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The Impacts of Imazapic on Garlic Mustard and Non- Target Forest Floor Vegetation in Central Kentucky’S Hardwood Forests

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The Impacts of Imazapic on Garlic Mustard and Non- Target Forest Floor Vegetation in Central Kentucky’S Hardwood Forests University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources Forestry and Natural Resources 2021 THE IMPACTS OF IMAZAPIC ON GARLIC MUSTARD AND NON- TARGET FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY’S HARDWOOD FORESTS Pavan Kumar Podapati University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-5774 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2021.294 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Podapati, Pavan Kumar, "THE IMPACTS OF IMAZAPIC ON GARLIC MUSTARD AND NON-TARGET FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY’S HARDWOOD FORESTS" (2021). Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources. 62. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/62 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Forestry and Natural Resources at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Pavan Kumar Podapati, Student Dr. John J. Cox, Major Professor Dr. Steven J. Price, Director of Graduate Studies THE IMPACTS OF IMAZAPIC ON GARLIC MUSTARD AND NON-TARGET FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY’S HARDWOOD FORESTS ________________________________________ THESIS ________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Forest and Natural Resource Sciences in the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment at the University of Kentucky By Pavan Kumar Podapati Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. John J. Cox, Associate Professor of Wildlife and Conservation Biology Lexington, Kentucky 2021 Copyright © Pavan Kumar Podapati 2021 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-5774 ABSTRACT OF THESIS THE IMPACTS OF IMAZAPIC ON GARLIC MUSTARD AND NON-TARGET FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY’S HARDWOOD FORESTS Alliaria petiolata is an invasive biennial herb that poses a substantial threat to various ecosystems across the United States. Imazapic herbicide can control A. petiolata infestations, but there is limited peer-reviewed data on impacts of pre-emergent imazapic spraying to forest floor communities. This research examined the impacts of pre- emergent imazapic (0.84 kg/ha) with Pentra-Bark® surfactant on ground cover of A. petiolata and the spring perennials Claytonia virginica and Erigenia bulbosa. Experimental populations in randomized blocks within two forest stands in central Kentucky received the following treatments at 0.84 kg ai/ha: imazapic with Pentra- Bark®, glyphosate with Pentra-Bark®, Pentra-Bark® alone, and a control with no herbicide. Imazapic treatments significantly reduced ground cover of all tested species, while other herbicidal treatments led to no significant ground cover responses. Imazapic treatments did not always eliminate these species from experimental units, although some C. virginica and E. bulbosa individuals exhibited superficial injury. These findings suggest imazapic (0.84 kg/ha) with Pentra-Bark® surfactant is highly effective against A. petiolata, but may also harm some non-target forest floor plants. Additional research is required to determine impacts at other application rates to these and other non-target forest floor plant species. KEYWORDS: Alliaria petiolata, garlic mustard, exotic invasive species, herbicide, forest floor, non-target impacts Pavan Kumar Podapati (Name of Student) 08/02/2021 Date THE IMPACTS OF IMAZAPIC ON GARLIC MUSTARD AND NON-TARGET FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY’S HARDWOOD FORESTS By Pavan Kumar Podapati Dr. John J. Cox Director of Thesis Dr. Steven J. Price Director of Graduate Studies 08/02/2021 Date DEDICATION To Dr. Thomas G. Barnes for his mentorship during 2012-2014 prior to his passing, and to my father and sister for their support and understanding as I worked towards my personal and professional goals. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my former Thesis Director, Dr. Thomas G. Barnes, for supplying herbicide application materials and offering initial guidance on my experimental design. I am also grateful to my current Thesis Director, Dr. John J. Cox, and my other Thesis Committee members, Dr. Scott K. Gleeson and Robert D. Paratley, for their time and invaluable feedback on my thesis project. Special thanks goes to all staff and faculty at the University of Kentucky Department of Forestry and Natural Resources for everything they do, and I would especially like to acknowledge Melinda E. Hamilton, Wendy Leuenberger, Dr. John M. Lhotka, and Billie Thomas for assistance with research equipment and/or data analysis. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. David B. Wagner for his extensive initial feedback on my thesis project design. Funding for this project was provided by the Kentucky Native Plant Society and the Kentucky Society of Natural History. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Danna Baxley and Josh Lillpop for their willingness to collaborate for my research. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the Division of Parks and Recreation staff with Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government, the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, and Jeffery A. Jones with Southern Conservation Corp. for granting access to study sites for research. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their patience and support while I finished my M.S. degree. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: THE IMPACTS OF IMAZAPIC ON GARLIC MUSTARD AND NON- TARGET FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY’S HARDWOOD FORESTS ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Garlic Mustard Life History Traits ......................................................................... 3 1.3 Garlic Mustard Management .................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Fire .................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Manual Removal ............................................................................................. 9 1.3.3 Biocontrol ..................................................................................................... 10 1.3.4 Herbicides ..................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Research Objectives .............................................................................................. 21 1.5 Methods................................................................................................................. 21 1.5.1 Pre-Emergent Herbicide Impacts on A. petiolata ......................................... 23 1.5.2 Pre-Emergent Herbicide Impacts on Non-Target Species ............................ 27 1.6 Results ................................................................................................................... 29 1.6.1 Alliaria petiolata (First-Year Rosettes) ........................................................ 29 1.6.2 Non-Target Species ....................................................................................... 30 1.7 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 31 1.7.1 Alliaria petiolata (First-Year Rosettes) ........................................................ 31 1.7.2 Non-Target
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