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Egypt Between Kush and Assyria

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Egypt Between Kush and Assyria EGYPT BETWEEN KUSH AND ASSYRIA The Perspective of Tanutamani, King of Kush by Mattias Karlsson Egypt between Kush and Assyria: The Perspective of Tanutamani, King of Kush ii Karlsson, M. 2018. Egypt between Kush and Assyria: The Perspective of Tanutamani, King of Kush. vii+83 pp. Länna: utgivare Karlsson, Mattias (printed) / Uppsala: Uppsala universitets publikationer, http://uu.diva-portal.org/ (digital). ISBN 978-91-639-2642-6. ISBN 978-91-639-2642-6 © Mattias Karlsson 2018 iii Table of contents List of illustrations v Symbols and abbreviations vi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Topic, aims, and previous research 1 1.2 Material and method 3 1.3 Historical and ideological background 6 2. The perspective of Tanutamani throughout the stela 10 2.1 The non-narrative parts I: the texts and images in the lunette 10 2.1.1 Sources 10 2.1.2 Analysis 12 2.1.3 Summary 17 2.2 The non-narrative parts II: the titulary (lines 1-3) 18 2.2.1 Sources 18 2.2.2 Analysis 19 2.2.3 Summary 21 2.3 The narrative parts I: Tanutamani in Kush (lines 3-9) 21 2.3.1 Sources 22 2.3.2 Analysis 23 2.3.3 Summary 25 2.4 The narrative parts II: Tanutamani in Upper Egypt (lines 9-16) 26 2.4.1 Sources 27 2.4.2 Analysis 28 2.4.3 Summary 30 2.5 The narrative parts III: Tanutamani in Lower Egypt I (lines 16-26) 31 2.5.1 Sources 31 2.5.2 Analysis 33 2.5.3 Summary 36 2.6 The narrative parts IV: Tanutamani in Lower Egypt II (lines 26-42) 37 2.6.1 Sources 37 2.6.2 Analysis 40 2.6.3 Summary 43 3. Conclusion of the study 45 3.1 General summary 45 3.2 Reflections and conclusions 47 Bibliography 50 Appendices/index 58 Appendix 1: The Dream Stela in transcription and translation (English) 58 Appendix 2: The Dream Stela in transcription and translation (Swedish) 64 Appendix 3: Tanutamani in the Annals of Ashurbanipal 71 Index: deities, persons, places 73 Illustrations 77 iv List of illustrations Front page: The lunette of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pl. 1). - Fig. 1: The lunette of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pl. 1). 10 Fig. 2: Lines 1-3 of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pl. 1). 18 Fig. 3: Lines 3-9 of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pl. 1). 22 Fig. 4: Lines 9-16 of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pl. 1). 27 Fig. 5: Lines 16-26 of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pls. 1-2). 31 Fig. 6: Lines 26-42 of the Dream Stela (adapted from Grimal 1981: pl. 2). 37 Fig. 7: Copy of the Dream Stela (front side) made by Grimal. 77 Fig. 8: Copy of the Dream Stela (back side) made by Grimal. 78 Fig. 9: Copy of the Dream Stela (front side) made by Devéria. 79 Fig. 10: Copy of the Dream Stela (back side) made by Devéria. 80 Fig. 11: Photo of a headless statue of Tanutamani from Gebel Barkal. 81 Fig. 12: Photo of the interior of the tomb of Tanutamani in el-Kurru. 81 Fig. 13: Drawing of a relief scene from the Osiris-Ptah chapel in Karnak I. 82 Fig. 14: Drawing of a relief scene from the Osiris-Ptah chapel in Karnak II. 82 Fig. 15: Map over Nubia/Kush and Sudan. 83 v Symbols and abbreviations Symbols [ ] enclosing reconstructed text [-] a single sign missing [---] more than one sign missing ( ) marking scribal “error”: writing missing { } marking scribal “error”: writing redundant or faulty § signifying text section I (etc.) signifying column or volume 1 (Roman numerals) Bibliographical abbreviations AAA Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology Achet Achet, Schriften zur Ägyptologie ADAW Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften AfO Archiv für Orientforschung ÄgAbh Ägyptologische Abhandlungen ÄgFo Ägyptologische Forschungen AOAT Alter Orient und altes Testament Archaeologia e storia Archaelogia e storia della civilità egiziana e del Vicino Oriente antico ÄUAT Ägypten und altes Testament ÄWb. II Ägyptisches Wörterbuch II (see Hannig 2006) ÄZ Ägyptologische Zeitschrift BIFAO Bulletin de l’institut français d’archéologie orientale B. TAVO Tübinger Atlas des vorderen Orients, Beihefte Reihe B CdE Chronique d’Égypte CHANE Culture and History of the Ancient Near East CMAA Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology CRIPEL Cahier de recherches de l’institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille CRSA Comptes rendu des séances de l’académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres EQÄ Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie FHN (I) Fontes historiae nubiorum (I) (see Pierce 1994) FHN II Fontes historiae nubiorum II (see Eide 1996) GM Göttinger Miszellen HÄB Hildesheimer ägyptologische Beiträge HdO Handbuch der Orientalistik HL Hannig-Lexika JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JSSEA Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities KAW Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt LÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie (see Helck et al. (eds.) 1975-92) LÄS Leipziger ägyptologische Studien vi MIFAO (NS) Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’institut français d’archéologie orientale du Cairo(, nova series) MIO Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschungen MRE Monographies reine Élisabeth Nah. Book of Nahum (Old Testament) OBO Orbis biblicus et orientalis OrAntC Oriens antiqui collectio Or. NS Orientalia nova series PÄ Probleme der Ägyptologie RAr (NS) Revue archéologique(, nova series) RdE Revue d’égyptologie RHAW Routledge History of the Ancient World SAK Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur SE Shire Egyptology SEANE Studies in Egyptology and the Ancient Near East SH Scripta hierosolymitana Urk. Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums WAW Writings from the Ancient World Wb. Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (see Erman and Grapow (eds.) 1926-61) ZÄS Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde Other abbreviations A prism A (annals of Ashurbanipal) app(s). appendix(ices) B prism B (annals of Ashurbanipal) ch(s). chapter(s) cl(l). caption line(s) E prism E (annals of Ashurbanipal) Fig(s). figure(s) (internal reference) fig(s). figure(s) (external reference) JE journal d’entrée Ku (el-)Kurru l(l). line(s) N N-stem (in Akkadian) n(n). (foot)note(s) no(s). number(s) p. person p(p). page(s) pl. plural pl(s.) plate(s) vii 1. Introduction 1.1 Topic, aims, and previous research This thesis centres on the ideology of Egypt’s Kushite 25th dynasty (753-6561) and on how Tanutamani2 (664-656), king of Kush, portrays his relations to Kush, Egypt, and other lands (among them Assyria?)3 in the texts and images on his Dream Stela (see Figs. 1-10). On this stela, Tanutamani narrates that he in a dream was promised dominion over the whole of Egypt, and that he, proceeding from Kush, conducted a military campaign northwards that fulfilled this dream (Breyer 2003: 66-213). In the first half of the seventh century BCE, Egypt was politically weak and fragmented, caught between the two great powers of the day – Kush and Assyria – that competed for domination over Egypt. The Kushite ruler Piy (753-721) partly incorporated Egypt into his Kushite state, thus introducing Egypt’s 25th dynasty. The Kushite kingdom later came into conflict with the expansionist Neo-Assyrian empire, and Assyrian troops under Esarhaddon (680-669) finally managed to conquer Egypt in 671 BCE (Kuhrt 1997: 634-36, Morkot 2000, Redford 2004: 65-92).4 When Tanutamani, who was a son of Shabaqo (721-707/6) and/or a son of a sister of Taharqo (690-664),5 took the throne in 664 BCE,6 Lower Egypt was controlled by Assyria. Upper Egypt was at least partly allied with the Kushite state, not the least due to the Kushite control over the powerful office of God’s Wife of Amun in Thebes (occupied by a Kushite princess) and the alliance with the influential official Mentuemhat of the same city. Upon coronation, Tanutamani with his army sailed northwards and managed to take control of much of Lower Egypt, probably killing Nekau I (672-664), Assyria’s main vassal, in the process. This campaign triggered a response from Ashurbanipal (668-631), king of Assyria. In the same year, the Assyrians conquered Egypt, going as far south as Thebes which was sacked. Tanutamani fled to Kush. The Kushite state probably did not try to reconquer Lower Egypt again, although it kept some influence in Upper Egypt due to the God’s Wife of Amun in Thebes. The son of Nekau I, Psamtek I (664-610), took the initiative and subsequently made himself king of all Egypt as well as distanced himself from Assyria by 656 BCE. His daughter Nitocris was adopted as the future God’s Wife of Amun in the same year. Tanutamani died in, or shortly after, 656 BCE, as solely a king of Kush (Kuhrt 1997: 634-36, Breyer 2003: 327-51, Redford 2004: 86-147).7 1 The dates of Kushite reigns follow Kahn 2001, using the new evidence in the Tang-i Var Inscription (Redford 1999). The dates of Egyptian reigns follow Shaw and Nicholson 1995: 310-12. The range of regnal years (664-656) for Tanutamani tells of when this ruler also was a king of Egypt. For a full but concise discussion on the chronology of the period, see the study by Kitchen (2009 [1972], ch. 10). 2 The writing of Egyptian and Kushite personal names follow Shaw and Nicholson 1995: 310-12. The same holds true for the writing of divine and geographical names. 3 Assyria is at best only indirectly referred to in the stela text (see subsection 2.5.2).
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