BSCZZO- 202 B. Sc. II YEAR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ANIMAL BEHAVIOURR DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY BSCZO-202 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF STUDIES Prof. B.D.Joshi Prof. H.C.S.Bisht Retd.Prof. Department of Zoology Department of Zoology DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Gurukul Kangri University Nainital. Haridwar. Dr.N.N.Pandey Prof. H.C.Tiwari Principal Scientist, Retd. Prof. & Principal Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries (DCFR) Department of Zoology, Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) MB Govt.PG College Bhimtal (Nainital). Haldwani Nainital. Dr.Shyam S. Kunjwal Department of Zoology Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani(Nainital) PROGRAMME COORDINATOR Dr.Shyam S. Kunjwal Department of Zoology & Biotechnology School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani(Nainital). Unit Writer Unit no. 1. Dr.Bhawna Pant Unit: 1, 2 & 3 Assistant Professor Department of Zoology Govt.PG College Ramnagar, Uttarakhand 2. Dr.Pradeep Pandey Unit: 4 & 5 Assistant Professor Department of Zoology LSM PG College Pithoragarh 3. Dr.Shyam S. Kunjwal Unit: 6, 10 & 11 Department of Zoology School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital 4. Dr.Sushil Bhadula Unit: 7, 8 & 9 Assistant Professor Department of Zoology Dev Sanskriti University Haridwar Uttarakhand COURSE EDITOR Prof. Hem Chandra Tiwari Retd.Principal Department of Zoology MB Govt.PG College Haldwani,Nainital Course Title and code : Environmental Biology & Animal Behavior (BSCZO202) ISBN No. : Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2018 Published by : Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital- 263139 Printed by : CONTENTS COURSE 1: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR COURSE CODE: BSCZO202 CREDIT: 3 Unit Block and Unit title Page number number Block I: Environmental Biology 1-98 1 Ecological concept: Basic concept of ecology, definition, types of ecology, 1-18 significance, concepts of habitat and ecological niche. 2 Environment: Abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors (Light intensity, 19-37 temperature, humidity, topography, edaphic factors). Producer, consumer and decomposer. Primary and secondary productivity. 3 Ecosystems: Major ecosystems (Freshwater, marine, forest and desert). Concept, 38-59 component and their function, energy flows, food chain, food web, trophic structures, and ecological pyramids. Introduction of law of limiting factors. 4 Biosphere: Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Atmosphere. 60-79 5 80-98 Biogeochemical cycles: Biogeochemical cycles (nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen and oxygen cycles). Block II: Biodiversity Conservation and Management 99-204 6 The concept of Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Biodiversity - 99-115 Definition - genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Importance of biodiversity. Hotspots, threats to biodiversity - conservation of biodiversity. Principles of wildlife management, Protected Areas & Wildlife habitat in India: wildlife sanctuaries, National Parks and Biosphere reserves in India, endangered and threatened species of animals in India. Wildlife Protection Acts 1972 and Biodiversity Act (2001). 7 Protected Area Network in Uttrakhand: Protected area network initiative 116-139 in Uttrakhand, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Park, and Biosphere Reserves. Major endangered fauna representing to PA’s of Uttarakhand State. 8 Environmental Pollution and Management: Air, water, noise and soil 140-169 pollution. Biodegradable and non degradable pollutants, Biomagnifications and Bioremediations. 9 170-204 Policies and Regulation: Disaster Management - Floods, Earth quake, Cyclone and Landslides. Biomagnifications and Bioremediation. Block III: Animal Behavior 205-252 10 Concepts and patterns of behavior: Types of behavior, behavioral 205-233 equipments (senses, organs), Individual behavior pattern and homing behavior. Parental care in Amphibian. 11 Social Organization: Social Life in Termites, Dance language of honey bees, 234-252 Biological clock, Migration in birds and Fishes. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BSCZO202 UNIT 1: ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT CONTENTS 1.1 Objectives: 1.2 Introduction: 1.3 Basic concept of ecology 1.3.1- Concept of Ecology 1.3.2- Definition of Ecology 1.3.3- Types of Ecology 1.3.4- Significance of Ecology 1.4 Basic concepts of habitat 1.4.1 Ecological niche: 1.5 Summary: 1.6 Glossary: 1.7 Self assessment question 1.8 References/ Suggested Readings %# S ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BSCZO202 1.1 OBJECTIVES To the study of Basic concept of ecology, definition, types of ecology, significance, concepts of habitat and ecological niche. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Ecology is mainly concerned with the biological connections and processes of organisms, land, water etc. It can be referred as the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organism. The term ecology (oekologie) is derived from two Greek words- oikos= means ‘house ` or place of live` and-logos means ‘a discussion or study` Ecology is the study of organism at home in their native environment. The term was first of all introduced by Reiter in 1868, but because the German biologist Ernst Haeckel (1869) first of all fully defined ecology as the study of reciprocal relations between organism and environment. Ecology is divided into the two main divisions: 1. Autecology: It is also called species ecology. It is concerned with the study of individual organism or the population of individual animals or plant species in relation to environment. 2. Synecology: The branch of ecology that studies about the relationship of various groups organism to their common environment. 1.3 BASIC CONCEPT OF ECOLOGY The four basic concepts of ecology are Holism, ecosystem, succession, and conservation. Holism Ecology as a basic division of biology attempts to define and explain patterns within and among organisms, at each level of organization. The hierarchical levels at which we discus interacting units of ecology are, individual < population < community < ecosystem < biome < Biosphere. Each level of organization has characteristics peculiar to it that are not identifiable at the levels below. Each unit is a whole built up by the interactions of lower level wholes into a higher level whole in this kind of Hierarchy Williams Ophuls (1974) considered holism as the real base of ecology. It focuses on the system paradigm of interrelationships. %# T ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BSCZO202 The term holism (from Greek word holon, meaning entity) was coined by the south African statesman, Jan Christian Smuts in his book Holism and evolution in 1926 to explain the process of evolution by the coming together of lesser wholes in order to create the universe. Holism or the Holistic philosophy as one of the basic concepts of ecology explains the characteristics of units at successive higher level of organization of organisms. Ecosystem The concept of Ecosystem was first formulated by A.G.Tensley in 1935.An ecosystem is the whole biotic community in a given area plus its abiotic environment. It therefore includes the physical and chemical nature of the sediments, water and gases as well as all the organisms. Ecosystem ecology emphasizes the movements of energy and nutrients (chemical elements) among the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem. The biotic components of any ecosystem are linked as food chains. Food chains are interlinked to form complex food webs. Food webs are the basic units of ecosystem ecology. Thus ecology begins with populations and culminates in ecosystems. Food webs are basic units of ecosystem ecology the ecology begins with population and culminate in ecosystems Food webs are basic unit since it is around then that energy and nutrients transfers take place. Succession All living organisms and their environment are mutually reactive, affecting each other in various ways. Animal population, flora, and vegetation are interdependent through the environment and are mutually reactive. Under natural condition, different kinds of population undergo succession. Ecosystems undergo an orderly process of change with time, passing from a less complex to a more complex state. This process involves not only change in species composition but also changes in the physical environment of a community. The terminal or stabilized state is known as climax. Succession is thus an ecological phenomenon of replacement of an earlier ecosystem by a higher biomass-rich and trophically- diversified ecosystem. It is usually a longer term process taking centuries for a time-series procession of more resistant system of producer, consumer and decomposer organisms resulting into a stable system accompanying biotically transformed terrain or habit under a given climate. %# U ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BSCZO202 1.3.1 CONCEPT OF ECOLOGY The world in which we live consists of living organisms and non-living structures. Often, relationships between organisms or between organisms and non-living structure are clearly visible. The science of ecology in its pure form studies the relationships of organisms with their environment. “Organisms” means all living entitles; this definition excludes relationships between non-living entities as a possible objects of study for ecology. The term “environment” is meant