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The American Tradition in Qualitative Research SAGE BENCHMARKS IN RESEARCH METHODS THE AMERICAN TRADITION IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VOLUME I EDITED BY NORMAN K. DENZIN YVONNA S. LINCOLN SAGE Publications London • Thousand Oaks • New Delhi CONTENTS VOLUME I Appendix of Sources I Editors' Introduction xi PART ONE HISTORY, ETHICS, POLITICS AND PARADIGMS OF INQUIRY Section One History and Ethics 1. Qualitative Methods: Their History in Sociology and Anthropology Arthur J. Vidich & Stanford M. Lyman 3 2. Action Anthropology Sol Tax 62 3. Whose Side Are We On? Howard S. Becker 71 4. Black Bourgeoisie: Public and Academic Reactions E. Franklin Frazier 82 5. Sociological Snoopers and Journalistic Moralizers: An Exchange Nicholas von Hoffman 88 6. Ethics: The Failure of Positivist Science Yvonna S. Lincoln &Egon G. Guba 92 7. Emerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive Research Yvonna S. Lincoln 108 Section Two Positivism, Postpositivism and Constructivism 8. Methodological Principles of Empirical Science Herbert Blumer 122 9. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective Donna Haraway 128 Section Three Feminism, Racialized Discourse, Critical Theory 10. Criteria of Negro Art W.E.B.DuBois 149 11. Research Zora Neale Hurston 157 12. A Blueprint for Negro Authors Nick Aaron Ford 173 13. An American Dilemma: A Review Ralph Ellison 177 14. The Homeland Aztland and Movimientos de Rebeldia y las Culturas que Traicionan Gloria Anzaldua 186 15. Toward an Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology Patricia Hill Collins 195 16. Saving Black Folk Culture: Zora Neale Hurston as Anthropologist and Writer bell hooks 215 17. The Black Arts Movement Larry Neal 223 18. Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased? James Joseph Scheurich & Michelle D. Young 236 19. A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s Donna Haraway 263 Section Four Poststructural and Postcolonial Theory 20. Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture Clifford Geertz 298 21. Can the Subaltern Speak? Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 321 22. From Orientalism Edward Said 327 Section Five Queer Theory 23. Questions of Method Michel Foucault 344 24. Imitation and Gender Insubordination Judith Butler 357 25. Preface to The Use of Pleasure Michel Foucault 374 VOLUME II PART TWO STRATEGIES OF INQUIRY Section One Ethnography 26. Revisiting Street Corner Society After Fifty Years William Foote Whyte 3 27. Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought Clifford Geertz 15 28. Introduction: Out of Exile Ruth Behar 17 29. An End to Innocence: The Ethnography of Ethnography John Van Maanen 38 30. The "Ethnographic Society" at Century's End: Clarifying the Role of Public Ethnography KenPlummer 58 31. Fieldwork in the Era of Globalization Arjun Appadurai 65 32. The Ethnographers' Ball — Revisited Patricia A. Adler & Peter Adler 68 Section Two Performance Ethnography 33. The Farmer's Daughter: A Performance Text MichalMcCall 75 34. Beyond the Text: Toward a Performative Cultural Politics Dwight Conquergood 86 35. Performing Theory/Embodied Writing D. Soyini Madison 101 Section Three Case Study 36. Value of Delinquent Boy's Own Story Clifford R. Shaw 122 37. The Case Study Method in Social Inquiry Robert E. Stake 131 38. Critique Checklist for a Case Study Report Robert E. Stake 139 Section Four Life History 39. Suggested Outline to be Followed in Studying and Writing the Life History of a Deviant Edwin M. Lemert 140 40. The Life Story Approach: A Continental View Daniel Bertaux & Martin Kohli 142 41. Life History and the Critique of American Sociological Practice Paul C. Luken & Suzanne Vaughan 151 Section Five Testimonio 42. Testimonio and Postmodernism George Yudice 173 43. The Torture and Death of Her Little Brother, Burnt Alive in Front of Members of Their Families and the Community Rigoberta Menchu 189 44. The Death of Petrocinio David Stoll 198 45. Our Rigoberta? /, Rigoberta Menchu, Cultural Authority, and the Problem of Subaltern Agency John Beverley 208 Section Six Grounded Theory 46. The Discovery of Grounded Theory and Applying Grounded Theory Barney G. Glaser & Anselm L. Strauss 229 47. Grounded Theory Kathy Charmaz 244 48. Grounded Theory as an Emerging Paradigm for Computer- assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Markku Lonkila 271 Section Seven Interpretive Practices and Ethnomethodology 49. Theorizing as Ideology Dorothy Smith 282 50. The Origins of the Term 'Ethnomethodology' Harold Garfinkel 286 51. Poststructuralist Theory as Political Necessity Dorinne Kondo 290 52. Analytic Ethnography: Features, Failings, and Futures John Lofland 295 53. Poetics of Voice and Maps of Space: Two Trends within Empirical Research in Cultural Studies Paula Saukko 309 54. At the Border of Narrative and Ethnography Jaber F. Gubrium & James A. Holstein 324 55. Analyzing Talk and Text David Silverman 333 Section Eight Action Research and Clinical Research 56. Practical Anthropology Bronislaw Malinowski 352 57. Current Issues, Problems, and Trends to Advance Qualitative Paradigmatic Research Methods for the Future Madeleine Leininger 355 58. Participatory Action Research: Through Practice to Science in Social Research William Foote Whyte, DavyddJ. Greenwood & Peter Lazes 369 59. Feminist Participatory Action Research: Methodological and Ethical Issues Bev Gatenby & Maria Humphries 385 VOLUME III PART THREE METHODS OF COLLECTING EMPIRICAL MATERIALS Section One Interview 60. Of Sociology and the Interview Mark Benney & Everett C. Hughes 3 61. Interviewing Women: A Contradiction In Terms Ann Oakley 11 62. Kundera's Immortality: The Interview Society and the Invention of the Self Paul Atkinson & David Silverman 34 63. The Active Interview in Perspective James A. Holstein &Jaber F. Gubrium 55 Section Two Observation 64. From Participant Observation to the Observation of Participation: The Emergence of Narrative Ethnography Barbara Tedlock 66 65. Rethinking Observation: From Method to Context Michael V. Angrosino &Kimberly A. Mays de Perez 91 Section Three Visual Methods 66. Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson on The Use of the Camera in Anthropology Gregory Bateson & Margaret Mead 96 67. The Performative Visual Anthropology Films of Zora Neale Hurston Elaine S. Charnov 102 68. Shadow Catchers or Shadow Snatchers? Ethical Issues for Photographers of Contemporary Native Americans Lee Philip Brumbaugh 110 Section Four Autoethnography 69. Auto-Ethnography: Paradigms, Problems, and Prospects David M. Hayano 122 70. The Other Side of the Fence: Seeing Black and White in a Small Southern Town Carolyn Ellis 133 71. The Next Night Sous Rature. Wrestling with Derrida's Mimesis Carol Rambo Ronai 153 72. Torch Stacy Holmanjones 169 Section Five Document Analysis and Material Culture 73. The Case for Personal Documents Gordon W. Allport 193 74. Ethical Considerations in Anthropology and Archaeology, or Relativism and Justice for All Merrilee H. Salmon 207 75. Dialogics of Material Culture: Male and Female in Murik Outrigger Canoes Kathleen Barlow & David Lipset 224 Section Six Narrative Methods 76. The Challenge of Qualitative Content Analysis Siegfried Kracauer 264 77. Myth Today Roland Barthes 274 78. Encoding, Decoding Stuart Hall 276 79. Grandma's Story Trinh T. Minh-ha 287 Section Seven Representing and Analyzing Empirical Materials 80. The Quest for Universals in Sociological Research Ralph H. Turner 290 81. Telling about Society Howard S. Becker 302 82. Writing-Stories: Co-Authoring "The Sea Monster," a Writing- Story Laurel Richardson 315 Section Eight Focus Groups 83. Purposes and Criteria Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske & Patricia L. Kendall 328 84. Focus Groups Richard A. Krueger 339 85. Focus Groups in Feminist Research Esther Madriz 352 Section Nine Applied Ethnography 86. Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of a Value-Free Sociology Alvin W. Gouldner 373 87. Applying Ethnography Eleanor Lyon 390 88. A Crisis of Representation in the Human Sciences George E. Marcus & Michael M.J. Fischer 409 VOLUME IV PART FOUR INTERPRETIVE PRACTICES Section One Interpretive Criteria 89. Ethnographic Evaluation: A Theory and Method Donald W. Dorr-Bremme 3 Section Two Politics and Practices of Interpretation 90. Fertile Obsession: Validity After Poststructuralism Patti Lather 29 91. Telling Tales of the South Pacific Lola Romanucci-Ross 53 92. Multiple Subjectivities and Strategic Positionality: Zora Neale Hurston's Experimental Ethnographies Graciela Hernandez 69 Section Three Writing: A Method of Inquiry 93. Letter to Dwight Macdonald C. Wright Mills 87 94. On Intellectual Craftsmanship C. Wright Mills 90 95. Writing Ethnographic Narratives Linda Brodkey 92 96. Self, Truth, and Form: Lessons from Georgia O'Keeffe Susan Krieger 112 Section Four Poetics 97. Tribal Fire and Scribal Ice Ivan Brady 127 98. Experience and Poetics in Anthropological Writing Edith Turner 156 99. That Rare Feeling: Re-Presenting Research Through Poetic Transcription Conine Glesne 175 100. Poetry and Ethnography: A Dialogical Approach Dennis Tedlock 195 Section Five Qualitative Program Evaluation 101. Qualitative Program Evaluation: Practice and Promise Jennifer C. Greene 210 102. Evaluation Research and the Practice of Social Services: A Case for Qualitative Methodology Donileen R. Loseke 235 Section Six Policy Analysis 103. On the Application of Qualitative Research to the Policy Process: An Emergent Linkage Ray C. Rist 250 104. Policy as Communication and the Naturalistic Study of the Use of Policy Research Steven Maynard-Moody 264 Section Seven The Future: Tensions and
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