DOCSLIB.ORG

The Basics of Sociology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE BASICS OF SOCIOLOGY Kathy S. Stolley GREENWOOD PRESS The Basics of Sociology The Basics of Sociology THE BASICS OF SOCIOLOGY Kathy S. Stolley Basics of the Social Sciences GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stolley, Kathy S. The basics of sociology / Kathy S. Stolley. p. cm.––(Basics of the social sciences) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-313-32387-9 (alk. paper) 1. Sociology. 2. Sociology––History. 3. Sociologists––Biography. 4. Internet––Social aspects. 5. Sociology––Vocational guidance. I. Title. II. Series. HM585.S77 2005 301––dc22 2004044863 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2005 by Kathy S. Stolley All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004044863 ISBN: 0–313–32387–9 First published in 2005 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To Billy and To Mrs. Elkins, Grade 3, who told our class, “Someday we’ll get to read a book that Kathy wrote.” Contents Figures and Tables xiii Sociology Timeline of Selected Events and Influential Publications xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 What Sociology Offers 2 History of Sociology 4 Sociologists in Society 7 The Sociological Imagination 8 Sociology as an Academic Discipline 9 Sociology in a Changing World 12 Biographies 13 Auguste Comte 13 Anthony Giddens 14 Abu Zaid Abdal Rahman Ibn Khaldun 14 Harriet Martineau 15 C. Wright Mills 16 Albion Small 16 Ida B. Wells-Barnett 17 Careers in Sociology 18 Additional Resources 19 Chapter 2: Sociological Theory 21 Sociological Paradigms 21 Major Sociological Perspectives 22 Structural-Functionalism 23 Social-Conflict Theory 25 Symbolic Interactionism 27 Applying the Paradigms 29 Structural-Functionalist Perspective on Health Care 30 Social-Conflict Perspective on Health Care 30 Contents Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective on Health Care 31 Biographies 32 Jessie Bernard 33 Patricia Hill Collins 33 Niklas Luhmann 33 Karl Marx 34 Robert K. Merton 35 Talcott Parsons 36 Herbert Spencer 37 Max Weber 37 Careers in Sociology 39 Additional Resources 39 Chapter 3: Culture and Society 41 Culture 41 Types of Culture 42 Society 43 Social Structure 43 Status 44 Roles 45 Aspects of Culture 45 Values 45 Norms 46 Symbols 47 Languages 48 Diversity 49 Sociobiology 51 Globalization and the Internet 51 Biographies 53 Napoleon Chagnon 53 Marvin Harris 54 Marshall McLuhan 54 William Graham Sumner 55 Benjamin Lee Whorf 56 Edward O. Wilson 56 Careers in Sociology 57 Additional Resources 58 Chapter 4: Socialization and Social Interaction 61 Theories of Socialization 61 The Looking-Glass Self 62 The I and Me 63 Personality and Social Development 64 The Socialization Process 66 Total Institutions and Resocialization 68 Socialization and Social Interaction 69 Dramaturgy 70 Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis 71 Globalization and the Internet 72 viii Contents Biographies 73 Peter Berger 73 Charles Horton Cooley 74 Sigmund Freud 75 Harold Garfinkel 76 Erving Goffman 76 George Herbert Mead 77 William I. Thomas 78 Careers in Sociology 79 Additional Resources 80 Chapter 5: Social Groups and Organizations 83 Social Groups 83 Reference Groups 85 Group Size 85 Networks 86 Group Dynamics 86 Group Formation 87 Leadership 88 Power 88 Conformity 89 Obedience 90 Group Decision Making 91 Institutions and Conformity 92 Formal Organizations 93 Bureaucracy 94 Oligarchy 96 The McDonaldization of Society 96 Globalization and the Internet 98 Biographies 99 Peter M. Blau 99 George Caspar Homans 100 Rosabeth Moss Kanter 101 Kurt Lewin 102 Robert Michels 102 George Ritzer 103 Georg Simmel 103 Philip G. Zimbardo 104 Careers in Sociology 105 Additional Resources 106 Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control 109 Theories of Deviance 111 Biological Perspectives 111 Structural-Functionalist Perspectives 112 Social Bonds 113 Structural Strain 114 Opportunity Structures 114 ix Contents Social Control 115 Social-Conflict Perspectives 116 Symbolic-Interactionist Perspectives 118 Labeling 118 The Medicalization of Deviance 120 Cultural Transmission 121 Globalization and the Internet 121 Biographies 123 Howard Becker 123 William Chambliss 124 Peter Conrad 124 Travis Hirschi 125 Cesare Lombroso 125 Coramae Richey Mann 126 Richard Quinney 127 Edwin H. Sutherland 127 Careers in Sociology 128 Additional Resources 129 Chapter 7: Stratification 131 Forms of Stratification 132 Stratification in the United States 134 Poverty 134 Sources of Stratification 137 Structural-Functionalist Perspectives 137 Social-Conflict Perspectives 139 Multidimensional Perspectives 140 Maintaining Stratification 141 Social Mobility 143 Globalization and the Internet 145 Biographies 147 Kingsley Davis 147 William Edward Burghardt Du Bois 148 Friedrich Engels 148 Immanuel Wallerstein 149 William Julius Wilson 150 Careers in Sociology 150 Additional Resources 151 Chapter 8: Population Structure, Movements, and Concentration 153 Population Change 153 Population Structures 155 Fast Population Growth 155 Slow Population Growth 155 Declining Populations 157 Theories of Demographic Change 157 Malthusian Theory 158 Demographic-Transition Theory 159 Measuring Population 160 Population and Urbanization 160 x Contents History of Urban Sociology 162 Urban Ecology 165 Urban Sociology Today 166 Suburbs 167 Nature of Urban Life and Community 169 Globalization and the Internet 170 Biographies 171 Herbert Gans 171 Mark Gottdiener 172 Thomas Robert Malthus 173 Robert Ezra Park 173 Ferdinand Toennies 174 Barry Wellman 175 Louis Wirth 176 Careers in Sociology 177 Additional Resources 177 Chapter 9: Social Change, Behavior, and Movements 179 Collective Behavior 180 Forms of Collective Behavior 180 Fashions and Fads 180 Rumors 181 Urban Legends 183 Mass Hysteria 184 Crowds 184 Theories of Collective Behavior 185 Contagion Theory 186 Emergent-Norm Theory 186 Value-Added Theory 187 Social Movements 188 Formation of Social Movements 188 Types of Social Movements 189 Decline of Social Movements 191 Theories of Social Movements 192 Resource-Mobilization Theory 192 New Social Movements 193 Globalization and the Internet 194 Biographies 195 Herbert Blumer 195 Gustave Le Bon 196 Stanley Lieberson 197 Neil Smelser 197 Pitirim A. Sorokin 198 Thorstein Veblen 198 Careers in Sociology 199 Additional Resources 200 Chapter 10: Research Methods 203 Conducting Sociological Research 204 Sociological Research Methods 205 xi Contents Questioning 206 Noticing 208 Analyzing 209 Explaining 211 Research Ethics 212 Research on the Internet 213 The Research Process 214 Biographies 216 Emile Durkheim 216 Andrew M. Greeley 217 Paul Lazarsfeld 218 Stanley Milgram 219 Dorothy Smith 220 Careers in Sociology 221 Additional Resources 221 Chapter 11: Preparing to Be a Sociologist and Career Opportunities 223 Academic Training for Sociologists 223 The Popularity of Studying Sociology 224 Characteristics of Sociology Students 225 Sociologists in the Workplace (Academics and Beyond) 227 Job Skills 228 Career Preparation 228 Sociologists at Work 229 Sociological Practice 229 Where Sociologists Work 230 Salaries for Sociologists 231 Professional Organizations 233 Biographies 235 Jane Addams 235 Arthur B. Shostak 236 Stephen F. Steele 237 Roger A. Straus 237 Lester Ward 238 William Foote Whyte 238 Additional Resources 239 Glossary 241 References 253 Index 291 xii Figures and Tables FIGURES 7.1 Percentage of Families with Children under Age 18 Living in Poverty, by Family Type and Race, 2003 138 8.1 Nigerian Population Pyramid, 2000, 2050 156 8.2 U.S. Population Pyramid, 2000, 2050 157 8.3 Ukrainian Population Pyramid, 2000, 2050 158 TABLES 1.1 The Sociological Focus as Compared with Other Social Sciences 11 2.1 Comparison of Major Sociological Paradigms 29 6.1 Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance 115 7.1 Share of Aggregate Income among Households, Selected Years 1967–2003 135 7.2 Share of Aggregate Income Earned by Top Five Percent of Households, Selected Years 1967–2003 135 7.3 Poverty Thresholds by Family Size, 2003 136 7.4 Median Household Income by Race, 2003 136 7.5 Poverty Rates by Race, 2003 137 8.1 Total U.S. Population and Percentage Urban, Selected Years 1790–2000 161 8.2 Ten Largest U.S. Cities and Other Urban Places, Selected Years 1790–2000 163 8.3 Ten Largest Countries in the World, 1950, 2000, and 2050 164 11.1 Number of Sociology Degrees Awarded by Degree Level, Selected Years 1970–2000 225 Figures and Tables 11.2 Percentage of Sociology Degrees Awarded at Each Degree Level by Gender, Selected Years 1970–2000 226 11.3 Average Percentage of Doctorate Degrees Earned by Women in Selected Disciplines, 2001 227 11.4 Racial/Ethnic Identity of Sociology Ph.D. Recipients, 1980, 1990, 2000 227 11.5 Median Annual Earnings for Selected Social-Science Fields, 2002 232 11.6 Average Sociology Faculty Salaries in 2003/04 and Percentage of Salary Change, 1982/83–2003/04 232 11.7 Sections of the American Sociological Association 234 xiv Sociology Timeline of Selected Events and Influential Publications 1200s Wen Hsien T’ung K’ao (General Study of the Literary Remains), Chinese his- torian Ma Tuan-Lin 1300s Ibn Khaldun conducts studies of Arab society
Recommended publications
  • November 1998

    November 1998

    April 2020 Curriculum Vitae Annette Lareau Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Endowed Term Professor in the Social Sciences Department of Sociology University of Pennsylvania 3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Ste. 113 Philadelphia, PA 19104-6299 215 898-3515 (phone) 215 573-2081 (fax) Email: [email protected] EDUCATION 1984 Ph.D., Sociology, University of California, Berkeley 1978 M.A., Sociology, University of California, Berkeley 1974 B.A., Sociology, with Highest honors, University of California, Santa Cruz AWARDS 2004 William J. Goode, Best Book in Sociology of the Family, Unequal Childhoods, American Sociological Association Culture Section, Co-winner of Best Book Award, Unequal Childhoods, American Sociological Association Section on Childhood and Youth, Distinguished Scholarship Award for Unequal Childhoods, American Sociological Association Finalist, C. Wright Mills Prize, Unequal Childhoods, Society for the Study of Social Problems AESA Critics Choice Award, Unequal Childhoods, American Educational Studies Association 1991 Willard Waller Award for Distinguished Scholarship, Home Advantage, Sociology of Education Section, American Sociological Association. AESA Critics Choice Award, Home Advantage, American Educational Studies Association PUBLICATIONS: BOOKS 2018 Ritual, Emotion, Violence: Studies on the Micro-Sociology of Randall Collins. (Edited by Elliot Weininger, Annette Lareau, and Omar Lizardo). New York: Routledge. 2014 Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools. (Edited by Annette Lareau and Kimberly Goyette.) New York: The Russell Sage Foundation. 2011 Unequal Childhoods: Race, Class, and Family Life. Second Edition. A Decade Later. University of California Press. [2011/2003] Translated into Chinese, Korean, and Spanish. Reprinted (selections): American Families (Ed. By Stephanie Coontz, Routledge, 2008, 400-417. 2009 Educational Research on Trial. (Edited by Pamela Barnhouse Walters, Annette Lareau, and Sherri Ranis).
  • The Growth of Criminological Theories

    The Growth of Criminological Theories

    THE GROWTH OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES Jonathon M. Heidt B.A., University of Montana, 2000 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School of Criminology OJonathon M. Heidt 2003 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Jonathon Heidt Degree: M.A. Title of Thesis: The Growth of Criminological Theories Examining Committee: Chair: ~ridnkurtch,P~JJ$ . D;. Robert ~ordoi,kh.~. Senior Supervisor Dr. Elizabeth Elliott, Ph.D. Member Sociology Department University at Albany - SUNY Date Approved: PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay The Growth of Criminological Theories Author: Name ABSTRACT In the last 50 years, an extensive array of theories has appeared within the field of criminology, many generated by the discipline of sociology.
  • Concentric Zone Theory

    Concentric Zone Theory

    Lecture-04 M.A.(Semester-II) PAPER-8 Urban Sociology CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY Dr. Shankar Kumar Lal University Department of Sociology Lalit Narayan Mithila University Kameshwarnagar,Darbhanga E-mail: [email protected] Mobile: +91-8252199182 CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY ORIGIN . Developed in the 1920’s by Ernest Burgess and Robert Park, University of Chicago . Hypothesis of this theory is that cities grow and develop outwardly in concentric zones. Sought to explain the socioeconomic divides in and out of the city . Model was based on Chicago’s city layout . First theory to explain the distribution of social groups CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY….? • Social structures extend outward from one central business area. • Population density decreases towards outward zones • Shows correlation between socioeconomic status and the distance from the central business district • Also known as the Burgess Model, the Bull’s Eye Model, the Concentric Ring Model, or the Concentric Circles Model. Concentric Zone Model ZONE 1: CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT(CBD) • Non-residential center for business. • “Downtown” area • Emphasis on business and commerce • Commuted to by residents of other zones Commercial centre . First, the inner most ring zone or nucleolus of the city is a commercial centre also called Central Business District (CBD) in North America and western countries. This zone is characterized by high intensity of commercial, social and civic amenities. It is the heart of the city which includes department stores, office buildings, shops, banks, clubs, hotels, theatres and many other civic buildings. Being the centre of commercial activities and location, it is accessible from all directions and attracts a large number of people.
  • Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Hfed?

    Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Hfed?

    The Thomas Theorem and The Matthew Hfed? ROBERT K MERI'ON, Cohmbiu University and Russell Sage Foundation Eponymy in science is the practice of affixing the names of scientists to what they have discovered or are believed to have discovered,’ as with Boyle’s Law, Halley’s comet, Fourier’s transform, Planck’s constant, the Rorschach test, the Gini coefficient, and the Thomas theorem This article can be read from various sociological perspectives? Most specifical- ly, it records an epistolary episode in the sociointellectual history of what has ’ The definition of epw includes the cautionary phrase,“or are belkvedto have discovered,” in order to take due note of “Stigkr’s Law of Eponymy” which in its strongest and “simplest form is this: ‘No scientific discovery is named after its original discovereV (Stigler 1980). Stigler’s study of what is generally known as “the normal distribution” or “the Gaussian distribution” as a case in point of his ixonicaBy self-exemplifyingeponymous law is based in part on its eponymous appearance in 80 textbooks of statistics, from 1816 to 1976. 2 As will become evident, this discursive composite of archival dccuments, biography of a sociological idea, and analysis of social mechanisms involved in the diffusion of that idea departs from the tidy format that has come to be p&bed for the scientific paper. This is by design and with the indulgent consent of the editor of SocialForces. But then, that only speaks for a continuing largeness of spirit of its editorial policy which, back in 1934, allowed the ironic phrase “enlightened Boojum of Positivism” (with its allusion to Lewis Carroll’s immortal The Hunting of the &ark) to appear in my very fist article, published in this journal better than 60 Y- ago.
  • Social Theory's Essential Texts

    Social Theory's Essential Texts

    Conference Information Features • Znaniecki Conference in Poland • The Essential Readings in Theory • Miniconference in San Francisco • Where Can a Student Find Theory? THE ASA July 1998 THEORY SECTION NEWSLETTER Perspectives VOLUME 20, NUMBER 3 From the Chair’s Desk Section Officers How Do We Create Theory? CHAIR By Guillermina Jasso Guillermina Jasso s the spring semester draws to a close, and new scholarly energies are every- where visible, I want to briefly take stock of sociological theory and the CHAIR-ELECT Theory Section. It has been a splendid privilege to watch the selflessness Janet Saltzman Chafetz A and devotion with which section members nurture the growth of sociological theory and its chief institutional steward, the Theory Section. I called on many of you to PAST CHAIR help with section matters, and you kindly took on extra burdens, many of them Donald Levine thankless except, sub specie aeternitatis, insofar as they play a part in advancing socio- logical theory. The Theory Prize Committee, the Shils-Coleman Prize Committee, SECRETARY-TREASURER the Nominations Committee, and the Membership Committee have been active; the Peter Kivisto newsletter editor has kept us informed; the session organizers have assembled an impressive array of speakers and topics. And thus, we can look forward to our COUNCIL meeting in August as a time for intellectual consolidation and intellectual progress. Keith Doubt Gary Alan Fine The section program for the August meetings includes one regular open session, one Stephen Kalberg roundtables session, and the three-session miniconference, entitled “The Methods Michele Lamont of Theoretical Sociology.” Because the papers from the miniconference are likely to Emanuel Schegloff become the heart of a book, I will be especially on the lookout for discussion at the miniconference sessions that could form the basis for additional papers or discus- Steven Seidman sion in the volume.
  • Dramaturgy Handbook

    Dramaturgy Handbook

    Marat/Sade Emerson Stage 2007-08 Photo Brendan Koons DRAMATURGY STUDENT HANDBOOK Compiled by Magda Romanska, Ph.D. Head of Theatre Studies and Dramaturgy Advisor Emerson College Department of Performing Arts 120 Boylston St Boston, MA 02116 [email protected] 2 TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS WHAT IS DRAMATURGY? ........................................................................... 4 DRAMATURGY AND THE LIBERAL ARTS ............................................... 6 INSTITUTIONAL DRAMATURGY .............................................................. 7 PRODUCTION DRAMATURGY ................................................................. 9 AMERICAN VS. EUROPEAN DRAMATURGY ........................................ 13 DRAMATURGY PORTFOLIO .................................................................... 14 RECOMMENDATION LETTERS ............................................................... 15 DRAMATURGY CAREER RESOURCES ............................................... 17 INTERNSHIPS ......................................................................................... 17 GRADUATE PROGRAMS - M.F.A. /Ph.D. ............................................... 24 JOURNALS ......................................................................................................28 CONFERENCES & ORGANIZATIONS .................................................... 49 OTHER CAREER RESOURCES ............................................................. 53 DRAMATURGY BEYOND THEATRE DRAMATURGY FOR FILM SCRIPTS.....................................................
  • Fall 2007  Volume Xxiiii No

    Fall 2007  Volume Xxiiii No

    FALL 2007 VOLUME XXIIII NO. 3 NNeettwwoorrkknewsnews The Newsletter of Sociologists for Women in Society SSWWSS MMeeeettiinnggss iinn NNYYCC AAuugguusstt 1111--1133 22000077 FFrroomm tthhee BBiigg UUnneeaassyy ttoo tthhee BBiigg AAppppllee By: Manisha Desai The meeting in New York was organized to continue the SWS President focus of the winter meetings on Solidarities Across Borders. I was really pleased with the attendance at our sessions. rom New Orleans to New York was both a dramatic There was standing room only at Doing Gender: 20 Years shift and yet a continuation of the story of the Later which honored Candace West and Don Zimmerman's contemporaryFF crisis of the US state, in particular the increas- classic article in Gender and Society. Similarly the panel, ing privatization and corruption of the state’s security and Straight Up No Chaser: Challenges Women of Color Face in reconstruction roles. While the attack in New York, six the Academy, and Evelyn Nakano Glenn's SWS Feminist years ago, marked the beginning of this crisis, New Orleans Lecture, Yearning for Whiteness: The New Global represented the depth of this crisis. The SWS meeting in Marketing of Skin Whitening Products, were well attended New Orleans showcased how every day men and women in and led to animated discussions. I also took advantage of our New Orleans were building solidarities across borders to location in New York City and organized jointly, with ASA rebuild even as the state had abdicated its responsibilities. and Women Make Movies, a day-long women's film The US model of privatization of state roles was also evident festival.
  • Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines

    Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines

    Title: The Missing Sociological Imagination: Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines Author: Prof. Kathy Westman, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, IL Summary: This lesson explores the links on the development of sociology in the Philippines and the sociological consciousness in the country. The assumption is that limited growth of sociological theory is due to the parallel limited growth of social modernity in the Philippines. Therefore, the study of sociology in the Philippines takes on a functionalist orientation limiting development of sociological consciousness on social inequalities. Sociology has not fully emerged from a modernity tool in transforming Philippine society to a conceptual tool that unites Filipino social consciousness on equality. Objectives: 1. Study history of sociology in the Philippines. 2. Assess the application of sociology in context to the Philippine social consciousness. 3. Explore ways in which function over conflict contributes to maintenance of Filipino social order. 4. Apply and analyze the links between the current state of Philippine sociology and the threats on thought and freedoms. 5. Create how sociology in the Philippines can benefit collective social consciousness and of change toward social movements of equality. Content: Social settings shape human consciousness and realities. Sociology developed in western society in which the constructions of thought were unable to explain the late nineteenth century systemic and human conditions. Sociology evolved out of the need for production of thought as a natural product of the social consciousness. Sociology came to the Philippines in a non-organic way. Instead, sociology and the social sciences were brought to the country with the post Spanish American War colonization by the United States.
  • Immigration Policymaking in the Newest Era of Nativist Populism

    Immigration Policymaking in the Newest Era of Nativist Populism

    IN SEARCH OF A NEW EQUILIBRIUM: IMMIGRATION POLICYMAKING IN THE NEWEST ERA OF NATIVisT POPULisM By Demetrios G. Papademetriou, Kate Hooper, and Meghan Benton TRANSATLANTIC COUNCIL ON MIGRATION IN SEARCH OF A NEW EQUILIBRIUM Immigration Policymaking in the Newest Era of Nativist Populism By Demetrios G. Papademetriou, Kate Hooper, and Meghan Benton November 2018 Acknowledgments This research was commissioned for the eighteenth plenary meeting of the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), held in Stockholm in November 2017. The meeting’s theme was “The Future of Migration Policy in a Volatile Political Landscape,” and this report was one of several that informed the Council’s discussions. The authors are grateful for Lauren Shaw’s helpful edits and for research assistance from Brian Salant, Gonzaga Mbalungu, Jeffrey Hallock, and Jae June Lee. The Council is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: the Open Society Foundations, Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Barrow Cadbury Trust, the Luso- American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/ transatlantic. © 2018 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Cover Design: April Siruno, MPI Layout: Sara Staedicke, MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute.
  • Chicago School (Sociology)

    Chicago School (Sociology)

    Chicago school (sociology) In sociology and later criminology, the Chicago school (sometimes described as the ecological school) was the first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s specializing in urban sociology, and the research into the urban environment by combining theory and ethnographic fieldwork in Chicago, now applied elsewhere. While involving scholars at several Chicago area universities, the term is often used interchangeably to refer to the University of Chicago's sociology department. Following the Second World War, a "second Chicago school" arose whose members used symbolic interactionism combined with methods of field research (today often referred to asethnography ), to create a new body of work.[1] The major researchers in the first Chicago school included Nels Anderson, Ernest Burgess, Ruth Shonle Cavan, Edward Franklin Frazier, Everett Hughes, Roderick D. McKenzie, George Herbert Mead, Robert E. Park, Walter C. Reckless, Edwin Sutherland, W. I. Thomas [1], Frederic Thrasher, Louis Wirth, and Florian Znaniecki. The activist, social scientist, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams also forged and maintained close ties with some of the members of the Chicago school of sociology. Contents Discussion Ecology and social theories Conclusions References References Other references Discussion The Chicago school is best known for its urban sociology and for the development of the symbolic interactionist approach, notably through the work of Herbert Blumer. It has focused on human behavior as shaped by social structures and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic and personal characteristics. Biologists and anthropologists had accepted the theory of evolution as demonstrating that animals adapt to their environments.
  • Chapter 2: Understanding Theory

    Chapter 2: Understanding Theory

    UNDERSTANDING THEORY Kathleen S. Lowney We all have perspectives or ways of seeing the world, but few of us are aware of alternative points of view. © iStockphoto.com/Simondistribute Dannhauer or CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER post, copy, not Do Copyright ©2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. LEARNING QUESTIONS because of social solidarity, or the moral order of society. Why and how do sociologists use Families, religion, education, and other institutions teach 2.1 theoretical perspectives? individuals to help society function smoothly. 2.2 What is structural functionalism? CONSIDER THIS 2.3 What is a conflict perspective? Do you believe anyone can “make it” in society if they 2.4 What is symbolic interaction? just work hard enough? Or do you think some have more advantages than others? How have your life How do structural functionalism, conflict perspectives, and symbolic interaction work experiences influenced the “glasses” you use to see 2.5 together to help us get a more complete the world? view of reality? Durkheim and Types of Societies Émile Durkheim, writing in the early 1900s, examined What Is Theory? social solidarity throughout history. In smaller, preindus- trial societies, social solidarity derived from the similarity 2.1 Why and how do sociologists use of its members, what Durkheim referred to as mechanical theoretical perspectives? solidarity. Most diddistribute similar types of labor (working the land) and had similar beliefs (based on religion). Children often will try on another person’s glasses.
  • Marybeth C. Stalp Education

    Marybeth C. Stalp Education

    1 MARYBETH C. STALP Professor of Sociology Dept of Sociology, Anthropology & Criminology University of Northern Iowa Office: 319.273.6235 [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. Sociology: University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 2001. Graduate Certificate Women’s Studies: University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 1999. M.A. Sociology: Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 1996. B.A. Sociology, Communications & English Literature: Regis University, Denver, CO, 1993. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a regional four-year state comprehensive university, and one of three regent institutions in the state of Iowa. Formerly the Iowa Teachers College for the state of Iowa, UNI is organized into 5 colleges, including the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences (CSBS). Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology Teaching Professor, 2014-present Associate Professor, 2008-2014 Assistant Professor, 2003-2008 Administration Department Head, 2015-2020 Manage a large multidisciplinary department with three separate and interconnected academic units, each with its own unique approach to everyday tasks, including budget, curriculum, course scheduling and unit-based initiatives. Work at unit and department level to showcase all units to the college, university, and community. Collaboration • Increase positive representation of the three units and the department within and outside the institution. • Develop and support department policy that is inclusive of faculty, in terms of age, rank, and program. • Employ transparent decision-making processes to be fair to all department members, and to make use of existing departmental best practices. Fundraising and Community Engagement • Completed a four-year informal crowdsourcing fundraising campaign for a $30,000 endowed scholarship to address funding gaps in the department.