Appendix 1 German Diplomatic Representation in Southern Africa 1883-99

Capetown (Consul-General) 1883 W. A. Lippert (Consul) 1886 Dr Ernst Bieber 1888 Ernst von Treskow 1892 Freiherr von Nordenflycht 1896 Bruno von Schuckrnann 1899 Dr Focke

Bloemfontein (Consul) Durban (Consul) 1883 Dr Kellner 1879 Gustav Monhaupt 1886 Dr Max Stollreither

Port Elizabeth (Consul) (Consul) 1880 W. H. Dalldorf 1888 Ferdinand Ritschl 1889 Theodor von Schopfer 1890 Franz von Herff 1898 Max Biermann

Johannesburg (Vice Consul) King William Town and East London (Vice Consul) 1897 Johannes Nels 1883 Hermann MalcomeB 1889 Position divided

East London (Vice Consul) King William Town (Consul) 1889 John Dircks 1889 Hermann MalcomeB 1894 Hermann MalcomeB (Consul) 1894 Position abolished John Dirks (Vice Consul)

144 Appendix 1 145

Lourenro Marques (Vice Consul) Mossel Bay (Vice Consul) 1883 Wilhelm Roghe 1883 Fr Matare 1886 Unoccupied Simonstown (Vice Consul) 1893 W. Joost 1895 Markus Graf von Pfeil 1883 P. D. Martin 1898 Herr Walter 1888 Position abolished

Kimberley (Vice Consul) Port Alfred (Vice Consul) 1883 C. L. Diering 1883 Robert Louis Bertram 1890 Unoccupied 1886 Unoccupied 1891 Werner Rolfes (Consul) 1887 Leopold HeB 1893 Hermann Wehner (Consul) 1888 Position abolished 1897 In commission

Main Source: Reichsamt des lnnen, Handbuch fur das Deutsche Reich (, 1883-99) Appendix 2 Trade Statistics

Origin and value of goods sent to (in £): 1892 1893 1894 1895

Britain 10118 837 10 880 873 10515730 12 215 907 USA 418 126 602 025 632 618 I 009 318 231 172 293 840 498 758 828 617 Holland 166 532 125 683 224 512 169 039 19 580 40 571 55 001 136 346 France 30 991 32 468 33 676 44 727

1896 1897 1898

Britain 16 429 705 17 Oil 784 15 265 374 USA 2 411 650 2 747 134 2 766 347 Germany I 264 537 I 054 226 966 364 Holland 225 990 281 840 208 389 Belgium 373 861 300 778 312 315 France 146 390 119 388 72 113

Source: British South Africa Export Gazette

German Exports (in millions of Marks) to: 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898

Tansvaal 1.3 3.2 5.5 9.3 13.7 12.1 9.1 Cape Colony 7.3 10.5 11.8 13.0 15.7 13.5 14.6

Source: Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.32

146 Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. Baron von Richthofen to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 19 August 1898. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XIV, p.321. 2. A good example of this is a comment made by Chamberlain to Balfour on 19 August 1898: 'we pay Blackmail to Germany to induce her not to inter• fere where she has no right of interference. Well! it is worth while to pay Blackmail sometimes.' Quoted in Peter T. Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics (New Haven and London, 1994), p.441. 3. The ships of the South and South-West Africa station followed a schedule that ensured a regular German presence in all the ports of the region. See BA(Potsdam) RKA#l910. 4. This, of course, refers to the collection Die GrojJe Politik. 5. Friedrich Thimme, 'Die Kriiger-Depesche. Genesis und historische Bedeutung', in Europiiische Gespriiche: Hamburger Monatshefte fiir auswiirtige Politik, 1924; Johannes Andreas Wiid, Die Rolle der Burenrepubliken in der Auswiirtigen und Kolonialen Politik des Deutschen Reiches in den Jahren 1883-1900 (Niirnberg, 1927). 6. That Thimme viewed this article as a vehicle for creating an effect abroad can be seen in his correspondence. See Friedrich Thimme to Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, 28 May and 27 July 1924. Quoted in Annalise Thimme (ed.), Friedrich Thimme 1868-1938. Ein politischer Historiker, Publizist und Schriftsteller in seinen Briefen (Boppard am Rhein, 1994 ), pp.227 and 230. 7. Thimme's efforts to mask the existence of unwelcome archival evidence and thereby to create a misleading impression about German foreign policy are well documented, especially with regard to German South African policy. See, for example, G. W. F. Hallgarten, Jmperialismus vor 1914. Die soziologischen Grundlagen der AujJenpolitik europiiischer GrojJmiichte vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (2 vols, Munich, 1963), I, p.vii and II, p.529. Wiid, too, attempted to mislead his readers. His assertion (Wiid, Die Rolle, p.73) that the German files on the for the decade up until the beginning of 1895 contain only British government Blue Books is an example of this. This statement is true in that the file 'Akten betreffend Transvaal Band 11' is so constituted. However, it ignores the fact that the papers on German South African policy are mainly located in other files and series. 8. G. W. F. Hallgarten, 'L'essor et l'echec de Ia Politique Boer de l'Allemagne, 1890-1898', Revue Historique, CLXXVII (1936). 9. Hallgarten, Jmperialismus vor 1914. 10. Raymond Walter Bixler, Anglo-German Imperialism in South Africa, 1880-1900 (Baltimore, 1932); Reginald Ivan Lovell, The Struggle for South Africa: A Study in Economic imperialism, 1875-1899 (New York, 1934)• this study built on his doctoral dissertation, The Anglo-German Estrangement

147 148 Notes

1894-1896 (Harvard, 1936); and Cornelius D. Penner, , Germany, and the Transvaal, I 895-1902 (Doctoral dissertation, Chicago, 1935). 11. H. E. Werner Backeberg, 'Die Betrekkinge tussen die Suid Afrikaanse Republiek en Duitsland tot na die Jameson In val ( 1852-1896)', in Archives Yearbook for South African History, I (1949). 12. Werner Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung nach Siidafrika im 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1955). 13. Werner Schmidt-Pretoria, Der Kulturanteil des Deutschtums am Aujbau des Burenvolkes (Hannover, 1938). 14. Jeffrey Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds), Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule (New Haven, 1967). 15. Jeffrey Butler, The Liberal Party and the Jameson Raid (London, 1968). I 6. Holger Nissen, 'Siidafrika im politischen Kalkiil des Kaiserlichen Deutschlands. Zur Geschichte des deutsch-englischen Beziehungen 1884--1902', Ergebnisse, I (1978). I 7. Helmut Stoecker and Eberhardt Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und Politische Ziele in Siidafrika 1884-1898', in Helmut Stoecker (ed.), Drang nach Afrika. Die koloniale Expansionspolitik und Herrschaft des deutschen Imperialism in Afrika (Berlin, I 977). An updated version of this essay can be found in Helmut Stoecker (ed.), Drang nach Afrika. Die deutsche kolo• niale Expansionspolitik und Herrschaft in Afrika von der Anfiingen his zum Verlust der Kolonien (Berlin, 1991). 18. J. J. Van-Helten, 'German Capital, the Railway Company and the Political Economy of the Transvaal 1886-1900', Journal of African History, XIX (1978). Modifications to and developments of the views expressed in this article can be found in J. J. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal: With Specific Reference to the Goldfields and District 1886-1910 (Doctoral disserta• tion, London, 1981 ). 19. Jochen Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik 1890-1898 im Spannungsfeld zwischen deutsch-englischen Beziehungen. wirtschaftsinteressen und Expansionsforderungen in der biirgerlichen Offentlichkeit (Doctoral disser• tation, Berlin, 1987). 20. Hildemarie GrUnewald, 'Auf, auf ihr Bruder... ' Deutsche in Siidafrika (Vienna, I 992). 21. Harald Rosenbach, Das deutsche Reich, Groj3britannien und der Transvaal ( 1896-1902): Anfiinge deutsch-britischer Entfremdung (Gottingen, 1993). 22. Gerd Fesser in Die Zeit, 5 January 1996. 23. To be precise, out of 3 I 4 pages of text, 33 of these are devoted to the period before I 896. 24. The name most closely associated with the origins of this theory is Eckart Kehr. See Eckart Kehr, Der Primat der lnnenpolitik. Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur preuj3isch-deutschen Sozialgeschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Hans-Ulrich Wehler (Berlin, 1965). 25. An historian much associated with this view is Otto Hintze. See Otto Hintze, 'Das Monarchische Prinzip und die konstitutionelle Verfassung', in Staat und Veifassung: Gesammelte Abhandlungen (2nd edition, Gottingen, 1962), pp.359-89. Notes 149

26. See Gordon A. Craig, 'Political and Diplomatic History', in Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (eds), Historical Studies Today (New York, 1972), pp.356ff. More recently, the notion of 'the primacy of diplomatic history' has been restated, albeit with reference to Britain, by Gordon Martel. See Gordon Martel, Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the Failure of Foreign Policy (London, 1986), pp.252-53. 27. Quoted in Ludwig Dehio, Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1959), p.78. 28. One example would be Ludwig Dehio, who observed: 'We turned our uncertain gaze on the wide world, but instead of keeping our eyes firmly on the acquisition of particular territories, we gambled on general changes in the entire status quo .... ' Ibid, p.l5. Similarly, in relation to the start of the First World War, Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann has suggested that 'war might well not have broken out in 1914 had it not been for the determination of one power [Germany] to exploit the Balkan crisis to change the interna• tional status quo ... .' Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, 'Germany and the Coming of war', in R. J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (eds), The Coming of the First World War (Oxford, 1990), p.91. 29. See, for example, Udo Ratenhof, Die Chinapolitik des deutschen Reiches 1871 bis 1945: Wirtschaft- Rustung- Militiir (Boppard am Rhein, 1987) or Ute Mehnert, Die 'Gelbe Gefahr' als politisches Mittel der deutsch• amerikanischen Beziehungen in Ostasien 1905-1909 (Koln, M.A. disserta• tion, 1988). 30. The most important works on this topic are Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, Lateinamerika als Konjiiktherd der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen, 1890-1903 (2 vols, Gottingen, 1986) and Holger H. Herwig, Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela, 1871-1914 (Princeton, 1986). 31. Fiebig-von Hase, Lateinamerika als Konjiiktherd, pp.l93-248. 32. Ibid, pp.68-87, 120-40; and Herwig, Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela, pp.80-109, 163-67. 33. Fiebig-von Hase, Lateinamerika als Konfliktherd, pp.472-500; Holger H. Herwig, Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1889-1941 (Boston, 1976), pp.67-92. 34. This view is not without critics. See Reiner Pommerin, Der Kaiser und Amerika. Die U.S.A. in der Politik der Reichsleitung, 1890-1917 (KO!n, 1986); Nancy Mitchell, The Danger of Dreams: Weltpolitik versus Protective Imperialism (Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1993). 35. After the Boer War, when the two republics were British colonies, a new situation prevailed. Challenging their status then would not have signalled the inception of a new colonial policy but rather the start of a general war. 36. Until recently, this need for further examination was also true of other periods. However, German South African policy during the Nazi era has recently been the subject of two important scholarly investigations that provide an interesting guide to the seven years from 1933 to 1939. See Robert Citino, Germany and the in the Nazi Period (New York, 1991) and Albrecht Hagemann, Sudafrika und das Dritte Reich: Rassenpolitische Affinitiit und machtpolitische Rivalitiit (Frankfurt, 1989). 150 Notes THE OFFICIAL PERSPECTIVE

1. As John Rohl has put it, ' ... the German Kaiserreich was not a plebiscitary democracy forced to accede to the demands of an angry crowd!' John C. G. Rohl, The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany (Cambridge, 1994), p.8. See also, Bernadotte E. Schmitt, 'The Relation of Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs Before and During the First World War', in A. 0. Sarkissian (ed.), Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honour of G. P. Gooch, C.H. (London, 1961), p.323. 2. The French Colonial Ministry was established in 1894, before which time colonial affairs were handled by the Ministry of Marine. See Alfred Cobban, A History of Modern France, Vol. III, (London, 1965), p.92. Britain, of course, had a separate India Office. 3. The Kolonial Abteilung was upgraded to the status of a Reich office in 1907. 4. Woodruff D. Smith, European Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Chicago, 1982), p.173. 5. J. C. G. Rohl, German Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890-1900 (London, 1967), p.58. 6. Biilow recalled in his memoirs: 'above all, I read Treitschke, whose German History, together with the speeches of Bismarck, have become the basis of my political thoughts and feeling.' Fiirst von BUlow, Memoirs (4 vols, London, 1932), IV, p.465. For a scholarly account of Treitschke' s influence on Biilow see Peter Winzen, 'Treitschke's Influence on the rise of Imperialist and Anti-British Nationalism in Germany', in Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls (eds), Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany Before 1914 (London, 1981 ). 7. Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914 (London, 1980), p.311. 8. It did not aid Kayser's influence that he was an untitled, bourgeois Jew in an office dominated by Protestant, Prussian aristocrats. Walter Frank, 'Der Geheime Rat Paul Kayser', in Historische Zeitschrift, CLXVIII (1943). 9. Martin Gosselin to Lord Salisbury, 29 October 1895. PRO: FO 64/1539. 10. Lamar Cecil, The German Diplomatic Service (Princeton, 1976), p.259. 11. In spite of this desire, boundary disputes were to continue for may years thereafter. See Matthew S. Seligmann, 'Maps as the Progenitors of Territorial Disputes: Two Examples from Nineteenth Century Southern Africa', Imago Mundi, 47 (1995), 173-83. 12. Sir Edward Malet to Lord Rosebery, 9 December 1893. Malet Papers, PRO: FO 343/13. 13. Memorandum by Holstein, 24 March 1891. Quoted in Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher (eds), The Holstein Papers (4 vols, Cambridge, 1955-63), III, p.374. 14. Murray to Lord Rosebery, 29 October 1894. Quoted in Martel, Imperial Diplomacy, p.226. 15. Roh1, Germany Without Bismarck, p.120. 16. Sir Edward Malet to Lord Salisbury, 7 November 1895. Malet Papers. PRO: FO 343/3. Notes 151

17. Entry from Hohenlohe's diary for 3 January 1896. Quoted inK. A. von Miiller (ed.), Furst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst: Denkwiirdigkeiten der Reichkanzlerzeit (Stuttgart, 1931 ), p.151. 18. The only other State Secretary to manage this feat was Alfred von Kiderlen• Wachter, who benefited from Bethmann Hollweg's lack of experience outside of domestic politics. Certainly none of Bulow's State Secretaries• Richthofen, Tschirschky and Schon- ever stood out in this way. 19. Martin Gosselin to Lord Kimberley, 24 November 1894. PRO: FO 64/1334. 20. Bernhard von Biilow to Philipp zu Eulenburg, 6 April 1892. Quoted in Rohl, Germany without Bismarck, p.l03. 21. Volker Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War in I9I4 (New York, 1973). 22. Diary entry for 3 January 1904. Quoted in Robert von Zedlitz-Triitzschler, Twelve years at the Imperial Court (London, 1924), pp.57-58. 23. Marschall diary, 20 and 25 February 1895 and Friedrich von Holstein to Philipp zu Eulenburg, 21 February 1895. Quoted in J. C. G. Rohl, Philipp Eulenburgs politische Korrespondenz (3 vols, Boppard am Rhein, 1976-83), III, pp.1476, 1479. For the conflict over Schele see Arthur J. Knoll, 'Decision Making for the German Colonies', in Arthur J. Knoll and Lewis H. Gann (eds), Germans in the Tropics: Essays in German Colonial History (New York, 1987), pp.133-34. 24. Rohl, Philipp Eulenburgs politische Korrespondenz, III, p.l476. 25. See Friedrich von Holstein to Fiirst von Radolin, 22 March 1896. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, III, p.60l. 26. See Dr Paul Kayser to Philipp zu Eulenburg, 18 March 1896. Quoted in Rohl, Philipp Eulenburgs politische Korrespondenz, III, p.1654. 27. Philipp zu Eulenburg to Dr Paul Kayser, 24 September 1895. Ibid, p.l542. 28. Marschall diary, 17 February 1895. Quoted in Ekkehard-Teja P. W. Wilke, Political Decadence in Imperial Germany: Personnel-Political Aspects of the German Government Crisis I894-97 (Chicago, 1976), p.88. 29. Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p.22l. 30. Terry Cole, 'Kaiser versus Chancellor: The Crisis of Biilow' s Chancellorship 1905-6', in R. J. Evans (ed.), Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (London and New York, 1978), pp.45-48. 31. W. 0. Henderson, 'German East Africa, 1884-1918', in Vincent Harlow and E. M. Chilver (eds), The Oxford History of East Africa, Volume II (Oxford, 1965), p.146. 32. Reichstagsverhandlungen, 17 January 1896. Quoted in Stenographische Berichte, IX. Leg. Per., 4 Sess. 1895/97, p.404.

2 THE PUBLIC PERSPECTIVE

l. Details of this society, including promotional literature and lists of the members of the executive committee, can be found in the papers of another of its leading members, Graf Joachim von Pfeil. Pfeil Papers, BA(Potsdam) 90Pf2, vol.87. 152 Notes

2. A good description of Caprivi's eurocentrism comes from Admiral von MUller's memorandum to Prince Heinrich of 1896, in which it is stated that 'General von Capri vi believed that Germany had no chance at all of becom• ing a world power, and consequently his policy was designed only to main• tain [Germany's] position on the European continent.' Quoted in J. C. G. Rohl, From Bismarck to Hitler: The Problem of Continuity in German History (London, 1970), p.59. 3. Reichstagsverhandlungen, 4 February 1891. In Stenographische Berichte, VIII. Leg. Per., 1. Sess. 1890/92, p.l305. Within government circles the idea of surrendering South-West Africa had been a topic of discussion for more than a year prior to this announcement. See Herbert von Bismarck to Grafvon Berchem, 21 June 1889. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, IV, p.415. 4. Kolnische Zeitung, 20 February 1891. BA(Potsdam) RKA#2012, p.21. 5. J. H. Esterhuyse, 1880-1894: The Establishment of German Authority in South West Africa (Cape Town, 1968), pp.172-76; Richard A. Voeltz, German Colonialism and the South West Africa Company, 1894-1914 (Athens, Ohio, 1988), p.22. 6. Vossische Zeitung, 22 May 1894. BA(Potsdam) RKA#1148, p.117. 7. Magdeburgische Zeitung, 14 July 1893./bid, p.38. 8. Roger Chickering, We Men Who Feel Most German: A Cultural Study of the Pan-German League, 1886-1914 (Boston and London, 1984), p.64. 9. Allgemeiner Deutscher Verband, Ortgruppe Kapstadt, Centralstelle fiir SUdafrika, I page pamphlet, April 1894, 'Die Zukunft des Deutschen SUdwestafrikanischen Schutzgebietes'. BA(Potsdam) RKA#l148, p.103. 10. Peter Winzen, 'Treitschke's influence on the Rise of Imperialist and Anti• British Nationalism in Germany'. 11. ADV, 'Stellungnahme des ADV zu den in Deutsch-SUdwestafrika herrschenden Wirren'. BA(Potsdam) RKA#1148, p.104. 12. Report of the Berlin Polizeiprasident, 21 December 1893. BA(Potsdam) RKA#6726/13, p.l2. 13. The Siidafrikanische Zeitung, a twice-weekly broadsheet, appearing on Wednesdays and Saturdays, commenced publication in 1890 under the joint editorship of Fritz van straaten and Dr Heinrich Geehl. Originally produced in Cape Town, the paper later moved to , where it was pub• lished by Hermann Michaelis. In addition to editorials and reports, the paper also printed the official proclamations of the German authorities in South• West Africa. See Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche wanderung, p.201. 14. Siidafrikanische Zeitung, II October 1893. BA(Potsdam) RKA#6726/13. 15. Ibid. 16. These views were sent to the German government in a ten-page letter. See Hertzog Johann Albrecht von -Schwerin, President of the German Colonial society, to FUrst zu Hohenlohe, 21 June 1895. BA(Potsdam), RKA#8838. 17. Sir Edward Malet to Lord Salisbury, 20 June 1895. PRO: FO 64/1358. 18. Tiigliche Rundschau, 2 August 1895. BA(Potsdam) RKA#1991. 19. /bid,p.116. 20. See, for example, All Deutsche Blatter, !9 January 1896. BA(Potsdam) ADV#575. Notes 153

21. This organization was set up as a limited company. However, like the settle• ment companies run by the colonial societies, it was more nationalist than commercial in orientation. 22. Ben Macintyre, Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elizabeth Nietzsche (New York, 1992). 23. Erich Friedrich Podach, Gestalten urn Nietzsche (Weimar, 1932), p.l72. 24. Gesellschaftsvertrag der Kolonisationsgesellschaft fiir Siid-Afrika (Chemnitz, 1895), Nr. 2. BA(Potsdam) RKA#1770, p.6. 25. The full executive consisted of Max Schubert; two lawyers, Rechtsanwalt Beutler and Rechtsanwalt Tscharmann; one teacher, Oberlehrer Hermstein; one industrialist, Direktor der Sachsischen Maschinenfabrik Ernst Reith; two businessmen, Geheimer Commerzienrath Vogel and Commerzienrath Mey; one , Gabriel von Schwerdtner, described variously as 'Rittergutsbesitzer' and 'praktischer Landwirth'; and nine additional members of undesignated occupation named as: Rudolph Kretzschmar, Benno Schmidt, Wilhelm Tetzner, Wilhelm Zimmermann, Georg Leuckardt, Hermann Griiner, Theodor Liebau, Ludwig Fischer and Rudolph Schulze. Listed in Max Schubert to Paul Kayser, 3 January 1896. Ibid, p.4. 26. Max Schubert to Dr Paul Kayser, 3 January 1896. Ibid, p.l. 27. Max Schubert to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 6 January 1896. Ibid, p.7. 28. Franz Joseph von Biilow subsequently published a book about Southern Africa. See Franz Joseph von Biilow, Deutsch Siidwest Afrika: Drei Jahre im Lande Hendrik Witbois (Berlin, 1899). 29. Die Post, 19 June 1896. BA(Potsdam) RKA#2083. 30. Publicity pamphlet for Paul Langhans, Deutscher Kolonial-Atlas (Gotha, 1896), Inhalts Ubersicht 18. BA(Potsdam) ADV#184. 31. Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 30 July 1896. PRO: FO 64/1387. 32. Martin Gosselin to Lord Salisbury, 30 July 1896. PRO: FO 64/1387. 33. Roger Chickering, 'Patriotic Societies and German Foreign Policy, 1890-1914', The International History Review, I (1979), 471, 475-77. 34. The German Colonial Society to Chancellor Hohenlohe, 30 October 1898. BA(Potsdam) DKG#500. 35. Cosima Wagner to Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 20 September 1900. Quoted in Geoffrey G. Field, Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain (New York, 1981), p.358. 36. Of course, not all Germans supported the Volkisch position. At the same time as the Pan-Germans were campaigning for the Boers, their efforts were being ridiculed by the left. In his last major speech, an attack on the goals of Weltpolitik, given in Dresden on 28 July 1900, Wilhelm Liebknecht observed, 'The Pan-Germans have also often thought of South Africa and the Boer Republics. But I am not going to talk about this childishness ... .' Quoted in William A. Pelz (ed.), Wilhelm Liebknecht and German Social Democracy: A Documentary History (Westport, Connecticut, 1994), p.334. 37. Oron James Hale, Publicity and Diplomacy with Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890-1914 (Princeton, 1964), p.204. 38. Pauline R. Anderson, The Background of Anti-English Feeling in Germany, 1890-1902 (New York, 1969), p.81. 154 Notes

39. Prussian consulate in Weimar to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 8 February 1900. PRO: GFM8 No. I 04. It should also be noted that Duke Johann Albrecht was president of the Colonial Society. 40. Pourtales to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 20 December 1900. PRO: GFM8 No. 104. 41. See Heinrich ClaB, Wider dem Strom: vom Werden und Wachsen der nationalen Opposition im alten Reich (Leipzig, 1932), pp.55-57. 42. Ibid, pp.66-68; Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change after Bismarck (New Haven, 1980), pp.243--44. 43. In December 1899, the German mail steamer Bundesrath sailing in the vicinity of South Africa was intercepted by the Royal Navy on suspicion of carrying contraband to the Boers. It was taken to Durban and forced to unload its cargo. The seizure of this vessel and the subsequent seizure of two further vessels, the General and the Herzog, caused uproar in Germany, where it was suspected by a section of the public that the Royal Navy's motive was to ruin the German shipping industry. The event also proved an embarrassment for the British Government. As Sanderson had observed when the commotion first started, 'I sincerely hope that we shall find contra• band of war otherwise we shall look very foolish, have to pay heavily, and be a good deal hampered as to the future exercise of the right of search .... ' No contraband was found, with consequences for British dignity that were much as Sanderson had predicted. See Sir Thomas Sanderson to Sir Frank Lascelles, 3 January 1900. Lascelles Papers, PRO: F.O. 800/9. For the best account of the incident and the issues involved see John W. Coogan, The End of Neutrality: The United States, Britain and Maritime Rights I899-I9I5 (Ithaca and London, 1981), pp.37--41. 44. Terence F. Cole, 'The Daily Telegraph Affair and its Aftermath: the Kaiser, Bulow and the Reichstag, 1908-1909', in John Rohland Nicolaus Sombart (eds), Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations (Cambridge, 1982), p.254. 45. This fact is also illustrated by the impact in the interwar years of Hans Grimm's novel Volk ohne Raum, part of the enormous popularity of which was a reflection of the South African component of the story-line. That pro• Boer sympathies still had so strong an appeal in Germany even after the Union of South Africa had demonstrated its loyalty to and integration within the British Empire during the First World War is testament to the emotive power of the issue. See Hans Grimm, Volk ohne Raum (Munich, 1926); and for a commentary on its influence in interwar Germany see F. L. Carsten, 'Yolk ohne Raum: A Note on Hans Grimm', in F. L. Carsten, Essays in German History (London, 1985). 46. For full details of this phenomenon see Eley, Reshaping the German Right, pp.176-77, 183 and 351-52.

3 THE COMMERCIAL PERSPECTIVE

1. Marschall's Speech to the Reichstag. Reichstagsverhandlungen, 13 February 1896. In Stenographisce Berichte, IX Leg. Per., 4. Sess. 1895/97, p.930. Notes 155

2. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Grofle Politik, XI, pp.l7-19. 3. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 15 October 1895. Ibid, p.6. 4. Geoffrey Wheatcroft, The : The Men who made South Africa (London, 1985), pp.41-42. 5. Robert V. Kubicek, 'The Randlords in 1895: A Reassessment', in Journal of British Studies, XI (1972), 10 I. 6. A list of those whose names were to acquire the prefix 'Sir' would include: George Albu, Max Michaelis, Sigismund Neumann, Ernest Oppenheimer and Julius Wernher. 7. The Evening Standard, 14 January 1896. Quoted in Graf von Hatzfeldt to FUrst zu Hohenlohe, 16 January 1896. PA(Bonn) Rl4617. In reality, of the sixty-two members of the Reform Committee, the body responsible for the rising in Johannesburg, three held German citizenship. They were Max Langermann, Wilhelm Adler and Fritz Mosenthal. See Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung, p.327. There were, of course, others behind the scenes. 8. Franz von Herff to FUrst zu Hohenlohe, 12 January 1896. PA(Bonn) Rl4619. 9. Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.213. 10. Buerner, Kommando S. M. S. Schwalbe, to the Kaiser, 22 April 1900. PRO: GFM8 No. 16. 11. Ibid. 12. Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and his Times (London, 1964), p.191; Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.36. 13. J. X. Merriman to G. J. Goschen, 20 January 1890. Quoted in Phyllis Lew sen, Selections from the Correspondence of John X. Merriman (4 vols, Cape Town, 1960-69), p.296. 14. Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele in SUdafrika, 1884-98', p.l04; Andrew Porter, Victorian Shipping, Business and Imperial Policy: Donald Currie, the Castle Line and Southern Africa (New York, 1986), pp.211-15. 15. Vivian Edgar Solomon, The South African Shipping Question 1886-1914 (Cape Town, 1982), pp.12-13. 16. Between 1891 and 1898, even with the aid of a government subsidy that totalled 7 I 07 802 marks, the DOAL. was unable consistently to make a profit. Moreover, even in those years when an operating profit was obtained, it never exceeded the subvention that the line received. Figures quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.44. 17. This was a business practice much disliked by its German competitors. As the British Consul-General in Hamburg noted: 'these arrangements are not regarded with unmixed feelings of satisfaction ... by the German firms in the interior who are interested in the river and canal traffic to Hamburg, which is now of course unable to compete with the largely reduced Railway-Rates on goods destined for South Africa.' William Wand to the British Embassy in Berlin, 12 March 1898. PRO: FO 64/1447. 18. J. J. Van-Helten, 'Empire and High Finance: South Africa and the International Gold Standard, 1890-1914', in Journal of African History, XXIII (1982), 541-42. 156 Notes

19. The estimate was made by the mining engineers F. H. Hatch and J. A. Chambers. Quoted in Wheatcroft, The Randlords, p.l63. 20. It has been estimated that the existence of the monopoly added 20-30 per cent to the price of explosives. See Penner, 'Germany and the Transvaal before 1896', 46. The mining industry believed that under the monopoly, dynamite cost them £600 000 per year more than it would have done on the open market. See Smith, Origins of the South African War, p.54. 21. Memorandum by Samuel Adams to Wernher, Beit and Company, I898. Quoted in J. J. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal: With Specific Reference to the Witwatersrand Goldfields and District, 1886-1910 (Doctoral thesis, London, I98I), p.215. 22. Wheatcroft, The Randlords, p.I62. 23. To ensure that it was built, Kruger arranged for the Transvaal government to guarantee the shareholders a dividend of 6 per cent irrespective of whether or not the company was profitable. See K. Wilburn, The Climax of Railway Competition in South Africa I887-I899 (Doctoral dissertation, Oxford, I 982), p.33. 24. The following are the distances (in miles) from the main ports of South Africa to Johannesburg: Lorenr;o Marques 394 Durban 482 East London 665 Port Elizabeth 7 I 2 Cape Town 957 Figures quoted from H. M. Admiralty, A Manual of Portuguese East Africa (London, I 920), p.371. 25. Richard Mendelsohn, Sammy Marks: 'The Uncrowned King of the Transvaal' (Athens, Ohio, 199 I), p.62. 26. Figure quoted in Wilburn, The Climax of Railway Competition, p. I 80. 27. J. J. Van-Helten, 'German Capital, the Netherlands Railway Company and the Political Economy of the Transvaal, 1886-1900', in Journal of African History, XIX (1978), 386; AdolfGoerz to Paul Kayser, 13 December 1893. Quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.57. 28. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal, pp.46-47. 29. The exact figures for the German shareholding are cited differently in differ• ent texts. According to Lovell, Germans held 6 836 out of 14 000 shares. Lovell, The Struggle for South Africa, p.346. According to Wilburn, the figure is 8 I 9 out of 2 000. Wilburn, Railway Competition, p.36. 30. Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele', p.104. 31. Sir Frank Lascelles to Lord Salisbury, 2 January 1896. Quoted in Van• Helten, 'German Capital in the Transvaal', 385. 32. Ibid, 377. 33. Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele', p.105. 34. Van-Helten, 'German Capital in the Transvaal', 386. Notes 157

35. W. H. Chaloner, 'Currency Problems of the British Empire 1814-1914', in Barrie M. Ratcliffe (ed.), Great Britain and Her World 1750-1914: Essays in HonourofW. 0. Henderson (Manchester, 1975), p.l89. 36. Penner, 'Germany and the Transvaal before 1896', p.47. 37. For a summary of the diplomacy surrounding the battle for the dynamite concession, see Laufer, Die Deutsche Sudafrikapolitik, pp.53-57. 38. According to Herff over a quarter of the share capital of the company was in German hands. Franz von Herff to , 8 June 1894. BA(Potsdam) AA#11840. 39. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal, pp.209-33. 40. The Stassfurter Chemische Fabrik to the Auswartiges Amt, 2, 14 and 21 August 1895. BA(Potsdam) AA#l1841. 41. J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902). 42. State-monopoly capitalism is not the only theory to posit an economic basis to German policy in Africa. Also important is the idea of social imperialism. Inextricably linked to Hans-Ulrich Wehler, a good summary of this concept can be found in Wehler, The , pp.171-76. 43. Van-Helten, 'German Capital in the Transvaal', pp.386-88; Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele', pp.ll 0-12. 44. Peter Henshaw, 'The "Key to South Africa": Delagoa Bay and the Origins of the South African War, 1890-1899', Paper presented to the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 24 May 1896. 45. Ibid; Porter, The Origins of the South African War, p.177. 46. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal, p.43. 47. Colonial Office Memorandum, 4 May 1897. PRO: CO 879/56. 48. Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal, p.237. 49. Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele', p.111. 50. This view is consistent with the findings of recent research into the influence of capitalist enterprises in the formation of British imperial policy in the region. Ever since the publications of Hobson, there has been a considerable consensus behind the proposition that the actions of the British government were dictated by the interests of the mining industry and its investors. Recent historical research, however, has convincingly challenged the whole notion that the decisions of the British government were significantly influenced by, let alone subordinate to this particular interest group. See lain R. Smith, 'The Origins of the South African War', South African Historical Journal, XXII (1990), 36--37. 51. The phrase comes from Alfred Vagts, Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten in der Weltpolitik (2 vols, New York, 1935), I, p.526. 52. Ji.irgen Kocka, 'Organisierter Kapitalismus oder Staatsmonopolistischer Kapitalismus? Begrifflicher Vorbemerkungen', in Heinrich A. Winkler (ed.), Organisierter Kapitalismus. Voraussetzungen und Anfiinge (Gottingen, 1974), pp.26-27. 53. In the file Akten betreffend die si.idafrikanische Zollunion, the contents for the period 1893 to August 1896 consist of only three items: two letters from 158 Notes

Consul Nordenftycht from Cape Town in 1893 and one from Herff from 19 August 1896. BA(Potsdam) AA#ll984. 54. Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, pp.31, 190-91. 55. 'Memorandum on the material interests of Germany in the Transvaal', 8 February 1896. BA(Potsdam) AA#II842. 56. Rosenbach, Das Deutsche Reich, p.54. 57. Marquis de Noailles to Affaires Etrangeres, 12 November 1897. Quoted in Van-Helten, British and European Economic Investment in the Transvaal, p.237. 58. Memorandum by Otto von Muhlberg, 18 November 1898. Quoted in Rosenbach, Das Deutsche Reich, p.l47. 59. The economic disadvantages of Delagoa Bay's lack of facilities were stressed continually in the reports of consul Pfeil in the period just prior to the granting of the concession. Graf von Pfeil to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 30 August 1895 and 5 September 1895. BA(Potsdam) AA#l1970. It seems unlikely that this was coincidental. 60. Henshaw, 'Key to South Africa'. 61. Porter, Origins of the South African War, p.l26. 62. Graf von Pfeil to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 13 November 1895. Quoted in Winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders, II, p.250. 63. Franz von Herff to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 17 November 1895. BA(Potsdam) AA#l1970. 64. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 13 November 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.51.

4 THE BACKGROUND TO CONFLICT

1. Ernst von Weber, 'Die Erweiterung des deutschen Wirtschaftsgebiets und die Grundlegung zu uberseeischen Staaten.' Quoted in Parliamentary Papers, 1897, IX, pp.437-41. 2. Ibid, p.440. 3. Harald R. Bilger, 111mal Siidafrika (Munich, 1982), p.140; Grunewald, 'Auf, auf, ihr Bruder', p.83. 4. Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p.183. 5. Weber, 'Die Erweiterung des deutschen Wirtschaftsgebiets', p.441. 6. Lord Carnarvon to Bartle Frere, 12 December 1876 and Lord Derby to a delegation of Cape Colony merchants, 16 May 1884. Quoted in G. N. Sanderson, 'British Informal Empire, Imperial Ambitions, Defensive Strategies, and the Anglo-Portuguese Congo Treaty of 1884', in Stig Forster, Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Ronald Robinson (eds), Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition (Oxford, 1988), p.l98. 7. Note by Bismarck on Bojanowski's memorandum of August 1883. Quoted in Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p.184. 8. See A. J.P. Taylor, Germany's First Bidfor Colonies, 1884-1885 (London, 1938), p.6, and Wolfgang J. Mommsen, 'Bismarck, the Concert of Europe, Notes 159

and the Future of West Africa, 1883-1885', in Forster, Mommsen and Robinson, Bismarck, Europe and Africa, pp.152-53. 9. Ibid, p.169. 10. H. Pogge von Strandmann, 'Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion Under Bismarck', in Past and Present, XLII (1969), 140-59; William Roger Louis, 'Great Britain and German Expansion in Africa, 1884-1919', in Gifford and Louis, Britain and Germany in Africa, pp.6-7. 11. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, 'Bismarck's Imperialism, 1862-1890', in James J. Sheehan (ed.), Imperial Germany (New York, 1976), pp.180-222. 12. Ibid, p.212. 13. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire, 1871-1918 (Leamington Spa, 1985), pp.l71-76. 14. He observes that 'The Santa Lucia incident was an important revelation of German policy. It left no uncertainty as to the objective- the Transvaal.' See Penner, 'Germany and the Transvaal before 1896', p.34. 15. Quoted in Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung, p.332. 16. Ibid, p.34; Jean Van Der Poel, Railway and Customs Policies in South Africa, 1885-1910, pp.2-3; G. N. Sanderson, 'The European Partition of Africa: Origins and Dynamics', in Roland Oliver and G. N. Sanderson (eds), The Cambridge History ofAfrica, Volume 6 (Cambridge, 1985), p.l34. 17. Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p.l91. As a result, it was not until 28 April 1897 that a treaty regulating relations between the two countries was signed and it was not until 18 March 1898 that ratifications of the said treaty were exchanged (PRO: FO 64/1447). In a similar fashion, the Reich government under Bismarck also discouraged investment in the country's most visible companies. The Berliner Handelsgesellschaft's participation in the establishment of a National Bank was initially vetoed, as was the Disconto Gesellschaft's involvement in the railway concession. As the manager of the latter observed, 'just one word from Bismarck and the Disconto would help us.' See Van-Helten, 'German Capital, the Netherlands Railway Company and the Political Economy of the Transvaal, 1886-1900', pp.372 and 386. 18. Anthony Nutting, Scramble for Africa: The Great Trek to the Boer War (London, 1970), p.256. 19. The Times, 5 June 1890. Quoted in Lovell, The Struggle for South Africa, p.244. It should be noted, however, that the salient of the Capri vi strip was perceived by many, including Rhodes, as mitigating against the desirability of the treaty. 20. Rohl, Germany Without Bismarck, pp.85-117. 21. Magdeburgische Zeitung, 14 July 1893. BA(Potsdam) RKA#ll48, p.38. 22. Kurt von Fran~ois to the Auswi.irtiges Amt, 30 November 1892. Quoted in Esterhuyse, South West Africa, p.l76. 23. Dr Paul Kayser to General von Caprivi, 13 February 1893. Quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.49. 24. Ko1onial Abteilung to Kurt von Fran~ois, 8 December 1892. Quoted in Esterhuyse, South West Africa, p.176. 25. In his diary, Joachim Pfeil observed, in English, that 'the idea of the Boers if carried out will lead to the greening of the Kalahari. .. ' He regarded this as 160 Notes

especially important because, as things then stood, Germans were unlikely to settle as ' ... the country is miserable [and] only fit for Boers who do not like to see the smoke of their neighbour's chimney. In fact the country could not support a denser population than one scattered over it like the Boers like to be.' Diary entry for 14 September 1892. BA(Potsdam) 90 Pf 2, Bd.147. 26. Joachim Pfeil, Zur Erwerbung von deutsch Ostafrika (Berlin, 1907). 27. Hermann Degener (ed.), Wer 1st's? (Leipzig, 1912), p.1199. 28. Pogge, Kolonialrat, p.109. 29. Joachim Pfeil's commission as agent and his own account of his activities in this capacity are contained in his papers. BA(Potsdam) 90 Pf 2. His activi• ties are also described in Esterhuyse, South West Africa, pp.173-76. 30. Siidafrikanische Zeitung, 14 June 1893. BA(Potsdam) RKA#1148, p.47. 31. Voeltz, German Colonialism, p.41; I. Goldblatt, History of South West Africa from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (Cape Town, 1971 ), pp.l70-72. 32. Anderson, The Background of Anti-English Feeling, p.58. 33. Martin Gosselin to Lord Kimberley, I November 1894. Kimberley Papers, Bodleian Library, MS Eng.c.4389. 34. Anderson, Background to Anti-English Feeling, p.228. 35. Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations, p.l30. 36. Lord Kimberley to Martin Gosselin, 7 November 1894. Kimberley Papers, Bodleian Library, MS Eng.c.4389.

5 THE EMERGENCE OF CONFLICT

1. See Erich Brandenburg, From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy (Oxford, 1927), pp.82-83; William L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (2nd edition, New York, 1952), p.232; and Raymond James Sontag, European Diplomatic History, 1871-1932 (New York, 1933), p.73. 2. This policy has been described as the determination 'to win the other's friendship by making themselves as disagreeable as possible.' Gordon Martel, 'The Limits of Commitment: Rosebery and the Definition of the Anglo-German Understanding', Historical Journal, XXVII (1984), 395. 3. Sir Henry Loch to Sir Henry de Villiers, 3 January 1896. Quoted in Eric A. Walker, Lord De Villiers and his Times: South Africa 1842-1914 (London, 1925), p.265. 4. The Kaiser to Baron von Marschall, 25 October 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, pp.8-11. 5. Kimberley was to observe that Southern Africa was 'perhaps the most vital interest of Great Britain because by the possession of it communication with India was assured ... .' Quoted in Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p.220. 6. Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 10 December 1895. PA(Bonn) London 428. 7. Memorandum by Graf von Hatzfeldt, 27 October 1895. PRO: GFM8 No. 119. Notes 161

8. Baron von Marschall to Grafvon Hatzfeldt, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.19. 9. In the words of Adam Watson, an authority on the theory and conduct of diplomacy: 'In the diplomatic practice of the European system the value of continuous contact with other states was clearly understood, and the rule was therefore to maintain diplomatic representation in other capitals except in the event of war .... To break off diplomatic relations with another state in the system was a grave step, often a prelude to an imminent declaration of war.' Adam Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue between States (London, Reprint 1991), pp.128-29. I 0. Szogyeny to Goluchowski, I 8 January I 896. Quoted in J. A. S. Grenville, Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy: The Close of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1964 ), p.l 04. I 1. Philipp zu Eulenburg to the Auswartiges Amt, 4 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.31. 12. Bixler, Anglo-German Imperialism in South Africa, p.110. 13. As the British Foreign Office clerk, Eyre Crowe recorded, 'I am quite certain that if Germany carries out her threat and marches in her troops through the Portuguese territory at Delagoa Bay, it means war with us.' Eyre Crowe to Lady Crowe, 6 January 1896. Crowe Papers, Bodleian Library, MSS.Eng.e.3019. 14. See Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London, 1961), p.438; and Grenville, Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy, pp.181-82. 15. Winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders, II, p.246. The original record of this proposal comes from a memorandum by Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 28 November 1894. BA(Potsdam), RKA#9013. 16. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 15 October 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.7. 17. This is evident from Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 13 December 1894. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9013. 18. See, for example, Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 1 February 1895, or Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 28 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, pp.3-5 and 15-16. 19. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 20 November I 894. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9013. 20. Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 13 December 1894. Ibid. 21. Between 22 January and 13 March 1895, Laufer has catalogued ten occa• sions in which this matter was discussed between Hatzfeldt and British officials and diplomats. Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.73. 22. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 30 January 1895. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, III, p.493. 23. Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 31 January I 895. Ibid, III, p.494. 24. Grafvon Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 23 April1897. Ibid, IV, p.33. A British perspective on the negotiations can be found in Martel, Imperial Diplomacy, pp.235-36. 25. That the British regarded this harbour as being of central significance was regularly reported by Hatzfeldt from London. In a typical example, he wrote 162 Notes

that Kimberley 'saw in Delagoa Bay the core of the whole question.' Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 10 March 1895. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9014. 26. This explanation has so far found favour largely with Marxist historians. See, for example, Eberhard Czaya, Der deutsche Imperialismus in Sud- und Sudwestafrika: Ein Beispiel fur Kontinuitiit und Elastizitiit der deutschen kolonialbestrebungen (Doctoral thesis, Berlin, 1967), pp.23-26. The excep• tion to this rule is G. N. Sanderson, who argues in his unpublished seminar paper, 'The African Factor in Anglo-German Relations, 1892-1895', that 'Germany's aggressive behaviour towards Britain in Africa in the middle 1890s was a genuine imperialist phenomenon .... ' See also G. N. Sanderson, 'The European Partition of Africa: Coincidence or Conjuncture?', the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, III (1974), 40. 27. It is difficult to gauge the exact extent of the German capital investment in the Transvaal as figures for this fluctuate wildly. As Jochen Laufer has pointed out, even the German government was inconsistent on this matter, supplying at the beginning of I 896 estimates that ranged from 100 million to 500 million marks. See Laufer, Die deutsche Sudafrikapolitik, p.34. 28. Penner, 'Germany and The Transvaal before 1896', p.44. 29. See Gordon A. Craig, Germany, I866-I945 (Oxford, 1981), p.245; Marjorie Juta, The Pace of the Ox: A Life of (London, 1937), p.l74; Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, p.219; Lovell, The Struggle for South Africa, pp.346-47. 30. A. Hausrath (ed.), Heinrich von Treitschke: His Life and Works (London, 1914), p.208. 31. Stephen Gwynn, The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice (Boston, 1929-31), I, p.209. This view was also held by the Cape politician John X. Merriman who, writing to G. J. Goschen on 20 January 1890, observed that 'South Africa is the only temperate country where a consider• able German occupation might succeed in establishing a German country ... .' See Lew sen, Selections from the Correspondence of John X. Merriman, I870-I890, p.296. 32. David Thomson, Europe Since Napoleon (London, 1962), p.478. 33. A. S. Jerussalinski, Die Auj3enpolitik und die Diplomatie des Deutschen Imperialismus (Berlin, 1954 ), p.l28. 34. See W. D. Smith, The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism (New York and Oxford, 1986) for a discussion of this term. 35. Evans Lewin, The Germans and Africa (London, 1939), p.l19. 36. Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations, p.ll4. 37. Ibid, p.l25. 38. Ibid, pp.115-25. 39. See Jean Van Der Poe!, Railway and Customs Policies in South Africa, 1885-1910 (London, 1933); Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations in South-Central Africa. 40. For the dating of the visit of Dr Leyds to Europe, see Laufer, Die Deutsche Sudafrikapolitik, p.201. 41. Auswartiges Amt to Graf von Bray, 16 March 1894. Quoted in Winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders, II, p.238. 42. Ibid, pp.238-39; Wilburn, The Climax of Railway Competition, p.146. Notes 163

43. Note of 10 July 1894. Quoted in Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele in Si.idafrika, 1884-98', p.106. 44. Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p.417; Penner, 'Germany and the Transvaal', pp.53--4. 45. This, of course was the intention- the original1aw of 1858, which gave the vote to anyone holding property or who had resided in the Republic for a year, being progressively amended between 1882 and 1894 to make it impossible for Uitlanders to influence the political system. See Fisher, The Afrikaners (London, 1969), p.141. 46. Ibid, p.140. 47. It is interesting to note that following this demarche, the demand for the franchise of foreign residents became central to the British negotiating posi• tion, particularly as it came to be articulated by Chamberlain and Milner. Yet, prior to this point, though repeatedly demanded by the Cape, it had not received the full backing of the British government. Writing to Salisbury on 14 September 1891, Knutsford observed that '[Loch's] favourite idea of redeeming the Transvaal by extending the suffrage to all white immigrants makes one think he must be a little off his head. Universal suffrage exer• cised by a floating population of mining adventurers cannot be an ideal form of government.' Quoted in John Benyon, Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa: The High Commission, British Supremacy and the Sub• continent, 1806-1910 (Pietermaritzburg, I 980), p.242. 48. Malyn Newitt, A History of Mozambique (London, 1995), p.375. 49. J. A. C. Tilley, 'Memorandum respecting the Relations Between Germany and Great Britain, 1892-1904', in Gooch and Temperley, British Documents on the Origins of the War, I898-1914, I, pp.323-24. See also Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations, pp. I 06, 127-28; J. S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic (Oxford, 1961), p.47. 50. Franz von Herff to Leo von Capri vi, I 3 October 1894. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9013. 5 I. Lord Kimberley to Sir William Harcourt, 7 December I 894. Quoted in A. G. Gardiner, The Life of Sir William Harcourt (2 vols, London, 1923), II, p.325. 52. Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p.217. 53. In the previous year's (less eventful) celebration, the guests of honour had been the Transvaal Commandant-General, P. J. Joubert, and the Chief Justice, John Kotze. Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung, p.289. 54. Penner, 'Germany and the Transvaal', p.50. 55. Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p. 193. 56. Quoted in Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, p.22 I. 57. Sir Graham Bower, 'Sixteen Years Service in South Africa', p.88. Graham Bower Papers, MSS Afr. s. 1648, Rhodes House Library. 58. Elizabeth Longford, Jameson's Raid: Prelude to the Boer War (London, 1984), p. I 22. 59. Programme of the I 895 Kaiser Kommers at the Transvaal Hotel. Contained in the personnel file of Franz von Herff, PA(Bonn) personalia No. 91. 60. Sir Graham Bower, 'Sixteen Years Service in South Africa', p.69. Graham Bower Papers, MSS Afr. s. 1648, Rhodes House Library. 61. This was reiterated in private. In response to the Kaiser Kommers, Wilhelm summoned Beelaerts van Blokland, the Transvaal's senior diplomat in 164 Notes

Europe. According to the envoy's report, 'the Kaiser thanked me for the President's toast and assured me of "lasting support".' Winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders, II, p.248. 62. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, I February 1895. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, pp.3-5. 63. Ibid. 64. The process of bestowing this honour is catalogued in Herff s personnel file. Marschall made the suggestion on I April I 895 and the news was published in the Siidafrikanische Zeitung on 15 May 1895. PA(Bonn) Personalia No. 91. 65. According to the official guide, the consulate at Louren9o Marques had been 'unbesetzt' in 1888, 1889, 1890 and 1892. See Reichsamt des Innern, Handbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich (Berlin, 1888ff). 66. Representations for such a change had come from Germany's two main South African diplomats, the consul-general at Cape Town and the consul at Pretoria. See Freiharr von Nordenftycht to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 20 November 1894 and Franz von Herff to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 16 November 1894. BA(Potsdam) AA#52474. 67. See the Reichsanzeiger of I 2 March 1895. A copy of this is in Markus Pfeil's personnel file. PA(Bonn) Personalia No. 65. Alternatively, see the notice in the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of 9 March 1895. Quoted in Sir Edward Malet to Lord Kimberley, 12 March 1895. PRO: FO 6411357. 68. The British Colonial Secretary Lord Carnarvon had identified Delagoa Bay as the 'key position' in the region as early as the mid-1870s. See Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p.59. This idea was to become much more widespread in the mid-1890s. See, for example, G. B. Malleson, Delagoa Bay: The Key to South Africa (London, 1896). 69. Diary entry for 5 February 1891. Quoted in Rudolf Vierhaus (ed.), Das Tagebuch der Baronin Spitzemberg (Gottingen, 1960), p.285. 70. Martin Pabst, Mission und Kolonialpolitik. Die Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft an der Goldkiiste und in Togo bis zum Ausbruch des ersten Weltkrieges (Munich, 1988), pp.365-69; Ralph Erbar, Ein 'Platz an der Sonne'? Die Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Kolonie Togo 1884-1914 (Stuttgart, 1991), p.290. 71. Sir W. Brandford Griffith to Lord Knutsford, II May 1892. PRO: FO 244/495. 72. Despite the warning of the Hamburger Korrespondent (quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.210.) that 'the vice-consul Markus Pfeil is not to be confused with his brother, the African explorer Graf Joachim Pfeil', such confusion has been rife and is still prevalent in the historical lit• erature, where the separate identity of these two brothers is often conftated to create one composite individual. This error seems to have originated in Hallgarten, Imperialismus vor 1914 and to have been perpetuated from this source. Genealogical details of the Pfeil family, including the fraternal rela• tionship between Joachim and Markus, can be found in the Pfeil family history. See Otto Graf von Pfeil und Klein-EIIguth, Familienchronik der Grafen von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth auf dem Hintergrund der Geschichte ihrer schlesischen Heimat (Karlsruhe, 1979). 73. Martin Gosselin to Lord Kimberley, 16 March 1895. PRO: FO 6411357. Notes 165

74. Wilburn, Railway Competition, p.87. The ceremony cost the Transvaal government £20 000. See John Lang, Bullion Johannesburg: Men, Mines and the Challenge of Conflict (Johannesburg, 1986), p.59. 75. Laufer observes that the government in Pretoria had originally intended to exclude a British naval presence and invite only German and Dutch warships. Laufer, Die Deutsche Sudafrikapolitik, p.82. See, also, Schmidt• Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung, p.290; Butler, 'The German Factor', p.198. 76. Sir Percy Anderson to the Commander-in-Chief, Cape Town, 8 June 1895. PRO: ADM 1/7246. 77. Ralph Bernal to Lord Kimberley, 3 April 1895. PRO: FO 63/1297. Jacobus de Wet to Sir Hercules Robinson, 11 May 1895. PRO: CO 417/148. 78. Sir Edward Malet to Lord Kimberley, 20 January 1895. PRO: FO 64/1357. 79. The British government did not believe that Marschall's comment in January regarding the fourth-class cruiser was a definite promise. Edward Fairfield to Sir Percy Anderson, 7 June 1895. PRO: ADM 117246. 80. Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 29 June 1895. BA(Potsdam) AA#11969. 81. Hans Hallmann, Krugerdepesche und Flottenfrage (Stuttgart, 1927), p.68. 82. Hallgarten, lmperialismus, I, pp.372-73. 83. Franz von Herffto Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 20 July 1895. PA(Bonn) R14616. 84. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 15 October 1895. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, pp.5-7. The impact of Malet's warning was lessened by the fact that it was disavowed by the government in London, who claimed that his comments were not authorized. At first this was not believed in Berlin, where the Kaiser observed: 'This throws a nice light on the relation• ship of the Prime Minister to the ambassador and ... one must ask whether the ambassador lied or not!' Kaiser's marginal comment on Baron von Marschall to the Kaiser, I November 1895. PA(Bonn) R5768. However, the emphatic disavowal quickly came to be seen as a 'peccavi'. See Baron von Marschall to the Kaiser, 17 November 1895. Quoted in Die Gro.fJe Politik, XI, pp.l4-15. 85. Ibid. 86. Baron von Marschall to Martin Gosselin, 25 October 1895. PRO: FO 6411539. Quoted in part inN. G. Garson, 'The Swaziland Question and a Road to the Sea', Archives Yearbook for South African History, VIII (1957), 392. A copy of the letter is also to be found in the files of the German embassy in London. See PA(Bonn), London 428. 87. Martin Gosselin to Lord Salisbury, 29 October 1895. PRO: FO 64/1539. Quoted in part in Garson, 'The Swaziland Question', 392. 88. Roger Casement to Lord Salisbury, 16 November 1895. PRO: FO 63/1297. On health grounds, the British tried to limit the time spent by their warships at Delagoa Bay. See, for example, the orders given to HMS Magpie. Commander-in-Chief, Cape Town to the Admiralty, 5 January 1895. PRO: ADM 1/7246. 89. Graf von Hatzfeldt to the Auswiirtiges Amt, 1 January 1896. Quoted in Die Gro.fJe Politik, XI, p.24. 90. Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 28 December 1895 and Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, pp.15-19. 166 Notes

91. Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 2 January I 896. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, p.27. 92. The Kaiser to President Kruger, 3 January I 896. Quoted in Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, II, p.387. 93. This version of Marschall's conversation with Lascelles accords in all essential respects with the record made by the Germans. See Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, pp.l7-18. 94. Eyre Crowe to Lady Crowe, 9 January 1896. Crowe Papers, Bodleian Library, MSS.Eng.e.3019. 95. Sir Frank Lascelles to Lord Salisbury, 8 January 1896. PRO: FO 179/321. 96. Lord Salisbury to Sir Frank Lascelles, 9 January 1896. PRO: FO 64/1385. 97. See, for example, Ernst Schutte's comment 'the economy was for Marschall a more important, if not the most important factor of his policy.' Ernst Schutte, Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, ein Beitrag zur Charakterisierung seiner Politik (Berlin, 1936), pp.7-9. 98. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, I February 1895. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, p.4. See also Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 15 October 1895 and Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, pp.5-7 and 17-19. 99. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, I February 1895. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, pp.4-5. I 00. Baron von Marschall to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 28 December 1895. Ibid, p.370. 101. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 12 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.23. 102. Memorandum by Maximilian von Berchem, 30 January 1890. Quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.52. 103. Ibid, pp.94-95. 104. The Globe, 4 February 1896. PA(Bonn) R14618, pp.lll-13. 105. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p.231. It might be added that the abrogation of this treaty, which expired in July 1898, did not signal the end of German trade with the British colonies. As Fieldhouse has observed: 'The abrogation of the treaty with Belgium and the Zollverein had little effect.' See D. K. Fieldhouse, 'The Economic Exploitation of Africa: Some British and French Comparisons', in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds), France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule (New Haven, 1971 ), p.602. I 06. This fact would continue to be of importance to German-South African rela• tions right up to the Second World War. See Hagemann, Siidafrika und das Dritte Reich. 107. Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.32. 108. Bericht der Handelskammer zu Hamburg, 1896, p.9. Quoted in Anderson, The Background of Anti-English Feeling in Germany, p.259. 109. Parliamentary Papers, IX, 1897, Reports from Committee, II, 71. Quoted in Penner, 'Germany and the Transvaal Before 1896', 45. II 0. Ibid, 51. Ill. Franz von Herff to FUrst zu Hohenlohe, 19 May 1895. PA(Bonn) London 428. Notes 167

112. As China discovered, great power support tended to come at a price. Even a supposedly non-imperialist country such as the United States expected benefits from its aid. As the former diplomat American John Barrett observed in relation to the open-door policy, 'If China maintains her inde• pendence through our support, the United States in another decade will have greater material and moral influence than all other nations combined.' Quoted in Akira Iriye, From Nationalism to Internationalism: US Foreign Policy to 1914 (London, 1977), p.l71. 113. As the British consul, Roger Casement, observed: 'I may state that this visit, if undertaken solely with such an object stands without parallel in the annals of the admittedly unhealthiest port in South East Africa .... ' Roger Casement to Lord Salisbury, 8 November 1895. PRO: FO 63/1297. 114. GrafPfeil to Fi.irst zu Hohenlohe, 13 November 1895. PA(Bonn) R14616. 115. Ibid. 116. Quoted in D. M. Schreuder, The Scramble for Southern Africa, 1877-1895 (Cambridge, 1980), p.298. 117. Lord Kimberley to Lord Ripon, 13 January 1895. Quoted in Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p.199. 118. Lord Ripon to Lord Kimberley, 15 February 1895. Ibid, p.199. 119. Lord Kimberley to Lord Ripon, 19 October 1894. Ripon Papers, British Library ADD MS 43526. The newspaper in question was the Kolnische Zeitung of 17 October 1894 in which it was stated that the German warships represented 'an unambiguous hands off to English aspirations.' Quoted in Stoecker and Czaya, 'Wirtschaftliche Expansion und politische Ziele in Si.idafrika, 1184-98', p.l 06. 120. Lord Ripon to Lord Kimberley, 25 November 1894. Ripon Papers, British Library ADD MS 43526. This text has been partly quoted in Ronald F. Dreyer, The Mind of Official Imperialism: British and Cape Government Perceptions of German Rule in Namibia from the - Treaty to the Kruger Telegram ( 1890-1896) (Essen, 1982), p.203. 121. Lord Kimberley to Lord Ripon, 25 November 1894. Ripon Papers, British Library ADD MS 43526. 122. Lord Ripon to Lord Kimberley, 30 January 1895. Ripon Papers, British Library ADD MS 43527. 123. Lord Kimberley to Lord Ripon, 8 January 1896. Ripon Papers, British Library ADD MS 43527. 124. Lord Ripon to Lord Rosebery, 2 January 1896. Quoted in Anthony Denholm, Lord Ripon 1827-1909: A Political Biography (London, 1982), p.216. 125. Extract from Schalk Burger's election manifesto of 1898. Quoted in C. T. Gordon, The Growth of Boer Opposition to Kruger 1890-95 (Cape Town, 1970), pp.9-IO. 126. Sir Henry Loch to Lord Ripon, 24 December 1894. Ripon Papers, British Library ADD MS 43562. 127. Ibid. 128. As Eyre Crowe noted, '[Germany] knows that it [the Transvaal] is in our sphere of action, not in hers. She cannot pretend to be ignorant of this, because we have repeatedly told her so.' Eyre Crowe to Lady Crowe, 7 January 1896. Crowe Papers, Bodleian Library, MSS.Eng.e.3019. 168 Notes

129. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 7 February 1895. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. This view from London was repeated six weeks later when Hatzfeldt, describing a parliamentary appearance by Lord Ripon, observed that it was the British opinion that 'in so far as external relations were con• cerned the lay in the English sphere of influence and would not be allowed without the approval of the English government to make new treaties or new agreements with any foreign state.' Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 30 March 1895. Ibid. 130. The Times, 22 November 1894. From Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 22 November 1894. PA(Bonn) R5670. 131. Ibid. 132. Marginal comment on Hatzfeldt's report of 19 October 1894. Quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.67. 133. Freiherr von Nordenftycht to Leo von Caprivi, 22 October 1894. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9013. See also Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations, pp.l3l-32. 134. Minute by the Kaiser to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe's letter of 7 January 1896. Quoted in Bixler, Anglo-German Imperialism in South Africa, p.lll. 135. The Kaiser to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 6 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.36. 136. Martin Gosselin to Lord Kimberley, 24 November 1894. PRO: FO 64/1334. 137. Baron von Marschall to von Derenthall, 22 January 1895. PA(Bonn) London 428. 138. Bixler, Anglo-German Imperialism in South Africa, p.75. Similar views were held in the Colonial Office, where little regard was paid to the German claim that they based their policy on economic considerations. On the con• trary, Chamberlain regarded their actions as consistent with a ' ... policy of acquiring such commercial interests in South East Africa as may serve as a pretext for a claim to interference in future arrangements in that quarter .... ' Memorandum by Edward Fairfield, I 0 April 1896. PRO: FO 179/321. 139. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.17. 140. Baron von Marschall in interview with the British Ambassador, Memorandum dated 31 December 1895. Quoted in J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain (3 vols, London, 1932-34), III, pp.93-94. 141. Rich, Holstein, II, p.470. 142. Marschall Diary, 2 January 1896. Quoted in Rich, Holstein, II, p.470. 143. The change was from 'the dignity of your government' to 'independence of the country against attacks from outside.' Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.32. 144. This distinction is made most forcefully in Brandenburg, From Bismarck to the World War, p.85. 145. Marschall Diary, 3 January 1896. Quoted in Thimme, 'Die Kriiger• Depesche', 212-13. 146. Rich and Fisher, Holstein Papers, I, p.l62. 147. Arnold Oskar Meyer, 'Fiirst Hohenlohe und die Kriigerdepesche', Archiv fiir Politik und Geschichte, II ( 1924 ), 591-6; Konrad Lehmann, 'Die Vorgeschichte der Kriigerdepesche', Archiv fiir Politik und Geschichte, V (1925), 159-77. Notes 169

148. One such biographer is Michael Balfour. See, The Kaiser and his Times, p.l94. More recently, this account has been accepted by Lamar Cecil. See, Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859-1900 (Chapel Hill, 1989), p.287. 149. Btilow, Memoirs, I, p.469. 150. Gwynn, Letters and Friendships, I, p.200. 151. Laufer, Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.213. 152. That such a reaction might be explicable in the light of Wilhelm's character is evident from Rohl, 'Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Anti-semitism', in The Kaiser and His Court. 153. Ex-Kaiser William II, My Memoirs: 1878-1918 (London, 1922), pp.79-81. 154. Le Matin, 6 January 1896. Friedrich von Alvensleben to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 8 January 1896. BA(Potsdam) RKA#8841. 155. The Empress Frederick to Queen Victoria, 4 January 1896. Quoted in Sir Sidney Lee, King Edward VII: A Biography (2 vols, London, 1925-7), I, p.727. 156. Vierhaus, Das Tagebuch der Baronin Spitzemberg, pp.340-4!. 157. D. Chapman-Huston (ed.), The Private Diaries of Princess Daisy of Pless, 1873-1914 (London, 1950), p.50. 158. Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld to Graf von Crailsheim, 7 January 1896. Quoted in Wilke, Political Decadence, p.l68. 159. Hugo Graf Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Erinnerungen und Denkwiirdigkeiten (Berlin, 1935), p.373. 160. Ibid, p.385. 161. Baron von Eckardstein, Ten Years at the Court of St. James' 1895-1905 (London, 1921 ), pp.84-86. 162. Raymond James Sontag, 'The Cowes Interview and the Kruger Telegram', Political Science Quarterly, XL (1925), 239. 163. Germany also had representation at the Cape in the form of a consul• general. However, during the crucial period of the mid 1890s, this post was to prove less influential than might have been expected owing to the fact that it saw a succession of different occupants. At the start of 1895, the posi• tion was held by Freiherr von Nordenfiycht, a pragmatic and undogmatic individual. However, Nordenfiycht left in March 1895 and his replacement, Bruno von Schuckmann, was not appointed until the end of October. In the interim, Germany was represented by an acting consul-general, Dr Golinelli, who did not take it upon himself to impress his mark upon the post. See Martin Gosselin to Sir Percy Anderson, 16 March 1895 and Martin Gosselin to Lord Salisbury, 25 October 1895. PRO: FO 6411357 and FO 64/1359. A full list of the German diplomatic representation in the region can be found in Appendix I. 164. Roger Casement to Lord Salisbury, 8 November 1895. PRO: FO 6311297. 165. Roger Casement to Sir Walter Hutchinson, 7 January 1896. PRO: FO 6411402. 166. Graf von Pfeil to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 13 November 1895. PA(Bonn) R14616. 167. Graf von Pfeil to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 2 August 1895. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9014. 168. Auswartiges Amt to Graf von Pfeil, 22 October 1895. Quoted in Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.89. 170 Notes

169. Herff, who had previously been the consul in Rotterdam, spoke Dutch fluently. Schmidt-Pretoria, Deutsche Wanderung, p.286. 170. Herff' s relationship to the Pan-German League is uncertain. Laufer, however, has found a letter in the league files that suggests Herff was a member. See Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.88. 171. Franz Von Herff to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 30 July 1895. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. 172. Franz von Herff to Leo von Caprivi, 25 October 1894. BA(Potsdam) RKA#9013. 173. Franz von Herff to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 2 February 1895. PA(Bonn) London 428. 174. Franz von Herffto Furst zu Hohenlohe, 20 July 1895. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. A copy of this report is also to be found in the file on Delagoa Bay. This version was seen by the Kaiser, who added the comment 'Scoundrels' in the margin. See Van winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders, II, p.249. 175. Hallgarten, 'L'essor et L'echec', 509-10; Hallgarten, Imperialismus, I, p.367; Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, pp.47-48. 176. Report by Franz von Herff, 7 March 1891. Quoted in Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.48. 177. Promemoria by Franz von Herff, 25 July 1895. BA(Potsdam) RKA#8838. This document is also partially cited in Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.87. 178. The former scheme was formally rejected in February 1891. Herff' s attempts to revive the project were received coldly. Ibid, p.48. 179. See Franz von Herff to Leo von Capri vi, II June 1894. Ibid, pp.512-13. It should also be noted that, owing to the fact the opening ceremonies were delayed for a year, by which time Caprivi was no longer Chancellor, the request was repeated in a subsequent report, in which he wrote: 'For Germany, might I obediently recommend that, if at all possible, we be rep• resented by a squadron or in any case by a warship of the first rank. It would not create a good impression in South Africa if, at festivities of international significance, our warship was of the second rank.' Franz von Herff to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 16 February 1895. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. 180. Hallgarten, 'L'essor et L'echec de Ia Politique Boer deL' Allemagne', 515. 181. Franz von Herff to the Auswartiges Amt, 30 December 1895. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, p.l6. 182. Thimme, 'Kruger Depesche', 203-4; Wud, Rolle der Burenrepubliken, p.IOI. 183. Laufer, Die Deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.212. 184. Ibid, p.94. 185. Herff and Pfeil were both praised by the Kaiser in July 1895 for 'a job well done [hat seine Sache gut gemacht]' at the opening of the Delagoa Bay railway. BA(Potsdam) AA#ll969. Similarly, on 10 March 1896, Marschall wrote to Herff to say that 'At the order of His Majesty the Kaiser I inform your lordship [Hochwohlgeboren] that the All Highest expresses his most gracious recognition for your stance during the last troubles.' PA(Bonn) Konsulatsakten Pretoria, Personalien des Konsuls. 186. The post of consul-general at Cape Town was the senior German diplomatic office in the region. It was given to Bruno von Schuckmann in October 1895. Schuckmann, who had African experience- he had narrowly missed Notes 171

an encounter with Markus Pfeil in Togo in 1891- quickly proved himself to be as much a partisan for the Boer cause as his colleagues. As a result, by the start of 1896, when Schuckmann reached the Cape, all the significant diplomatic posts in the region were held by advocates of a pro-Boer inter• ventionist policy. See Bruno von Schuckmann Papers, BA(Potsdam) 90 Schu 2. 187. Raymond James Sontag, 'German Policy, 1904-1906', in American Historical Review, XXXIII (1928), 278-79. 188. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 9 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, pp.46--47. 189. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 4 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.33. 190. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 2 February 1895. Quoted in Ebel, Botschafter Paul Grafvon Hatifeldt, II, p.IOI8. 191. Friedrich von Holstein to Alfred von Kiderlen-Wachter, 28 October 1895. Alfred von Kiderlen-Wachter Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 192. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 8 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.41. This theme was repeated some months later. See Friedrich von Holstein to Fiirst von Radolin, 8 April 1896. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, III, pp.603--4. 193. Memorandum by Friedrich von Holstein, 30 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, pp.68-69. 194. Fiirst zu Hohenlohe to Graf zu MUnster, I January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, pp.70-71. 195. See Chapter I. 196. Memorandum by Friedrich von Holstein, 30 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.68. 197. Smith, The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism, p.70. 198. See Mingchien Joshua Bau, The Foreign Relations of China: A History and a Survey (New York, 1921), pp.38-39; Harold M. Vinacke, The History of the Far East in Modern Times (London, 1960), pp.151-52. 199. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 12 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.22. 200. Smith, The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism, p.68. 20 I. Baron von Marschall to Franz von Herff, 3 December 1894. Quoted in Hallgarten, Imperialismus vor 1914, II, p.536. 202. Freiherr von Nordenflycht to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 19 December 1894. PA(Bonn) London 428. 203. Graf von Pfeil to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 13 November 1895. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. 204. Sir Valentine Chirol, Fifty Years in a Changing World (London, 1927), pp.279-80. The timing of Chirol' s meeting with Marschall is a matter of some dispute as Chirol's account is at variance with that recorded in Marschall's diary. See Thimme, 'Die Kruger-Depesche', 216-17. However, Chirol's comment that the telegram was a government document is widely accepted. See Hammann, World Policy, p.67. 205. The Germans at Pretoria to the Kaiser, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.20. 172 Notes

206. Baron von Marschall to Admiral Knorr, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Parliamentary Papers, 1897, XI, p.551. 207. Baron von Marschall to Governor Wissmann, 31 December 1895. PA(Bonn) R14616. See also Baron von Eckardstein, Ten Years at the Court of St James,J895-1905 (London, 1921), pp.84-85. It is interesting to note that in response to this request Wissmann offered four companies of colo• nial troops, a company of irregulars, two Maxims, two rapid firing guns, two pieces of field artillery and twenty cavalrymen. See Wissmann to Auswartiges Amt, 3 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R14616. For a consulate guard this seems somewhat generous. 208. Lee, King Edward VII, I, p.723; A. McKenzie, C. N. T. DuPlessis and Charles T. Bunce, The Real Kruger and the Transvaal (New York, 1900), p.71; Eckardstein, Ten Years at the Court of StJames's, p.84. 209. Baron von Marschall to Franz von Herff, 31 December 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, pp.l9-20. 210. The Daily Telegraph, 28 October 1908. Quoted in Louis L. Snyder (ed.), Fifty Major Documents of the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1955), p.1 I. 211. Fiirst von Biilow to Theobold von Bethmann Hollweg, 28 September 1909. Quoted in Spectator, Prince Bulow and the Kaiser (London, 1931 ), p.275. 212. The Kaiser's 'Notes on the War in the Transvaal' of21 December 1899 and his 'Further Notes on the Transvaal War' of 4 February 1900 are quoted in full in Lee, King Edward VII, I, pp.805-l0. 213. Kaiser Wilhelm II to Edward Prince of Wales, 21 December 1899. Ibid, p.755. 214. See Colonel W. H. H. Waters, The War in South Africa: Prepared in the Historical Section of the Great General Staff, Berlin (London, 1904). 215. Baron von Marschall to Bronsart von Schellendorf, 12 February 1896. BA(Potsdam) RKA#8839. 216. Stuart Cloete, African Portraits: A Biography of Paul Kruger, and Lobengula (London, 1946), pp.350-51. 217. Thimme, 'Die Kruger-Depesche', 204-5; his views are repeated in Wiid, Die Rolle, pp.l01-2. 218. Graf von Pfeil to the Auswartiges Amt, 2 January 1896 and Eduard von Derenthall to the Auswartiges Amt, 2 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R14616. 219. Eduard von Derenthall to the Auswartiges Amt, 3 January 1896./bid. 220. Eduard von Derenthall to the Auswartiges Amt, 6 January and 7 January 1896./bid. 221. The Daily News, 15 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R14617. 222. Eduard von Derenthall to the Auswartiges Amt, 3 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R14616. 223. Eduard von Derenthall to the Auswartiges Amt, 8 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R14616 and R14617. 224. Sir Frank Lascelles to Lord Salisbury, 8 January 1896. PRO: FO 179/321. 225. Sir Frank Lascelles to Lord Salisbury, 11 January 1896. Quoted in the Lascelles Papers, PRO: FO 800117. 226. Eyre Crowe to Lady Crowe, 9 January 1896. Crowe Papers, Bodleian Library, MSS.Eng.e.30 19. 227. Rich, Holstein, pp.465-7; G. N. Sanderson, England, Europe and the Upper Nile, 1882-1899 (Edinburgh, 1965), pp.229-30. Notes 173

228. Baron von Marschall to Franz von Herff, 3 January 1896. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, p.31. 229. Sontag, 'German Foreign Policy, 1904-1906', 278-301. It was only with the failure at Algeciras that this view was abandoned. As Fischer notes, it was the unexpected reverse that Germany suffered there that 'caused her to determine never again to accept a conference as a method of resolving an international dispute.' See Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War (2nd edition, London, 1977), p.22. 230. Baron von Marschall to Franz von Herff, 5 January 1896. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, p.35. 231. On I February 1895, Marschall had told Malet that if Germany and Britain both sought 'to maintain the status quo, then our views were completely identical, and I did not see why our concurrence should not be recorded in writing.' Malet, who had no desire to legitimize the notion that Germany had the right to a say in the region by putting this idea into a written agree• ment 'did not pursue this suggestion.' Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, I February 1895. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XI, p.5. 232. Wayne C. Thompson, In the Eye of the Storm: Kurt Riezler and the Crises of Modern Germany (Iowa City, 1980), p.64. 233. 'The Fate of South Africa' by F. Rutherford Harris in New Review. Quoted in Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 26 February 1896. PRO: GFM8 1(d). 234. Interestingly enough, Wilhelm himself made such a comparison in a letter to Queen Victoria in which he informed her that the German forces were there 'to protect the German consulate as they do in China or elsewhere .... ' A year later a similar body of German marines seized Kiaochow. See Kaiser Wilhelm II to Queen Victoria, 8 January 1896. Quoted in von MUller, Fiirst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst, p.155. Equally note• worthy is the difference between the final version of the Kaiser's telegram and the initial draft. In comparison to the above quoted passage with its emphasis upon protecting diplomatic premises, which were after all tech• nically German soil, the draft involved these soldiers more deeply in the normal running of the region. As it observed: 'As to the two small gun• boats at Delagoa they were only to protect the Germans en cas que that fights would take place in the towns and the valuable German property endangered. As soon as order is establish [sic] & the Germans no longer in danger they go on their regular duties. Never have I intended anything else ... .' Kaiser Wilhelm II to Queen Victoria (draft), 8 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R5899. In China such actions to 'establish order' were to be a prelude to much deeper involvement. 235. Eyre Crowe to Lady Crowe, 7 January 1896. Crowe Papers, Bodleian Library, MSS.Eng.e.3019.

6 FROM CRISIS TO ENGAGEMENT

1. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 21 January 1896. Quoted in Die Grofle Politik, XI, p.53. 174 Notes

2. Furst von Radolin to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 8 January 1896. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, p.44. W. Goetz (ed.), Briefe Kaiser Wilhelms II an den Zaren 1884-1914 (Berlin, 1920), p.30 1. 3. Edward Goschen to G. J. Goschen, [] 1896. Quoted in Christopher H. D. Howard (ed.), The Diary of Edward Goschen 1900-1914 (London, 1980), p.15. 4. Baron von Marschall to Furst von Radolin, 19 January 1896. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, p.82. See also Graf zu Munster to Friedrich von Holstein, 13 January 1896, where it is noted: 'I take it for granted that they [the French] are agitating against us in London.' Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, III, p.585. 5. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 23 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.30. 6. That the diplomatic crisis surrounding the Kruger telegram was responsible for highlighting to the German authorities the deficiencies in their naval situation can be seen in the way that it influenced the thinking of the German Naval planners. Until this point they had considered the likelihood of conflict with Britain to be so minimal as to obviate the need for a pre• determined strategy against the Royal Navy. In the light of events in Southern Africa, however, they now decided that it was, after all, necessary to prepare an operations plan for a future war with Great Britain. See Paul M. Kennedy, 'The Development of German Naval Operations Plans against England, 1896-1914', in Paul M. Kennedy (ed.), The War Plans of the Great Powers 1880-1914 (London, 1979), p.172. 7. Lord Kimberley to Lord Ripon. Quoted in Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p.197. See also Kimberley to Sanderson, 20 October 1894, where he declared it his policy 'to make the Germans clearly understand that we intend to maintain our supremacy in that quarter, and that we are too strong to be meddled with by any other power, espe• cially one whose naval force is so palpably inferior to ours. The Germans must learn that though they have a large army, we are supreme at sea.' Quoted in Dreyer, The Mind of Official Imperialism, pp.202-3. 8. Baron von Marschall to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1 January 1896. Quoted in Die Grofie Politik, XI, p.22. 9. Initial information about the flying squadron was provided in Graf von Hatzfeldt to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 8 January 1896. BA(Potsdam) RKA#8841. A supplementary report, containing additional material, was sent the next day. See Graf von Hatzfeldt to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 9 January 1896. BA(Potsdam) RKA#8842. 10. Special note was made in this report of the fact that 'the ships assigned to the East Indian and South African stations were prepared for use in Delagoa Bay.' Captain Gulich to the Reichsmarineamt, 13 January 1896. PRO: GFM8 No. l(a). 11. Only 8 days after the formation of the flying squadron, the Kaiser was dis• turbed by news from Lisbon that suggested that 'an English landing' was to be undertaken in Delagoa Bay. Furst zu Hohenlohe to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 16 January 1896. PA(Bonn) London 1167. 12. Franz von Herff to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 19 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R14619. Notes 175

13. Marginal comment of the Kaiser's. Ibid. 14. Porter, Origins of the South African War, p.l28; Peter Henshaw, 'Simonstown and British Imperial Policy in southern Africa, 1895-1921', Paper presented to the conference 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire', March 1996. 15. Report of Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau, 10 April 1897. PA(Bonn) Rl4632. 16. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 10 April 1897. P A(Bonn) Rl4632. 17. Graf von Pfeil to the Auswartiges Amt, 22 April 1897. PA(Bonn) Rl4632. These ships had been sent to protest against the Transvaal's new Aliens Expulsion law. See Porter, The Origins of the South African War, p.128. 18. The Times, 23 April 1897. From Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 23 Aprill897. PA(Bonn) Rl4633. 19. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 22 April 1897. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XIII, p.16. 20. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 22 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, p.29. This view was also held by Holstein, who, while discussing the same issue, wrote, ' ... at sea we alone could achieve nothing against England.' Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 15 February 1896. Quoted in Ebel, Botschafter Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt Nachgelassene Papiere, p.1073. 21. Lord Selborne to Sir Alfred Milner, 29 April 1897. Quoted in D. George Boyce (ed.), The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, I995-I910 (London, 1990), p.50. 22. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 12 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.21. 23. Rohl, Germany Without Bismarck, pp.l66-71. 24. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 12 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, pp.23-24. As early as October 1895, fol• lowing the departure of Sir Edward Malet, the Kaiser had wished to use relations with England to this end. Commenting on a Dispatch of Hatzfeldt' s, he had observed, ' ... we must take care to make full use of this incident, among other things eventually for a demand for an increase of the Navy .... ' See marginal comment to Graf von Hatzfeldt to the Auswartiges Amt, 25 October 1895. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.l2. 25. Diplomatic crises were welcome at the right time- just before the introduc• tion of the next Navy Bill- but it was considered preferable that such crises should not involve Britain. See V. R. Berghahn, Der Tirpitz-Plan. Genesis und Verfall einer innenpolitischen Krisenstrategie unter Wilhelm II (Dusseldorf, 1971 ). 26. Paul M. Kennedy, 'Strategic Aspects of the Anglo-German Naval Arms Race', in Strategy and Diplomacy, I 860-1895: Eight Essays (London, 1983), pp.130-51. 27. Ultimately, the politics of caution were not pursued. See Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War; Jonathan Steinberg, Yesterday's Deterrent: Tirpitz and the Birth of the German Battle Fleet (London, 1966). 28. Graf von Donhoff to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 6 January 1896. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. 176 Notes

29. Quoted in !manuel Geiss, German Foreign Policy, 1871-1914 (London, 1976), p.71. 30. Fritz Fischer, War of Illusions: German Policies from 19II to I9I4 (London, 1975), pp.49-50. 31. Marquis de Noailles to A.M. Nisard, 19 June 1898. Quoted in Documents Diplomatique Fran{:ais, Series I, vol. XIV, p.342. 32. Fiebig-von Hase, Lateinamerika als Konjliktherd, p.380. 33. Herwig, Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela, p.214. 34. Ibid, p. I 32. 35. Cloete, African Portraits, pp.350-51. 36. Andreas Dorpalen, Heinrich von Treitschke (New Haven, 1957), p.288. 37. Hausrath, Heinrich von Treitschke: His Life and Works, p.208. 38. In reality, the Kaiser kept changing his mind over South African matters. As Rosenbach has shown, towards the end of I 896 and the beginning of 1897, a period of six months, the Kaiser proposed three different and contradictory proposals for German policy. Rosenbach, Das Deutsche Reich, pp.55-62. 39. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Biilow, 5 February 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.l3. 40. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 22 April 1897. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XIII, p.l6. 41. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 23 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.31. 42. These included not only Pfeil and Herff but also the newly arrived Bruno von Schuckmann, who quickly developed a strong partisanship for the Boer cause. Writing to Berlin in August 1897, he warned that unless Germany signalled her support for the Transvaal, the country would be 'driven into the arms of England.' Bruno von Schuckmann to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 7 August 1897. PRO: GFM8 no l(u). 43. See BA(Potsdam) RKA#l946. 44. Graf von Hatzfeldt to the Auswartiges Amt, 14 January 1896. PA(Bonn) R I 4617. See also Graf von Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, I 4 January 1896, in which he also suggested that the Whitebook exclude all reference to the negotiations with Portugal about a landing in Delagoa Bay. 45. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fi.irst zu Hohenlohe, 13 February I 896. PA(Bonn) Rl4619. 46. Franz von Herff to the Auswartiges Amt, 6 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.36. A similar suggestion was made 13 days later when Herff reported: 'The Transvaal Boers and above all President Kruger recog• nize with gratitude the support which the German diplomats have given to them and are free of mistrust towards Germany.' Franz von Herff to Fi.irst zu Hohenlohe, 19 January 1896. PA(Bonn) Rl4619. The assertion was repeated again three weeks later. Franz von Herff to Furst zu Hohenlohe, 9 February 1896. BA(Potsdam) RKA#8844. 47. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, p.214. 48. Graf von Pfeil to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 13 November 1895. PA(Bonn) Rl4616. 49. The family originally came from Sadenbeck near Potsdam. 50. J. S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic (Oxford, 1961), pp.14-15. Notes 177

51. Butler, 'The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations', p.206. A similar comment was made by the Transvaal's minister for mining, Christian Joubert, who observed: 'then by all means let England govern us in preference to any other power.' Quoted in H. E. W. Backeberg, 'Die Betrekkinge tussen die Suid Afrikaanse Republiek en Duitsland tot na die Jameson Inval 1852-1896', Archives Yearbook for South African History, I ( 1949), 286. 52. Johannes Meintjes, President Paul Kruger: a Biography (London, 1974), p.190; Cloete, African Portraits, p.314. 53. Manfred Nathan, Paul Kruger: His Life and Times (5th edition, Durban, 1946), p.350. 54. T.V. Bulpin, Storm Over the Transvaal (Cape Town, 1955), pp.238-39. 55. Full text of Kruger's telegram quoted in Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Correspondentie, p.121. 56. Quoted in full in J. H. Hofmeyer and F. W. Reitz, The Life of Jan Hendrik Hofmeyer (Cape Town, 1913), p.496. 57. Mckenzie, DuPlessis and Bunce, The Real Kruger and the Transvaal (New York, 1900), p.71. 58. VanDer Poe!, Railway and Customs Policies in South Africa, pp.32-33. 59. T. R. H. Davenport, The Afrikaner Bond: The History of a South African Political Party, 1880-1911 (Oxford, 1966), p.l30. 60. Ibid, pp.163-67. 61. Nutting, Scramble for Africa, p.339. 62. W. K. Hancock and Jean VanDer Poe!, Selections from the Smuts Papers (Cambridge, 1966), I, p.127. 63. Fiirst zu Hohenlohe to the Kaiser, 7 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.36. 64. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 12 April 1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.22. 65. Friedrich von Holstein to Fiirst von Radolin, 8 April 1896. ibid, III, p.603. 66. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 18 March 1897. P A(Bonn) R14631. 67. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 22 April 1897. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XIII, p.16. 68. Ibid. 69. Sir Frank Lascelles to Lord Salisbury, 11 January 1896. Quoted in Ebel, Botschafter Paul Grafvon Hatifeldt, II, p.1066. 70. Baron von Marschall to Fiirst von Radolin, 19 January 1896. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XI, p.82. 71. As a postscript to his letter of 12 April 1897, in which he suggested that 'after an agreement. .. the South African question would be left as a trial of strength between England and the Boers', Holstein wrote: 'Shortly before the post was to go off, Marschall came in. I asked that the above be read to him. He agrees in principle.' See Friedrich von Holstein to Grafvon Hatzfeldt, 12 Apri11897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.25. 72. Memorandum by Baron von Marschall, 17 April 1897. Quoted in Die Groj3e Politik, XIII, pp.13-14. 178 Notes

73. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 22 April 1897. Quoted in Ebel, Botschafter Paul Graf von Hatifeldt, II, p.1136. 74. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 5 July 1897. Quoted in Ebel, Botschafter Paul Graf von Hatifeldt, II, p.1139. Curzon, in his account of the conversation, also noted that Marschall made a special point of justify• ing the Emperor's telegram. See Earl of Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon (New York, 1928), I, p.248. 75. Harald Rosenbach interprets the conversation between Marschall and Curzon somewhat differently. He believes that Marschall, like Hatzfeldt, stressed Germany's interests as a negotiating ploy. Both Holstein's angry commentary on the conversation and Marschall's past record makes this unlikely. Rosenbach, Das Deutsche Reich, p.85. 76. Some months after leaving the consulate at Louren~o Marques, Graf Pfeil was appointed to represent Germany in Bombay. At the same time the former German consul there, Max Biermann, was sent to South Africa to take up the position previously held in Pretoria by Herff, who was moved to Milan. Also changed was the representation in Lisbon where Christian Graf von Tattenbach replaced von Derenthall. These transfers saw the effective removal of those diplomats associated with the old German policy in South Africa. Laufer, Die deutsche Siidafrikapolitik, p.127. 77. Billow, Memoirs, I, p.468. 78. Bernhard von Biilow to the Prussian consuls in Germany, 13 March 1900. PRO: GFM8 No. 86. 79. Grafvon Hatzfeldt to Friedrich von Holstein, 22 April1897. Quoted in Rich and Fisher, The Holstein Papers, IV, p.29. 80. Bernhard von Biilow to Fiirst von Radolin, 2 September 1898. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XIV, p.360. 81. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 30 December 1897. PRO: GFM8 No. l(v). 82. Wangenheim to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 10 February 1898. PRO: GFM8 No. l(w). 83. Wangenheim to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 4 March 1898. PRO: GFM8 No. l(w). 84. Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations in South-Central Africa, p.\42. 85. This was a possibility that had long worried the government in Lisbon. As Bertie reported, ' [the Portuguese were] more in dread than they were of the designs of other foreign powers, especially Germany, who, since her intervention on behalf of German holders of the Greek debt and her seizure of Kiao-Chow Bay, has given the Portuguese Government cause to think that a German protest in regard to the grievances of the German holders of the Portuguese debt might be followed by a seizure of Portuguese territory.' Memorandum by Mr Bertie, I May 1898. Quoted in Gooch and Temperley, British Documents on the Origins of the War, I, p.46. 86. Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 8 June 1898. Quoted in Ebel, Paul Grafvon Hatifeldt Nachgelassene Papiere, II, p.\166. 87. W. R. Louis, Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, 1914-1919 (Oxford, 1967), p.26. 88. Eyre Crowe to Lady Crowe, 24 August 1898. Crowe Papers, Bodleian Library, MSS.Eng.d.2899. Notes 179

89. A. J. Balfour, Memorandum, 5 September 1898. Quoted in Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p.448. 90. A. J. Balfour to Joseph Chamberlain, 8 August 1898. Quoted in Ebel, Botschafter Paul Grafvon Hatzfeldt, Nachgelassene Papiere, II, p.l169. 91. Article II of the Convention of 30 August 1898. Quoted in Hale, Publicity and Diplomacy, p.174. 92. Milner to G. V. Fiddes, 23 November 1898. Quoted in G. H. L. LeMay, British Supremacy in South Africa, 1899-1902 (Oxford, 1965), pp.15-16. 93. Bernhard von Biilow to the Auswartiges Amt, 21 September 1899. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XV, p.395. 94. Paul M. Kennedy, The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German• American Relations, 1878-1900 (New York, 1974), pp.248-82. 95. Lord Salisbury to Joseph Chamberlain, 18 September 1899. Ibid, p.202. A similar view was held by large sections of the German press, one provincial editor going so far as to say: 'All hail and victory, brave Boers! You have fought for us and have won us Samoa!' Quoted in Hale, Publicity and Diplomacy, p.l93. 96. The idea of using Cecil Rhodes in this capacity was first muted by Holstein. As he observed to Hatzfeldt: 'It is known that Cecil Rhodes wishes to come to Berlin ....Could his influence make itself felt in dealing with the Samoa question?' See Friedrich von Holstein to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 24 February 1899. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XIV, p.580. 97. Hale, Publicity and Diplomacy, p.248. 98. Baron von Richthofen to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 19 August 1898. Quoted in Die GrojJe Politik, XIV, p.32l. 99. The Times, 11 March 1899. PRO: GFM8 No. 22. 100. Graf von Hatzfeldt to Fiirst zu Hohenlohe, 13 March 1899. PRO: GFM8 No. 22. 101. Bernhard von Btilow to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 30 June 1900. Quoted in Die grojJe Politik, XVII, pp.323-24. 102. Kennedy, The Samoan Tangle, p.l90. 103. Commenting on this point, Balfour noted: ' ... Count Hatzfeldt earnestly, but somewhat vaguely, assures me that this is to be the beginning of a new era of Anglo-German cooperation in other parts of the world. I offer no estimate on the value of this prophecy.' Memorandum by A. J. Balfour, 5 September 1898. Quoted in Peter Winzen, Die Englandpolitik Friedrich von Holsteins 1895-1901 (Koln, 1975), p.234. 104. Bernhard von Biilow to the Kaiser, 6 August 1899. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Merseberg, Briefe des Reichskanzlers Fiirsten Biilow an Kaiser Wilhelm II, Rep. 53 J Lit. B Nr.16a. I am grateful to Dr Rodderick Mclean for drawing my attention to this document and for making available to me material from his doctoral dissertation, Monarchy and Diplomacy in Europe 1900-1910 (University of Sussex, 1996). 105. K. Van Hoek, Kruger Days: Reminiscences of Dr W. J. Leyds (London, 1939), pp.29-3l. This attitude would come to haunt Germany. During the First World War, the American government cited German behaviour during the Boer War as a justification for their policy of allowing munitions sales to the Allies. See James Watson Gerard, My Four Years in Germany (London and New York, 1917), p.l58. 180 Notes

106. An attempt was made to discourage his visit. See Memorandum by Linenau, 5 November 1900. Quoted in Die Grofle Politik, XV, p.549. 107. Kaiser Wilhelm II to Edward Prince of Wales, II March 1900. PRO: GFM8 No. 86. 108. Geiss, German Foreign Policy, p.92. Holstein was subsequently to label this act as 'a decisive service for the English'. Friedrich von Holstein to Ida von Stiilpnagel, November 1902. Quoted in Helmuth Rogge (ed.), Friedrich von Holstein. Lebensbekenntnis in Briefen an eine Frau (Berlin, 1932), p.214. 109. C. E. Vulliamy, Outlanders: A Study of Imperial Expansion in South Africa, 1877-1902 (London, 1938), p.190. 110. Chickering, We Men Who Feel Most German, p.64. 111. Btilow, Memoirs, I, p.289. 112. Efforts were undertaken in this regard. Biilow even made a personal approach to the Pan-German leader Heinrich Class but was quite unable to get him to tone down his anti-British rhetoric. See Wolgang J. Mommsen, 'Public opinion and Foreign Policy in Wilhelmine Germany, 1897-1914', Central European History, XXIV (1991), 190. 113. Bernhard von Btilow to Graf von Hatzfeldt, 22 June 1898. Quoted in Hale, Publicity and Diplomacy, p.l74. Hatzfeldt was subsequently to give expres• sion to this view when he told Balfour that ' .. .it was the surrender of all German claims to interfere directly or indirectly in the affairs of the Transvaal that would most excite German opposition to the proposed agree• ment.' A. J. Balfour to Sir Frank Lascelles, 22 August 1898. PRO: FO 64/1447. 114. ClaB, Wider den Strom, pp.55-7.

7 EPILOGUE

l. W. 0. Henderson, Studies in German Colonial History (London, 1962), p.9. 2. See Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (ed.), Walter Rathenau, Notes and Diaries, 1907-22 (Oxford, 1985), pp.27-92. 3. Moltke to Jagow, 2 August 1914. Quoted in !manuel Geiss (ed.), July 1914: The Outbreak of the First world War: Selected Documents (London, 1967), p.350. 4. T. R. H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History, p.271; N. G. Garson, 'The Boer Rebellion of 1914', in History Today, XII (1962), 134; Kenneth Ingham, Jan Christian Smuts: The Conscience of a South African (London, 1986), pp.77-78. 5. Eric Rosenthal, Southern African Dictionary of National Biography (London and New York, 1966), p.27. 6. T. R. H. Davenport, 'The South African Rebellion of 1914', in English Historical Review, LXXVII (1963), 84. 7. Garson, 'The Boer Rebellion of 1914', 135. 8. Ibid, 139. 9. Davenport, 'The South African Rebellion of 1914', 84. Notes 181

10. Figures taken from Wilson and Thompson (eds), The Oxford History of South Africa (Oxford, 1971), p.370. 11. See BA(Potsdan) RKA#l902, RKA#l907 and RKA#l908.

CONCLUSION

1. Berchtold, 31 July 1914. Quoted in A. J.P. Taylor, 'The Ruler in Berlin', in Europe: Grandeur and Decline (Harmondsworth, 1967), p.159. 2. Berchtold was not alone in this assessment of the German governmental system. Sir Edward Goschen, shortly after his arrival in Germany, noted: 'I must say that on coming to Berlin I expected to find order in affairs devel• oped to the highest point. What I do find is more muddle - more confusion - than I have found in any country during my 35 years experience. Chaos is the only word for it .... ' Sir Edward Goschen to Sir Charles Hardinge, 26 February, 1909. Quoted in Howard, The Diary of Edward Goschen 1900-1914, p.28. Bibliography

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Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 91, !06, negotiations over Samoa, !3!-2 !33 'place in the sun', 6, 21 Albu, George, 33 promotes Weltpolitik, 6, 17, 128 Alvensleben, Friedrich Johann Graf von, 92 subject to public pressure to help Boers, Alge~iras Conference ( 1906 ), II 0 135 Amatongaland, 26, 75-6 succeeds Marschall as State Secretary, Anderson, Sir Percy, 74 !6, 64, 128 Anglo-German Convention (1898), 17, 42, view of Boers, 128 63, 131, 134 view on Kaiser's Boer War campaign Anglo-German Treaty (1890), !3, 56 plan, !05 Angra Pequefia, 28, 53, 55, 67 view on Kruger telegram, 91-2 Biilow, Franz Joseph von, 28 Backeberg, Werner, 2 Bundesrat Affair, !54 Baghdad, 119 Burgers, Thomas Fran~ois, 123 Balfour, Arthur James, 131, 147 Butler, Jeffrey, 2 Barrett, John, 167 Buxton, Sydney Charles, 95 Bebel, August, 19 Bechuanaland, 53 Cape Argus, 1!6 Beelaerts van Blokland, G. J., 68, 79, 121, Cape Times, !24 163 Capri vi, Leo Graf von Beit, Alfred, 91 advocates abandonment of South-West Belgium, 80, 110 Africa, 23 Berchem, Maximillian Graf von, 79 correspondence with Herff, 95 Berchtold, Leopold Graf von, 141 hostility to colonies, 12, 13-14, 20-l, Berliner Handelsgesellschaft, 39, 44, !59 22-3,55-6,58,142, !52 Bernal, Ralph, 69 influenced by Karl Goering, 12 Berthelot, Marcelin, !09 resignation as chancellor, 57, 60, 113, Bertie, Sir Francis, 178 141 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, !05 Carnarvon, Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of, 53, Beyers, General Christian Frederick, 139 164 Bismarck, Otto Fiirst von, 12, 21,52-5,62, Caroline Islands, 16 71, !09, 114, !59 Casement, Roger, 76, 167 Bixler, Raymond, 2 Cassel, Sir Ernest, 91 Boer Rebellion (1914), 138-40 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 29 Boer War, 105, 118, 128, 133, !35, 137, Chamberlain, Joseph, 131, 147, 163 138 China, 101-2, Ill, I 19, 142, 167, 173 Botha, General Louis, 30 Chirol, Valentine, 104, 106 Bower, Sir Graham, 70, 71, 88 Colonial Society, see Kolonialgesellschaft Brandenburg, Erich, 60 Columbia, 119 Brasil, 5 Condor,SMS,69, 71,74 Bray, Graf von, 58, 68 Courcel, Baron de, 129 Biilow, Bernhard Graf von Crowe, Eyre, 77, !08, 112, !30, 161, 167 background and character, 16 Currie, Sir Donald, 68 'free hand' policy, 133 Curzon, George Nathaniel, 127-8 German interests in China, 119 Czaya, Eberhard, 3 influenced by Treitschke, 12, !50 lack of interest in South Africa, 21, Daily News, 107 128-9 Daily Telegraph Affair, 30-!, 105-6

195 196 Index

Daisy, Princess of Pless, 93 Gallagher, John, 63 Damaraland, 51 Gazaland, 84, 88 Delagoa Bay (Louren~o Marques) Geographische Nachrichten, 51 Anglo-German negotiations over, 64-5 Globe, 79-80, 122 British naval demonstration at, 115-17 Goering, Karl, 12 calls for German acquisition of, 5 I Goerz, Adolf, 33, 38, 66 Eiffe's concession at, 43, 46 Gold Standard, 35 German attempts to land troops at, I 06-8 Golinelli, Dr, 169 German diplomatic representation at, 55, Goluchowski, Agenor von, 63 72-3, 128 Goschen, Edward, I 14, 181 German government's interest in, 32, Goschen, George Joachim, 35, 162 58-9,68-9,87-9 Gosselin, Martin, 12, 16, 29, 58, 75, 89 German naval presence at, 69-70,71,74, Grenville, J. A. S., 63 76, 97, 104 Grenzboten, 67 German shipping to, 32, 35 Grimm, Hans, !54 Herff' s interest in, 96-7 Grunewald, Hildemarie, 3 Holstein's attitude to, 99-100, 102 Gungunhua, Chief, 94 inadequacies of facilities at, 37, 46 Kaiser's interest in, 87-8, 103 Hallgarten, G. W., 2, 75, 164 Marschall's interest in, 65, 88-9 Hamburger Korrespondent, 164 parallels with Kiaochow, 102-3 Hanotaux, Gabriel, 47 strategic importance of, 65, 67-8, 102 Hansen und Schrader, 68 Delagoa Bay Railway, opening of, 73-5, Harris, Sir David, 33 95, 97, I 15-16 Harris, Frederick Rutherfoord, I I I Delarey, General Jacobus Hercules, 30 Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, Paul Graf von Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of, actions during Jameson raid, 76, 89 53 advocates an agreement with Britain, Derenthall, Eduard von, 58, 106-7, 141 121-2, 126, 127 Deutsche Bank, 33, 66 assesses British naval supremacy, I I 6-I 7 Deutsche Zeitung, 29 conversation with Balfour, 131 De Wet, Andries, 139 conversations with Lord Kimberley, De Wet, General Christian Rudolf, 30, 139 64-5,84 Disconto Gesellschaft, I 59 conversations with Lord Salisbury, 76, DOAL (Deutsche Ostafrika Linie), 35 77-8,89 Dresdener Bank, 33, 44,66 correspondence with Holstein, 47, 99, Dynamite, 36, 39-40 I 18, 121-2 reports British views on South Africa, 62, Eckardstein, Hermann Freiherr Von, 93 87 Eiffe, Franz Ferdinand, 46 reports on Kruger telegram, I 13-14, I 15 Eiffe concession, see Katambe concession Heinrich, Prinz (Brother of Wilhelm II), Einwald, August, 55 !52 Erzberger, Matthius, I 9 Herbette, Jules, I 09 Esselen, Ewald, 86 Herero Revolt, 138 Eulenburg, Philipp zu, 14, 16, 18, 19 Herff, Franz von Evening Standard, 33 advocate for German role in South Africa, 95-7, 185 Fesser, Gerd, 3 argues against importance of Royal Navy, Fiebig-von Hase, Ragnhild, 6 116 Forster, Bernhard, 27 conversation with Dr Leyds, 82 France, 43, 54, 95, 99, 109, I 14-15, 128, interest in Delagoa Bay, 96-7 174 praised by Kaiser, 98, I I 6, I 70 Fran~ois, Kurt von, 56, 57 receives , 72, 98 Frederick, Empress (Mother of Wilhelm II), relations with authorities in Berlin, 97-8 92 replaced as consul at Pretoria, I 28, I 78 Index 197

reports on Boer trust of Germany, 122-3 Joost, W., 72 reports on 'British party' among German Joubert, Christian, 177 businessmen, 33 Joubert, General Petrus Jacobus, 95, 163 reports on Eiffe concession, 46 Juhlke, Karl Ludwig, 57 reports on opening of Delagoa Bay railway, 75 Kaiser Kommers ( 1895), 70, 84 role at Kaiser Kommers, 70-1 Kardorff, Wilhelm von, 20 Herwig, Holger, 119 Katambe (Eiffe) Concession, 43, 46 Heydebreck, Lt-Col Joachim von, 139, 140 Kayser, Dr Paul, 12, 15, 18, 90, 150 Hobson, John A., 41, 157 Kennedy, Paul, 132 Hofmeyer, Jan, 124-5 Kiaochow,l02-3, 119, 178 Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, Furst Chlodwig Kimberley, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of zu anxiety over German policy in South appointment as chancellor, 14--15 Africa, 58-9, 83-5 attitude to colonial movement, 58 conversations with Hatzfeldt, 64--5, 84 character and apathy of, 14-15, 101 correspondence with Lord Ripon, 83-5 correspondence with Colonial Society, 29 policy towards Delagoa Bay, 64--5, 116, opinion of Dr Leyds, 126 161-2 opposes Kaiser's plan to acquire Del a goa response to Kaiser Kommers, 71, 84--5 Bay, 88 view of Kruger telegram, 85 role in Kruger telegram, 15, 19, 91 Knappe, Wilhelm, 39 secures dismissal of Schele, 18 Knorr, Admiral Wilhelm von, 15, 19, 90, seeks to bring Britain into the Triple 104 Alliance, 100 Knutsford, Sir Henry Thurston Holland, 1st Hollmann, Admiral Friedrich von, 15, 90, Viscount, 163 141 Kolnische Zeitung, 23, 167 Holstein, Friedrich von Kolonialgesellschaft (Colonial Society), 26, attitude to Delagoa Bay, 99-100, 102 29,57 Caprivi's reliance on, 13 Kolonialrat, 57 concentration on European affairs, 14 Kolonisationsgesellschaft fiir Sud-Afrika, concern over German South African 27 policy, 99-100, 117 Kosi Bay, 27 conceives continental1eague, 100-1, 109 Kotze, John, 86, 163 correspondence with Hatzfeldt, 47, 99, Kreuz Zeitung, 73 118, 121-2 Kruger, Paul, 30, 43, 52, 69, 70, 71, 74, 81, evaluates naval questions, 99, 118 83,85-6,120,123-5,133 opinion of Kaiser, 121 Kruger telegram opinion of Marschall, 128 Boer reactions to, 124-5 opposes Kruger telegram, 15, 90 Crowe's view of, 77 regards economic interests as diplomatic Hohenlohe's role in, 15, 19,91 tools, 47 Holstein's opposition to, 15, 90 unconcerned by British pre-eminence in influence of naval personnel in, 19 Transvaal, 79 Kaiser's role in, 63, 76,90-3, 104 seeks to bring Britain into the Triple Marschall's role in, 89-93, 104 Alliance, I 00 reported on by Hatzfeldt, 113--4, 115 view of Boers, 126 Ripon's prediction of, 85 Schele's mission arising from, 15, 18,90 Inhaca Island, 116 support of patriotic pressure groups for, 26-7 Jameson, Dr Leander Starr, 62, 76, 106, text of, 76 108, 125 views of historians on, I, 3 Jameson Raid, 2, 28, 32, 62, 76, 89, 97, White book on, 20 100, 104, 115, 116, 118, 125 Johann Albrecht, Herzog von Mecklenburg, Langer, William, 60 30 Lascelles, Sir Frank, 39, 77, 89, 108, 127 198 Index

Laufer,Jochen, 3,4 negotiations with Britain over Delagoa Le Matin, 92 Bay,64-5 Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Hugo Graf von und policy of the status quo, II 0-11, I 73 zu,93 problems with the Kaiser's unofficial Le Temps, 115 advisers, I 8, 19 Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul von, 140 proposes award to Herff, 72 Leutwein, Major Theodor von, 57 proposes international conference on the Leyds, Dr Willem Johannes Transvaal, 109-10 background and sympathies, 86, I 23 Reichstag speech (13 February 1896), 32, complaints during Boer War, 133 44-5 conversation with Herff, 82 replaced by Biilow, 128, 142 German perception of, I 26 role in Kruger telegram, 89-93, 104 journey to Europe (1893), 68 Mauch, Karl, 52 meeting with Duke of Mecklenburg, 30 Merck, Baron, 68 meeting with Markus Pfeil, 82-3,97, 103 Merriman, John X., 35, 68, 125, 162 role at Kaiser Kommers, 70 Mesmer-Seiden, Lieutenant Joh. von, 91 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 57, !53 Milner, Sir Alfred, 131, 163 Lippert, Eduard, 33, 39, 66, 79 Miquel, Dr Johannes von, 17, 135 Lloyds of London, 35 Moltke, General Helmuth von, 138 Lobanov-Rostovski, Prince Alexi, I 14 Morning Post, 88 Loch, Sir Henry, 61, 69, 86 Moroccan Crisis, First, 98 London Convention (1884), 77, 82, 86-7, Miihlberg, Otto von, 45, 79, 121 99, I 10, 125 Miiller, Admiral Georg Alexander von, !52 Louren9o Marques, see Delagoa Bay MUnster, Georg Herbert Graf zu, 100 Lovell, Reginald, 2 Liideritz, Adolf, 28, 5 I, 52, 55 Netherlands, 123 Netherlands Railway Company (NZASM), MacDonnell, Sir Hugh, 129 37,38-9 Magdeburgische Zeitung, 24, 56 Neu-Germanien (Nueva Germania), 27 Maguire, James Rochfort, 68 Nicholas II, Tsar, I 14 Mahazul (Tsonga chief), 69, 84, 88 Nissen, Holger, 3 Maji-Maji Rising, 138 Noaiiies, Marquis de, 45 Majuba Hill, Battle of, I 24 Nobel Trust, 40 Malet, Sir Edward Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 28, 74 conversations with Marschall, 63-4, Nordenflycht, Freiherr von, 169 71-2,74,75, 87, 99, 100, 165, 173 opinion of Capri vi, I 3 Ochs Brothers and Co., 129 opinion of Hohenlohe, 15 , 55 report on Colonial Society convention, 26 Maritz, General Solomon Gerhardus, 139, Pan German League, 24-5, 27, 29-30 140 Paraguay, 27 Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf Freiherr Pender, Sir John, 68 attitude to Jameson raid, 62, 97, I 08 Penner, Cornelius, 2, 55 Background and character, 15-16 Peters, Karl, I 9, 57 Caprivi's reliance upon, 13 Pfeil und Klein Ellguth, Joachim Graf von claims economic basis to his foreign colonial enthusiast, 56-7, 73 policy,32,39,44, 78-9,102 relationship to Markus, 73, 94, 164 conversations with Curzon, 127-8 view of Boers, 57, 159-60 conversations with Lascelles, 77, I 08, Pfeil und Klein Ellguth, Markus von 127 advocate for German role in South conversations with Malet, 63-4, 7 I -2, Africa, 94-5 74,75,87,99 appointment as consul at Louren9o correspondence with the Kaiser, 61 Marques, 72-3, 141 interest in Delagoa Bay, 65, 88-9 British perceptions of, 72-3, 76, 94 interest in the Transvaal, I 6, 2 I, 88-93 meeting with Dr Leyds, 82-3, 103 Index 199

praised by Kaiser, 98, 170 Seitz, Dr Theodor, 139 relations with authorities in Berlin, 97-8 Selborne, William Waldergrave Palmer, relationship to Joachim, 73, 94, 164 2nd Earl of, 117 replaced as consul at Louren~o Marques, Senden und Bibran, Admiral Gustav, 15, 128, 178 19,63,90 report on Franz Ferdinand Eiffe, 46 Shantung, see Kiaochow Philipp, Max A., 40 Siveright, Sir James, 68 Portugal, Finances of, 68, I 02, 130, 133 Smith, Woodruff, 102 Pourtales, Friedrich Graf von, 30 Smuts, Jan Christian, 125 Pretoria Convention (1881 ), 77, 82 Sontag, Raymond James, 60, 98 South-West Africa, 13, 22-3, 53, 56-7 Radolin, Hugo fiirst von, 91, 127 Soveral, Luis Maris Pinto, Marquis de, Rathenau, Walther, 138 130 Reichstag, Steamship, 94 Spitzemberg, Hildegard Baronin von, 72, Reismann-Grone, Theodor, 30 92-3 Rheinisch-Westfalische Zeitung, 30 Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, 66, 92 Rhodes, Cecil John, 68, 76, 81, 89, 95, 133 Stanley, Henry, 52 Richthofen, Oswald Baron von, I status quo, the, 64, 110 Riezler, Kurt, Ill Stoecker, Helmut, 3 Ripon, Frederick Samuel Robinson, I st Stuart-Wortley, Colonel Edward, 105 Marquis of, 83-5, 168 Sildafrikanische Zeitung, 25, 57, !52 Risikoflotte theory, 118 Swaine, Colonel Leopold, 61 Roberts, Field-Marshall Earl, 106 Szogyeny-Marich, Ladislaus Graf von, 63 Robinson, Ronald, 63 Roghe, w., 55 Tag lise he Rundschau, 26 Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of, Tattenbach, Christian Graf von, 129, 141 85 Thimme, Friedrich, 2, 97-8, 106, 147 Rosenbach, Harald, 3, 4, 45, 178 Thomson, David, 66 Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, Lord, 68 The Times, 56, 87, 122, 132 Royal Navy, 116, 154, 174 Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 17, 118, 135 Tonga, 132 Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Transvaal, British annexation of (1877), Marquis of 123, 124 conversations with Hatzfeldt, 76, 77-8, Treitschke, Heinrich von, 12, 25, 52, 120, 89 122, 150 negotiations with Germany (1898), 130, Triple Alliance, 60-3, 77, 100 132 reports from Lascelles, 38-9 Van den Wall Bake, R. W., 39 response to Jameson raid, 76 Van-Helten, Jean Jacques, 3 urged by Germany to come to terms with Venezuela, 5, 119 Portugal (1891), 14 Victoria, Queen, 71,114,120,173 Samoan Islands, 131-2, 179 Volkstem, 95 Sanderson, Sir Thomas Henry, 154 Vossische Zeitung, 24, 134 Santa Lucia Bay, 53, !59 Schele, Friedrich Rabod, Baron von, 15, 18, Wagner, Cosima, 29 90 Walvis Bay, 53 Schiel, Colonel Adolf, 55 Wangenheim, Hans Baron von, 129 Schmidt-Pretoria, Werner, 2 Warren, Sir Charles, 53 Schubert, Max, 27 Weber, Ernst von, 22, 51,52 Schuckmann, Bruno von, 98, 169, 170-1, Weltpolitik, 6-7, 12, 17, 118-19, 128, 141, 176 142 Schwalbe, SMS, 34 Wernher, Beit and Company, 33, 34 Seeadler, SMS, 69, 76 Wilhelm I, Kaiser, 52 200 Index

Wilhelm II, Kaiser role in German abandonment of advocates active colonial policy, 58-9 Transvaal, 120--2, 126-7 blames Jameson raid on German Jews, role in Kruger telegram, 63, 76, 90--3, 33-4,91-2 104 control over appointments by, 17-19 sends British a Boer War campaign plan, conversations with Beelaerts van 105-6 Blokland, 121, 163-4 view of Boers, 123 correspondence with Prince of Wales, view of Kruger, 119-20 133-4 view of Malet, 165 correspondence with Queen Victoria, view ofTreitschke, 120 173 visit to Britain (1899), 134 interest in Delagoa Bay, 87-8, 103 Wissmann, Hermann von, 105, 111, 172 interest in Zanzibar, 64 Wtid, Johannes Andreas, 2, 97-8, 106, 147 meeting with General Beyers, 139 naval interest of, 117-18 Zambezi River, 56, 131 praises Herff and Markus Pfeil, 98, 116, Zanzibar, 63, 64, 72 170 Zedlitz-Trtitzschler, Robert Graf von, !8 proclaims German 'world empire', 6, 119 Zollverein, 80