UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Style and Form of Authority Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4g31034x Author Mannies, Whitney Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Style and Form of Authority A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Whitney Mannies June 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. John Christian Laursen, Chairperson Dr. Georgia Warnke Dr. John Medearis Copyright by Whitney Mannies 2017 The Dissertation of Whitney Mannies is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is an individual effort that is only possible because of the consistent and generous support of others. I have benefitted from a loving family and intelligent and funny friends. I am grateful for the opportunity to sort out my not-yet coherent ideas with my graduate school colleagues who fostered friendship and collaboration, especially Steven Cauchon, Andrea Silva, Andrew Flores, Diego Esparza, Nosh McTaggert, Kevin Pham, and Dylan Rohr. I am also very lucky to have landed at the University of California, Riverside, where the faculty so often combined brilliance with generosity—a rare feat in academia. Also, the students I have taught along the way at UCR, Pitzer College, and Pomona College have been a constant reminder of the purpose of education and the enduring significance of political theory (really!). This dissertation would not have been possible without them. My sincerest thanks go as well to the Political Science Administrative Assistant, Sara Palmer, who so patiently shepherded me through many a kafkaesque situation. Much of the research for this dissertation took place at the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal in Paris, France, and I am thankful for the helpful staff and general aura of Enlightenment that pervades the space. I am sorry to confess that I have inadvertantly purloined the key to locker #8. I am indebted to Jean-Charles Darmon for extending the opportunity to spend a quarter among the most erudite of company at the L’École normale supérieur in Paris, France. The Graduate Research Mentoring Fellowship and the Dissertation Year Program iv fellowship were crucial for making my research abroad possible. I am grateful for the Barricelli Memorial Grant from Thomas Scanlon and the Department of Comparative Literature, which enabled me to spend a quarter practicing my French and conducting research in Paris. The process of writing my dissertation was sped along when the College of Humanities and Social Sciences sponsored me for its August 2016 Dissertation Writing Retreat, where I received valuable feedback and encouragement from Anne Sullivan of UCR and Danielle Spratt of California State University, Northridge. It is impossible to thank all of the individuals who contributed feedback to my dissertation. The chapter on Diderot benefitted from the feedback of Meghan Gallagher and Sarah Pemberton, as well as the anonymous reviewers at Philosophy and Literature. The chapter on the Encyclopédie benefitted especially from comments by Cyrus Masroori. My study of the Journal des dames has benefitted from the feedback of Marijn Kaplan, Thomas Scanlon, Martin Johnson, Clorinda Donato, Susan Carlile, and particularly Sharon Stanley, who encouraged me to think more critically about class. Finally, the chapter on John Toland was improved by the feedback from the attendees at UCLA’s William Andrews Clark Memorial Library’s conference on Clandestine and Heterodox Underground of Early Modern European Philosophy, including Margaret Jacob, Gianni Paganini, Jonathan Israel, Winfried Schröder, Karen Hollewand, and Rienk Vermij. v I am grateful for the support of Farah Godrej. Her methodology class was one of the most important classes I took in graduate school, and her carpooling skills are unparalleled. Finally, my dissertation committee deserves special thanks. John Medearis has given freely of his time, and he helped to refine my research focus early on when he took the extraordinary step of giving up part of his precious summer vacation in 2010 in order to conduct an independent study on feminist theory with me. My dissertation has benefitted from his searching questions. Georgia Warnke has been an indispensible listener throughout the dissertation process, and she seems never to tire of talking me through ideas large and small. I am grateful for the illuminating independent study that she so generously conducted with me on Hans-Georg Gadamer. Most of all, I hope to always carry the torch of her unwavering commitment to finding significance in the humanities. Finally, I am thankful for the always-open door of my advisor, John Christian Laursen, a mountain-climber in the literal and Zarathustrian sense. He has generously extended so many formative opportunities to me and has always encouraged me to do what I found interesting. If he is ever in doubt of my gratitude or admiration, I would encourage him to revisit the long list of Laursenian virtues that I composed for his nomination for Dissertation Advisor of the Year. Some of the material in this dissertation has been previously published. A version of the Introduction and Conclusion appeared as “Elements of Style: Openness and Dispositions,” in the volume Inheriting Gadamer, edited by Georgia Warnke (Edinburgh vi Press, 2016). The chapter on Diderot was published in the journal Philosophy and Literature (Volume 1A, 2015). The chapter on Toland is forthcoming in the volume Clandestine Philosophy: New Studies on Subversive Manuscripts in Early Modern Europe, 1620-1823, edited by Gianni Paganini, John Christian Laursen, and Margaret Jacobs (University of Toronto Press). vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Style and Form of Authority by Whitney Mannies Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Political Science University of California, Riverside, June 2017 Dr. John Christian Laursen, Chairperson To what extent can the style and form of language convey authority? Can an author construct herself as authoritative solely by appropriating the style and form of an authoritative discourse? I consider three cases from the eighteenth century—a century that saw dramatic debates and shifts in the practice of writing and publishing—in order to examine how the link between language and authority was challenged, appropriated, and altered. I have relied on close readings of the texts as well as historical research to answer such questions as: To what extent were authors able to construct authority? To what extent could writing style and form serve as a proxy for authority? How did readers perceive the connection between authority and writing style and form? In the case of John Toland, he cloaked the heterodox arguments of his Nazarenus (1718) and Pantheisticon (1751) in the guise of biblical criticism and liturgy, respectively, in hopes of appropriating ecclesiastical authority. His readers were largely unconvinced of his religious fervor and thus his linguistic masquerade gained him few followers. Toland’s viii example demonstrates the limitations of style and form as a proxy for authority. The contributors to the Journal des Dames, on the other hand, enjoyed some success in their attempt to fashion women as authoritative contributors to the French public sphere. Translating the paradigm of women’s authority already established in the salons to the masculine public print sphere of periodicals, the contributors to and editors of the Journal des Dames were able to fashion themselves as legitimate, authoritative authors. Finally, I consider Denis Diderot’s attempt to forge a new style and form of writing. I argue that his style and form were meant to provoke the reader into conscious, authoritative interpretation. His radically modern prose, however, was roundly rejected. Together, these examples demonstrate the limits and advantages of appropriating styles and forms of language so as to seem authoritative. They highlight the institutional and historical character of authority, and they illustrate how difficult authority is to acquire. ix Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv Abstract viii Introduction: Style, Form, and Authority 1 Language is social 4 Legitimacy, authority, and credential-granting institutions 5 Idioms, practical competence, and proxy authority 6 Credibility deficit 8 Dissembling 9 Emancipatory potential 11 Overview of the dissertation 15 Chapter 1 Heterodoxy Appropriating Biblical Authority?: John Toland’s Nazarenus and Pantheisticon 17 Toland’s Background 21 Toland’s Nazarenus 24 Toland’s Pantheisticon 30 Conclusion 45 x Chapter 2: Plaire and utilité: How Women Styled Themselves as Authorities in the Eighteenth-Century French Public Sphere 47 The emergence of the public sphere in eighteenth-century France 51 Bourgeois 53 Masculine 62 The salonnières 68 The Presse Féminine and the Journal de Dames 73 Plaire et instruire: Combining salon style and form with bourgeois virtue 78 Against frivolité 95 Poetry 102 Correspondence 108 Drama 113 Fiction 116 Praise and flattery 123 Criticism 135 Aphorisms 144 Enigmes and questions 145 Conclusion: Authority in the public sphere 146 xi Chapter 3: Creating Authority in a Meaningless Universe: The Style and Form of Denis Diderot’s Jacques the Fatalist 150 Diderot’s materialist skepticism and the problem of determinism 154 From determinism