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Appendix 1 German Diplomatic Representation in Southern Africa 1883-99

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Appendix 1 German Diplomatic Representation in Southern Africa 1883-99 Capetown (Consul-General) 1883 W. A. Lippert (Consul) 1886 Dr Ernst Bieber 1888 Ernst von Treskow 1892 Freiherr von Nordenflycht 1896 Bruno von Schuckrnann 1899 Dr Focke Bloemfontein (Consul) Durban (Consul) 1883 Dr Kellner 1879 Gustav Monhaupt 1886 Dr Max Stollreither Port Elizabeth (Consul) Pretoria (Consul) 1880 W. H. Dalldorf 1888 Ferdinand Ritschl 1889 Theodor von Schopfer 1890 Franz von Herff 1898 Max Biermann Johannesburg (Vice Consul) King William Town and East London (Vice Consul) 1897 Johannes Nels 1883 Hermann MalcomeB 1889 Position divided East London (Vice Consul) King William Town (Consul) 1889 John Dircks 1889 Hermann MalcomeB 1894 Hermann MalcomeB (Consul) 1894 Position abolished John Dirks (Vice Consul) 144 Appendix 1 145 Lourenro Marques (Vice Consul) Mossel Bay (Vice Consul) 1883 Wilhelm Roghe 1883 Fr Matare 1886 Unoccupied Simonstown (Vice Consul) 1893 W. Joost 1895 Markus Graf von Pfeil 1883 P. D. Martin 1898 Herr Walter 1888 Position abolished Kimberley (Vice Consul) Port Alfred (Vice Consul) 1883 C. L. Diering 1883 Robert Louis Bertram 1890 Unoccupied 1886 Unoccupied 1891 Werner Rolfes (Consul) 1887 Leopold HeB 1893 Hermann Wehner (Consul) 1888 Position abolished 1897 In commission Main Source: Reichsamt des lnnen, Handbuch fur das Deutsche Reich (Berlin, 1883-99) Appendix 2 Trade Statistics Origin and value of goods sent to South Africa (in £): 1892 1893 1894 1895 Britain 10118 837 10 880 873 10515730 12 215 907 USA 418 126 602 025 632 618 I 009 318 Germany 231 172 293 840 498 758 828 617 Holland 166 532 125 683 224 512 169 039 Belgium 19 580 40 571 55 001 136 346 France 30 991 32 468 33 676 44 727 1896 1897 1898 Britain 16 429 705 17 Oil 784 15 265 374 USA 2 411 650 2 747 134 2 766 347 Germany I 264 537 I 054 226 966 364 Holland 225 990 281 840 208 389 Belgium 373 861 300 778 312 315 France 146 390 119 388 72 113 Source: British South Africa Export Gazette German Exports (in millions of Marks) to: 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 Tansvaal 1.3 3.2 5.5 9.3 13.7 12.1 9.1 Cape Colony 7.3 10.5 11.8 13.0 15.7 13.5 14.6 Source: Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.32 146 Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Baron von Richthofen to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 19 August 1898. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XIV, p.321. 2. A good example of this is a comment made by Chamberlain to Balfour on 19 August 1898: 'we pay Blackmail to Germany to induce her not to inter­ fere where she has no right of interference. Well! it is worth while to pay Blackmail sometimes.' Quoted in Peter T. Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics (New Haven and London, 1994), p.441. 3. The ships of the South and South-West Africa station followed a schedule that ensured a regular German presence in all the Major ports of the region. See BA(Potsdam) RKA#l910. 4. This, of course, refers to the collection Die GrojJe Politik. 5. Friedrich Thimme, 'Die Kriiger-Depesche. Genesis und historische Bedeutung', in Europiiische Gespriiche: Hamburger Monatshefte fiir auswiirtige Politik, 1924; Johannes Andreas Wiid, Die Rolle der Burenrepubliken in der Auswiirtigen und Kolonialen Politik des Deutschen Reiches in den Jahren 1883-1900 (Niirnberg, 1927). 6. That Thimme viewed this article as a vehicle for creating an effect abroad can be seen in his correspondence. See Friedrich Thimme to Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, 28 May and 27 July 1924. Quoted in Annalise Thimme (ed.), Friedrich Thimme 1868-1938. Ein politischer Historiker, Publizist und Schriftsteller in seinen Briefen (Boppard am Rhein, 1994 ), pp.227 and 230. 7. Thimme's efforts to mask the existence of unwelcome archival evidence and thereby to create a misleading impression about German foreign policy are well documented, especially with regard to German South African policy. See, for example, G. W. F. Hallgarten, Jmperialismus vor 1914. Die soziologischen Grundlagen der AujJenpolitik europiiischer GrojJmiichte vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (2 vols, Munich, 1963), I, p.vii and II, p.529. Wiid, too, attempted to mislead his readers. His assertion (Wiid, Die Rolle, p.73) that the German files on the Transvaal for the decade up until the beginning of 1895 contain only British government Blue Books is an example of this. This statement is true in that the file 'Akten betreffend Transvaal Band 11' is so constituted. However, it ignores the fact that the papers on German South African policy are mainly located in other files and series. 8. G. W. F. Hallgarten, 'L'essor et l'echec de Ia Politique Boer de l'Allemagne, 1890-1898', Revue Historique, CLXXVII (1936). 9. Hallgarten, Jmperialismus vor 1914. 10. Raymond Walter Bixler, Anglo-German Imperialism in South Africa, 1880-1900 (Baltimore, 1932); Reginald Ivan Lovell, The Struggle for South Africa: A Study in Economic imperialism, 1875-1899 (New York, 1934)­ this study built on his doctoral dissertation, The Anglo-German Estrangement 147 148 Notes 1894-1896 (Harvard, 1936); and Cornelius D. Penner, England, Germany, and the Transvaal, I 895-1902 (Doctoral dissertation, Chicago, 1935). 11. H. E. Werner Backeberg, 'Die Betrekkinge tussen die Suid Afrikaanse Republiek en Duitsland tot na die Jameson In val ( 1852-1896)', in Archives Yearbook for South African History, I (1949). 12. Werner Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung nach Siidafrika im 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1955). 13. Werner Schmidt-Pretoria, Der Kulturanteil des Deutschtums am Aujbau des Burenvolkes (Hannover, 1938). 14. Jeffrey Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds), Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule (New Haven, 1967). 15. Jeffrey Butler, The Liberal Party and the Jameson Raid (London, 1968). I 6. Holger Nissen, 'Siidafrika im politischen Kalkiil des Kaiserlichen Deutschlands. Zur Geschichte des deutsch-englischen Beziehungen 1884--1902', Ergebnisse, I (1978). I 7. Helmut Stoecker and Eberhardt Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und Politische Ziele in Siidafrika 1884-1898', in Helmut Stoecker (ed.), Drang nach Afrika. Die koloniale Expansionspolitik und Herrschaft des deutschen Imperialism in Afrika (Berlin, I 977). An updated version of this essay can be found in Helmut Stoecker (ed.), Drang nach Afrika. Die deutsche kolo­ niale Expansionspolitik und Herrschaft in Afrika von der Anfiingen his zum Verlust der Kolonien (Berlin, 1991). 18. J. J. Van-Helten, 'German Capital, the Netherlands Railway Company and the Political Economy of the Transvaal 1886-1900', Journal of African History, XIX (1978). Modifications to and developments of the views expressed in this article can be found in J. J. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal: With Specific Reference to the Witwatersrand Goldfields and District 1886-1910 (Doctoral disserta­ tion, London, 1981 ). 19. Jochen Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik 1890-1898 im Spannungsfeld zwischen deutsch-englischen Beziehungen. wirtschaftsinteressen und Expansionsforderungen in der biirgerlichen Offentlichkeit (Doctoral disser­ tation, Berlin, 1987). 20. Hildemarie GrUnewald, 'Auf, auf ihr Bruder... ' Deutsche in Siidafrika (Vienna, I 992). 21. Harald Rosenbach, Das deutsche Reich, Groj3britannien und der Transvaal ( 1896-1902): Anfiinge deutsch-britischer Entfremdung (Gottingen, 1993). 22. Gerd Fesser in Die Zeit, 5 January 1996. 23. To be precise, out of 3 I 4 pages of text, 33 of these are devoted to the period before I 896. 24. The name most closely associated with the origins of this theory is Eckart Kehr. See Eckart Kehr, Der Primat der lnnenpolitik. Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur preuj3isch-deutschen Sozialgeschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Hans-Ulrich Wehler (Berlin, 1965). 25. An historian much associated with this view is Otto Hintze. See Otto Hintze, 'Das Monarchische Prinzip und die konstitutionelle Verfassung', in Staat und Veifassung: Gesammelte Abhandlungen (2nd edition, Gottingen, 1962), pp.359-89. Notes 149 26. See Gordon A. Craig, 'Political and Diplomatic History', in Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (eds), Historical Studies Today (New York, 1972), pp.356ff. More recently, the notion of 'the primacy of diplomatic history' has been restated, albeit with reference to Britain, by Gordon Martel. See Gordon Martel, Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the Failure of Foreign Policy (London, 1986), pp.252-53. 27. Quoted in Ludwig Dehio, Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1959), p.78. 28. One example would be Ludwig Dehio, who observed: 'We turned our uncertain gaze on the wide world, but instead of keeping our eyes firmly on the acquisition of particular territories, we gambled on general changes in the entire status quo .... ' Ibid, p.l5. Similarly, in relation to the start of the First World War, Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann has suggested that 'war might well not have broken out in 1914 had it not been for the determination of one power [Germany] to exploit the Balkan crisis to change the interna­ tional status quo ... .' Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, 'Germany and the Coming of war', in R. J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (eds), The Coming of the First World War (Oxford, 1990), p.91. 29. See, for example, Udo Ratenhof, Die Chinapolitik des deutschen Reiches 1871 bis 1945: Wirtschaft- Rustung- Militiir (Boppard am Rhein, 1987) or Ute Mehnert, Die 'Gelbe Gefahr' als politisches Mittel der deutsch­ amerikanischen Beziehungen in Ostasien 1905-1909 (Koln, M.A. disserta­ tion, 1988). 30. The most important works on this topic are Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, Lateinamerika als Konjiiktherd der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen, 1890-1903 (2 vols, Gottingen, 1986) and Holger H. Herwig, Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela, 1871-1914 (Princeton, 1986). 31. Fiebig-von Hase, Lateinamerika als Konjiiktherd, pp.l93-248. 32. Ibid, pp.68-87, 120-40; and Herwig, Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela, pp.80-109, 163-67.
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