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Ancêtres Et Légitimité Dans Le Discours Royal Nubien

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Ancêtres Et Légitimité Dans Le Discours Royal Nubien UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL « FAIS POUR MOI COMME TU AS FAIT POUR ALARA » : ANCÊTRES ET LÉGITIMITÉ DANS LE DISCOURS ROYAL NUBIEN (7e-6e SIÈCLES AV. J.-C.) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN HISTOIRE PAR JESSICA BOUCHARD FÉVRIER 2016 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.0?-2011 ). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» RE:MERCIE:MENTS J'aimerais d'abord remercier tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à la réussite de cette entreprise. Par vos encouragements et vos conseils judicieux, par votre constante disponibilité et votre générosité inestimable, vous m'avez pem1is de mener à bien ce projet et de me pousser toujours plus loin. Merci aussi aux amis et collègues qui, durant ces trois années, m'ont appuyé, chacun à leur façon. Vos petits mots, votre compréhension, vos discussions intéressées et la myriade d 'autres façons dont vous m'avez témoigné votre enthousiasme, appui et confiance en moi, aussi discrètes soient elles, ont attisé les flanunes de ma passion et rempli mon cœur de gratitude. À vous, qui savez qui vous êtes. Merci encore pour tout. Si je ne vous 1' ai pas adéquatement démontré, sachez que votre aide était indispensable TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ........................................... ..................... ........... .. ... ...... ... ...... .. v RÉSUMÉ ................. ................ .. .. .. .. ..... ............................................. ..................................... vii INTRODUCTION .............................................................. .. ........................................ ... ......... 1 CHAPITRE ! UN ÉTAT DE LA QUESTION : LES ANCÊTRES ROYAUX DANS L'IDÉOLOGIE N1JBIENNE .... .. .................. ...... .. ....... .......... .. .............. ............................................ ................. 7 1.1. Les sources ... ......... ........................ ... .. ...................... ..... ............... ............ .............. .. ... ... 7 1.1.1. Les stèles de T aharqo ....................... ...... .. ....................................... ......... .... .. .... .... 7 1.1 .2. Les stèles d' Aspelta ...................... ............ ..................................................... ..... .. 11 1.1.3. Les sources secondaires .......................................... .. .. .............. ...................... .... .. 16 1.2. Historiographie ... ....................................... ... ... .... ..... ... .. .......... .. .................................. 17 1.2.1. L'idéologie royale nubienne .......... .. ......................................... ............................ 18 1.2.2. Ancêtres et construction identitaire royale .................................... .. .. ............ .. ...... 21 1.2.3. Le passé et sa fonction légitimatri.ce pour les rois nubiens ................................... 26 1.3. Conclusions ............................................ ...................................................................... 29 CHAPITRE II ANCÊTRES ET LÉGITIMATION DANS LE DOUBLE ROYAUME A V ANT TAHARQ0 .. .. .... .. ................ ........... .................. ... ..... .. .. .. .... .......................... ... ................ ....... 32 2.1. Les pharaons égyptiens et leurs ancêtres ..................................................................... 32 2.2. Kashta et Piye : l'unification de l'Égypte et de la Nubie (c. 760-722) ........................ 41 2.3. L' importance du passé égyptien sous Shabaqo et Shebitku (c. 721-690) .. .. ................ 46 2.4. Conclusions ... .. .......................... .. ...................... .. .... ......... .......... .. ..................... .. ......... 50 CHAPITRE ill TAHARQO ET LA PROMOTION D'UNE NOUVELLE CONSTRUCTION MYTHICO- POLITIQUE ..................... ........ ... .. ..... .. ............ .. .. .. ... .... ... ... .. ... ............ ... ...... ....... ............ ....... 55 3 .1. Taharqo et la tradition pharaonique .... ........ ................................................................. 55 3.2. La faveur du prédécesseur comme preuve de légitimité .. ............................................ 58 lV 3.3. Le pacte ancestral avec Amon : de nouvelles modalités de légitimité .. ....... ................ 63 3.4. Conclusions .... ................................... ......... ........ ... ......................... ............... ............... 72 CHAPITRE IV LA LÉGITIMITÉ ROYALE AU TEMPS D' ASPELTA: ENTRE CONTINUITÉ GÉNÉALOGIQUE ET SEGMENTA TI ON DYNASTIQUE .............................. ....... ........... 77 4.1. De Taharqo à Aspelta: continuité et redéfmition de l'idéologie .... ............................. 78 4.2. La légitimité d'Aspelta: une affaire de femmes ... ... ..... .. ..... .. ...................... ................ 83 4.3. Khaliut: un ancêtre mystérieux au cœur de la théorie des deux branches dynastiques ............. ......................... ....... .......................................................................... ,. 95 4.4. Conclusions ................................ ......... ... ......... .. ............. .. ................ ............. .. ........... lOO CONCLUSION ........ .... ........................................................................ .. .... .... ........... .. .......... 102 ANNEXE A - LES SOURCES PRINCIP ALES .................................................................. 108 ANNEXE B - TITULATURE DES ROIS NUBIENS ............................................ ............. 120 LISTE DES RÉFÉRENCES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................ l27 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS Abréviations terminologigues AE : Ancien Empire PPI : Première Période Intennédiaire ME : Moyen Empire DPI : Deuxième Période Intennédiaire NE: Nouvel Empire TPI: Troisième Période Intennédiaire DAA : Divine Adoratrice d'Amon DÉA : Divine Épouse d'Amon Abréviations de périodiques et collections1 AgLev: jlgypten und Levante. Zeitschrift for ii.gyptische Archii.ologie und deren Nachgebiete (Vienne, Autriche) AJA : American Journal of Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America (New York, Baltimore, puis Norwood) ASAE: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte (Le Caire) BIFAO: Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale (Le Caire) BiOr: Bibliotheca orientalis. Nederlands Inst. voor het Nabije Oosten (Leyde) BzS: Beitrii.ge zur Sudanforschung (Vienne, Autriche) CdE: Chronique d 'Égypte. Fondation égyptologique Reine Élisabeth (Bruxelles) CRAIBL: Comptes rendus de l 'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (Paris) CRIPEL: Cahiers de recherches de l 'Institut de papyrologie et égyptologie de Lille. Université de Lille (Lille) FHN: T. Eide et al. Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, 1994-2000 (Bergen) GM: Gottinger Miszellen. Beitrage zur ii.gyptologischen Dislcussion (Gottingen) HTR: Harvard Theological Review. Université Harvard (Chico, Calif.) IBAES: Intern.et-Beitrii.ge zur /lgyptologie und Sudanarchii.ologie (Berlin) IFAO: Institut français d'archéologie orientale (Le Caire) JAR CE : Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt (Boston, New York) JEA : Journal ofEgyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Society (Londres) JEH: Journal ofEcclesiastical Histmy. Université de Cambridge (Cambridge) JMFA : Journal of the Museum ofFine Arts, Boston (Boston) JNES: Journal ofNear Eastern Studies. Dept. ofNear Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Université de Chicago (Chicago, Ill.) JSSEA : Journal of the Society of the Studies ofEgyptian Antiquities (Toronto) 1 Nous avons adopté les abréviations préconisées par l'IF AO et recensées dans un docmuent produit à son intention par Bemard Mathieu (2010). Elles sont disponibles en ligue sm leur site web à l'adresse suivante : http://wvvvv.ifao.egnet.net/uploads/pnblications/enligne/Abreviations.pdf. Vl KR1: K. A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions, 1969-1990 (Oxford) LA: Lexikon der Agyptologie (Wiesbaden) MDAIK: Mitteilungen des deutschen archaologischen Instituts, Abt. Kairo (Wiesbaden, Mayence) MIFAO: Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale (Le Caire) MittSAG: Mitteilungen der Sudanarchéiologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin (Berlin) NEHET: Revue numérique d'Égyptologie du Centre de Recherches Égyptologiques de lÇ~ Sorbonne et du Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Pmis) OIP: Oriental Institute Publications. Université de Chicago (Chicago, TIL) Or: Orientalia.
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