. It was not until 1992 that Edilson became an arbitrator, in 1995 he would call his first meeting as a professional. Good performances and excellent match scores would lead him to become an international referee in 2000 after being recommended to FIFA by the president of the Brazilian referee federation, Armando Marques. Pereira had performances in the Brasileirao, national championship of Brazil, South American Cup and Copa Libertadores, never got to whistle a world championship. But without a doubt, what most people remember about Edilson Pereira is that he was one of the main characters in the match-fixing scandal in Brazil, 2005.

2.2.1 Shame in Brasil In 2005, the image of Brazilian soccer was greatly affected by the "Whistle scandal" that were 11 games manipulated by referee Edilson Pereira De Carvalho.

It all started with two foreign investors who were not linked with any club, they were looking for a way to get fast money and they met Edilson in a bar. After many attempts, they convinced the referee to fix the matches in exchange for sums of money, along with his partner Jose Danelon. Pereira confessed that he accepted the deal for a debt he owed that was $ 30,000. Investors bet large sums of money on the betting pages Futbet and Aebet, obviously with Pereira in charge of the matches, they won the bets. The referee won between $ 10,000 and $ 15,000 per game, after a few games the referee already had enough money to pay his debt, but his ambition led him to continue manipulating games, although there were already suspicions of the games called by Pereira, there was never a official complaint in the course of the Brazilian championship, Edilson Pereira also directed international matches in the Copa Sudamericana de Futbol and Copa Libertadores, these games were also investigated for their controversial results but were never brought before the law, because the claims at the level international has to be taken directly to FIFA, which never happened.

2.2 Damaged championship

The Brazilian soccer championship of 2005 was without a doubt the most controversial that the country has ever experienced. It was known about the sale of professional matches, that year with the games called by Edilson Pereira the champion of the series A of the Brasileirao was Corinthians FC. Team that investors bet most of their money, the following matches were investigated and canceled by the FBF (Brazilian Football Federation) after the end of the championship.

There were problems in canceling the games called by Pereira, as the unaffected clubs argued that they did not want to extend the championship and it was an excessive burden for the coaching staff and their players, while on the affected teams, (Ponte Preta, Internazional, Santos, Cruzeiro, Figuerense) all were in favor of playing again the games and have a second chance to score points. It was a very divided decision, but the decision of the authority did not change. After having played all 11 games, FC Internazional remained in the first position beating Corinthians by one point.

2.3 Prison for Pereira Edilson Pereira de Carvalho was on everyone's lips after his controversial arbitrations, people already suspected that something strange had happened. A few weeks later the newspaper Veja put on the cover a photo of Edilson Pereira, FIFA referee, with all the

5 information about the bribes, the accomplices, the 11 canceled matches and the bets. Edilson's comfortable life in Jaracei was over, after a while Edilson began living with his mother in a humble house remembering that he was once one of the continent's best referees.

2.3.1 Arrest Nobody knows for sure the exact time of Edilson in prison, it is only known that he was imprisoned with his partner Paulo José Danelon on September 24, 2005, two weeks after the end of the championship in São Paulo. Edilson was sentenced to a fine of 180 million dollars, an amount that was brought before the Supreme Court to appeal. When Edilson was free, he did not have job offers due to his bad reputation and advanced age, although there were contacts that offered him to re-direct non-professional footballmatches, he refused. He did not want to go back to what caused his life to be ruined. The former referee's jobs did not exceed $ 900 of the minimum wage. He even made a book with all his statements, as only in 3 games did he change the result and that it was not his fault. The book did not have much impact as expected, but it could earn a little money with that. 2.3.2 Actual life The 54-year-old man is currently living with his mother in Jaracei, divorcing his wife and not being able to keep his daughter. A few years ago while his mother, wife, and daughter went on a trip, Edilson started drinking, took out his gun with two bullets that were fired. The first bullet went to the wall, the second bullet was destined for Edilson's head, but by a miracle, he swerved and hit the ceiling. Pereira is currently unemployed and divorced, enjoys visiting his daughter, watching the news and football matches of the English and Spanish League. He still enjoys being referee, he said that if he had another chance, he would definitely take it without thinking twice.

Chapter III Copa Libertadores by Escobar 3.1 Pablo Escobar and his soccer club Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, better known as the boss, was a well-known Colombian drug trafficker. One of its characteristics was its love towards soccer, in the decade of the 80, Escobar was president of the national athletic of Medellin, at that time Colombia was governed by the drug and as it was to be expected the soccer also was affected by the same. Atletico Nacional was the first Colombian team that could lift the Copa Libertadores de América in 1980, with Escobar. Curiously, in Escobar's term as president of the club, there were hiring of very expensive players and staff, Escobar dominated the economy of the country and made the purslane a football power in the continent.

3.1.1 causes. Being football the most important and recognized sport in Colombia, Escobar took this to put the people on his side and forget all the damage he had caused to his country, such as the death of 4052 people by the Medellín cartel in what I was wearing the year. Pablo started playing in the marginal neighborhoods of Medellin, he gave t-shirts and balls to the people, then he started organizing charity tournaments for the people of Medellin, a city that was more affected with deaths and structural damages by the cartels. In the 80s Pablo was already part of the National Atletico team of Medellin, which could make large hirings thanks to the drug trafficker, the salaries were very high and the rewards very luxurious, reasons why all the players wanted to be part of the squad, you know Escobar to meetings with players at the famous Napoles hacienda, where he practiced with them and gave them prizes or bonuses such as luxury cars or jewelry.

3.2 Atletico nacional Atletico Nacional was founded in 1947 and since then it has become the most recognized Colombian team today, but this is partly due to the liberating cup that I won in 1989, which, like almost everything in those days, was involved with drugs and the drug dealers. Escobar wanted his club, the athletic national of Medellin to be the pride of the country and Pablo was not going to stop until he achieved it. The team in 1989 year of its coronation as continental champion, had the coach Francisco Maturana who was key to getting the title and players like Rene Higuita. The process was long but it was worth it. Maturana was in charge of the Colombian team some years and made them know each other to the players, one of the ideas of the coach was that the club only hire Colombian players, because he said they would know each other better and the game as a whole would improve.

3.2.1 Copa Libertadores in 1989 The Copa Libertadores 1989 was the 30th edition in the tournament history. 20 teams participated in the competition, divided by groups of four (two per country). The first three teams qualify for the next round. National of Montevideo entered directly into the second round as the champions of the Copa Libertadores 1988. The tournament started with the first game on February 12, 1989, and ending on May 31, 1989. 90 games were played and 252 goals were scored. The champion of that edition was the national athletics, which surprised everyone since in that year the Colombian professional soccer championship had been suspended because of the death of an arbitrator, allegedly murdered by escobar after a controversial performance in the classic Colombian Independiente de Medellin vs Atletico Nacional de Medellin. National athletics defeated Racing, millionaires, Danube and Olympia, the latter in penalties. 3.2.2 Kingdom of horror

Escobar dominated the teams, the referees and the players, he dominated football. Despite the fact that the local championship was suspended, the Copa Libertadores was going to play and the reputation of Escobar was known throughout the continent, from its classification to the phases of groups, teams and leaders were afraid to beat the Escobar team . It was known that he had murdered an arbitrator for a controversial match and nobody wanted to risk dying for a football game. The teams that visited Colombia to play against the national athletic team were threatened with death and none could get a victory on Colombian soil. No threat inside the Copa Libertadores was confirmed until the semi final, where they had lost in Uruguay against the surprise of the championship, Danubio. The referee Juan Bava was found dead with 10 shots in his apartment three days after the first game, in the second match, Nacional defeated the Uruguayan club 6-0 and went to the final phase, the substitute referee said it had been a fair victory . In the final it happened the same, in Paraguay Olimpia beat the Colombian club two goals to zero, days later they were threatened but the Paraguayans wanted to be champions, with fear they went out to play the remaining 90 minutes, the same result was given but in this case a favor of the Colombians, after extra time they went to penalties, where one of the strangest events in football occurred. In the final of an international tournament, the players came out crying from the dressing room and failed 4 consecutive penalties, so the national athletics won its first international title and was the first Colombian team to win a Copa Libertadores.

3.3 The club after Escobar death Pablo Escobar died in December 2 of 1993 in Medellin Colombia, his national athletic team had many changes after his death, without the drug dealer nobody could pay the salaries of the players and technicians and the team did not have a high position in the table. Soccer was in crisis. After two years the national athletics would get a title at the national level and in 1995 would get to another final of a liberating cup, which would lose. Until 2000 were difficult times for Colombian soccer and national athletics, in 2017 they would win another Copa Libertadores after beating the Ecuadorian independent club of Valle 1 to 0 in Medellin.

Conclusions

At the end of the present monographic work it is concluded that corruption within soccer has increased notably in Latin America since 1950. This significantly damages the most beautiful sport in the world that is soccer, whether buying matches, bribing players or buying referees, the The main victims are the fans, since they will never know what really happened. In an illegal football action, both parties win and no one is harmed more than the fans, the sport that unites so many people and makes people forget problems has been tainted by the ambition and abuse of power of people who see football as a business, and not for what it really is.

Although football is unpredictable, there are times when losing to a small team that is going through a bad time leaves you wondering what happened on the court, there are doubts like 'that went wrong? ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ The game was fixed? ¨ and many other unknowns that leave us thinking because corruption or manipulation of football matches is increasingly popular, it will reach a point where the team that plays best will not win games, but the one that has the players with better salaries and better incomes it will. We can also conclude that the sport that made us gather at home with family and the one that made us wait from Monday to Sunday to see our team has been damaged by those who seek to benefit through football and doesn’t care about anyone else around.

Annexed 1

Annexed 2