Writing Trauma, Writing Time and Space

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Writing Trauma, Writing Time and Space MARINELLA RODI-RISBERG Writing Trauma, Writing Time and Space Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres and the Lear Group of Father-Daughter Incest Narratives ACTA WASAENSIA NO 229 LITERARY AND CULTURAL STUDIES 5 ENGLISH UNIVERSITAS WASAENSIS 2010 Reviewers Dr. Laurie Vickroy Bradley University English Department 1501 West Bradley Avenue Peoria, IL 61625 USA Professor Heidi Hansson Umeå University Department of Language Studies SE–901 87 Umeå Sweden III Julkaisija Julkaisuajankohta Vaasan yliopisto Marraskuu 2010 Tekijä(t) Julkaisun tyyppi Marinella Rodi-Risberg Monografia Julkaisusarjan nimi, osan numero Acta Wasaensia, 229 Yhteystiedot ISBN Vaasan yliopisto 978–952–476–320–2 Filosofinen tiedekunta ISSN Englannin kieli 0355–2667, 1795–7494 PL 700 Sivumäärä Kieli 65101 VAASA 317 Englanti Julkaisun nimike Trauman, ajan ja tilan kirjoittaminen Jane Smileyn A Thousand Acres -romaani ja King Lear -ryhmän isän ja tyttären väliset insestikertomukset Tiivistelmä Trauma on ilmiö, jota ei koeta sillä hetkellä kun se tapahtuu, vaan johon tietoisuudella on pääsy Traumaa ei koeta sen tapahtumahetkellä, vaan tietoisuudella on pääsy siihen vasta myöhemmässä ajassa ja toisessa paikassa ja silloinkin vain häiritsevinä mielikuvina ja pakonomaisena uudelleen- kokemisen tarpeena. Trauma asettaa haasteita traditionaalisille käsityksille todellisuuteen viittaa- misessa. Kirjallisuudessa trauma esitetään, dramatisoidaan ja työstetään läpi aikajatkumossa mutta myös paikan parametreissa – maantieteellisissä, ruumiillisissa ja tekstuaalisissa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kuinka traumaattiset insestikokemukset voidaan – paradoksaalisesti – esittää, tulkita ja työstää psykologisesti käyttäen apuna ajan ja paikan viittauksia. Väitöskirjassa tulkitaan Jane Smileyn romaania A Thousand Acres (1991) vertaamalla sitä Kuningas Lear -aiheen teksteihin ja asettamalla ne dialogiin nykyisen traumateorian kanssa. Romaani sijoitetaan uusien Lear- versioiden rinnalle, joita ovat kirjoittaneet naiset ja naisryhmät kuten The Women's Theatre Group Elaine Feinsteinin kanssa, Mairi MacInnes, Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, Valerie Miner, Ann Tyler ja Laura Esquivel. Väitöskirjassa asetetaan moderni traumateoria vuoropuheluun ekokritiikin kanssa ja analysoidaan psykologista traumaa suhteessa Smileyn romaanin kuvaukseen tuhannesta auranalasta, jotka on myrkytetty kasvinsuojeluaineilla. Uudelleentarkastelun ja -tulkinnan kohteeksi otetaan traumaatti- sen menneisyyden sijoittaminen maisemaan, joka on ymmärretty symbolisesti naispuoliseksi, koska ympäristötuhoa ja tytärten raiskausta on kohdeltu rinnasteisina. Ruumiillisuus kartoitetaan suhteessa saastutettuun maanviljelysmaahan, ja se on rikki revittyä kahdessakin mielessä: trauman vieraannuttamaa ja saastutetun ympäristön myrkyttämää. Keho nousee romaanissa kuitenkin para- doksaalisesti esiin luotettavana todistajana sekä seksuaalista hyväksikäyttöä että luonnon tuhoa- mista vastaan. Smileyn romaanin kaltainen traumafiktio voi itsekin muodostua muistomerkiksi, joka todistaa ja muistuttaa traumaattisesta hetkestä, kunhan tekstissä ei ymmärretä liikaa vaan välitetään trauman ajan ja paikan tajua hämmentävä voima. Johtopäätöksenä todetaan, että eri kirjailijoiden tapa käyttää Lear-tarinaa eri aikoina voidaan pitää varhaisemman lähdetekstin ei-koetun tai vielä käsittämättömän isä–tytär-insestin hetken interteks- tuaalisena toistona. Sellaisena niiden voidaan katsoa olevan yhteydessä henkilökohtaisten trauma- kertomusten kanssa. Nämä paluut aiempaan ilmaisevat yritystä työstää kokemus tekstuaalisesti, jotta toistopakko loppuisi, mutta samalla ne pakottavat lukijan sisällyttämään traumakertomuksen osaksi kulttuurimuistiaan. Asiasanat Traumateoria, isä-tytär-insesti, intertekstuaalisuus, ekokritiikki, Jane Smiley, A Thousand Acres, Lear-kertomukset V Utgivare Utgivningstid Vasa universitet November 2010 Författare Typ av publikation Marinella Rodi-Risberg Monografi Publikationsserie, -nummer Acta Wasaensia, 229 Kontaktuppgifter ISBN Vasa universitet 978–952–476–320–2 Filosofiska fakulteten ISSN Engelska språket 0355–2667, 1795–7494 PB 700 Sidantal Språk FI–65101 VASA, FINLAND 317 Engelska Publikationens titel Att skriva trauma, att skriva tid och rum Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres och gruppen Kung Lear -berättelser om far-dotter-incest Sammandrag Trauma, ett fenomen som inte upplevs när och där det inträffar utan som endast är tillgängligt i samband med en annan tid och en annan plats, då det istället visar sig i påträngande bilder och återupplevande beteende, utgör en specifik utmaning vad gäller referentialitet i traditionell bety- delse. De senaste tjugo årens publikationer om trauma och dess representation inom olika områden vittnar om just detta. Denna problematik ligger också till grund för den föreliggande uppsatsen vars syfte är att undersöka hur traumatiska upplevelser som incest paradoxalt nog kan represente- ras, läsas och kanske genomarbetas via temporala och spatiala referenser. Genom att läsa Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres (1991) i relation till gruppen av Lear-berättelser i dialog med nutida traumateori och samtidigt placera in romanen i ett sammanhang av andra nutida arbeten skrivna av kvinnor – The Women’s Theatre Group med Elaine Feinstein, Mairi MacInnes, Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, Valerie Miner, Ann Tyler och Laura Esquivel – påstår föreliggande avhandling att olika författares bearbetningar av samma Lear-berättelse i olika tider kan ses som intertextuella återupplevelser av ett icke-upplevt eller inte fullt ut fattbart ögonblick av far–dotter-incest i en tidigare källtext. Som sådana kan de anses utgöra ett kontinuum med personliga traumaberättelser. Dessa återvändanden signalerar samtidigt försök till ett textuellt genomarbetande så att de repeti- tionerna kan få ett slut men tvingar också läsaren att komma ihåg traumaberättelsen som ett sorts kulturminne. Trauma i litteraturen representeras, utageras och genomarbetas dock inte endast genom tidsrefe- renser men också genom spatiala sådana – geografiska, kroppsliga och textuella. Den föreliggande avhandlingen utgår från modern traumateori i dialog med ekokritik och analyserar framställningen av psykiskt trauma i relation till beskrivningen av de med bekämpningsmedel förgiftade tusen tunnlanden i Smileys roman, och genom att spåra ett samband mellan miljöförstöringen och våld- täkterna på döttrarna tar den i förnyat övervägande innebörden av att placera ett traumatiskt förflu- tet i ett landskap som historiskt sett symboliskt har konstruerats som feminint. Det kroppsliga, kartlagt i relation till det förorenade jordbrukslandskapet och utplånat i dubbel bemärkelse – främmandegjort av trauma och miljöförgiftning – träder i romanen paradoxalt fram som ett tillför- litligt vittne både till de sexuella övergreppen och till förstörelsen av naturen. Slutligen, traumafik- tion som Smileys roman kan i sig själv potentiellt utgöra ett forum för att vittna om traumatiska ögonblick och sålunda ersätta förstörda fysiska eller geografiska platser som minnesplatser, förut- satt att texten inte förstår för mycket, utan kan kommunicera traumats upplösande spatio- temporala kraft. Nyckelord Traumateori, far-dotter-incest, intertextualitet, ekokritik, Jane Smiley, A Thousand Acres, Lear-berättelser VII Publisher Date of publication University of Vaasa November 2010 Author(s) Type of publication Marinella Rodi-Risberg Monograph Name and number of series Acta Wasaensia, 229 Contact information ISBN University of Vaasa 978–952–476–320–2 Faculty of Philosophy ISSN Department of English 0355–2667, 1795–7494 P.O. Box 700 Number of Language FI–65101 VAASA, FINLAND pages 317 English Title of publication Writing Trauma, Writing Time and Space Jane Smiley’s A Thousand Acres and the Lear Group of Father-Daughter Incest Narratives Abstract Trauma, a phenomenon which is too shocking to be fully registered upon occurrence and which instead only manifests belatedly and somewhere else in intrusive images and compulsive re- enactments, offers specific challenges to traditional notions of referentiality. The last twenty years or so have witnessed in different fields an upsurge of publications devoted to the phenomenon and its representation. This study seeks to explore how traumatic experiences such as incest can be represented, read, and perhaps worked through in terms of temporal and spatial references. By reading Jane Smiley’s A Thousand Acres (1991) in relation to the Lear group of father-daughter incest narratives in dialogue with contemporary trauma theory, while also contextualizing the novel against other contemporary female-authored Lears by The Women’s Theatre Group with Elaine Feinstein, Mairi MacInnes, Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, Valerie Miner, Ann Tyler, and Laura Esquivel, this work argues that different authors’ frequent appropriations of the same Lear story across time can be seen as intertextual (re-)enactments of a not-yet-graspable moment of father-daughter incest in an earlier source and as such can be considered part of a continuum with personal trauma narratives. These repeated returns simultaneously signal attempts to come to terms with the trauma textually but also to implicate the reader in recalling the story of trauma as a form of cultural memory. This study also seeks to demonstrate that trauma in literature is represented, acted out, and possi- bly worked over, not just through references to time but also to space – geographical, bodily, and textual. Drawing on modern trauma theory in further dialogue, with ecocriticism, this thesis reads the articulation of psychic
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