Din Arad Facultatea De Ştiinţe Ale Naturii Flora

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Din Arad Facultatea De Ştiinţe Ale Naturii Flora UNIVERSITATEA DE VEST ”VASILE GOLDIŞ” DIN ARAD FACULTATEA DE ŞTIINŢE ALE NATURII IOAN DON FLORA LEMNOASĂ SPONTANĂ ŞI CULTIVATĂ DIN ZONA ARADULUI Rezumatul tezei de doctorat Conducător ştiinţific Prof. Univ. Dr. AUREL ARDELEAN -Arad, 2011- CUPRINS INTRODUCERE ............................................................................................................. 3 SCOPUL CERCETĂRILOR ........................................................................................... 3 OBIECTIVELE URMĂRITE .......................................................................................... 3 ZONA LUATĂ ÎN STUDIU............................................................................................ 4 ISTORICUL CERCETĂRILOR DENDO-BOTANICE.................................................. 4 STADIUL ACTUAL AL CUNOŞTINŢELOR ............................................................... 4 CADRUL FIZICO-GEOGRAFIC AL TERITORIULUI STUDIAT .............................. 4 MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ .............................................................................................. 4 REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII ............................................................................................ 5 CONCLUZII .................................................................................................................... 20 BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIVĂ ....................................................................................... 21 ANEXA – INDEXUL ALFABETIC AL GENURILOR ................................................ 22 2 INTRODUCERE Deschiderea tot mai largă spre ţările europene şi nu numai, a permis introducerea în ţara noastră, şi mai ales în vestul României, a numeroşi taxoni lemnoşi, în special din categoria celor cu însuşiri decorative. Deasemenea nevoia crescândă pentru spaţii verzi în jurul caselor, reamenajarea unor parcuri, apariţia unor firme importatoare de plante lemnoase, înfiinţarea şi dezvoltarea unor pepiniere dendro-ornamentale, au dus toate la îmbogăţirea fondului de specii lemnoase din zona Aradului. Apariţia lucrării „Flora lemnoasă spontană şi cultivată din România”, afluxul mare de taxoni lemnoşi din vestul Europei şi nu în ultimul rând, faptul că pentru judeţul Arad nu există un studiu complex, unitar care să abordeze flora lemnoasă, m-au determinat să-mi orientez cercetările în această direcţie. Studiul realizat vine să completeze golul existent în literatura dendro-botanică din zona Aradului, evidenţiază în primul rând bogăţia acesteia în dendrotaxoni, mai ales din categoria celor cultivaţi şi în al doilea rând preocupările unor pasionaţi biologi, silvicultori, horticultori şi nu numai, în introducerea în cultură a unor plante lemnoase. Teza de doctorat intitulată „Flora lemnoasă spontană şi cultivată din zona Aradului” cuprinde: introducere, cinci capitole, concluzii, bibliografia şi o anexă cu indexul alfabetic al genurilor de plante lemnoase din zonă. Teza are un număr de 340 pagini, fiind prezentate 53 figuri, din care 46 fotografii originale şi 4 tabele. În prima parte sunt prezentate: scopul cercetărilor, obiectivele urmărite, istoricul, stadiul actual al cunoştinţelor privind flora lemnoasă din zona Aradului, cadrul fizico-geografic al teritoriului studiat, material şi metoda de studiu. SCOPUL CERCETĂRILOR este acela de a realiza un studiu complex, unitar, referitor la flora lemnoasă spontană şi cultivată din zona Aradului, lucrare care să fie de un real folos cercetătorilor, profesorilor şi studenţilor din domeniul botanicii, dendrologiei, arboriculturii ornamentale, horticulturii, silviculturii, etc. Cercetările au fost orientate în vederea realizării următoarelor OBIECTIVE: cunoaşterea cadrului fizico-geografic, analiza literaturii dendro-botanice, identificarea şi clasificarea tuturor dendrotaxonilor spontani sau cultivaţi din teritoriul luat în studiu, prezentarea răspândirii lor, analiza florei lemnoase, identificarea şi descrierea unor colecţii de plante lemnoase, a unor exemplare lemnoase seculare de dimensiuni mari, care merită a fi ocrotite. 3 ZONA LUATĂ ÎN STUDIU, face referire la teritoriul administrativ al judeţului Arad, cercetările fiind realizate astfel, în cadrul amintit anterior. ISTORICUL CERCETĂRILOR DENDRO-BOTANICE În urma analizei efectuate, putem spune, că, flora lemnoasă a zonei Aradului, n-a constituit până în prezent, obiectul unui studiu botanic amplu, deşi în această regiune a României numeroşi botanişti au studiat şi publicat o serie de lucrări de valoare în domeniu. Putem exemplifica şi menţiona în acelaşi timp, o parte din cele mai valoroase lucrări floristice complexe din zona Aradului publicate de SIMONKAI (1983), POP şi colab. (1978) şi ARDELEAN (2006). STADIUL ACTUAL AL CUNOŞTINŢELOR În acest subcapitol sunt prezentate cunoştinţele şi consideraţiile cu privire la unităţile taxonomice, la nomenclatura actuală a plantelor, la sistemul natural de clasificare a acestora şi la clasificarea plantelor lemnoase. Deasemenea sunt evidenţiate lucrările dendro-botanice care fac referire la plantele lemnoase din zona studiată. CADRUL FIZICO-GEOGRAFIC AL TERITORIULUI STUDIAT Se prezintă aşezarea geografică a teritoriului studiat, unităţile de relief şi structura geologică, clima, hidrografia şi solurile din zonă. MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ În cercetările pe care le-am întreprins în vederea realizării obiectivelor propuse am utilizat ca material de studiu: plantele lemnoase (arbori, arbuşti, subarbuşti, liane) in situ şi ex situ, material de herbar şi material bibliografic. Ca medodă de cercetare am utilizat în principal metoda morfologică, care se bazează pe compararea organelor vegetative şi de reproducere, plantele înrudite prezentând multe caractere asemănătoare, comune. Se compară organele cu însuşiri cât mai stabile, ca de exemplu, tipul de gineceu, tipul de fruct, caracterele seminţei şi ale florii, etc. Cercetarea a presupus parcugerea următoarelor etape: Etapa pregătitoare care a constat într-o documentare amplă, în sensul cerut de scopul şi obiectivele cercetării. S-a studiat literatura de specialitate, atât lucrări floristice sau contribuţii critice româneşti cât şi lucrări din străinătate cu tematică similară. S-au procurat materialele necesare pentru recoltarea, prelucrarea, consevarea şi determinarea materialului biologic ce a fost în prealabil studiat, aparatură fotografică, hărţi, etc. Etapa cercetărilor de teren a reprezentat momentul cel mai important, în care am venit în contact cu problematica luată în studiu, în baza căreia am adunat material informativ. Deplasarea în 4 teren s-a făcut urmând anumite trasee, folosind diverse hărţi pentru orientare, astfel încât să fie acoperită întreaga suprafaţă a judeţului Arad. S-a insistat şi asupra aşezărilor umane, deoarece aici s-au identificat o serie de elemente de floră lemnoasă cultivată. Toate datele ce nu au necesitat analize substanţiale ori determinări în laborator, au fost notate în timpul deplasărilor pe teren şi nu prin reconstituire în etapa de prelucrare a datelor. S-a colectat material de la plantele care nu au putut fi identificate în teren, pentru identificarea lor ulterioară în laborator. S-au realizat imagini fotografice pentru o mai bună argumentare a datelor obţinute în teren. Etapa finală a constat în prelucrarea informaţiilor culese din teren, a materialului biologic recoltat, a materialului bibliografic, fotografic şi de herbar, toate coroborate ducând la elaborarea studiului analitic asupra florei lemnoase din zona Aradului. Studiul analitic a constat în identificarea tuturor dendrotaxonilor din teritoriul luat în studiu, neţinându-se seama de numărul de exemplare din fiecare taxon. După determinarea tuturor taxonilor lemnoşi am trecut la întocmirea listei floristice. Dendrotaxonii au fost aşezaţi în ordine sistematică, conform cu sistemul natural ales, încadrându-se fiecare în unităţile corespunzătoare de clasificare: încrengătură, clasă, ordin, familie, gen, specie, subspecie, varietate, formă şi cultivar după caz. Clasificarea angiospermelor s-a făcut după sistemul APG III (2009). În cadrul fiecărei familii, genurile au fost ordonate alfabetic, iar în cadrul fiecărui gen, speciile şi ceilalţi taxoni au fost ordonate tot alfabetic. Pentru fiecare taxon în parte s-a actualizat denumirea şi s-au prezentat sinonimiile acolo unde a fost cazul (mai ales dacă taxonul a fost citat în literatura de specialitate sub una din sinonimii). La actualizarea denumirilor s-au avut în vedere cele mai recente lucrări floristice şi nomenclaturale româneşti şi din străinătate. Pentru fiecare dendrotaxon în parte s-a menţionat răspândirea în zona studiată, staţiunile consemnate în literatura de specialitate, completate cu datele privind localităţile noi în care prezenţa acestuia a fost atestată de cercetările noastre. Localităţile în raza cărora s-a identificat taxonul, sau în care a fost citat în literatură, s-au indicat în ordine alfabetică prezentându-se totodată în paranteză şi sursa bibliografică care citează taxonul pentru prima dată. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII Flora lemnoasă spontană şi cultivată din zona Aradului cuprinde 3671 taxoni, dintre care 2517 specii, 96 subspecii, 340 varietăţi, 93 forme şi 625 cultivaruri. Dintre aceştia 553 taxoni sunt citaţi pentru prima dată în zona studiată. În continuare se prezintă conspectul floristic, cu indicarea la fiecare familie a numărului de dendrotaxoni identificaţi sau citaţi în zona luată în studiu şi a taxonilor citaţi pentru prima dată din flora spontană sau cultivată a judeţului Arad. 5 Regnul PLANTAE Subregnul TRACHEOBIONTA Supraîncreng. SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE
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