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COLEÓPTEROS Del Parque Nacional La Campana Y De Chile Central

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COLEÓPTEROS Del Parque Nacional La Campana Y De Chile Central Segunda Edición Actualizada COLEÓPTEROS del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chile Central Francisco Sáiz G. • Jaime Solervicens A. • Patricio Ojeda G. DIBUJOS: EMMA REYES R. MUSEÓLOGO: CARLOS VIVAR T. Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Corporación Nacional Forestal, Vª Región, en la persona de su Director Sr. Ricardo Meza H., por el apoyo y facilidades otorgadas a los autores durante el desarrollo del trabajo. A la Sra. Ana Avalos, Conservador del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaíso, por ceder gentilmente dependencias del Museo para nuestras reuniones de trabajo. A los Sres. Mario Elgueta (Curculionidae), Vivianne Jerez (Chrysomelidae), Luis Peña (Tenebrionidae) y Jorge Valencia (Elateridae), por la determinación de las especies de las © Francisco Sáiz G., Jaime Solervicens A. y Patricio Ojeda G., 1989 familias mencionadas entre paréntesis. Registro de Propiedad Intelectual N° 73.691 ISBN: 978-956-17-0518-0 Al equipo de guardas forestales del Segunda Edición Actualizada 2013: 500 ejemplares Parque Nacional La Campana, Derechos reservados por su colaboración en terreno. Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Calle 12 de Febrero 187, Valparaíso, Chile Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.euv.cl Dirección de Arte: Allan Browne E. Diseño Gráfico: Guido Olivares S. Ilustraciones: Emma Reyes M. Corrección de Pruebas: Osvaldo Oliva P. Impreso en Litografía Garín, Valparaíso HECHO EN CHILE COLEÓPTEROS del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chile Central / 7 ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO A LA Segunda EDICIÓN . Pág. 9 I. CARACTERIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA, CLIMÁTICA Y VEGETACIONAL DEL PARQUE NACIONAL LA CAMPANA . .11 1. Caracterización geográfica . 11 2. Caracterización macroclimática. 11 3. Caracterización vegetacional. 11 a. Formaciones boscosas. 13 b. Formaciones arbustivas. 14 c. Formaciones de suculentas. 15 4. Aspectos biogeográficos. 15 II. CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DEL ORDEN COLEOPTERA . .17 1. Morfología general externa. 17 2. Diversidad biológica y de hábitat. 21 III. CAPTURA Y CONSERVACIÓN. 24 1. Captura. 24 2. Conservación. 25 IV. SISTEMÁTICA DEL ORDEN COLEOPTERA. 27 1. Esquema sistemático del Orden. 27 2. Claves para subórdenes de Coleoptera . .29 Claves para las Familias de Adephaga . 30 Clave para Familias y secciones de Polyphaga . .30 Clave para las Familias con élitros cortos . 31 Clave para las Familias con antenas pubescentes . 32 8 / F. Sáiz - J. Solervicens - P. Ojeda COLEÓPTEROS del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chile Central / 9 Clave para las Familias con tarsos seudotetrameros . .33 Clave para las Familias de tarsos pentámeros y cinco o seis esternos abdominales visibles . 34 Clave para Familias de Elateroidea (en parte) . 37 Clave para las Familias de Tenebrionoidea y otros heterómeros . .38 Clave para Familias con fórmula tarsal menor que 5-5-4 . .40 V. PRINCIPALES FAMILIAS Y ESPECIES DE COLEÓPTEROS Prólogo a la Segunda Edición DEL PARQUE NACIONAL LA CAMPANA Y DE CHILE CENTRAL. 43 Las ciencias están en constante evolución, revisando sus postulados, incorporan- do nuevas tecnologías y enfoques de investigación. BIBLIOGRAFÍA . .22 La Entomología no está exenta de esta tendencia. Sus diferentes especialistas están constantemente haciendo revisión de los conocimientos actuales en vías a una mejor comprensión del diverso y complejo mundo de los insectos, tanto en el plano morfológico, fisiológico, genético, bioquímico, etológico, ecológico y evolutivo. En el plano de la clasificación u ordenamiento de la diversidad de insectos se tien- de hacia una clasificación cada vez más real, es decir, más acorde con el ordena- miento natural, para lo cual los especialistas ponen a su servicio todos los avances de muchas otras disciplinas científicas. Este procedimiento implica reubicación de especies en otras categorías superiores, creación de nuevas categorías taxonómi- cas, cambios de nombres específicos, establecimiento de sinonimias, reordena- miento de diferentes niveles de categorías taxonómicas, etc. En este aspecto se ha avanzado mucho en los últimos tiempos. La presente reedición de “Coleópteros del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chi- le Central” tiene como un objetivo fundamental cumplir con la necesaria actualiza- ción de la información contenida en él. Por ello se introducirán cambios en la ubi- cación jerárquica de familias, cambios de género de varias especies, reubicación de especies en otras familias, cambios de nombres específicos, etc. Un segundo objetivo ha sido latamente expuesto en la Introducción de la prime- ra edición y está relacionado con la entrega de un material de consulta de utili- dad para los estudiantes de los cursos de Entomología y disciplinas relacionadas, como la ecología, para las academias científicas de la educación media interesa- das en el área naturalística y como guía de campo para agrupaciones de excursio- nistas, scouts y para todo amante de la naturaleza, además de la belleza de sus ilustraciones. 10 / F. Sáiz - J. Solervicens - P. Ojeda COLEÓPTEROS del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chile Central / 11 I. Caracterización Geográfica, Climática y Vegetacional del Parque Nacional La Campana 1. Caracterización geográfica El Parque Nacional La Campana se encuentra en la V Región del país, cerca de Valparaíso, según las siguientes coordenadas geográficas: 32° 55’ S y 71° 08’ W, ocupando parte del sector de la Cordillera de la Costa comprendido entre las cuencas de los ríos Maipo y Aconcagua. Su extensión incluye los cerros más altos de dicho tramo de cordillera (El Roble, 2.204 m; El Peumo 1.964 m; La Campana, 1.880 m; El Ñato, 1.897 m, etc.) (Fig. 1). La topografía, derivada de la conjunción de los cerros, estructura dos grandes quebradas o valles: Granizo en la zona SO y Ocoa en la NE del Parque. Esta diferente exposición determina condiciones ambientales (microclimáticas) que se traducen en expresiones vegetacionales características. 2. Caracterización macroclimática El Parque Nacional La Campana está inserto en la región mediterránea semiárida (Di Cas- tri, 1968), caracterizada por un período invernal frío y lluvioso y un período estival cálido y seco. Las variaciones anuales quedan graficada en los diagramas ombrotérmicos de la Fig. 2, en que se presenta la información de 1981 a 1986. (Fuente: CONAF). 3. Caracterización vegetacional El Parque Nacional La Campana presenta gran diversidad de formaciones vegetacionales dentro de un área relativamente reducida. La antigüedad de la cordillera costera, su acci- dentada topografía, la altura de sus montañas, la cercanía de la costa que ha favorecido la mantención de condiciones hídricas favorables y los fenómenos de dispersión de comuni- dades, tanto de tipo cálido como templado, permiten explicar esta diversidad. En términos generales, es posible reconocer tres grandes tipos de formaciones vegeta- cionales: boscosas, arbustivas y de suculentas. 12 / F. Sáiz - J. Solervicens - P. Ojeda COLEÓPTEROS del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chile Central / 13 Fig. 2. Características climáticas del Parque Nacional La Campana, Sector Granizo. Diagramas ombro- térmicos de los años 1981-1985 (Fuente CONAF). a. Formaciones boscosas Las formaciones boscosas están representadas por: Bosque esclerófilo: Bosque siempre verde, de hojas duras, que ocupa preferentemente las laderas de exposición polar de las quebradas, desde las partes bajas del Parque hasta SIMBOLOGÍA unos 1.000 m de altitud. Se encuentra particularmente bien representado en el sector Límite Parque Nacional Granizo. Las especies dominantes son peumo (Cryptocarya alba), boldo (Peumus boldus) Senderos Quebradas y molle (Schinus latifolius). Estero En laderas de exposición ecuatorial se presenta con más abundancia quillay (Quillaja sa- Escala 1: 100.00 ponaria) y litre (Lithrea caustica). Bosque higrófilo: En fondo de quebradas y en la cercanía de cursos de aguas, entre los Fig. 1. Características geográficas del Parque Nacional La Campana. 300 y 1.100 m, se desarrolla un bosque húmedo con árboles siempre verdes, latifolios, que pueden alcanzar hasta unos 15 m de altura. Destacan: patagua (Crinodendron pata- gua), canelo (Drimys winteri), lingue (Persea lingue), palo santo (Dasyphyllum excelsum), belloto (Beilschmiedia miersii) y arrayán macho (Raphithamnus spinosus). Muy genera- lizada es la asociación “bosque de pataguas”, que se desarrolla al borde de los arroyos, siendo sus elementos principales patagua, canelo, maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) y arrayán (Myrceugenia obtusa). En sectores bajos, en la cercanía del agua, pero con distribución muy limitada, se encuen- tra el “bosque de lingue”, formado particularmente por este árbol y arrayán y con piso cubierto con densa hojarasca. 14 / F. Sáiz - J. Solervicens - P. Ojeda COLEÓPTEROS del Parque Nacional La Campana y de Chile Central / 15 Siempre junto a los arroyos, pero a mayor altura (600 a 1.100 m) y preferentemente en Estepa andina: Sobre los 1.600 m, en los cerros La Campana y El Roble, se desarrolla, el costado sur del Cerro La Campana, se desarrolla un bosque húmedo en que destacan por encima del límite de la vegetación arbórea, un matorral achaparrado constituido espe- palo santo y belloto, árboles que sobresalen por su mayor altura. En el piso de este bos- cialmente por guindillo (Valenzuelia trinervis), neneo (Mulinum spinosum), hierba blanca que crecen abundantes helechos y en los árboles cuelga como epífita la barba de monte (Chuquiragua oppositifolia) y champas de pastos duros o coirones (Stipa y Festuca), que (Tillandsia
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