Women at the ForeFront oF the Clean energy Future September 2014 A White Paper of the USAID/IUCN Initiative Gender Equality for Climate Change Opportunities (GECCO) Disclaimer:
This publication is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment (E3). It was prepared by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The author’s views United States Government.
For information about GECCO contact:
Natalie Elwell, USAID - [email protected] Andre Mershon, USAID - [email protected] Lorena Aguilar, IUCN - [email protected]
Pearl-Martinez, R. 2014. Women at the Forefront of the Clean Energy Future. White Paper- Initiative Gender Equality for Climate Change Opportunities(GECCO).IUCN-USAID. Washington D.C.
November 2014
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 AcRoNyMs 40 5. woMEN’s ADVANcEMENt iN cLEAN ENERgy 6 coNsuLtAtioN EMPLoyMENt, PARticiPANts ENtREPRENEuRshiP, AND LEADERshiP 10 1. AbstRAct 41 Engineers and Technicians 11 2. iNtRoDuctioN 45 Energy Ministries, Public Sector Employees, Regulators 15 3. thE cLEAN ENERgy sEctoR: oPPoRtuNitiEs 47 Corporate Executives, Board Members, and AND KNowLEDgE gAPs Project Managers
15 Opportunities in the Clean Energy Sector 48 Construction Workers and Plant Operators
19 Knowledge Gaps in Clean Energy and Climate 49 Entrepreneurs, Vendors, and Suppliers Change Mitigation
52 6. RoADMAP oN woMEN 25 4. ViEwiNg cLEAN ENERgy AND cLEAN ENERgy PRojEcts thRough A gENDER LENs 52 Enabling Policy
25 Resource Inequalities Determine Impacts 53 Private Sector Investment
28 Enabling Policy 54 Generation, Transmission, Distribution (Infrastructure)
32 Private Sector Investment 55 End Users
33 Siting and Generation 55 Women’s Advancement in Employment, Leadership, and Entrepreneurship 35 Transmission and Distribution
36 End Users
3 ACRONYMS
AfDb African Development Bank gEcco Gender Equality for Climate Change Opportunities c3E Clean Energy Education and Empowerment initiative gEF Global Environment Facility ccb Climate, Community, and ghg Greenhouse Gas Biodiversity Standard hDi Human Development Index ccgAP Climate Change Gender Action Plan iFc International Finance Corporation cDM Clean Development Mechanism iPcc Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ciF Climate Investment Funds iRENA International Renewable Energy Agency coP Conference of Parties iucN International Union for Conservation csR Corporate Social Responsibility of Nature ctF Clean Technology Fund LEDs Low Emission Development Strategy
Ec-LEDs Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission M2M Methane to Markets Development Strategies Program Mw Megawatt Egi Environment and Gender Index NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action EigE European Institute for Gender Equality NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action EsiA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Ngo Nongovernmental Organization EuPP Energy Utility Partnership Program oEcD Organization for Economic Cooperation FAo Food and Agriculture Organization and Development
Fit Feed in Tariff o&M Operations and Maintenance
PFAN Private Finance Advisory Network
4 RAP Resettlement Action Plan
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation sREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program stEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math uNctAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development uNDP United Nations Development Programme uNEP United Nations Environment Programme uNFccc United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change uNiDo United Nations Industrial Development Organization usAiD United States Agency for International Development
5 CONSULTATION PARTICIPANTS
This paper and consultation process would not have Elizabeth cecelski been possible without the contributions and insights of Gender and Energy Consultant the individuals listed below (in alphabetical order). These ENERGIA International Network on Gender and individuals participated in one-on-one consultation sessions Sustainable Energy with the author, commented on drafts, and/or participated in the expert workshop in September 2014. While the white becky chacko Senior Climate Change Integration Specialist participants or the institutions that they represent. USAID
Rana Adib Kanika chawla Research Coordinator Junior Policy Consultant Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) (REN21)
Lorena Aguilar Karen Degannes Global Senior Gender Adviser Principal International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) DeGannes Consulting Group
Alex Apotsos christine Eibs singer Climate Change Advisor Senior Advisor Bureau for Africa Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) USAID Adriana Eftimie jacquie Ashmore Social Development Specialist Energy Technology Program Manager International Finance Corporation (IFC) Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Natalie Elwell Andrea Athanas Senior Advisor for Gender and Environment Program Design Manager Agriculture and Energy E3 Bureau African Wildlife Foundation USAID
Roseann casey Matthew Emry Gender Advisor USAID Africa Bureau USAID
6 bevan Flansburg Vanessa janik Manager of International Programs National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) (NARUC) World Bank
Rossanna gonzalez todd johnson Social Advisor on Energy Policy Forestry & Climate Change Specialist Ministry of Industry, Energy, and Mining USAID Government of Uruguay Rachel Kastenberg Kristen graf Senior Advisor Executive Director Global Partnerships Initiative Women of Wind Energy US Department of State irma gutiérrez Anne Kuriakose Gender Specialist, PELNICA Senior Social Development Specialist Government of Nicaragua Climate Investment Funds (CIF) Dominique Lallement john hammond Senior consultant on gender, energy, and infrastructure Senior Director United States Energy Association (USEA) sissy Larrea Gender Equity Advisor, corinne hart Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) Program Manager, Gender & Markets Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves simone Lawaetz tahawar hussain Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment Policy Advisor USAID USAID Energy Policy Program-Pakistan Advanced Engineering Associates International Katherine Lucey Founder and CEO britt ide Solar Sister Founder and President Ide Law & Strategy, PLLC Kristen Madler Clean Energy Coordinator Fareeha iqbal USAID Climate Change Specialist Global Environment Facility (GEF) Rachel Mahmud Gender Program Associate Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
7 Paloma Marcos Maria beatriz orlando Gender and Diversity Division Senior Social Development Specialist Inter-American Development Bank World Bank caroline Mcgregor christine Roehrer Policy Analyst Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist Climate Investment Funds (CIF) US Department of Energy Ana Rojas Andre Mershon ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Climate Change Specialist Sustainable Energy E3 Bureau Alice Rwema USAID Transaction Adviser Minister of State for Energy and Water Denise Mortimer Ministry of Infrastructure Power Africa Government of Rwanda USAID inka schomer subha Nagarajan Program Coordinator Energy Investment Expert Gender and Energy Program Africa Renewable Energy Access Fleur Newman World Bank Sustainable Development Mechanisms Dechen tsering UNFCCC Secretariat Coordinator Finance, Technology, Capacity Building julieta Nikova UNFCCC Secretariat Standards Setting jackeline siles UNFCCC Secretariat Central America Energy Program International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Matthew ogonowski Global Climate Change Specialist stacie smith Senior Mediator & Director of Workable Peace E3 Bureau Consensus Building Institute USAID Karla solis sheila oparaocha Team Lead International Coordinator CDM Regional Collaboration Centre ENERGIA International Network on Gender and UNFCCC Secretariat Sustainable Energy
8 justin sosne Laura E. williamson US Department of State Communication and Outreach Manager Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century Melanie Vant (REN21) Chief of Staff, Power Africa USAID Davida wood Project Manager, Electricity Governance Initiative yoko watanabe World Resources Institute Senior Biodiversity Specialist Global Environment Facility (GEF) Zhihong Zhang Senior Program Coordinator Moritz weigel Climate Investment Funds (CIF) Finance, Technology, and Capacity Building, UNFCCC Secretariat
9 1. ABSTRACT
This white paper was commissioned by USAID under those gaps, while acknowledging and building on existing the USAID/IUCN Gender Equality for Climate Change research and experience on gender issues around energy Opportunities (GECCO) initiative. Developed through a at the household and micro to medium-scales. This paper literature review and individual consultations with experts intends to demonstrate that gender equality can be a driver and validated through an experts’ workshop, this white for more effective clean energy investments, and that this paper considers the most recent work on the intersection gender lens can be applied at every level of the energy of gender and energy. There is currently a knowledge gap at the intersection of clean energy, climate change gaps, raise awareness, and provide recommendations mitigation, and gender equality that is an impediment for actions and further research to implement gender- to reaching development and economic goals, including responsive clean energy and climate change mitigation mitigating climate change and fostering the advancement initiatives. With a wide range of intended audiences, these of women. This knowledge gap is particularly acute when looking at the energy value chain connected to large-scale at the local, regional, national, and international levels. USAID and IUCN are also working to develop a community of 10 megawatts or more) and for national Low Emissions experts and institutions to advance gender-responsive Development Strategies, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation renewable energy initiatives and women’s advancement in Actions, and other energy-related national mitigation
10 2. INTRODUCTION
This paper is part of Gender Equality for Climate Change Opportunities by United States Agency for International Development gENDER EquALity (USAID) and the International Union for Conservation of FoR cLiMAtE chANgE Nature (IUCN) in 2014. oPPoRtuNitiEs (gEcco)
In the development of GECCO, USAID and IUCN The goal of GECCO is to leverage advancements in women’s empowerment and the intersection of gender, large-scale renewable energy, and climate change mitigation. A consultation process was climate change and development outcomes. organized to identify key issues and challenges related to energy and climate change mitigation, in order to inform GECCO is designed to provide an array relevant areas of the GECCO initiative and share the results of support options for national, regional with other institutions and mechanisms that could apply the and global activities that advance women’s lessons learned. empowerment and gender equality and is also designed to complement existing or emerging USAID efforts on climate change. efforts to develop gender responsive climate change action plans in key countries and to build capacity to implement The initiative aims to: 1) support the gender responsive actions in the climate change arena. development of gender responsive climate change action plans; and 2) build capacity to Development Strategies (LEDS), Nationally Appropriate implement gender responsive actions in the Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and other energy-related climate change arena. national mitigation processes.
11 iNtENDED AuDiENcE MEthoDoLogy The intersection of energy, climate change mitigation, and This paper was developed through a review of relevant gender equality is a relatively new topic that has not yet literature and initiatives and individual consultations with received much attention from the global development experts in related disciplines. Additional inputs were community, and this paper intends to provide initial analysis to open this space. With this initiative, USAID and IUCN aim to raise awareness and build momentum for gender- with USAID staff. The consultation process and workshop responsive clean energy and climate change mitigation were intended to create an informal community of experts initiatives and to promote women’s advancement in this and institutions seeking to move this agenda forward. The arena. Beyond national planning processes in developing analysis and recommendations included here are intended as a jumping off point for coordinated efforts to enhance are also applicable to various international mechanisms the ways in which governments, the clean energy industry, and efforts on renewable energy and climate change. The and others address gender considerations in clean energy intended audience includes: policy, investments, and planning. USAID and IUCN expect to convene a follow-up workshop on this theme later USAID, including country Missions, regional Bureaus, in the GECCO initiative to assess progress and renew implementing partners, and clean energy initiatives, such the recommendations. as Power Africa National and subnational policymakers working on coNcEPtuAL FRAMEwoRK energy and/or gender equality This paper intends to demonstrate that gender equality is a Renewable energy private sector entities and driver for more effective clean energy investments, and that industry associations this gender lens can be applied at every level of the energy Representatives of regulatory bodies and utilities value chain. Figure 1 represents the paper’s conceptual Multilateral and bilateral agencies, including the World framework. The concept is that actions to address gendered Bank, regional development banks, and donor countries impacts and bottlenecks to women’s advancement will UNFCCC, including Conference of Parties and subsidiary lead to a gender-responsive energy value chain. This will bodies negotiations as well as Secretariat support to the CDM and other mechanisms (GHG) emissions to stem climate change and enhanced Funding mechanisms such as the Climate Investment development outcomes, economic growth, and climate Funds (CIF), Global Environment Facility (GEF), and resilience fueled by gender equality. Green Climate Fund Civil society and NGOs working on renewable energy and climate change Women’s organizations, women’s ministries, and gender experts Professional energy associations Academic and research institutions focused on energy and/or gender equality Media institutions covering renewable energy and/or gender equality
12 FiguRE 1—coNcEPtuAL FRAMEwoRK: how A gENDER-REsPoNsiVE ENERgy VALuE chAiN wiLL iNcREAsE thE REDuctioN oF ghg EMissioNs ALoNgsiDE MuLtiPLE DEVELoPMENt bENEFits.
ACTIONS OBJECTIVE MULTIPLE BENEFITS
Gender-responsive energy Reduced GHG emissions to stem Address gendered value chain climate change impacts at each level Enabling policy