DOCSLIB.ORG

Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in BRITISH COLUMBIA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in BRITISH COLUMBIA THE EARLY HISTORY OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by David J. Spalding Wildlife Bulletin No. B-100 March 2000 THE EARLY HISTORY OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by David J. Spalding Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Wildlife Branch Victoria BC Wildlife Bulletin No. B-100 March 2000 “Wildlife Bulletins frequently contain preliminary data, so conclusions based on these may be sub- ject to change. Bulletins receive some review and may be cited in publications. Copies may be obtained, depending upon supply, from the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, P.O. Box 9374 Stn Prov Gov, Victoria, BC V8W 9M4.” © Province of British Columbia 2000 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Spalding, D. J. The early history of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia (Wildlife bulletin ; no. B-100) Includes bibliographical references : p. 60 ISBN 0-7726-4167-6 1. Woodland caribou - British Columbia. 2. Woodland caribou - Habitat - British Columbia. I. British Columbia. Wildlife Branch. II. Title. III. Series: Wildlife bulletin (British Columbia. Wildlife Branch) ; no. B-100 QL737.U55S62 2000 333.95’9658’09711 C00-960085-X Citation: Spalding, D.J. 2000. The Early History of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch, Victoria, BC. Wildl. Bull. No. 100. 61pp. ii DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. In cases where a Wildlife Bulletin is also a species’ status report, it may contain a recommended status for the species by the author. This recommendation is the opinion of the author and may not necessarily reflect that of the Wildlife Branch. Official designation will be made by the Wildlife Branch in consultation with experts, and the data contained in the status report will be considered during the evaluation process. iii ABSTRACT Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) have ranged throughout the mountains of British Columbia for approximately 10,000 years, arriving quickly behind the retreating ice of the last ice age. Today their numbers and distribution are reduced, even from early historical times. There are three distinct groups, or ecotypes: the northern ecotype (relying heavily on terrestrial lichens for food), the mountain ecotype (feeding more on arboreal lichens than their northern counterpart) and the boreal ecotype, few in number and restricted to the lowlands of the extreme north-east of the province. Northern caribou are found in the Northern Boreal Mountain, Boreal Plains, Sub-boreal Interior, Central Interior and Coast and Mountain ecoprovinces. Their numbers and distribution in the Northern Boreal Mountains probably changed little over historical times, at least until about 1970; elsehere, however, northern caribou have experienced a decline in numbers and a reduction in distribution. Mountain Caribou are found in the Southern Interior and Southern Interior Mountains ecoprovinces, and in the south-east portion of the Sub- boreal Interior and on the eastern edge of the Central Interior ecoprovinces. The decline in Mountain Caribou numbers and distribution has been more pronounced than in the northern ecotype, particularly in the Okanagan and throughout the Kootenays. Boreal Caribou have probably changed little in number or distribution during historical times. The initial series of declines in Caribou numbers began around the turn of the century in the extreme south-east of the province and ended in the early 1940s in the Cariboo. The evidence suggests a combination of over-hunting, often in combination with wolf predation, caused these initial reductions. Following control of hunter harvest and wolf numbers, Caribou began to increase slow- ly. However, by the 1950s and 1960s, habitat degredation and habitat loss were of growing importance and Caribou never increased to pre-decline levels. Dawson’s Caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni) arrived early on the Queen Charlotte Islands, probably 9–10,000 years ago, either by crossing on a land bridge or swimming a narrow channel. A slowly chang- ing climate, particularly during the last 2000 years, created an environment unsuitable for Caribou and that sub-species is now extinct. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have received help from many in the preparation of this report. Susan Stephenson, David Hatler, Dale Seip, Trevor Kinley, John Youds, Jim Young and Bruce McLellan read an earlier draft and provided con- structive comments and new observations. Raymond Demarchi, Dennis Demarchi, Ralph Ritcey, David Low, Jim Hatter, Pat Martin, Bob Lincoln and Tom Bergerud all gave help in the form of encouragement, observations I was unaware of, or new sources to investigate. David Nagorson provided access to the Royal British Columbia Museum’s copies of field notes kept by early museum collectors in British Columbia, both Canadian and American. As always, historical records in the British Columbia Archives and Records Service have been invaluable and I extend my thanks to that Service; and Kristin Karr, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks did the map work, for which I am grateful. The Queen Charlotte Island Caribou have been a challenge and I received assistance from experts in several fields and I gladly acknowledge their help: John Clague with geology and the last ice age, Steve Acheson with Queen Charlotte Island archaeology and Haida history, David Nagorson with ideas on island populations as well as help with both the museum specimens and taxonomy, Yorke Edwards with his inter- est in the Charlotte Caribou as well as editorial suggestions. The British Columbia Archives and Record Service gave permission to use the photo of White and Yoemans with the Caribou they collected in 1908. I would also like to thank Dr. Ian McTaggart-Cowan who gave encouragement quite early on. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Ian Hatter’s role in this study. Ian not only provided financial support from the Wildlife Branch, Ministry of the Environment, Land and Parks, but also offered encour- agement, scientific advice and editorial assistance. Production of this report was made possible through the support of the Habitat Conservation Trust Fund (HCTF). My thanks. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................11 2.0 METHODS ..........................................................................................................................................12 3.0 PREFERRED HABITAT .....................................................................................................................14 4.0 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................................14 4.1 Northern Caribou ...........................................................................................................................14 4.1.1 Northern Boreal Mountains Ecoprovince...........................................................................14 4.1.2 Boreal Plains and Sub-boreal Interior Ecoprovinces..........................................................17 4.1.3 Coast and Mountains Ecoprovince .....................................................................................10 4.1.4 Central Interior Ecoprovince ..............................................................................................10 4.2 Mountain Caribou..........................................................................................................................16 4.2.1 Southern Interior Ecoprovince............................................................................................16 4.2.2 Southern Interior Mountains Ecoprovince..........................................................................17 4.2.3 Sub-boreal Interior Ecoprovince.........................................................................................29 4.3 Boreal Caribou...............................................................................................................................29 4.3.1 Taiga Plains Ecoprovince....................................................................................................29 5.0 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................30 5.1 Distribution ....................................................................................................................................30 5.2 Abundance .....................................................................................................................................30 5.3 Changes in Abundance ..................................................................................................................30 5.3.1 Northern Caribou ................................................................................................................30 5.3.2 Mountain Caribou ...............................................................................................................33 5.3.3 Boreal Caribou....................................................................................................................34 5.4 Threats to Caribou . .......................................................................................................................34
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OBSIDIAN: an INTERDISCIPLINARY Bffiliography
    OBSIDIAN: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BffiLIOGRAPHY Craig E. Skinner Kim J. Tremaine International Association for Obsidian Studies Occasional Paper No. 1 1993 \ \ Obsidian: An Interdisciplinary Bibliography by Craig E. Skinner Kim J. Tremaine • 1993 by Craig Skinner and Kim Tremaine International Association for Obsidian Studies Department of Anthropology San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192-0113 International Association for Obsidian Studies Occasional Paper No. 1 1993 Magmas cooled to freezing temperature and crystallized to a solid have to lose heat of crystallization. A glass, since it never crystallizes to form a solid, never changes phase and never has to lose heat of crystallization. Obsidian, supercooled below the crystallization point, remained a liquid. Glasses form when some physical property of a lava restricts ion mobility enough to prevent them from binding together into an ordered crystalline pattern. Aa the viscosity ofthe lava increases, fewer particles arrive at positions of order until no particle arrangement occurs before solidification. In a glaas, the ions must remain randomly arranged; therefore, a magma forming a glass must be extremely viscous yet fluid enough to reach the surface. 1he modem rational explanation for obsidian petrogenesis (Bakken, 1977:88) Some people called a time at the flat named Tok'. They were going to hunt deer. They set snares on the runway at Blood Gap. Adder bad real obsidian. The others made their arrows out of just anything. They did not know about obsidian. When deer were caught in snares, Adder shot and ran as fast as he could to the deer, pulled out the obsidian and hid it in his quiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Human Impacts Into Habitat Suitability Models
    INCORPORATING HUMAN IMPACTS INTO HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS: A LITERATURE REVIEW Report Prepared for The Taku River Tlingit First Nation By Jean L. Polfus Research Assistant Round River Conservation Studies April 21, 2008 INCORPORATING HUMAN IMPACTS INTO HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS Polfus Acknowledgments A diversity of people have assisted with the development and refinement of this report, the need for which was identified in collaborative discussions on habitat modeling between Taku River Tlingit Land and Resources Department and the British Columbia Integrated Land Management Bureau. I wish to acknowledge Kim Heinemeyer, Norm McLean and Kerrith McKay for initiating the project. The format and design of this report benefited from the influence of a literature review of the effects of energy development on ungulates by Mark Hebblewhite, who also provided guidance and advice. I thank the Heb Lab for general discussion and ideas about habitat suitability models. Kim Heinemeyer has provided helpful feedback and suggestions on earlier versions of the report. Please cite as: Polfus, J. L. 2008. Incorporating Human Impacts into Habitat Suitability Models: A Literature Review. Report prepared for the Taku River Tlingit First Nation. Cover photos: woodland caribou © Matt Grant, grizzly © Kevin Bernier, mountain goats © Sandra Leidholdt Page 2 INCORPORATING HUMAN IMPACTS INTO HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS Polfus Table of Contents Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Physiography Geology
    BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES HON. W. K. KIERNAN, Minister P. J. MULCAHY, Deputy Minister NOTES ON PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF (Bli BRITISH COLUMBIA b OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENT VICTCRIA, B.C. 1961 PHYSIOGRAPHY Physiographic divisions and names are established by the Geographic Board of Canada. Recently H. S. Bostock, of the Geological Survey of Canada, studied the physiography of the northern Cordilleran region; his report and maps are published CI I c Fig. 1. Rglief map of British Columbia. in Memoir 247 of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa. The divisions shown on the accompanying sketch, Figure 2, and the nomenclature used in the text are those proposed by Bostock. Most of the Province of British Columbia lies within the region of mountains and plateaus, the Cordillera of Western Canada, that forms the western border of the North American Continent. The extreme northeastern comer of the Province, lying east of the Cordillera, is part of the Great Plains region. The Rocky Mountain Area extends along the eastern boundary of the Province for a distance of 400 miles, and continues northwestward for an additional 500 miles entirely within the Province. The high, rugged Rocky Mountains, averaging about 50 miles in width, are flanked on the west by a remarkably long and straight valley, known as the Rocky Mountain Trench, and occupied from south to north by the Kootenay, Columbia, Canoe, Fraser, Parsnip, Finlay, Fox, and Kechika Rivers. Of these, the first four flow into the Pacific Ocean and the second four join the Mackenzie River to flow ultimately into the Arctic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Babine Lake Region and Covers the Central Part of the Babine Porphyry Belt
    T L a a k ke la M o r r is o n L a k e H a La u k te e te Hearne Hill East Hautete Lake H a tc h e r y A r m Natowite B a Old Fort Lake L b a in Mountain ke e Smithers Landing Nizik McKendrick Lake Island Ba b in e L H a a g a k n e A r m Ministry of Employment and Investment Energy and Minerals Division Geological Survey Branch TILL GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE OLD FORT MOUNTAIN MAP AREA, CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA (NTS 93Ml1) By Victor M. Levson, Stephen J. Cook, Jennifer Hobday, Dave H. Huntley, Erin K. O'Brien, Andrew J. Stumpf and Gordon Weary OPEN FILE 1997- 1Oa INTRODUCTION - - - - This paper describes selected results of a till in low-lying drift-covered regions of the northern Interior geochemical sampling program conducted in the Old Fort Plateau. For example, prior till and lake sediment Mountain map area (NTS 93 M/1) by the British geochemistry surveys in the Nechako River map ania Columbia Geological Survey as part of a comprehensive (NTS 93F) to the south were successful in delineating survey of the entire Babine copper porphyry belt. The several areas of known mineralization (Cook et al., 1995; results of complimentary lake sediment geochemistry ad Levson and Giles, 1997) and in revealing locations of new bedrock geology mapping progms are presented by Cook mineralized zones. For this reason, till geochemical et al. (1997%b) and MacIntyre et al. (1997%b in pocket), studies in the Babine porphyry belt have been conducted in respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Arl,Samiwqw-.Jmrdnrt.±.-7-.Rrp:-Aenbzrrk-Rirn„ .Zwwr-Abtlr- I COLUMBIA COAST SERVICE 11111111EIL
    n:pTzg,-Arl,samiwqw-.Jmrdnrt.±.-7-.rrp:-Aenbzrrk-rirn„_.zwwr-abtLr- i COLUMBIA COAST SERVICE 11111111EIL Palmers Lake, Atlin of British Columbia--to the left, Vancouver Island, FROMa thousand Vancouver, miles throughB. C., to an Skagway, entrancing Alaska, inland is taking its name from the intrepid explorer who sailed channel, winding between islands and the main- into the unknown waters of the Pacific and found land as through a fairyland. The journey is made in the mainland through an uncharted maze. To rea- the palatial yacht-like "Princess" steamers of the lize to the full the miracle of this thousand miles of Canadian Pacific Railway. navigation from Vancouver to Skagway, one should Nine days complete the journey into this land of stand for an hour or so looking forward, picking out romance and back, leaving the traveller at Van- what seems the channel the ship will take, and finding couver to start the journey to the East through the mag- out how invariably one's guess is wrong. For it is not nificent passes of the Canadian Pacific Rockies. Some, always the mainland which lies to the east. Often the moun- indeed, who make the Alaskan trip have come from the East, tains which tower up to the sky, almost from the very deck and already in the five hundred miles of railway travel through of the ship itself, are but islands; and other channels lie behind, the passes of the four great mountain ranges between Calgary with countless bays and straits and narrow gorges running miles and Vancouver have had a foretaste of the wonderful voyage up into the mainland, twisting, turning, creeping forward and through strait and fiord which awaits them between Vancouver doubling back, till they put to shame the most intricate maze and Skagway.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Kispiox Fish Populations and Their Habitat
    Conserving Kispiox Fish Populations and their Habitat Kispiox Watershed Fish Sustainability Plan Stage II Briefing Backgrounder Ken A. Rabnett, Allen Gottesfeld, and Peter Hall Skeena Fisheries Commission March 2003 Conserving Kispiox Fish Populations and their Habitat Table of Contents Kispiox Watershed Fish Sustainability Plan.................................................................. 1 Preamble ......................................................................................................................... 1 Skeena WFSP Process .................................................................................................... 2 Kispiox WFS Plan........................................................................................................... 3 Kispiox Watershed Environmental Setting.................................................................... 6 Location ...................................................................................................................... 6 Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 6 Water Quality.............................................................................................................. 8 Stream Channels ....................................................................................................... 11 Geography................................................................................................................. 13 Geology....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Indian and Non-Native Use of the Bulkley River an Historical Perspective
    Scientific Excellence • Resource Protection & Conservation • Benefits for Canadians DFO - Library i MPO - Bibliothèque ^''entffique • Protection et conservation des ressources • Bénéfices aux Canadiens I IIII III II IIIII II IIIIIIIIII II IIIIIIII 12020070 INDIAN AND NON-NATIVE USE OF THE BULKLEY RIVER AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE by Brendan O'Donnell Native Affairs Division Issue I Policy and Program Planning Ir, E98. F4 ^ ;.;^. 035 ^ no.1 ;^^; D ^^.. c.1 Fisher és Pêches and Oceans et Océans Cariad'â. I I Scientific Excellence • Resource Protection & Conservation • Benefits for Canadians I Excellence scientifique • Protection et conservation des ressources • Bénéfices aux Canadiens I I INDIAN AND NON-NATIVE I USE OF THE BULKLEY RIVER I AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1 by Brendan O'Donnell ^ Native Affairs Division Issue I 1 Policy and Program Planning 1 I I I I I E98.F4 035 no. I D c.1 I Fisheries Pêches 1 1*, and Oceans et Océans Canada` INTRODUCTION The following is one of a series of reports onthe historical uses of waterways in New Brunswick and British Columbia. These reports are narrative outlines of how Indian and non-native populations have used these -rivers, with emphasis on navigability, tidal influence, riparian interests, settlement patterns, commercial use and fishing rights. These historical reports were requested by the Interdepartmental Reserve Boundary Review Committee, a body comprising representatives from Indian Affairs and Northern Development [DIAND], Justice, Energy, Mines and Resources [EMR], and chaired by Fisheries and Oceans. The committee is tasked with establishing a government position on reserve boundaries that can assist in determining the area of application of Indian Band fishing by-laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Alberta with the Establishment of Castle the Following Conservation Achievements
    Annual Report 2017 in Review The Yellowstone to Table of contents Yukon region A letter from Jodi 3 Key advancements 4 in the Y2Y region Dawson Protected areas and 6 connected lands Solutions that help wildlife and 8 Whitehorse people thrive Advancing science and policy 10 Communities coming together 12 for conservation Partner power 14 Fort St. John Funders 16 Prince George Financials 17 Edmonton Global support 18 Banff Vancouver Calgary Our vision Seattle Spokane Missoula An interconnected system of wild lands and water stretching Bozeman from Yellowstone to Yukon, Jackson harmonizing the needs of Boise people with those of nature. Our mission Connecting and protecting habitat from Yellowstone to Yukon so that people and nature can thrive. 2 Cover: Elk nuzzle. Photo credit: Darcy Monchak. Current page: Larches at Avalanche Lake in Glacier National Park. Photo credit: Jacob W. Frank/National Park Service. Big landscape requires big vision A letter from our President and Chief Scientist ellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) Conservation This annual report throws a spotlight on some YInitiative’s grand vision — of an of the many organizations and individuals interconnected system of wild lands and working toward a sustainable future. These waters from Yellowstone to Yukon, groups and people have contributed time, harmonizing the needs of people with funds and expert knowledge to the bigger those of nature — takes time, resources picture and we thank them for it. and commitment. Effective large-landscape Thanks to your support and shared vision for conservation requires invested and interested a healthy landscape, we are able to make the individuals. It goes beyond financial progress you can read about in these pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Gateway Template
    Technical Data Report Wildlife Habitat Modelling: Approach, Methods and Species Accounts ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT Jacques Whitford AXYS Ltd. Calgary, Alberta Paul Sargent, P.Biol., R.P.Biol. Colleen A. Bryden, M.Sc., R.P.Biol. Richard Wiacek, M.Sc. 2010 Wildlife Habitat Modelling: Approach, Methods and Species Accounts Technical Data Report Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1-1 2 Methods ......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Key Indicator Species ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Habitat Suitability Models ................................................................................. 2-2 2.2.1 General Approach ......................................................................................... 2-2 2.2.2 Alternatives to Habitat Suitability Modelling .................................................. 2-4 2.2.3 Selected Life Requisites and Seasons of Use............................................... 2-6 2.2.4 Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping ..................................................................... 2-7 2.2.5 Habitat Ratings .............................................................................................. 2-7 3 Bird Habitat Models ........................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 White-winged Scoter .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IPSFC Annual Report 1953
    INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION APPOINTED UNDER A CONVENTION BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES FOR THE PROTECTION, PRESERVATION AND EXTENSION OF THE SOCKEYE SALMON FISHERIES IN THE FRASER RIVER SYSTEM ANNUAL REPORT 1953 COMMISSIONERS ROBERT J. SCHOETTLER SENATOR THOMAS REID A. J. WHITMORE ALBERT M. DAY ELTON B. JONES H. R. MacMILLAN OFFICERS LOYD A. ROYAL ROY I. JACKSON Director Assistant Director NEW WESTMINSTER CANADA 1954 FIGURE 1.-Sockeye spawning scene on the Upper Horsefly River in August 1953, showing the remarkable "Rebirth" of the Quesnel sockeye run. REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE YEAR 1953 In the year 1937 the President of the United States of America and the Government of the Dominion of Canada, recognized that the protection, preservation and extension of the soclieye salmon fisheries in the Fraser River system were of common concern to the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada: that the supply of this fish in recent years had been greatly depleted and that it was of importance to the interests of both countries that this source of wealth be restored and 1tiaintained. A Conv'.ention to the above effect was ratified on July 28, 1937, including therein specific terms of reference for accomplishing the protection, preservation and extension of the sockeye salmon fisheries in the Fraser River system and an equal sharing of the allowable harvest of the resource. The Commission, appointed under the Convention, has now functioned for the initial treaty period of sixteen years with the members appointed originally by Canada and the United States and with individual replacement members appointed later by each country as vacancies occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Likely, Wells Barkerville
    Wells/Barkerville to Likely Likely to wells/barkerville LIKELY, WELLS FROM BARKERVILLE... On Hwy.#26 between Wells and FROM likely... The Likely Road turning from Hwy.#97 at and Barkerville is the turn-off to Bowron Lakes Provincial Park that 150 Mile House ends at Likely after the Likely bridge, becom- includes the Matthew Valley 3100 Road to Likely. ing the Keithley Creek Road which turns to gravel at Poquette Site A 0km A right turn at Site A takes you to the brightly Pass. You will see a brightly coloured kiosk. coloured Wells kiosk where you stay on the 3100 Road to Likely. Site 1 0km The historic Lyne’s Cabin is at the first site that BARKERVILLE You will travel beside Pleasant Valley Creek in a lush meadow intersects with Spanish Lake Road. Continue on Keithley BC Canada and then stoney outwashes just before the next site. Road, passing Poquette Lake on your left. The road winds Site B 7.3km You will cross meandering creeks before the down into the Cariboo River Valley, passing two old log 3100 Road travels through Cunningham Pass. Whiskey Flats Rec homes before climbing a series of small hills. A side trip to the Site will appear in a grassy meadow on your right. Cariboo River Falls is available 2 km’s past Kangaroo Creek Site C 13.6km The X Road, a narrow ATV trail over Yanks Road, (15 km marker), on a 2 km lane to your right. Peak to Keithley, intersects here. As you descend into Tinsdale Site 2 1km Turn right from Keithley Road onto the Creek Valley you pass an old sawmill, logging roads, and at the Cariboo Lake Road and cross the Cariboo River again.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Geographic Regions and Popula on of the United States of America
    Major geographic regions and populaon of the United States of America Major geographic regions and populaon of the United States of America Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Major geographic regions and populaon of the United States of America Link to the lesson Before you start you should know that the United Stated is an economically developed country; that the United States is an immigrant country founded mainly by immigrants from Europe and slaves brought from Africa; that a region’s natural environment influences its economic development. You will learn to show the great regions on a map of the United States; to name the major population groups inhabiting the United States; to name the reasons for the decline of the Native American culture. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu Major geographic regions of the United States of America The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world, with a surface area of 9,526,5 thousand sq. km, and the third most populous one, with 322 million inhabitants in 2010. This vast country is made up of continental states that lie in the central part of the North American continent, between the 25th parallel north and the 49th parallel north. Two more states, Alaska in the northwest extremity of North America and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, are located outside the main part of the United States. One of the crucial features of the natural environment of the United States is the meridional layout of its major geographic regions, which differ in altitude above sea level and landscape.
    [Show full text]