Suicide Terrorism in Sri Lanka

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Suicide Terrorism in Sri Lanka AUGUST 2004 IPCS Research Papers SSuuiicciiddee TTeerrrroorriissmm iinn SSrrii LLaannkkaa R Ramasubramanian Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies New Delhi, INDIA © 2004, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies is not responsible for the facts, views or opinion expressed by the author. The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), established in August 1996, is an independent think tank devoted to research on peace and security from a South Asian perspective. Its aim is to develop a comprehensive and alternative framework for peace and security in the region catering to the changing demands of national, regional and global security. Address: B 7/3 Lower Ground Floor Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 INDIA Tel: 91-11-5100 1900, 5165 2556, 5165 2557, 5165 2558, 5165 2559 Fax: (91-11) 5165 2560 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ipcs.org ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to Prof. P.R. Chari, for his valuable comments and Dr.Suba Chandran for his guidance and support rendered throughout the program. I thank all my colleagues and the staff at IPCS for their kind encouragement. I am obliged to my senior friends, Ms. Rajeshwari, IPCS and Mr. Hari Shankar, SARDI for their help in myriad ways. I owe a debt of gratitude to my Mother Smt.R. Meenakshi Ammal, my family members and the Almighty for their blessing at every stage of my career. R Ramasubramanian Suicide Terrorism in Sri Lanka It would elicit little debate that since the non- abandon West Bank and Gaza, and by Al violence protest movements of Mahatma Gandhi, Qaeda to pressurize the United States to Martin Luther King J., and Nelson Mandela, the withdraw from the Saudi Arabian acts of suicide bombings, more than any other single Peninsula.4 Before the early 1980s, suicide form of political protest, have left their greatest terrorism was rare but not unknown. imprint on global politics during the past two However, since the attack on the U.S. decades.1 embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 300 separate suicide terrorist Reports of suicide bombings have filled the attacks worldwide, in Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, news recently. The continuing spate of Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, attacks in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sri Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United Lanka has made suicide terrorism seem like States,5 the most recent being the a flourishing sunrise industry. This Uzbekistan suicide bombing in July 31 2004. augments the fact that suicide bombings Thus the numbers have increased from 31 have been a favorite and effective mode for in the 1980s to 104 in the 1990s to 153 in terrorists to successfully penetrate a target 2000– August 2004, increasing both in and create injuries and chaos. Suicide tempo and location. bombings have emerged as ‘deadly weapons’ in the arsenal of terrorism.2 Terrorist This study is not about suicide terrorism per organizations are increasingly relying on se, but is concerned with the perpetrators of suicide attacks to achieve major political this kind of terrorism. An attempt has been objectives.3 For example, spectacular suicide made to synthesize their psychological and terrorist attacks have recently been sociological motives and provide a general employed by Iraqi hardliner groups in assessment of suicide terrorism in Sri Lanka. attempts to force US and allied forces to It is hoped that an examination of the abandon the mainland Iraq, by the extensive body of behaviorist literature on Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam to compel political, nationalistic and religious terrorism the Sri Lankan government to accept an will provide some answers to questions such independent Tamil homeland, by Palestinian as: Who are suicide terrorists? How do groups in attempts to force Israel to individuals become suicide bombers? How are they recruited? Is there a terrorist mindset or are terrorist groups too diverse 1 Kusum Mundra, “Suicide bombing as a to have a single mindset or common strategic instrument of protest: an empirical psychological traits? Are there instead investigation”, Seminar Paper presented in Department of Economics in San Diego different terrorist mindsets? Is politics more University during Fall 2003. http://www.economics.ucr.edu/seminars/10- 4 Robert Pape, “The Strategic Logic of Suicide 01-03 Kusum Mundra Intro.pdf Terrorism” , American Political Science Review 2 Scott Atran, “Genesis of Suicide Terrorism”, Vol. 97, No. 3, August 2003, p.1. Science, March 7, 2003, p. 21. 5 Yoram Schweitzer, “Suicide Terrorism: http://search.epnet. Development and main characteristics,” in com/direct.asp?an=9355002&db=aph Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International 3 Josie Glausiusz, “The Surprises of Suicide Conference (Herzliya, Israel: The International Terrorism”, Discover, October 2003, p. 17. Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 2001), http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=108411 pp. 75-76. 71&db=aph - 1 - important than a human life? Is suicide targeted nation was dramatically terrorism ever successful? Can suicide demonstrated with the suicide bombing of terrorism be justified? Why is suicide the WTC, or the 9/11 attack. terrorism an attractive choice for terror groups? What can be some positive goals of According to Robert Pape, ‘the total terrorist activity? What strategies can be number of terrorist incidents of all kinds used to stem the tide of suicide attacks? had been falling - from a peak of 666 in 1987 to a low of 274 in 1998. But, in To gain a better understanding, the study is contrast, suicide attacks are proliferating’9. categorized into four parts. The first part There were 98 suicide attacks in the past overviews the emerging suicide terrorist – four years, as compared to 212 attacks threat scenario and purpose behind such during 1983 – 200010. This sharp increase attacks. The second part deals with suicide can be attributed to the change in terrorist terrorism in Sri Lanka, focusing on attacks mindset in engaging their opponents; carried out by the LTTE. The third part however, the employment of suicide attacks focuses on the Black Tigers, their as a terrorist technique is not a new motivations and the role of women. The phenomenon. ‘With the invention of fourth part analyses the psychological and dynamite in the late 19th century, the use of nationalistic framework of suicide terrorism. bombs in terrorist attacks became a generally favored method, and this applies I to suicide attacks also’11. But with the Emerging Suicide development of better explosives and means Terrorist-Threat Scenarios of detonating them, suicide attacks became less common. Later, ‘due to the increase in Terrorist organisations are increasingly relying on counter terrorism measures, the terrorist suicide attacks to achieve major political organisations began to reintroduce suicide objectives…The rise of suicide terrorism is especially attacks’.12 remarkable.– Robert A. Pape. 6 The terrorist organisations arrange suicide The emerging trend in terrorism over the attacks to coerce the state into conceding its past three decades has contradicted the demands and to punish members of the conventional thinking that terrorists are targeted state for any harm done to their averse to using deadly weapons or WMDs.7 community or religion. Thus they use When the conventional terrorist groups of suicide attacks not only ‘as a weapon of the early 1970s are compared with terrorists protest, but also as a weapon of intimidation in the early 1990s, a trend can be seen i.e., a and weapon of reprisal’13. Subsequently, transition towards nationalistic feeling and terrorist organisations venerate these religious fervor.8 The increased threat level, individual acts of suicide terrorism to create in the form of terrorist actions aimed at achieving a larger scale of destruction through the choice of their targets, which 9 are often symbolic or representative in the Robert Pape, “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism”, p.1. 10 Michael Kurton, “Why Human Bombs?”, 6 Robert Pape, “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Journal of Defence Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 4 , July Terrorism”, American Political Science Review, 2001, p. 56. Vol. 97, No. 3, August 2003, p.1. 11 Audrey Kurth Cronin, “Terrorists and Suicide 7 Rohan Gunaratna, “Suicide Terrorism: A Attacks”, CRS Report for Congress, August 28, Global Threat”, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 20 2003. p. 4. October 2000; accessed at 12 ibid., [http://www.janes.com] on 22 June 2004. 13 B. Raman, “Suicide and Suicidal Terrorism”, 8 Ehud Sprinzak, “Rational Fanatics”, Foreign Paper 947, South Asia Analysis Group. Policy, September/October 2000, pp. 66-73. http://www.saag.org/papers10/paper947.html - 2 - a desire among the fellow members to But in the case of suicide terrorism, follow suit. a terrorist kills others by killing himself. Here the terrorist knows fully well that the DELINEATING SUICIDE TERRORISM attack will not be executed if he is not killed in the process. (Refer Table I) Suicide terrorism must be differentiated from other form of terrorisms. Pape has Suicide terrorism can be broadly defined as defined the different forms of terrorism as “the readiness to sacrifice one’s life in the demonstrative, destructive, and suicide process of destroying or attempting to 14 terrorism . However this differentiation is destroy a target to advance a political goal. not clear cut. Suicide terrorism cannot be The aim of the psychologically and compared with demonstrative and physically war-trained terrorist is to die destructive terrorism. It can be argued that while destroying the enemy target”.16 the suicide terrorism is merely an instrument Schweitzer defines suicide terrorism as a or modus operandi, compared to politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a demonstrative or destructive terrorism self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively which are mostly objectives. Suicide and purposely causes his own death through blowing terrorism as an instrument, seeks both himself up along with his chosen target.
Recommended publications
  • Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia List of Commanders of the LTTE
    4/29/2016 List of commanders of the LTTE ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of commanders of the LTTE From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The following is a list of commanders of theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), also known as the Tamil Tigers, a separatist militant Tamil nationalist organisation, which operated in northern and eastern Sri Lanka from late 1970s to May 2009, until it was defeated by the Sri Lankan Military.[1][2] Date & Place Date & Place Nom de Guerre Real Name Position(s) Notes of Birth of Death Thambi (used only by Velupillai 26 November 1954 19 May Leader of the LTTE Prabhakaran was the supreme closest associates) and Prabhakaran † Velvettithurai 2009(aged 54)[3][4][5] leader of LTTE, which waged a Anna (elder brother) Vellamullivaikkal 25­year violent secessionist campaign in Sri Lanka. His death in Nanthikadal lagoon,Vellamullivaikkal,Mullaitivu, brought an immediate end to the Sri Lankan Civil War. Pottu Amman alias Shanmugalingam 1962 18 May 2009 Leader of Tiger Pottu Amman was the second­in­ Papa Oscar alias Sivashankar † Nayanmarkaddu[6] (aged 47) Organization Security command of LTTE. His death was Sobhigemoorthyalias Kailan Vellamullivaikkal Intelligence Service initially disputed because the dead (TOSIS) and Black body was not found. But in Tigers October 2010,TADA court judge K. Dakshinamurthy dropped charges against Amman, on the Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, accepting the CBI's report on his demise.[7][8] Selvarasa Shanmugam 6 April 1955 Leader of LTTE since As the chief arms procurer since Pathmanathan (POW) Kumaran Kankesanthurai the death of the origin of the organisation, alias Kumaran Tharmalingam Prabhakaran.
    [Show full text]
  • Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 2 Issue 2 Winter Winter 2007 At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W. Brenner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Susan W. Brenner, At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 379 (2006-2007) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/07/9702-0379 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97. No. 2 Copyright 0 2007 by NorthwesternUniversity. Schoolof Low Printedin U.S.A. "AT LIGHT SPEED": ATTRIBUTION AND RESPONSE TO CYBERCRIME/TERRORISM/WARFARE SUSAN W. BRENNER* This Article explains why and how computer technology complicates the related processes of identifying internal (crime and terrorism) and external (war) threats to social order of respondingto those threats. First, it divides the process-attribution-intotwo categories: what-attribution (what kind of attack is this?) and who-attribution (who is responsiblefor this attack?). Then, it analyzes, in detail, how and why our adversaries' use of computer technology blurs the distinctions between what is now cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare. The Article goes on to analyze how and why computer technology and the blurring of these distinctions erode our ability to mount an effective response to threats of either type.
    [Show full text]
  • In Defense of Cyberterrorism: an Argument for Anticipating Cyber-Attacks
    IN DEFENSE OF CYBERTERRORISM: AN ARGUMENT FOR ANTICIPATING CYBER-ATTACKS Susan W. Brenner Marc D. Goodman The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States brought the notion of terrorism as a clear and present danger into the consciousness of the American people. In order to predict what might follow these shocking attacks, it is necessary to examine the ideologies and motives of their perpetrators, and the methodologies that terrorists utilize. The focus of this article is on how Al-Qa'ida and other Islamic fundamentalist groups can use cyberspace and technology to continue to wage war againstthe United States, its allies and its foreign interests. Contending that cyberspace will become an increasingly essential terrorist tool, the author examines four key issues surrounding cyberterrorism. The first is a survey of conventional methods of "physical" terrorism, and their inherent shortcomings. Next, a discussion of cyberspace reveals its potential advantages as a secure, borderless, anonymous, and structured delivery method for terrorism. Third, the author offers several cyberterrorism scenarios. Relating several examples of both actual and potential syntactic and semantic attacks, instigated individually or in combination, the author conveys their damagingpolitical and economic impact. Finally, the author addresses the inevitable inquiry into why cyberspace has not been used to its full potential by would-be terrorists. Separately considering foreign and domestic terrorists, it becomes evident that the aims of terrorists must shift from the gross infliction of panic, death and destruction to the crippling of key information systems before cyberattacks will take precedence over physical attacks. However, given that terrorist groups such as Al Qa'ida are highly intelligent, well-funded, and globally coordinated, the possibility of attacks via cyberspace should make America increasingly vigilant.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics & Society
    Politics & Society http://pas.sagepub.com Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare? Elisabeth Jean Wood Politics Society 2009; 37; 131 DOI: 10.1177/0032329208329755 The online version of this article can be found at: http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/131 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Politics & Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://pas.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/37/1/131 Downloaded from http://pas.sagepub.com at AMERICAN UNIV LIBRARY on November 23, 2009 Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare?* ELISABETH JEAN WOOD This article explores a particular pattern of wartime violence, the relative absence of sexual violence on the part of many armed groups. This neglected fact has important policy implications: If some groups do not engage in sexual vio- lence, then rape is not inevitable in war as is sometimes claimed, and there are stronger grounds for holding responsible those groups that do engage in sexual violence. After developing a theoretical framework for understanding the observed variation in wartime sexual violence, the article analyzes the puzzling absence of sexual violence on the part of the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam of Sri Lanka. Keywords: sexual violence; rape; political violence; human rights; war *This article is part of a special section of Politics & Society on the topic “patterns of wartime sexual violence.” The papers were presented at the workshop Sexual Violence during War held at Yale University in November 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Energy and Access Improvement Project
    Resettlement Planning Document Resettlement Plan Document Stage: Final Project Number: 39419 July 2008 SRI: Clean Energy and Access Improvement Project Prepared by Ceylon Electricity Board The resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD NATIONAL GRID DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LOAN AGREEMENT NO: RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLAN ENVIRONMENT UNIT CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD COLOMBO SRI LANAKA Abbreviations ADB - Asian Development Bank BoI - Board of Investment 0C - Celsius CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board db(A) - A-Weighted sound measurement in decibels DS - Divisional Secretary EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EPL - Environmental Protection License GIS - Gas Insulated Substation GN - Grama Niladhari GS - Grid Substation IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IPP - Independent Power Producer km - kilometer kV - kilovolt LoI - Letter of Intent m - meter mm - millimeter MOH - Medical Officer of Health MVA - Megavolt Ampere MW - Megawatt NCRE - Non-Conventional Renewable Energy NGO - Non Government Organization NIRR - National Policy on Involuntary Resettlement NEA - National Environment Act PAA - Project Approving Agency PAC - Project Approving Committee PSS/e - Power System Simulation REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW - Right of Way SEA - Sustainable Energy Authority SLBC - Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation SPPA - Small Power Purchase Agreement SPP - Small Power Producer VRR - Victoria, Randenigala, Rantembe W - Watt Page 1 Executive Summary This Resettlement and Compensation Plan covers the proposed National Grid Development Project of Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka, scheduled for implementation from year 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 4 Perspective of the Colombo Metropolitan Area 4.1 Identification of the Colombo Metropolitan Area
    Urban Transport System Development Project for Colombo Metropolitan Region and Suburbs CoMTrans UrbanTransport Master Plan Final Report CHAPTER 4 Perspective of the Colombo Metropolitan Area 4.1 Identification of the Colombo Metropolitan Area 4.1.1 Definition The Western Province is the most developed province in Sri Lanka and is where the administrative functions and economic activities are concentrated. At the same time, forestry and agricultural lands still remain, mainly in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the province. And also, there are some local urban centres which are less dependent on Colombo. These areas have less relation with the centre of Colombo. The Colombo Metropolitan Area is defined in order to analyse and assess future transport demands and formulate a master plan. For this purpose, Colombo Metropolitan Area is defined by: A) areas that are already urbanised and those to be urbanised by 2035, and B) areas that are dependent on Colombo. In an urbanised area, urban activities, which are mainly commercial and business activities, are active and it is assumed that demand for transport is high. People living in areas dependent on Colombo area assumed to travel to Colombo by some transport measures. 4.1.2 Factors to Consider for Future Urban Structures In order to identify the CMA, the following factors are considered. These factors will also define the urban structure, which is described in Section 4.3. An effective transport network will be proposed based on the urban structure as well as the traffic demand. At the same time, the new transport network proposed will affect the urban structure and lead to urban development.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAP 9 Sri Lanka
    79o 00' 79o 30' 80o 00' 80o 30' 81o 00' 81o 30' 82o 00' Kankesanturai Point Pedro A I Karaitivu I. Jana D Peninsula N Kayts Jana SRI LANKA I Palk Strait National capital Ja na Elephant Pass Punkudutivu I. Lag Provincial capital oon Devipattinam Delft I. Town, village Palk Bay Kilinochchi Provincial boundary - Puthukkudiyiruppu Nanthi Kadal Main road Rameswaram Iranaitivu Is. Mullaittivu Secondary road Pamban I. Ferry Vellankulam Dhanushkodi Talaimannar Manjulam Nayaru Lagoon Railroad A da m' Airport s Bridge NORTHERN Nedunkeni 9o 00' Kokkilai Lagoon Mannar I. Mannar Puliyankulam Pulmoddai Madhu Road Bay of Bengal Gulf of Mannar Silavatturai Vavuniya Nilaveli Pankulam Kebitigollewa Trincomalee Horuwupotana r Bay Medawachchiya diya A d o o o 8 30' ru 8 30' v K i A Karaitivu I. ru Hamillewa n a Mutur Y Pomparippu Anuradhapura Kantalai n o NORTH CENTRAL Kalpitiya o g Maragahewa a Kathiraveli L Kal m a Oy a a l a t t Puttalam Kekirawa Habarane u 8o 00' P Galgamuwa 8o 00' NORTH Polonnaruwa Dambula Valachchenai Anamaduwa a y O Mundal Maho a Chenkaladi Lake r u WESTERN d Batticaloa Naula a M uru ed D Ganewatta a EASTERN g n Madura Oya a G Reservoir Chilaw i l Maha Oya o Kurunegala e o 7 30' w 7 30' Matale a Paddiruppu h Kuliyapitiya a CENTRAL M Kehelula Kalmunai Pannala Kandy Mahiyangana Uhana Randenigale ya Amparai a O a Mah Reservoir y Negombo Kegalla O Gal Tirrukkovil Negombo Victoria Falls Reservoir Bibile Senanayake Lagoon Gampaha Samudra Ja-Ela o a Nuwara Badulla o 7 00' ng 7 00' Kelan a Avissawella Eliya Colombo i G Sri Jayewardenepura
    [Show full text]
  • Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
    US Army TRADOC TRADOC G2 Handbook No. 1 AA MilitaryMilitary GuideGuide toto TerrorismTerrorism in the Twenty-First Century US Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC G2 TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity - Threats Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 15 August 2007 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 1 Summary of Change U.S. Army TRADOC G2 Handbook No. 1 (Version 5.0) A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century Specifically, this handbook dated 15 August 2007 • Provides an information update since the DCSINT Handbook No. 1, A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, publication dated 10 August 2006 (Version 4.0). • References the U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2006 dated April 2007. • References the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), Reports on Terrorist Incidents - 2006, dated 30 April 2007. • Deletes Appendix A, Terrorist Threat to Combatant Commands. By country assessments are available in U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2006 dated April 2007. • Deletes Appendix C, Terrorist Operations and Tactics. These topics are covered in chapter 4 of the 2007 handbook. Emerging patterns and trends are addressed in chapter 5 of the 2007 handbook. • Deletes Appendix F, Weapons of Mass Destruction. See TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.04. • Refers to updated 2007 Supplemental TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.01, Terror Operations: Case Studies in Terror, dated 25 July 2007. • Refers to Supplemental DCSINT Handbook No. 1.02, Critical Infrastructure Threats and Terrorism, dated 10 August 2006. • Refers to Supplemental DCSINT Handbook No.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster, Terror, War, and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) Events
    Disaster, Terror, War, and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) Events Date Location Agent Notes Source 28 Apr Kano, Nigeria VBIED Five soldiers were killed and 40 wounded when a Boko http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2017/ 2017 Haram militant drove his VBIED into a convoy. Apr-28/403711-suicide-bomber-kills-five-troops- in-ne-nigeria-sources.ashx 25 Apr Pakistan Land mine A passenger van travelling within Parachinar hit a https://www.dawn.com/news/1329140/14- 2017 landmine, killing fourteen and wounding nine. killed-as-landmine-blast-hits-van-carrying- census-workers-in-kurram 24 Apr Sukma, India Small arms Maoist rebels ambushed CRPF forces and killed 25, http://odishasuntimes.com/2017/04/24/12-crpf- 2017 wounding six or so. troopers-killed-in-maoist-attack/ 15 Apr Aleppo, Syria VBIED 126 or more people were killed and an unknown https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suici 2017 number wounded in ISIS attacks against a convoy of de_car_bombing buses carrying refugees. 10 Apr Somalia Suicide Two al-Shabaab suicide bombs detonated in and near http://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia- 2017 bombings Mogadishu killed nine soldiers and a civil servant. security-blast-idUSKBN17C0JV?il=0 10 Apr Wau, South Ethnic violence At least sixteen people were killed and ten wounded in http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan- 2017 Sudan ethnic violence in a town in South Sudan. violence-idUSKBN17C0SO?il=0 10 Apr Kirkuk, Iraq Small arms Twelve ISIS prisoners were killed by a firing squad, for http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/islamic- 2017 reasons unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Signatory ID Name CIN Company Name 02700003 RAM TIKA
    Signatory ID Name CIN Company Name 02700003 RAM TIKA U55101DL1998PTC094457 RVS HOTELS AND RESORTS 02700032 BANSAL SHYAM SUNDER U70102AP2005PTC047718 SHREEMUKH PROPERTIES PRIVATE 02700065 CHHIBA SAVITA U01100MH2004PTC150274 DEJA VU FARMS PRIVATE LIMITED 02700070 PARATE VIJAYKUMAR U45200MH1993PTC072352 PARATE DEVELOPERS P LTD 02700076 BHARATI GHOSH U85110WB2007PTC118976 ACCURATE MEDICARE & 02700087 JAIN MANISH RAJMAL U45202MH1950PTC008342 LEO ESTATES PRIVATE LIMITED 02700109 NATESAN RAMACHANDRAN U51505TN2002PTC049271 RESHMA ELECTRIC PRIVATE 02700110 JEGADEESAN MAHENDRAN U51505TN2002PTC049271 RESHMA ELECTRIC PRIVATE 02700126 GUPTA JAGDISH PRASAD U74210MP2003PTC015880 GOPAL SEVA PRIVATE LIMITED 02700155 KRISHNAKUMARAN NAIR U45201GJ1994PTC021976 SHARVIL HOUSING PVT LTD 02700157 DHIREN OZA VASANTLAL U45201GJ1994PTC021976 SHARVIL HOUSING PVT LTD 02700183 GUPTA KEDAR NATH U72200AP2004PTC044434 TRAVASH SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS 02700187 KUMARASWAMY KUNIGAL U93090KA2006PLC039899 EMERALD AIRLINES LIMITED 02700216 JAIN MANOJ U15400MP2007PTC020151 CHAMBAL VALLEY AGRO 02700222 BHAIYA SHARAD U45402TN1996PTC036292 NORTHERN TANCHEM PRIVATE 02700226 HENDIN URI ZIPORI U55101HP2008PTC030910 INNER WELLSPRING HOSPITALITY 02700266 KUMARI POLURU VIJAYA U60221PY2001PLC001594 REGENCY TRANSPORT CARRIERS 02700285 DEVADASON NALLATHAMPI U72200TN2006PTC059044 ZENTERE SOLUTIONS PRIVATE 02700322 GOPAL KAKA RAM U01400UP2007PTC033194 KESHRI AGRI GENETICS PRIVATE 02700342 ASHISH OBERAI U74120DL2008PTC184837 ASTHA LAND SCAPE PRIVATE 02700354 MADHUSUDHANA REDDY U70200KA2005PTC036400
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Years of De Facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects Scott Pegg
    Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects Scott Pegg Subject: World Politics Online Publication Date: Jul 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.516 Weblink: http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637- e-516 In This Article • Introduction • Progress o Nation-Building in De Facto States o State-Building in De Facto States o Benefits to the Lack of Recognition? o Democratization without Sovereignty o Data Collection and Empirical Measurements o Engagement without Recognition • Problems o Defining De Facto States o Numbers and Longevity of De Facto States o Polemical and Politicized Discourse • Prospects • Acknowledgment • References • Notes Summary and Keywords It has been almost 20 years since the publication of International Society and the De Facto State by Scott Pegg in 1998, the first book-length substantive theoretical attempt to investigate the phenomenon of de facto states—secessionist entities that control territory, provide governance, receive popular support, persist over time, and seek widespread recognition of their proclaimed sovereignty and yet fail to receive it. Even though most de facto states are relatively small and fragile actors, in the intervening years the study of de facto or contested or unrecognized statehood has expanded dramatically. The de facto state literature has contributed significantly to the growing recognition that the international system is far more variegated than is commonly perceived. An initial focus on the external ___________________________________________________________________ This is the author's manuscript of the article published in final edited form as: Pegg, S. (2017). Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects.
    [Show full text]
  • PEARL Factsheet
    D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 8 | F A C T S H E E T TAMIL MEMORIALIZATION UNDER THREAT People for Equality and Relief in Lanka K O P P A Y T H U Y I L U M I L L A M Picture: Tamil Guardian Security forces have perpetrated several PEARL verified at least two cases filed by incidents of harassment, threats, and perhaps police in an attempt to ban events in their even physical violence in relation to Tamil entirety. Notably, the courts declined to issue memorialization efforts over the last few a blanket ban on commemorations. weeks, particularly in connection with Maaveerar Naal, the Tamil National “Despite the increased ability to remember our dead in recent years, this Maaveerar Naal we Remembrance Day observed on November were painfully reminded how much we remain at 27, in the North-East of Sri Lanka. As in recent the mercy of the state and the whim of Sinhala years, Tamils from across the North-East politicians. This year were forced to dismantle gravestones – over ten years after military organized memorial events at the sites of LTTE destroyed our cemeteries, they made us destroy cemeteries destroyed by the government of them again. Who knows what we will have to Sri Lanka. However, the government said it did go through next year.” not grant permission for the events to take – Witness, Vaaharai Maaveerar Naal event, place.[1] November 2018 [1] https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/no-permission-maaveerar-naal-commemoration-says-sri-lankan- govt Police Attempt to Ban Commemoration Events Koppay, Jaffna: police applied for a ban Except for the display of those items, ahead of the day under Penal Code §120 and Magistrate Sinnaththurai Satheestharan said PTA regulations.[1] Unknown persons the event could go ahead.[3] circulated a fake notice that the court had Kayts, Jaffna: police also requested a banned commemorations to Tamil media.[2] blanket ban on commemorations at the On November 23, the Jaffna Magistrate Court destroyed LTTE cemetery in Chatty.
    [Show full text]