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Benzyl-Isothiocyanate Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Migration

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Benzyl-Isothiocyanate Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Migration Journal of Cancer 2017, Vol. 8 240 Ivyspring International Publisher Journal of Cancer 2017; 8(2): 240-248. doi: 10.7150/jca.16402 Research Paper Benzyl-isothiocyanate Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells in vitro Mingyue Zhu1,2, Wei Li1,2, Xu Dong1,2, Yi Chen1,2, Yan Lu1,2, Bo Lin1,2, Junli Guo1, Mengsen Li1,2,3 1. Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, PR. China. 2. Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, PR. China. 3. Institution of Tumor, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, PR. China. Corresponding author: Mengsen Li, Professor, Ph.D; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, 3 Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, PR. China. Tel/Fax: +86-898-66895322; Email: [email protected]. © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions. Received: 2016.06.06; Accepted: 2016.10.29; Published: 2017.01.15 Abstract Despite consideration of benzyl isothiocyanate(BITC) is applied to prevention and therapeutic of cancer, the role of BITC in inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) cells is still unclear. In this study, we aim to explore the effects of BITC on the growth, migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro. When human HCC cell lines, Bel 7402 and HLE, were treated with an optimal concentration of BITC for 48 hours, the results indicated that BITC inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of HCC cells; BITC has a significant inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of HCC cells. BITC stimulated expression of caspase-3/8 and PARP-1, and suppressed expression of survivin, MMP2/9 and CXCR4. BITC also inhibited the enzymatic activities of MMP2 and MMP9. Altogether, BITC was able to induce apoptosis and suppress the invasive and migratory abilities of Bel 7402 and HLE cells. The role mechanism of BITC might involve an up-regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and down-regulating the expression of metastasis-related proteins. BITC may be applied as a novel chemotherapy for HCC patients. Key words: Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), Hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Apoptosis, Metastasis. Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth The preventive effects of cruciferous vegetables, most common cancer and the third most common such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, against cause of cancer death[1,2]. Although an increasing cancer have been suggested to be owing to their number of new methods are now applied to treat relatively high composition of glucosinolates, which HCC patients, surgery and chemotherapy are still the release biologically active isothiocyanates (ITCs) [6,7], most important therapeutic approaches for HCC ITCs play important roles in the detoxification of patients[3]. HCC cells are often refractory or resistant carcinogens[8,9]. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is a to standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy[4]. Drug member of the ITC family, and it is formed from the resistance and tumor recurrence or metastasis are hydrolysis of glucotropaeolin in cruciferous quite common in HCC patients, even in patients vegetables. Many studies have reported that BITC undergoing liver cancer resection or chemotherapy, prevents cancers in laboratory animals and might also and the survival ratio is only 30% to 40% at 5 years be chemoprotective in humans because BITC has postoperatively [5]. Moreover, malignant behaviors, displayed anti-tumor activities in many types of such as drug resistance and metastasis, often lead to cancer, including breast cancer[10,11], prostate poor prognoses for HCC patients. cancer[12], and HCC[13,14]. These data indicated that http://www.jcancer.org Journal of Cancer 2017, Vol. 8 241 BITC can be applied to prevent and treat cancer. dihydrochloride(DAPI) solution. The cells were Recently, we reported that BITC plays a role in imaged using a fluorescence microscope at inhibiting the growth of HCC cells through arresting 100×magnification. In this study, nuclear pyknosis cell cycle[15]. These results suggested that BITC is and fragmentation were taken to define apoptosis, able to suppress the malignant behaviors of HCC and these criteria were evaluated by fluorescence cells. However, whether BITC plays a role in inducing microscopy as previously described[18,19]. apoptosis and inhibiting the migration and invasion of HCC cells is still unclear. In the present study, we Flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis found that BITC promotes apoptosis and suppresses Bel 7402 cells and HLE cells were cultured in the migration and invasion of HCC cells via RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FCS at regulating the expression of apoptosis- and 37°C in a humidified atmosphere and 5% CO2. The metastasis-related proteins. This study provides an cells were treated with BITC (40 µmol/L or 80 evidence for the potential application of BITC as an µmol/L) for 48 h, and the extent of apoptosis in Bel adjuvant treatment to inhibit metastasis and enhance 7402 cells or HLE cells was analyzed by flow chemotherapy. BITC is a novel nutrient for the cytometry as previously described[19]. prevention and treatment of HCC. Cell migration and invasion were detected by Material and methods the Transwellmethod Cell migration and invasion assays were carried Cell culture out according to the manufacturer’s protocols and as In this study, we selected the human HCC cell previously described[20]. To measure cell migration, lines Bel 7402 (AFP-producer) and HLE transwell chambers were used to observe cultured cell (non-AFP-producer) for testing. These cells were the inserts (Transwell chamber; 8-mm pore size; Costar, gifts from the Department of Cell Biology, Peking High Wycombe, UK). Bel 7402 cells and HLE cells University Health Science Center (Beijing, China), and (5×104) were added to the upper chambers and the cells were cultured with RPMI-160 medium cultured with serum-free RPMI-1640 medium and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf treated with BITC (40 µmol/L or 80 µmol/L) for 48 h, serum (FCS) and were incubated at 37°C in a whereas the lower chamber was filled with complete humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 as medium containing 20% FCS. After 48 h of incubation, described[16]. the cells in the upper chamber were carefully removed with a cotton swab, and those that had Cell growth detection by MTT methods migrated through the membrane to the lower surface 4 A total of 1.5×10 Bel 7402 cells or HLE cells were fixed with 90% methanol and stained with 0.1% were plated in each well of 96-well plates and crystal violet. The number of cells that had migrated cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with through the pores was quantified by counting five 10% FCS at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% independent visual fields using a microscope CO2 for 48 h. The cells were cultured with medium (Olympus) with a 20×objective. For invasion assays, not containing FCS for another 24 h and treated with transwell chambers were covered with Matrigel (BD different concentrations of BITC (10-80µmol/L) for 48 Falcon, USA), and the experimental procedure was h. The effects of BITC(Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd, similar to that for the migration assays. The migratory St. Louis, MO,UAS) treatment on cells growth were cell or invasive cell ratio=(numbers of untreated measured by a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium groups-numbers of treated groups)/ numbers of bromide(MTT) assay as previously described[17]. The untreated groups. growth ratio was calculated using the following formula: growth ratio=(control group A490-treated Gelatin zymography assays for MMP2 and group A490)/ control group A490×100% MMP9 activities Bel 7402 cells and HLE cells were treated with Cell morphology was observed by microscopy BITC (40 µmol/L or 80 µmol/L) for 48 h, and and nuclear staining with DAPI MMP-2/9 protease activities in the concentrated To observe alterations in cellular morphology supernatants of Bel 7402 cells or HLE cells were induced by BITC, Bel 7402 cells or HLE cells were detected by gelatin zymography. Briefly, SDS-PAGE 4 plated at a density of 2.0×10 /ml in 24-well plates. under non-reducing conditions was completed using The cells were treated with 40 µmol/L or 80 µmol/L gels containing 1% gelatin (Mini-PROTEAN II system; BITC. After treatment for 48 h, cellular morphology Bio-Rad), and electrophoresis was carried out at 4˚C. was observed under light microscopy, and the cells After washing with 2% Triton X-100 to remove the were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole http://www.jcancer.org Journal of Cancer 2017, Vol. 8 242 SDS, the gels were incubated at 37˚C with buffer microscopy using DAPI staining, where the numbers containing 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 5 mmol/CaCl2 and 1 of cells with cellular nuclear condensation and mmol/l ZnCl2 for 18 h. MMP2/9 activities were pyknosis were significantly increased. In addition, the visualized by staining with Coomassie Blue morphological characteristics of apoptosis, including R-250(Bio-Rad) as previously described [21]. apoptosome formation and nuclear shrinkage, were apparent in the BITC-treated Bel 7402 cells and HLE Western blotting analysis cells. The flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that To estimate the influence of BITC on the when Bel 7402 cells and HLE cells were treated with expression of apoptosis-related proteins and BITC (40 µmol/L or 80 µmol/L) for 48 h, the apoptosis metastasis-related proteins, Bel 7402 cells and HLE ratio of the cells significantly increased (Figure 2).
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