JoTT Co m m u n i c a t i o n 4(9): 2857–2874

Butterflies (: Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea) and other protected fauna of Jones Estate, a dying watershed in the Kumaon Himalaya, ,

Peter Smetacek

Butterfly Research Centre, The Retreat, Jones Estate, , Uttarakhand 263136, India Email: [email protected]

Date of publication (online): 26 August 2012 Abstract: Two hundred and forty three of recorded from Jones Estate, Date of publication (print): 26 August 2012 Uttarakhand between 1951 and 2010 are reported. The ongoing rapid urbanization of ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Jones Estate micro-watershed will destroy the habitat of 49 species of wildlife protected under Indian law, as well as several species of narrow endemic and butterflies. Editor: Rudi Mattoni The only known Indian habitat for the Lister’s Hairstreak Pamela dudgeoni Manuscript details: will be destroyed. The effect on the water flow of both the Bhimtal and Sattal lake Ms # o3020 systems will clearly be adverse, as is evident from the drying up of Kua Tal and the Received 25 November 2011 reduced flow of perennial water springs during the dry season on the Estate. The Final received 02 February 2012 undoubtedly negative effect of urbanization on these valuable fresh water resources will Finally accepted 15 July 2012 be irreversible in the long term. The trend can be reversed by extending protection to Jones Estate by re-declaring it a Green Belt of Bhimtal and by banning construction in Citation: Smetacek, P. (2012). Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea) the catchment area of , as has been done in and Mussoorie, both and other protected fauna of Jones Estate, in Uttarakhand. a dying watershed in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa Keywords: Bhimtal, drinking water, drying lakes, freshwater resources, Green Belt, 4(9): 2857–2874. Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Pamela dudgeoni.

Copyright: © Peter Smetacek 2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Hindi Abstract: lu~ 1951 vkSj 2010 ds chp tkSal LVsV mRrjk[k.M esa ladfyr 243 iztkfr dh frrfy;ksa dk o.kZu JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any fn;k x;k gSA orZeku esa tkSl LVsV lw{e tykxe esa rsth l spy jgh ‘kgjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds vUrxZr medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction lajf{kr 49A ou tho dh iztkfr;ka rFkk dbZ fo’ks”k iraxs vkSj frrfy;ksa dh iztkfr ¼tks dsoy tkSal LVsV esa ikbZ tkrh and distribution by providing adequate credit to gSa½ ds vkokl u”V gks tk;saxsA blesa fyLV~lZ gS;j LVªhd frryh dk Hkkjr esa ,d ek= fuokl u”V gks tk;sxkA Hkherky the authors and the source of publication. rFkk lkrrky >hyksa dk ikuh ds ty lzksr ij bldk dqizHkko iM+sxkA bldk orZeku esa daqvkrky ty lzksr ds lw[kus

Author Details: Pe t e r Sm e t a c e k is an authority rFkk bykds ds lnkcgkj ty lzksr ds xehZ ds ekSle esa yxHkx lw[k tkus ls Li”V gSA yacs le;kof/k esa bu vewY; ehBs on Indian Lepidoptera and has pioneered the ikuh ds la’kk/kuksa ij ‘kgjhdj.k ds udjkRed vlj dk dksbZ lq/kkj rHkh laHko gS tc tkSal LVsV dks gfjr iV~Vh ?kksf”kr use of communities as bio-indicators of dh tk;s rFkk Hkherky >hy d sty laxzg.k {ks= esa fuekZ.k dk;Z ij ikcanh yxs tSls fd mRrjk[k.M ea uSuhrky rFkk climatic change and ground water. elwjh esa fd;k x;k gSA

Acknowledgements: I am grateful to my late father, Fred Smetacek Sr.; to the Times Fellowship Council, New , for a Fellowship to study Indian rivers in 1992 and to the Rufford Small INTRODUCTION Grant Foundation, U.K., for funding the work on Lepidoptera and Himalayan forest ecosystems between 2006 and the present study via a Jones Estate (“June State” on Revenue Department records) is a series of grants. I am indebted to Rudi Mattoni, 0 Argentina for encouragement to write this and forested microwatershed in , Uttarakhand (29 21’17”N & valuable suggestions on an earlier draft and 79032’34.27”E), separating the Bhimtal and Sattal lake systems (Image drawing my attention to the format developed by him and used in Table 1 and to Zdenek Faltynek 1). In the Himalaya, it is a unique geographical feature, being the only Fric, Ceske Budejovice in the Czech Republic, for valuable taxonomic comments on Table 1. Also, I forested watershed separating two lake systems comprising a total of am indebted to the anonymous referees whose eight perennial and seasonal lakes. Bhimtal (tal = lake in Hindi) lies at recommendations considerably improved the paper and to my children, Kanika and Pius, who the southeastern end while the Sattal lies along the northern half of the spent many hours sorting through note books, loose lists, books and specimens to compile western face of the Estate. Comprising roughly 4.8 sq.km (1200 acres) of the enormous amount of data that went into the private forest in 1951, the forest area of Jones Estate has been reduced by making of Table 1. roughly 30% due to cultivation and habitation over the years. The lowest point is 1200m at the conjoined Ram and Sita lakes of the Sattal (seven lakes) system, while the highest point is Thala at 1731m. The range runs northwest to southeast for a distance of roughly 3km from Dhupchaura pass on the northwest to Tallital market and Bohrakun Village on its southeastern and southern faces OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD respectively (Image 1). To the east lies the Bhimtal lake system comprising

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | August 2012 | 4(9): 2857–2874 2857 Protected fauna of Jones Estate P. Smetacek

Image 1. Google map showing Jones Estate watershed outlined in white and adjoining lake systems. Source: Googlemaps

of three lakes—Nal-Damayantital, Kuatal and Bhimtal. To the west lies the Sattal lake system comprising of Pannatal (=Garurtal) (Image 2); Ramtal and Sitatal, Lakshmantal, Sukhatal, Sariyatal and Lokhamtal. Jones Estate lies in the outermost range of the Himalayan foothills and receives heavy rainfall. Although Osmaston (1927) gives a range of 2000– 3000 mm of rainfall for this area, actual precipitation is rather less nowadays, averaging 1443mm for the five- year period from 2005 to 2009 (Anonymous 2010). The forest consists of three plant associations, namely sub-tropical broadleaf with Himalayan Oak Quercus leucotrichophora as a nodal species; Image 2. Garurtal with the western face of Jones Estate in the background. Chir Pine Pinus roxburghii forest and elements of miscellaneous deciduous forest. In addition, there is

2858 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | August 2012 | 4(9): 2857–2874 Protected fauna of Jones Estate P. Smetacek a patch of naturalized Himalayan Cypress Cupressus The present paper also documents torulosa several acres in extent. the butterflies and vertebrates afforded protection under the Schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (Anonymous 2006) that have HISTORY been recorded on the Estate (Table 2). In total, these constitute 49 species, 11 on Schedule 1 and 39 on The Bhimtal Valley has been inhabited and cultivated Schedule 2 (Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus figures on for over a millennium and Atkinson (1882) noted that both Schedules and is counted only once). it was one of the largest single sheets of cultivation in the Kumaon Himalaya. Jones Estate watershed and the Sattal Valley were MATERIAL AND METHODS not inhabited during past centuries, although some small patches of cultivation were attempted by share-croppers The butterflies of the Estate have been studied and itinerant families until 1952. The major part of the since 1951. Some original specimens still exist, but Estate has always been forested. It came into existence the major resource from this era is in the form of notes in 1867 as a fee-simple estate, with the main aim maintained by my father, the late Fred Smetacek Sr. In of developing it for the production of green tea for the the course of studying local butterflies, two butterfly Tibetan market. Since then, it has remained in private subspecies new to science were discovered on the hands. Estate, namely miah varshneyi Smetacek and On 17 January 2001 the then Minister for praedicta Smetacek (both ) Environment and Forests, Mr. Kandari, stated in (Smetacek 2002; 2011b). Besides, several butterflies the Uttarakhand State Assembly that all concerned previously unrecorded from the Western Himalaya government departments, including the Public Works have been reported (Smetacek 2010). Moths have been Department, Forest Department, Pollution Control studied since 1972. Several species new to science Department, etc. in their reports on the possibility have been described from the Estate (Smetacek 2002; of construction of buildings on the Jones Estate 2005; 2010a). Besides, the population of hawkmoths watershed, had stressed that any such move would (Lepidoptera: ) on the Estate provided result in disastrous consequences for Bhimtal and for material for pioneering work in using members of the water storage capability of the Sattal lakes (Special an insect community as bio-indicators to predict and Correspondent 2001). track climate change (Smetacek 1994; 2004). In 1954, a Forest Working Plan was passed for The sightings of mammals and birds included in Jones Estate by the Forest Department. In the Land Annexure 2 were compiled mostly during the 1980s, Record Settlement known as the Bandobast in 1957, when much time was spent patrolling the forest. They land use of the greater part of Jones Estate was are all based on actual sightings by the author. The recorded as “forest”. Under the provisions of the most recent sighting of a mammal protected under the Forest Conservation Act 1980, no land use change is provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and permitted on such land without the permission of the listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red Data List Central Government. is of a Himalayan Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis Despite this, numerous houses and resorts thar) which was sighted and photographed outside the are being constructed and there is no doubt that Butterfly Research Centre, Jones Estate at 10am on 07 the eventual urbanization of the Estate is well under November 2011. way, to the detriment of the Bhimtal and Sattal lake The use of a lepidopteran community as an indicator systems and the wildlife inhabiting the Estate at of forest health and consequently the health of the present. Therefore, the present paper documents the ecosystem including sub-surface water resources has butterflies recorded on the Estate (Table 1) so asto been explored on the Estate by the author for the get a better idea of what is being lost and the eventual past 30 years (Smetacek 1993–2010). The format of consequences of urbanization of the Jones Estate Image 1, which enables a great deal of information watershed. to be presented concisely, has been taken with kind

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Table 1. Butterflies recorded in Jones Estate, Bhimtal, Between 1951 and 2011. 1 - Name 2 - Geographic distribution of the species. 3 - General distribution G - garden species, found everywhere; NA - widespread but only in undisturbed areas; LO - localized in colonies; RM - not resident, but regular migrants; SM - sporadic,rare migrants; 4 - Usual Habitat: U - universal across all habitats; SE - subtropical evergreen forest above 1200m; TD - tropical deciduous forest between 400 and 1400 m; SR - Shorea robusta forest below 1000m; S - scrubland; G - grassland. 5 - Relative abundance, sightings per day during seasonal optimum: V - very rare, none or one: R - rare (2–4); O - occasional (5–9); A - abundant (10–49); C - common (>50). 6 - Index of relative movement of an average individual during adult lifespan. The values are existential estimates and subject to error. 0 - moves less than 100m; 1 - moves 100–1000 m; 2 - moves 1–5 km; 3 - strongly migratory/dispersive. 7 - Voltinism, Number of complete life cycles per year. S - Univoltine, single generation; B - Bivoltine, two discrete generations; M - Multivoltine, multiple, usually overlapping generations. Months during which adults have been recorded are in parentheses eg (iii–vii). 8 - Stage of life cycle that diapauses: O - none; E - egg; L - ; P ; A - adult. 9 - Span of larval food plant (FP) preferences: M - Monophagous, feeds on plant species within one ; O - Oligophagous, feeds on plant genera within one family; P - Polyphagous, feeds on plants in two or more families. 10 - Larval food plant families; in cases where the spectrum of families is very wide, only two of the most important families in the area are included. For others, reference may be made to Robinson et al. (2001).

Throughout the paper, the symbol ? indicates the lack of dependable data.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PAPILIONIDAE Himalaya from 1. Troides aeacus Garhwal east to SM SE R 1 or 2 B: v-vii. ? P O Aristolochiaceae Felder & Felder and Himalaya from 2. Atrophaneura B: iv-v; Garhwal east to LO SE R 1 or 2 ? P O Aristolochiaceae aidoneus Doubleday vii-viii Himalaya from 03. Byasa dasarada B:iv-vi; Afghanistan to Indo- ?RM/ LO SE O 1 or 2 ?P O Aristolochiaceae ravana Moore vii-ix. China Himalaya from 04. B: iv-vi; Afghanistan to ?RM/ LO SE R 1 or 2 ?P O Aristolochiaceae letincius Fruhstorfer viii-ix Vietnam 05. Byasa latreillei Afghanistan to China SM SE V ? ?B: v; viii. ?P ?O Aristolochiaceae Donovan and Vietnam. 06. Pachliopta Afghanistan through aristolochiae M: i; iii-v; Aristolochiaceae; India to and ?RM/ NA SR, S O 2/ 3 ? P aristolochiae x-xii. Dioscoreaceae. . Fabricius 07. agestor West Himalaya to NA SE R 0 to 2 S: iii-v. P O govindra Moore Indo-China. 08. Papilio clytia clytia TD, M: iii- viii; Lauraceae, India to . NA O 0 to 2 ?P P Linnaeus SR x. Sapotaceae Lauraceae; 09. Papilio protenor Pakistan to Japan NA SE, S O 1 to 2 M: ii-x. P P ; protenor Cramer Polygalaceae. 10. Papilio bianor Pakistan to Indo- M: ii-vii; NA SE, S O 1 to 2 P O Rutaceae polyctor Boisduval China. viii-x. 11. Papilio paris India to China and M: iii-v; NA SE, S R 2 ?P O Rutaceae Linnaeus S.E. vii; x. 12. Papilio polytes Pakistan throughout G, NA U A/C 2 M: iii-x. P O Rutaceae romulus Cramer India to Indonesia.. 13. Papilio demoleus Iran to China and G, NA U O 2, 3 M: iii-x. ?P O Rutaceae Linnaeus . 14. Papilio machaon Palaearctic Region G, LO S, G O 0 - 2 M: ii-vii. P O Umbelliferae Linnaeus 15. Graphium(Pazala) West Himalaya to eurous cashmirensis SM SE V 1 to 2 S: iv-v. P O Lauraceae Indo-China. Rothschild

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16. Graphium TD, (Pathysa) nomius India to . SM V 1, 2 B: iv-v; vii. ? O Annonaceae SR Esper 17. Graphium M: iii-vi; (Graphium) cloanthus Himalaya to China NA SE O 1, 2 P O Lauraceae viii-x. Westwood 18. Graphium India to Japan and Lauraceae; (Graphium) sarpedon NA SE O 1, 2 M: ii-x. P P Australia. Annonaceae Linnaeus 19. Graphium (Graphium) India to China and B or M: iii- Annonaceae; RM SR V 3 ? P agamemnon Australia. iv; viii. Magnoliaceae; etc Linnaeus 20. Leptosia nina India to the TD, M: ii-v; LO V O ? O Fabricius . SR ix-xii. 21. Pontia daplidice M: iii-vii; Palaearctic. G, NA S, G O 2, 3 ?P O Cruciferae moorei Röber ix-x; xii. 22. Pieris canidia M: i-v; vii; India to China. G, NA U A 2 ?P O Cruciferae indica Evans ix-xii. 23. Pieris brassicae Cruciferae; Palaearctic. G, NA U C 3 M: iii-xi. ?P P nipalensis Gray Resedaceae; etc. 24. agathon Himalaya to China NA SE A 0 to 2 S: iv-vi. ? O Berberidaceae Gray 25. eucharis TD, M: i-v; Loranthaceae; Throughout India RM O 2 - 3 ? P Drury SR x-xii, Malvaceae; etc. 26. Delias belladonna West Himalaya to M: ii-v; LO SE O 1 to 2 ? O Loranthaceae horsfieldii Gray China. viii-x. 27. Himalaya to Indo- SM TD V 2 to 3 B: iii-iv; ix. ? ? ? Godart China 28. Anaphaeis aurota Throughout India to M: iv-v; viii- Capparaceae; RM SR, S A 3 ? P Fabricius S.E. Asia x;xii. Oleaceae 29. Cepora nerissa Throughout India to M: iii-iv; RM SR, S A 3 ? O Capparaceae phryne Fabricius S.E. Asia. vi-xii. 30. Appias lalage Himalaya to Indo- M: ii-v; viii; RM ? O 3 ? ? Leguminosae lalage Doubleday China. xii. 31. Catopsilia Indo-Australian RM U C 3 M: i-xii. ? O Leguminosae pomona Fabricius Region. 32. Catopsilia Throughout India to pyranthe minna RM U C 3 M: ii-x. ? O Leguminosae S.E. Asia Herbst 33. Gonepteryx ; rhamni nepalensis Palaearctic Region. NA SE, S O 1 to 2 M: i-xii. A ?P Ericaceae Doubleday 34. Eurema brigitta Africa through India Leguminosae; G, NA U A 0 to3 M: i-xii. ? P rubella Wallace to Malaysia. Guttiferae; etc. 35. Eurema laeta India to Japan and M: i; iii-iv; G, NA U A 0 to ?2 ? O Leguminosae Boisduval Australia. vi-xii. Leguminosae; 36. Eurema hecabe African and Indo- G, NA U C 0 to ?2 M: i-xii. ? P ; fimbriata Wallace Australian Regions etc. 37. Colias fieldii Eastern Palaearctic G, NA SE, G A 3 M: i-xii. ? ? ? Menétries Region 38. Colias erate Palaearctic Region NA SE, G O 3 M: i-xi. ? O Leguminosae Esper 39. pyrene B: ix-x; India to China. SM S V 3 ? O Capparaceae Linnaeus xii-i. 40. Ixias marianne India SM S V 3 B: i-iv; xii. ? O Capparaceae Cramer 41. Pareronia valeria India to the TD, M: iii-v; RM R 3 ? O Capparaceae Cramer Philippines. SR x-xii. NYMPHALIDAE 42. Parantica aglea Himalaya to S.E. SE, M: ii-v; G, NA O 0 to 2 ? O Asclepiadaceae melanoides Moore Asia. TD vii-x; xii.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 43. Parantica sita Himalaya to Japan B: iii-v; NA SE R 1 to 2 ? O Asclepiadaceae. Kollar and Malaysia. ix-xi. 44. Tirumala limniace Oriental Region NA U O 2 to 3 M: iii-x. ? ?O Asclepiadaceae mutina Fruhstorfer 45. Tirumala Apocynaceae; NA/ septentrionis India to China NA O 3 B: iii-v;ix-x. ? P Asclepiadaceae; ?RM septentrionis Butler etc. 46. Danaus African, Oriental and M: i-xii. Asclepiadaceae; G, NA U A 1 to 2 P P chrysippus Linnaeus Australian Regions Moraceae; etc. 47. Danaus genutia Oriental Region G, NA U A 1 to 2 M: i-xii. P O Asclepiadaceae Cramer 48. Euploea mulciber Himalaya to S.E. SE, M: iii-vii; Asclepidiaceae; NA O 0 to 2 ?P P mulciber Cramer Asia TD, ix-x. Moraceae; etc. SE, 49. Euploea core Indo-Australian M: ii-vii; Asclepidiaceae; NA TD, C 0 to 3 P P core Cramer Region ix-x. Moraceae; etc. SR 50. Euploea sylvester Ascelpidiaceae; India to S.E. Asia SM ? V 0 to 3 ?S: iv. ? P Fabricius Moraceae; etc. 51. Mycalesis Indo-Australian TD, NA A 0 to 1 M: iii-v; x. ? O Graminae perseus Fabricius Region SR 52. Mycalesis mineus TD, India to China NA O 0 to 1 M: iii-v; x. ? O Graminae Linnaeus SR 53. Mycalesis visala TD, India to Malaysia NA O 0 to 1 B: iv-vi; x. ? O Graminae visala Moore SR 54. Mycalesis heri B: iv-vi; Himalaya NA TD O 0 to 1 ? ? ? Moore viii-x. 55. Lethe rohria dyrta SE, India to China NA C 0 to 2 M: iii-ix. ? O Graminae Felder & Felder TD 56. Lethe confusa Himalaya to China SE, NA O 0 to 2 M: iii-x. ? O Graminae confusa Aurivillius and Malaysia. TD 57. Lethe kansa Himalaya NA SE R 0 to 2 B: iii-v; x. ? ? ? Moore 58. Lethe verma Himalaya to China B: v-vi; NA SE R 0 to 1 ? ?O Graminae verma Kollar and Malaysia viii-ix. 59. Lasiommata Himalaya NA, LO S, G R 0 to 1 M: iii-ix. ? ? ? schakra Kollar 60. damaris B: iv-vi; Himalaya NA SE R 0 to 1 ? ? ? Gray ix-x. 61. swaha Himalaya SM S, G V 0 to 2 S: vii-x. ? ? ?Graminae swaha Kollar 62. Aulocera Himalaya SM S, G V 0 to 2 S: viii-ix. ? ? ?Graminae saraswati Kollar 63. Callerebia hybrida West Himalayan B: v-vi; NA S, G A 0 to 2 ? ? ? Butler endemic viii-x. 64. Callerebia annada SE, B: iii-vi; Himalaya to China NA O 0 to 2 ? ? ? caeca Watkins S, G viii-x. 65. Ypthima nareda SE, Himalaya to China NA O 1 to 2 M: iv-x. ? O Graminae. nareda Kollar S, G 66. Ypthima hubneri TD, M: vi-viii; Himalaya G, NA O 1 to 2 ? O Graminae. hubneri Kirby S, G xii-iii. 67. Ypthima lisandra SE; M: xii-iii; India to NA. O 1 to 2 ? ?O Graminae avanta Moore S; G. vi-viii. 68. Ypthima baldus India to Korea, G, NA U O 1 to 2 M: vi-iii. ? O Graminae. Fabricius Japan and Malaysia 69. Ypthima asterope TD; India NA. C 1 to 2 B: viii-x. ? O Graminae. mahratta Moore SR. 70. Ypthima nikaea Himalaya NA SE, G A 1 to 2 M: v-x. ? ? ? Moore African, East 71. Melanitis leda Palaearctic and Graminae; G, NA U C 0 to 2 M: v-ix. ? P Linnaeus Indo-Australian Palmae. Regions

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SE, 72. Melanitis phedima India to Malaysia. NA TD, R 0 to 2 M: v-x. ? O Graminae galkissa Fruhstorfer SR 73. Melanitis zitenius Oriental Region LO TD R 0 to 2 S: viii. ? O Graminae. Herbst 74. Elymnias hypermnestra India to Malaysia. LO. SR. R. 0 to 2 M: iv-xi. ? O Palmae undularis Drury 75. Elymnias malelas Himalaya to M: iv-v; LO TD R 0 to 2 ? ?M Musaceae nilamba Fruhstorfer Malaysia. viii-xi. 76. Polyura athamas SE, Leguminosae; Oriental Region NA O 0 to 2 M: iv; vi-x. ? P Drury TD Tiliaceae. 77. Polyura agraria TD, Oriental Region NA R ? B: iv; ix-x. ? ? ? Swinhoe SR 78. Polyura dolon Himalayan to S.E. SM SE V 0 to 2 B: v; ix. ? ? ? Westwood Asia 79. Dilipa morgiana M: iii; v; Himalaya ?SM/LO SE V ? ? ? ? Westwood viii. 80. (Mimathyma) ambica Himalaya ?SM/LO SE V ? M: iv-x. ? M Ulmaceae ambica Kollar 81. Sephisa dichroa West Himalayan LO SE A 0 to 1 M: v-x. ?P M Fagaceae Kollar endemic 82. consimilis Himalaya to S.E. TD, B: iii-v; LO R 0 to 1 ? O Ulmaceae Westwood Asia, S. India SR vii-ix. 83. persimilis Himalaya LO SE R 1 to 2 M: iii-x. ? O Ulmaceae zella Butler 84. Hestinalis nama Himalaya to SE, M: ii-vi; NA R 1 to 2 ? ? Doubleday Malaysia TD ix-x. 85. Dichorragia Himalaya to Japan nesimachus ?SM/LO SE V ?1 B: iii-iv; viii. ? O Meliosmaceae and Philippines Boisduval 86. Stibochiona nicea Himalaya to SE/ M: iv-vii; Moraceae; LO R 1 to 2 ? P nicea Gray Malaysia. TD ix-x. Urticaceae. 87. Tanaecia julii Himalaya to Indo- TD/ SM V ? ?: v. ? ?O Sapotaceae appiades Menétries China SR 88. aconthea TD, M: iii-iv; vi- Anacardiaceae; Oriental Region G O 0 to 2 ?P P Hewitson SR vii; x-xi. Moraceae; etc. 89. Euthalia lubentina TD, M: iii; v; India to Malaysia. NA R 0 to 2 ? O Loranthaceae indica Fruhstorfer SR viii, x-xi. 90. Euthalia patala West Himalaya to LO SE O 0 to 2 S: v-viii. P O Fagaceae patala Kollar China 91. Symphaedra nais Dipteracarpaceae; Indian Subcontinent. SM SR V 0 to 2 ?B: iv; ix. ? P Forst Ebenaceae. 92. Auzakia danava Himalaya to M: iv-v; NA SE R 0 to 2 ? ? ? Moore Myanmar viii; x. 93. Moduza procris India to Philippines Rubiaceae; SM SR V 1 to 2 ?M: iv; x-i. ? P procris Cramer and Indonesia. Capparaceae. 94. cama Himalaya NA SE O 0 to 2 M: iv-x. ? ? Euphorbiaceae Moore 95. Athyma TD, selenophora India to China NA R 0 to 2 M: ii-vi; xi. ? ? Rubiaceae SR selenophora Kollar 96. Athyma opalina Himalaya NA SE O 0 to 2 M: iii-xii. P O Berberidaceae opalina Kollar 97. Athyma perius India to China and NA TD O 0 to 2 M: iv-xii. ? O Euphorbiaceae Linnaeus Malaysia. 98. Athyma asura Himalaya. SM SE V ? ?B: vi; viii. ? ? Rubiaceae Moore 99. TD, M: iv; vi-vii; Guttiferae; columella ophiana Himalaya. SM V 0 to 2 ? P SR xii-i. Leguminosae; etc. Moore SE, 100. M: iii- vi; ?Ulmaceae; India to . LO TD, O 0 to 2 ? ?P yerburii Butler ix-x. ?Combretaceae. SR

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 101. Neptis clinia TD, M: iii-vi; ?Bombacaceae; India to Indo-China. LO O 0 to 2 ? ?P praedicta Smetacek SR x-xi. Ulmaceae; etc. Leguminosae; 102. TD, M: iii-vi; Himalaya NA O 1 to 2 ? P Bombacaceae; kamarupa Moore SR ix-xi. etc. SE, 103. M: ii-vi; Palaearctic Region. NA TD, A 0 to 2 ? O Leguminosae astola Moore ix-xi. SR, S 104. India to China. LO SE A 0 to 2 M: iii; v-x. ? O Ulmaceae butleri Eliot 105. Neptis sankara Himalaya to China. LO SE O 0 to 2 B: iv-viii; x. ? ? ? sankara Kollar 106. Neptis cartica ?SE/ Himalaya. LO V ?0 to ?2 S: iv- vi. ? ? ? cartica Moore ?TD 107. West Himalaya to B: iv-vi; LO TD O 0 to 2 ? ? ? varshneyi Smetacek China. x-xi. 108. Neptis zaida West Himalaya to ?SE/ LO V 0 to 1 S: v-vii. ? ? ? zaida Westwood China. ?TD 109. Neptis ananta Himalaya to SE/ B: v-vi; LO R 1 to 2 ? O Lauraceae Moore Malaysia. TD viii-x. 110. TD, B: iv-vi; hordonia hordonia Oriental Region RM O 0 to 2 ? O Leguminosae. SR x-xi. Stoll 111. Pantoporia TD, B: iv-vi; Oriental Region RM O 0 to 2 ? ?O Leguminosae. sandaka Moore SR x-xi. 112. Cyrestis SE, Moraceae; thyodamas ganescha India to Japan. NA O 0 to 2 M: ii-x. ? ?P TD ?Dilleniaceae; Kollar 113. Pseudergolis Himalaya to China. NA SE O 0 to 2 M: iii-ix. ? O Urticaceae. wedah Kollar ; 114. Hypolimnas Indo-Australian TD, M: iii; vii- RM R 2 to 3 ? P Convolvulaceae; bolina Linnaeus Region SR xiii. etc. African, southern Palaearctic, Oriental, Acanthaceae; 115. Hypolimnas Australian, southern ?M: iv; SM SR V 2 to 3 ? P Convolvulaceae; misippus Linnaeus Nearctic and viii-xii. etc northern Neotropical Regions 116. inachus SE, Urticaceae, India to China NA O 0 to 2 M: iv-x. ? P huegeli Kollar TD Acanthaceae; etc. 117. Junonia hierta TD, Oriental Region NA A 1 to 3 M: iii-viii; x. ? O Acanthaceae hierta Fabricius SR, S African, Palaearctic, Acanthaceae; 118. Junonia orithya TD, M: iii-vi; ix- Indo-Australian NA A 1 to 3 ? P Convolvulaceae; Linnaeus SR, S x; xii-i. Regions etc. 119. Junonia India to China and TD, Acanthaceae; lemonias persicaria G, NA A 0 to 2 M: i-xi. ? P Malaysia SR, S Fruhstorfer 120. Junonia almana India to the TD, M: i-vi; Acanthaceae; NA O 0 to 2 ? P Linnaeus Philippines SR, S ix-x. Graminae; etc. Acanthaceae; 121. Junonia atlites M: iv-vi; India to NA TD O 0 to 2 ? P Amaranthaceae; Linnaeus x-xii. etc. 122. Junonia iphita India to China and SE, NA A 0 to 2 M: i-x. P O Acanthaceae siccata Stichel Malaysia TD Nearctic, African, 123. Vanessa cardui Urticaceae, Oriental, Australian, NA U A 3 M: i- xi. ? P Linnaeus Asteraceae, etc. Palaearctic Regions Urticaceae; 124. Vanessa indica India to S.E. Asia. NA SE A 0 to 3 M: iii-i. ?P P Tiliaceae; indica Herbst Ulmaceae. , 125. Kaniska canace M: I; v-vii; India to Malaysia. NA SE O 0 to 2 ? P , himalaya Evans ix-xi; Dioscoreaceae

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 126. Ulmaceae; xanthomelas Palaearctic Region. SM SE V 0 to 2 M: iii; v; ix. P P Salicaceae; fervescens Stichel Anacardiaceae. 127. Aglais cashmirensis aesis Himalaya. G, NA SE O 0 to 2 M: i-xii. A O Urticaceae Fruhstorfer 128. Symbrenthia India to China and M: ii-v; NA SE O 0 to 2 ? O Urticaceae lilaea khasiana Moore Malaysia. viii-x. 129. Symbrenthia Himalaya to W. NA SE V 0 to 2 B: v; viii. ? ? ?Urticaceae brabira Moore China. 130. Symbrenthia niphanda hysudra Himalaya. NA SE V 0 to 2 ?S: v. ? ? ? Moore 131. Argynnis Abyssinia through SE, M: iv-v; vii- Violaceae; (Argyreus) hyperbius NA O 1 to 2 ? P India to Australia S, G viii; x-xii. Scrophulariaceae Linnaeus 132. Argynnis (Childrena) childreni Himalaya to China NA/?RM SE V 1 to 2 B: v-x. ? ? ? sakontala Kollar 133. Issoria lathonia Palaearctic Region. SM SE, G V 0 to 2 M: iii-x. ? O Violaceae. issaea Doubleday 134. Cupha B: iv-vi; Flacourtiaceae; India to Malaysia. RM TD A 2 to 3 ? P erymanthis lotis Sulz viii-x. . Salicaceae; 135. Phalanta India to Japan and TD, G, NA C 0 to 3 M: v-x. ? P Flacourtiaceae; phalantha Drury Australia. SR etc. 136. Vagrans sinha Indo-Australian TD, Flacourtiaceae; NA/?RM O 1 to 2 M: v; vii-x. ? P pallida Evans Region. SR Dilleniaceae. 137. merione TD, India to Malaysia. NA/G C 0 to 2 M: iii; v-xii. ?P O Euphorbiaceae tapestrina Moore SR 138. Acraea issoria Rubiaceae; Himalaya to China. NA SE C 0 to 1 M: iv-ix. ?P P anomala Kollar Urticaceae Malvaceae; 139. Acraea violae M: iv; vii- India to . SM SR, S V 1 to 2 ? P Passifloraceae, Fabricius viii; x. etc. 140. lepita India to China. NA SE O 0 to 1 M: i-xi. ? O Ulmaceae lepita Moore 141. Libythea myrrha sanguinalis India to China. NA SE O 0 to 1 M: ii-x. ? O Ulmaceae Fruhstorfer 142. Zemeros flegyas Himalaya to China TD, SM V 0 to 2 M: iii-x. ? O Myrsinaceae. indicus Fruhstorfer and Malaysia. SR 143. Dodona durga Himalaya to China. SM SE R 0 to 2 M: iii-xi. ? O Graminae Kollar 144. Dodona Myrsinaceae; Himalaya to China. SM SE V 0 to 2 M: iii-x. ? P eugenes Bates Graminae 145. Dodona dipoea Himalaya SM SE V 0 to 2 M: iii-xi. ? O Myrsinaceae nostia Fruhstorfer 146. Abisara echerius TD, M: iv-v; India to China. LO R 0 to 2 ? ? Myrsinaceae suffusa Moore SR vii-x. 147. Abisara fylla Himalaya to China. LO SE R 1 to 2 B: iii-v; ix. ? ? Myrsinaceae Doubleday 148. hewitsoni Himalaya SM SR V 1 to 2 M: iii; v; ix. ? O Dipterocarpaceae hewitsoni Moore 149. Miletus Inse- chinensis assamensis Himalaya to China. LO SE V 0 to 2 ?M: ix. ? Aphididae cta Doherty 150. Allotinus drumila Himalaya to Inse- LO ? V ? ? ? ? Moore Myanmar. cta 151. TD, India to Thailand LO R 0 to 2 M: i - xi.. ? O Crassulaceae Guérin-Menéville SR Rutaceae; 152. Chilades laius India to China, S.E. TD; G; NA. A 0 to 2 M: xi-iii ? P Anacardiaceae; laius Cramer Asia SR etc.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 153. Chilades SE; Rutaceae; India to . NA. O 0 to 2 M: vi-x. ? P pandava Horsfield TD. Leguminosae; etc. 154. Neopithecops Rutaceae; India to Australia. NA. TD. O 0 to 2 B: iii; vii. ? P zalmora Butler Ebenaceae. 155. Everes argiades Himalaya NA. SE. O 1 to 2 M: iv; vii-ix. ? O Leguminosae indica Evans 156. Everes diporides Himalaya to Indo- NA. SE. O 1 to 2 M: v-x. ? ? ? Chapman China. 157. Everes huegelii Himalaya to Indo- NA. SE. O 1 to 2 M: iv; ix. ? ? Leguminosae dipora Moore China. SE; 158. Megisba malaya Himalaya to Taiwan Euphorbiaceae; NA. TD; A 1 to 2 B: vii; x. ? P sikkima Moore and Sulawesi. Sapindaceae; etc. SR. 159. Acytolepis puspa India to Japan and SE; Fagaceae; G; NA. O 0 to 2 M: vii-x. ? P gisca Fruhstorfer the Philippines. SR. Ericaceae, etc. 160. Udara dilecta Pakistan to Japan NA. SE. R 2 M: v; viii; x. ? O Fagaceae. dilecta Moore and Malaysia. 161. Celastrina West Himalaya to huegelii huegelii NA. SE. C 0 to 1 M: iv-x. ? ?O China. Moore 162. Celastrina gigas West Himalayan NA. SE. C 0 to 1 M: iv- x. ? M Rosaceae Hemming endemic. 163. Celastrina Leguminosae; argiolus kollari Palaearctic Region. G; NA. SE. C 1 to 2 M: iv-x. ? ?P Rosaceae; etc. Westwood 164. Aricia agestis Denis & Palaearctic Region.. NA. SE. O 0 to 2 M: iii-vii. ? ? ? Schiffermuller 165. Leptotes plinius G; NA; M: iv; vii Leguminosae; India to Australia U. A 2-3 ? P Fabricius RM. -ix.. Rhamnaceae; etc. TD; 166. Freyeria Boraginaceae; India to Sumatra. NA. SR; O 1 to 2 M: x. ? P trochylus Freyer Leguminosae; etc. S; G.

TD; 167. Pseudozizeeria Iran to India and Oxalidaceae; G; NA. SR; C 0 to 1 M: vii-x. ? P maha maha Kollar Japan. Acanthaceae; etc. S; G. TD; 168. Zizeeria N. Africa through SE; Leguminosae; G; NA. O 1 to 2 M: iv-ix. ? P karsandra Moore Asia to Australia. SR; Amaranthaceae. S; G. African Region, N. TD; Acanthaceae; 169. Zizula hylax America, Asia south G; NA. SR; O 1 to 2 B: iv; viii. ? P Leguminosae; Fabricius of the Himalaya. S; G. Graminae; etc. TD; 170. Zizina otis otis India to China, Leguminosae; NA. SR; O 1 to 2 M: vii-x. ? P Fabricius Taiwan and Australia. Zygophyllaceae. S; G. 171. Euchrysops India to China and G; NA; Leguminosae; U C 3 M: iv-x. ? P cnejus Fabricius Australia. RM. ; etc. 172. Catochrysops G; NA; Leguminosae; India to Moluccas U C 2 M: iv-x. ? P strabo Fabricius RM. Sapindaceae African, Palaearctic 173. Lampides G; NA; Leguminosae; and Indo-Australian U C 3 M: ii-x. ? P boeticus Linnaeus RM. Liliaceae. Regions. 174. Jamides bochus TD; India to Australia. NA; RM. O 1 to 2 B: iv; x. ? O Leguminosae. bochus Cramer SR.

175. Jamides celeno TD; Leguminosae; India to Sulawesi. NA. O 0 to 2 M: iv- x. ? P celeno Cramer SR. ; etc.

Leguminosae; 176. nora TD; India to Myanmar. NA. O 0 to 1 M: i-xii. ? P Combretaceae; nora Felder & Felder SR. etc. 177. Prosotas noreia TD; India to Myanmar. NA. R 0 to 1 M : vii. ? ? ? hampsoni de Nicéville SR. 178. Lycaena pavana West Himalayan S ; NA ; LO. R 0 to 1 M : i ; iv-vi. ? ? ? Kollar endemic. SE.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 179. Lycaena phlaeas Palaearctic and S ; Polygonaceae; NA. O 0 to 1 M : ii-x. ? P indicus Evans Nearctic Regions SE. Malvaceae. 180. Heliophorus S ; Polygonaceae; Himalayan. G ; NA. A 0 to 2 M : iv-x. ? P sena Kollar SE. Malvaceae. 181. Heliophorus Himalaya to S ; moorei coruscans SM. V 0 to 2 B : v-iv ; ix. ? ? ? W.China. SE. Moore 182. Pamela Himalaya to Indo- LO. SE. V ? B : iv ; x. ? ? ? dudgeoni de Nicéville China. 183. Thermozephyrus ataxus ataxus Himalaya to China. LO. SE. V 0 to 1 M : v-x. ? ?O Fagaceae Doubleday 184. Chrysozephyrus B : iv-vi ; Himalaya. NA ; LO. SE. R 0 to 2 ? ? ? syla syla Kollar ix-x. 185. Euaspa ziha de West Himalayan NA ; LO. SE. A 0 to 1 S : v-vi. ? ? ? Nicéville endemic. 186. Curetis bulis TD ; Doubleday & India to Japan G ; NA. R 0 to 2 M : v-x. ? O Leguminosae SR. Hewitson 187. Curetis acuta TD; India to S.E. Asia. G; NA. R 0 to 2 M : v-x. ? O Leguminosae dentata Moore SR. 188. timoleon TD; M : v ; Lythraceae; India to China. NA ; ?RM. O 0 to 2 ? P Stoll SR. vii ; x. Moraceae; 189. atrax India to Malaysia. RM. SR. O 0 to 2 S : vi. ? M Dipterocarpaceae Hewitson 190. Arhopala singla Himalaya to S.W. SM. ? V ? S : v. ? ? ? de Nicéville China. 191. Arhopala West Himalayan M : v-vi ; NA ; LO. SE. O 0 to 2 ? M Fagaceae dodonea Moore endemic. x ; xii-i. 192. Arhopala rama SE ; M : iii-vi ; Fagaceae; Himalaya NA. O 0 to 2 ? O rama Kollar SR. x ; xii-i. Dipterocarpaceae 193. Arhopala ganesa Himalaya to Japan NA. SE. A 0 to 2 S : v-vi. ? O Fagaceae ganesa Moore 194. Surendra India to Sulawesi. NA. TD. O 0 to 2 M : vii. ? O Leguminosae. vivarna Horsfield 195. Loxura atymnus TD ; Dioscoreaceae; India to Philippines NA ; ?RM. O 1 to 2 M : iv-x. ? P Cramer SR. Smilacaceae 196. Cigaritis B : iv-v ; Himalayan. NA ; LO. SE. C 0 to 2 ? ? ? nipalicus Moore viii. 197. deva lila TD ; Himalaya to . LO. V 0 to 2 S: vii- viii. ? O Loranthaceae Moore SE. 198. Tajuria diaeus Himalaya to Indo- NA ; LO. SE. V ? ? O Loranthaceae. Hewitson China. 199. Tajuria illurgis Himalaya to Indo- B : iii-iv ; NA ; LO. SE. R 1 to 2 ? ?O Loranthaceae. Hewitson China vi-viii. 200. onyx Coriariaceae; India to Malaysia. NA ; LO. SE. R 1 to 2 B : iv ; ix-x. ? ?O onyx Moore Bombacaceae. 201. Horaga albimacula viola India to S.E. Asia. NA; LO. SE. V 1 to 2 B : x ? ?P Coriariaceae. Moore 202. kina Himalaya to Indo- NA ; LO. SE. R 0 to 2 M : iv-x. ? O Orchidaceae kina Hewitson China. 203. Himalaya to Indo- NA ; LO. TD. V 0 to 2 S : iv-v. ? O Orchidaceae Hewitson China. 204. Deudorix TD ; Lythraceae; epijarbas ancus India to Australia G ; NA. O 0 to 2 M : v-x. ? P SR. Sapindaceae; etc. Fruhstorfer 205. Deudorix TD ; Euphorbiaceae ; India to Myanmar. G ; NA. O 0 to 2 B : vii-ix. ? P isocrates Fabricius SR. Lythraceae; etc. Combretaceae; 206. varuna B : iv-vi ; India to Australia. NA; LO. SE. A 0 to 2 ? P Myrtaceae; grisea Moore ix-x. Sapindaceae; etc. 207. Rapala manea SE; Caprifoliaceae; India to S.E. Asia. NA. A 0 to 2 M : iv-xi. ? P schistacea Moore TD. Leguminosae; etc.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 208. Rapala TD ; Anacardiaceae; pheretima petosiris Himalaya to Borneo. LO. O 0 to 2 B: iv- v. ? P SR. Myrtaceae; etc. Hewitson

209. Rapala iarbus India to the Sunda TD; M : iv-v ; Anacardiaceae; NA. O 0 to 2 ? P Fruhstorfer Islands. SR. vii-xi. Leguminosae; etc.

210. Rapala nissa Himalaya to China, Leguminosae; NA. SE. A 0 to 2 M : v-xii. ? P Kollar Malaysia. Rosaceae; etc. 211. Sinthusa Himalaya. NA ; LO. SE. V ? B : iv ; ix. ? O Rosaceae. chandrana Moore 212. Sinthusa nasaka Himalaya to NA ; LO. SE. V ? S : iv-v. ? ? ? pallidior Fruhstorfer Malaysia. HESPERIIDAE

213. Hasora chromus SR ; B : vi ; Euphorbiaceae; India to Australia. NA. R 2 ? P chromus Cramer TD. viii-ix. Leguminosae; etc.

214. Himalaya to China oedipodea belesis NA ; ?SM. TD. V 2 to 3 B : i ; iii. ? ? Combretaceae and Indo-China Mabille 215. Bibasis anadi de Himalaya to Indo- B: v-vi ; NA; LO. SE. A 0 ? ? ? Nicéville China viii-ix. 216. Bibasis sena India to the Combretaceae; NA ; LO. SE. R ?2 M : v-ix. ? ? Moore Philippines. Malphigiaceae 217. Badamia SR ; B : iv ; Combretaceae; exclamationis India to Australia. NA. R 3 ? P TD. viii-ix. Moraceae; etc. Fabricius 218. Choaspes Himalaya to China Sabiaceae; benjaminii japonica NA; ?SM. SE. V 2 M : iii – ix.. ? P and Japan. Meliosmaceae. Murray 219. Celaenorrhinus B : iv-vi ; Himalaya. NA ; LO. SE. R 0 to 2 ? ? ? pero pero de Nicéville viii. 220. Celaenorrhinus leucocera leucocera India to Indo-China. NA. SE. A 0 to 2 M : iv-x. ? O Acanthaceae Kollar 221. Celaenorrhinus Himalaya. NA ; LO. SE. R 0 to 2 M : iv- ix. ? ? ? munda munda Moore 222. Celaenorrhinus Himalaya. NA ; LO. SE. R 0 to 2 ?S: iv. ? ? ? pulomaya Moore 223. Lobocla liliana W. Himalaya. NA. SE. C 0 to 2 B : v-vi ; x. ? ? ?Leguminosae ignatius Plotz 224. SE ; litigiosa litigiosa Himalaya to China. NA. C 0 to 2 ?S : ix. ? O Dioscoreaceae. TD. Moschler 225. Tagiades japetus Himalaya to Indo- NA ; ?RM. ?TD. V ? M : iv-x. ? O Dioscoreaceae. ravi Moore China. 226. SE ; India to Malaysia. NA. TD ; C 0 to 2 B : iv-v ; x. ? O Amaranthaceae. fatih Kollar S. S ; 227. Sarangesa India to Malaysia. NA. SE ; C 0 to 2 M : v-xi. ? O Acanthaceae dasahara Moore TD. 228. Sarangesa S ; M : iii-vi ; purendra purendra India. NA. SE ; C 0 to 2 ? ?M Acanthaceae. ix-x Moore TD. 229. alida India to China. SM. ? V ?2 to 3 M : v-xi. ? ? ? yerburyi Evans S ; 230. Spialia galba India to Myanmar. NA. G ; O 0 to 2 B : iv-v ; x. ? ? ? Fabricius SE. 231. Suastus gremius India to China. NA. S; G. O 0 to 2 M : vi-x. ? ? ? Fabricius 232. Aeromachus SE; Himalayan NA. A 0 to 2 S : v. ? O Graminae stigmata Moore S. 233. Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos India to Malaysia. NA. SE. O 1 to 2 B: v; viii. ? O Zingiberaceae. Moore

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 234. Notocrypta Costaceae; curvifascia Felder & India to Malaysia. NA. SE. O 1 to 2 B: iv-vi. ? P Zingiberaceae; Felder Musaceae. 235. Erionota torus Himalaya to SE; Musaceae; NA. R 0 to 2 B : iii ; ix-x ? P Evans Malaysia. TD. Plamae 236. Matapa aria India to the SM. ?SR. V ? M : iii. ? O Graminae. Moore Philippines. 237. Taractrocera India. NA. S; G. O 0 to 2 S : v-vi. ? ? ?Graminae. danna Moore 238. Ampittia dioscorides India to Myanmar. SM. S; G. O 1 to 2 S: viii. ? O Graminae dioscorides Fabricius Zingiberaceae; 239. India to Malaysia G; NA. S; G. O 1 to 2 B : iv-ix ? P Liliaceae; Cramer. . 240. Pelopidas assamensis Wood- India to Malaysia. NA. SE. R 1 to 2 M : ii-xi. ? O Graminae Mason & de Nicéville Graminae, 241. Pelopidas SE ; India to China. NA. A 0 to 2 M : iii-xi. ? P Leguminosae, mathias Fabricius S. Palmae 242. Polytremis lubricans Herrich- India to Sulawesi. NA. SE. V ? B: iv; ix. ? ? ? Schaeffer 243. Polytremis eltola S; India to Malaysia. NA. O 0 to 2 S : ix-x. ? O Graminae. Hewitson SE.

permission from Mattoni (1990) and Mattoni & in Jones Estate has been severely degraded (Image 4). Vannucci (2008), for which I am grateful. In the wake of nearly unprecedented rain during July The information recorded in Table 1 regarding and September 2010, Kuatal filled twice for the first voltinism is based on specimens recorded or bred, time in over 60 years. A photograph from around 1890 while the information regarding is based on (Image 5) shows the area as it apparently used to be breeding experiments by Fred Smetacek Sr. and the and Image 6 shows Kuatal when it was full in 2010. author. The loss of Kuatal is not recognized by any level of Government. Government maps used by the Lakes Development Authority and other Governmental WATERSHED FUNCTIONS departments do not even have a lake marked at the spot. Both the Bhimtal and Sattal lake systems depend The only over-ground feeder for any of the lakes, largely on subsurface water from this watershed to is a small stream that rises on the Aru Plain north of sustain them. This fact was acknowledged by Atkinson Bhimtal and enters the northern end of Bhimtal after (1882) in the words, “The hills on the western side a course of roughly 3km, of which nearly 1km is of the [Bhimtal] lake [i.e. present day Jones Estate] underground. This stream entirely dried up for two are considerably higher than on the east, and are of months between May 2012 and July 2012, for the such formation that it is highly improbable that the first time in history. This is an extremely worrisome lake can ever dry up.” Of course, back then, it was development since the prospect of Bhimtal lake improbable that Mr. Atkinson could even conceive of becoming seasonal in the coming years is a very real the present threat of urbanization facing Bhimtal in probability. For the first time, too, water supply from general and Jones Estate in particular (Image 3). Bhimtal Lake to City was extended from 15– Today, one lake of the system, Kuatal, has actually 30 June 2012 by the State Irrigation Department due to dried up during the last decade. With regard to Kuatal, the lack of alternate water resources to supply the city. the only thing that has changed during the past 30 years In addition to the subsurface springs feeding the lakes, is that the Himalayan Oak forest in its catchment area there are two over-ground water springs on the eastern

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Table 2. Annotated list of wildlife included in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and subsequent notifications recorded in Jones Estate since 1974. SCHEDULE 1 Mammals 1) 16B Leopard (Panthera pardus): regular visitor. Jones Estate forms an integral part of the home range. 2) 17. Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis): often seen. 3) 31A: Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis): last recorded in Jones Estate on 7 November 2011.

Birds 4) 2. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichi): a group of 4 sighted repeatedly during 1984 to 1986 near the highest point of the Estate, Thalla Ridge. 5) 6. Lammergeyer (Gypaetus barbatus): often seen over the Estate during the daytime. 6) 7. Large Falcons (Falco peregrinus): often seen flying about the Estate. 7) 22. Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelas): at least 70 individuals in over 14 parties resident on the Estate. The number greatly increases after the breeding season.

Butterflies 8) Horaga albimacula: (=Horaga albimacula viola) found on the Estate in spring. 9) Listeria dudgeoni; (=Pamela dudgeoni): one record from March 1974. 10) Nacaduba noreia hampsoni (=Prosotas noreia hampsoni): resident population. Several favoured sites. A common butterfly in June. 11) Hypolimnas misippus: singletons recorded. A male last recorded in October 2010.

SCHEDULE 2 Mammals 1) Common Langur (Presbytis entellus): several resident parties of up to 25 individuals each. 2) Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta): several resident parties totaling roughly 80 individuals which greatly increases during the monsoon months.

Butterflies 3) Dodona dipoea: recorded in Jones Estate. 4) Libythea lepita: well established, common resident. 5) Bibasis sena: resident. Rare. 6) : used to be common before macaques pulled off all orchids, its larval foodplants, from trees during the late 1990s. Now present in reduced numbers. 7) Euchrysops cnejus: common in large numbers, especially during the spring migrations and in winter. 8) Horaga onyx: well established resident in several discrete populations. 9) Lampides boeticus: swarms in spring. In smaller numbers the rest of the year. 10) Poritia hewitsoni: a few individuals of this low elevation butterfly recorded over the years. 11) : one record of a male from Sattal, May 1990; another male in 1994. 11) Rapala varuna: a common, well established butterfly on the Estate. 12) Spindasis nipalicus: a common, well established species. Jones Estate holds the densest known population of this butterfly. 13) Tajuria diaeus: single record of a male, 1974. 14) Tajuria illurgis: two stable populations in Jones Estate. 15) ataxus ataxus (=Thermozephyrus ataxus ataxus): a pair recorded on the western border of the Estate in October1980. 16) Thecla ziha (=Euaspa ziha): extremely common in some years. Jones Estate holds one of three known populations of this butterfly and probably the largest one. 17) Diagora persimilis (=Hestina persimilis): the only known population of this butterfly in Uttarakhand is in Jones Estate, where it is quite common. 18) Eriboea dolon (=Polyura dolon): stragglers from higher elevation recorded. 19) : present in small numbers. 20) Hypolimnas misippus: stragglers from lower elevation stay for a few days, patrolling a beat. 21) Limenitis danava (=Auzakia danava): a resident. Small numbers regularly seen every year. 22) Neptis zaida: the only known population in Nainital district. Two other populations are known, one in the main range and one in Garhwal. 23) Pantoporia asura asura (=Athyma asura): single record from Jones Estate in October 1969. 24) Symbrenthia niphanda: small numbers recorded over the year. Apparently quite rare. Seen sporadically. 25) Metaporia agathon (=Aporia agathon) a common resident but several populations of this butterfly on the Estate have been wiped out recently due directly to destruction of its larval hostplant, Berberis sp. 26) Elymnias malelas nilamba: resident population. Common in some years. Population greatly diminished over most of the Estate due to habitat change. 27) Erebia hyagriva (=Dallacha hyagriva): common resident. 28) Mycalesis heri: a common resident species.

Mammals 29) Civets (Viverridae):Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) a pest on cultivated fruit including mulberries. 30) Civets (Viverridae): Himalayan Palm Civet (Paguma larvata): common on cultivated fruit. 31) Flying Squirrel: Petaurista petaurista: common but eradicated from most parts of the Estate during the last 20 years due to habitat destruction. 32) Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus): occasional winter visitor in severe winters. Last personally seen in 1986 but there have been subsequent reports of this on the Estate. 33) Jackal (Canis aureus): common. At least one resident family. 34) Martens (Martes flavigula): commonly seen, especially in winter. 35) Otters (Lutra sp.): one species steals all fish from fish ponds in the area. Probably common otter. 36) Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes): regular winter visitor. Sightings usually between December to March, but one individual seen in May 2009. 37) Weasels: Himalayan yellow-bellied weasel (Mustela kathiah): a pair resident for a few months in summer 2002

Reptiles and Amphibians 38) Varanus species: Monitor Lizard: a few individuals reside on the Estate. 39) Indian Cobra (Naja naja): resident: last seen in September 2010 at the Butterfly Research Centre, Jones Estate.

2870 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | August 2012 | 4(9): 2857–2874 Protected fauna of Jones Estate P. Smetacek

Image 3. Looking west over Bhimtal Lake, showing ongoing urbanization on Jones Estate watershed in January 2012. Image 4. Kuatal catchment in the background, showing degraded broadleaf forest when Kuatal filled for the first time in living memory July 2010.

Image 5. Kuatal, circa 1890.

face of the watershed and three on its western face. In Image 6. Kuatal when it filled in July 2010 for the first time in living memory. addition, there are several sub surface springs on the lake beds of both lake systems. Of the over-ground springs, both eastern face springs used to be perennial DISCUSSION but one is now almost seasonal, with its flow reduced to a thin trickle during the dry season. Similarly, all The Jones Estate watershed separates two lake of the three western-face springs, which used to be systems which together constitute five perennial perennial, are seasonal today, due, presumably, to lakes and several seasonal ones. These lakes are an depleted Oak forest in the catchment areas of these inestimably valuable resource of drinking quality springs. It is clear that as long as the Oak forest was in water for future generations. However, with the good condition, the springs were perennial. Changes urbanization of the Jones Estate watershed, their future to the Oak forest ecosystem in the form of the large looks uncertain, especially the Sattal lake system, scale drying up of trees due to forest fires, destruction which has no over-ground tributaries and a very small of the canopy due to lopping for fodder, cutting of catchment area. trees, etc were reflected in reduced flow during the dry Of the 400+ species of butterflies known from season and increased flow, sometimes even forming Uttarakhand (Mackinnon & de Nicéville 1899; new outlets, during the . Hannyngton 1910, 1915; Smetacek 1987, 1992, 1993a, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2002, in press b, unpub. data;

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | August 2012 | 4(9): 2857–2874 2871 Protected fauna of Jones Estate P. Smetacek

Singh 2003, 2005, 2005a, 2006, 2007), 243 species of (Schedule 2, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972) butterflies (Annexure 1) and approximately 550 species (P. Smetacek unpub. data). of macro-moths (Smetacek 2008, 2009) have been Populations of most butterfly species listed in recorded from the Jones Estate watershed. This may Tables 1 and 2 are now concentrated around the be compared with the entire Indian Peninsula, which Butterfly Research Centre, due to the destruction of is home to 330 species of butterflies (Gaonkar 1996) habitat in other parts of the Estate, prior to the process and an undetermined number of species. of building houses. However, the area where these Forty nine species of wildlife included in the butterfly and moth species are now confined is very Schedules of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 small and the possibility that they become locally have been recorded on the watershed (Table 2), yet extripated from the Estate in the near future is a very even this impressive figure is not enough to prevent real probability. the ongoing destruction of this forest ecosystem. The only way to have prevented the ongoing Of special interest is the record of Lister’s destruction and to stabilize the Bhimtal and Sattal Hairstreak Pamela dudgeoni de Nicéville (=Listeria lake systems as a drinking water resource for future dudgeoni) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in March 1974 generations would be, as earlier, to ban the construction in Jones Estate. This butterfly was known from of houses, resorts and cottages on the Estate. However, (Type locality: specimen described in 1894) lacking Governmental will to do so, the future outlook and Mussoorie (Evans 1932). Wynter-Blyth (1957) for this watershed is bleak from the point of view noted a specimen from Siuni camping ground near of insect communities, water resources, the existing Ranikhet in Kumaon. The single specimen was forest ecosystems and especially for the residents of recorded in 1909 and is currently in the collection of the areas downstream, who might have relied upon the the Natural History Museum, London. It has not been Bhimtal and Sattal lakes for a dependable supply of recorded from Sikkim since the type was reported drinking quality water. and was evidently recorded from Mussoorie between 1899 and 1932, since Mackinnon & de Nicéville (1899) do not report it. The male specimen on RECOMMENDATIONS whose basis Evans (1932) reported it from 1829m (6000ft) elevation in Mussooorie is currently in the If competent decision making bodies make the collection of the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. following decisions and ensure their implementation, Sidhu (2011) has reported the substantial loss of habitat the gravity of the situation outlined above can be for the Lycaenidae in Mussoorie. It is almost certain reduced or reversed in the long term: that Pamela dudgeoni will not be found in that area 1. Re-declare Jones Estate a Green Belt, with the now. This Jones Estate as the only known habitat area extended to include the area outlined in Fig. 1. where this extremely rare butterfly has been recorded 2. Establish a competent Central Government recently. The genus is monobasic and was believed committee to look into the implementation of existing to be confined to the Himalaya (Varshney 1997; laws, especially the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 2010) although Inayoshi (1996–2011) has reported it and the bylaws of the Lakes Development Authority, from Thailand. It is not improbable that the ongoing in Jones Estate, and break down illegal constructions destruction of the insect’s habitat in Jones Estate will to restore the status quo ante. result in the global extinction of the species. 3. Ban the keeping of cattle and goats within the Besides this, Jones Estate is one of three known jurisdiction of the Bhimtal Town Area Committee localities for Euaspa ziha de Nicéville (Lepidoptera: in the same way this is banned within the Nainital Lycaenidae) (P. Smetacek unpub. data); one of two Municipal Area. known localities for Neptis miah varshneyi Smetacek; one of two known localities for Comostola hauensteini Extrapolating the results of the above findings to Smetacek (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (Smetacek the catchment area of Bhimtal and Sattal lake systems 2002). It supports one of the two known populations is not difficult, since the areas are contiguous and of Hestina persimilis Westwood in Uttarakhand within the same altitudinal limits.

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