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The Geology of Part of the Shulaps Ultramafite, Near

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The Geology of Part of the Shulaps Ultramafite, Near THE GEOLOGY OF PART OF THE SHULAPS ULTRAMAFITE, NEAR JIM CREEK, SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA by JOE JOCHEN NAGEL Sc., University of California at Los Angeles, 1972 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLtffiNT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1979 © Joe Jochen Nagel, 1979 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department Of G^nlogi na.] .Sn.i fitipps The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 August 20, 1979 ABSTRACT The Shulaps ultramafite lies at the eastern edge of the Coast Plutonic Complex approximately 150 miles from Vancouver, B.C. It is one of the largest "alpine-type" peridotites in British Columbia, consisting primarily of harzburgite and subordinate dunite lying in an elongate zone trending northwest. Irregular bodies of gabbro and clinopyroxenite occur on the western side of the ultramafite associated with pillowed volcanic rocks. The ultramafite is bounded on the northeast by the Yalakom fault, a major regional structure, and on the southwest by rocks on the Fergusson Group, an assemblage of chert, clastic and volcanic rocks, probably of Triassic age. This study outlines the distribution of peridotite, gabbro and other rocks in the area just west of Shulaps Peak, a major topographic feature in the area. The peridotite is almost completely serpentinized and pervasively sheared. It is in tectonic contact with all other rock types, and contains isolated inliers, ranging from a few feet to over 500 feet, of gabbro, greenstone, chert and clastic rocks. Within the area mapped, the serpentinite could be termed a tectonic melange. An interesting feature of the serpentinite is the irregular occurrence of olivine porphyroblasts, formed by the reaction serpentine + brucite =olivine. The gabbro is foliated and in places layered, although no cumulate textures were observed. It is in gradational contact with pillowed volcanic rocks and in tectonic contact with serpentinite. The evidence gathered by previous workers and during this study argues strongly for the hypothesis that the Shulaps ultramafite, and perhaps some of the associated rocks, are an allocthonous piece of oceanic crust (ophiolite) which has been emplaced into its present position by plate-tectonic processes. This emplacement probably took place between Middle Triassic and Lower Jurassic time. iv. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 STRATIGRAPHY 10 DESCRIPTION OF UNITS 14 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 14 EAST LIZA VOLCANICS 19 SHULAPS PEAK VOLCANICS 21 EAST LIZA GABBRO 21 MAIN GABBRO 26 SMALL BODIES, PODS AND DIKES OF GABBRO 28 DIORITE AND QUARTZ DIORITE 32 REACTION ZONES 34 MYLONITE 34 ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS 35 STRUCTURE 56 SPECULATION ON ORIGIN AND EMPLACEMENT 64 V. LIST OF FIGURES 1. Index map of the Jim Creek area 2 2. View of the central part of the Jim Creek area 3 3. Geological map of the Jim Creek area >M poukis.1; m MapC«.tinet 4. Geological map of the Shulaps Range (after Leech, 1953) 7 5. Outcrop of clastic rocks with interbedded chert, near 15 middle fork of Jim Creek 6. Ribbon chert near East Liza Basin 15 7. Photomicrograph of feldspathic wacke from East Liza 17 Basin (#N706)~ 8. Pillowed volcanic rock near East Liza Creek 17 9. Pillow breccia near East Liza Creek 18 10. Photomicrograph of pillowed volcanic rock from near 18 East Liza Creek (;W598) 11. Photomicrograph of volcanic rock from near East Liza 22 Basin (#NbIl) 12. layering in gabbro from southwestern part of map area 22 13. Layering in gabbro from southwestern part of map area 23 14. Stereonet summary of poles to layering and foliation 23 in gabbro 15. Contact of East Liza Gabbro and sheared serpentinite, with 25 central zone of pumpellyite-rich rock 16. Photomicrograph of pumpellyite from contact zone shown : 25 in Figure 15 (#N551) 17. Typical outcrop of Main Gabbro near the head of Jim Creek 29 18. Dike completely altered to rodingite, near the southern 29 part of the map area 19. Summary of optically determined pyroxene compositions 30 20. Exotic inclusion of granitic rock in serpentinite nea.r 33 Shulaps Peak VI. LIST OF FIGURES (CONT) 21. Quartz diorite intrusion and hornfels, near triple fork 33 in Jim Creek 22. Photomicrograph of mylonite from contact of East Liza 36 Gabbro and serpentinite (#N586) 23. Mylonite stringers at contact of sedimentary rocks and 36 serpentinite on centre fork of Jim Creek 24. Sheared serpentinite near centre fork of Jim Creek 38 25. "Roundstone Breccia" near triple fork of Jim Creek 38 26. Layered peridotite near western tributary of Jim Creek 40 27. Photomicrograph of relict olivine in peridotite, showing 40 deformation lamellae (#N35) 28. Relict grains of clinopyroxene and clinopyroxene exsolution 41 lamellae in serpentinized peridotite (#N45) 29. Inclusion trains of magnetite in sheared serpentinite (#N245) 41 30. Serpentinite with olivine porphyroblasts, from east of 45 the map area 31. Serpentinite with olivine porphyroblasts, found as float 45 32. Elongate olivine porphyroblast with pyramidal termi- 46 nation (#N215) 33. Regenerated olivine layers in outcrop near Shulaps Peak 46 34. Rim of magnesite enclosing olivine porphyroblast 47 35. Olivine porphyroblasts showing 120 degree grain 47 boundaries (#N312) 36. Mesh texture preserved in regenerated olivine (#N711) 48 37. Mesh texture preserved in regenerated olivine (#N711) 48 38. Regenerated olivine (#N710) 49 39. Regenerated olivine replacing serpentine vein (#N215) 49 40. Olivine porphyroblast almost completely serpentinized (#N440) 51 vii. LIST OF FIGURES (OONT.) 41. Schematic T-X^ diagram for the system MgO-Si02-R20-C02 at 52 elevated pressures and temperatures. 42. Isobaric equilibrium curves at low C0? content for the system 53 MgO-SiOg-RgO-COg. 43. Summary of structural measurements 58 44. Sections A-A' and B-B' 60 45. Section C-C 61 46. Section D-D' 62 47. Hypothetical, schematic cross-section through the Shulaps 68 Range in the vicinity of Shulaps Peak. v o tl 48. Sample locations -i-n-pocket h0tu*+ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to Drs. H. J. Greenwood, K. C. McTaggart and P. B. Read for help in the field and in many subsequent discussions. H. J. Greenwood, K. C. McTaggart and J. V. Ross were also instrumental in helping the author overcome his considerable writers' inertia by way of their encouragement and patience. I would also like to thank my wife Sharon for her support at all times. 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose The aim of the present study is to examine a part of the Shulaps alpine-type ultramafite, especially with respect to its contact relationships with other rock types. Alpine-type ultra- mafites are relatively common in the Canadian Cordillera, and the Shulaps body represents one of the large examples. Although descriptions of many of these may be found in the literature, comparatively little work has been published since the advent of the theory of plate tectonics. In this study, the author will describe the geology of part of the western flank of the ultra• mafite, and interpret the features observed in terms of the plate tectonic model. Location and Accessibility The map area covers a part of the Shulaps Range, which is located approximately 100 miles north of Vancouver, B.C., near the town of Lillooet (Fig.l). Marshall Lake, just outside the map area, is accessible by sixty miles of good gravel road from Lillooet. On the eastern side of Marshall Lake, a mining road branches into the drainage basin beneath Shulaps Peak. The road is passable to a four-wheel drive vehicle. The eastern branch extends to 6000 feet and the western branch to 7000 feet. Although it may snow at any time of the year at the higher elev• ations, the area is relatively clear from the end of June to the beginning of September. Figure 1: Index map of the Jim Creek area Figure 2. View of the central part of the Jim Creek area. Shulaps Peak is to the right, just off the picture. The prominent outcrops on the right hand side of the photograph are gabbro. Most of the foreground is underlain by serpenti- nite. 4. Physiography The map area lies on the western flank of the Shulaps Range immediately northeast of Marshall Lake. It is bounded on the northeast by a prominent ridge which incorporates Shulaps Peak, and which forms the crest of the range. Glacial action has formed a number of small valleys and basins which are drained by small creeks. The range-crest is at approximately 9500 feet and local relief exceeds 5000 feet. Tree line is at 6500 feet and, because exposure is poor below tree line, most mapping was done above this elevation. Topography reflects the geology; the steep ridges are primarily resistant gabbro, and the basins and lower elevation are underlain mainly by more easily eroded serpentinite or sedimentary rocks (Fig.2). Previous Work The earliest work in the vicinity of the Shulaps Range was done by Drysdale (1916,1917). He made a general reconnaissance of an area which included a part of the Shulaps ultramafic rocks. McCann (1922) continued this work with an emphasis on the economic aspects of the region. Both authors considered the Shulaps ultramafites to be volcanic.
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