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Insights the Earthscope Newsletter inSights the EarthScope newsletter EarthScope National Office College of Oceanic and Atmos. Sciences Oregon State University 104 COAS Admin. Bldg. Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 NEWS Inside this issue... Integrating GPS & InSAR Along the San Andreas System Edge-Driven Convection Beneath the Rio Grande Rift EarthScope News 2010 IRIS Workshop in Snowbird, UT EarthScope facilities are funded by the National Science Foundation and are being operated and maintained by UNAVCO Inc. and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology with contributions from the U.S. Geological Survey and several national and international organizations. The newsletter is published by the EarthScope National Office at Oregon State University. The content of the newsletter material represents the views of the author(s) and not necessarily of the National Science Foundation. inSights is a quarterly publication showcasing exciting scientific findings, developments, and news relevant to the EarthScope program. Contact [email protected] to be added or deleted from the hardcopy mailing list; electronic copies are available at www. earthscope.org/publications/onsite. Editor: Jochen Braunmiller, OSU/EarthScope National Office, [email protected]. Production Editor: Charlotte Goddard, OSU/EarthScope National Office, [email protected] IRIS Celebrates its 25th Anniversary at the 2010 Workshop More than 230 scientists, including over 50 students and postdocs, gathered large datasets and arrays. The poster sessions included EarthScope June 9-11 at the Snowbird Resort in Utah for the 2010 Workshop and to research from the Transportable Array, Flexible Array experiments, celebrate the 25th anniversary of IRIS, a success story of extraordinary and the magnetotelluric (MT) array. Special Interest Groups (SIGs) and collaboration within the seismological community. Plenary sessions covered facility breakouts provided updates on current activities and discussions a wide range of topics. Prompted by the recent earthquakes in Haiti on exciting future directions. Several breakout sessions focused on and Chile, "The Science and Policy of Deadly Earthquakes" session Education and Outreach. During the dinner on June 9, workshop highlighted societal aspects of reducing loss and lessons learned from participants celebrated the first 25 years of IRIS while looking forward catastrophic disasters. Scientific sessions showed results from current to building on its foundation of facilitation, collaboration, and education. research on mantle dynamics and tremor and transient slip events. (www.iris.edu/hq/iris_workshop2010). ■ These fields have benefited from EarthScope USArray instrumentation, which has provided opportunities to develop new data-driven analysis techniques. Stimulating presentations from the realm of exploration seismology introduced new concepts on how to best exploit Danielle Sumy (LDEO) shows seismicity in the Sea of Cortez from the amphibious SCOOBA experiment. Photos: Rick Callender. inSights the EarthScope newsletter summer 2010 EarthScope NEWSNews Integrating GPS & InSAR to Resolve Stressing Rates Along the San Andreas System The absence of a major earthquake over the past three centuries along the southern San Andreas fault, a region home to over 10 million people and the site of large earthquakes in the past, provides ample motivation for studying the loading conditions of an active plate boundary. A comparison of strain rate maps of the western United States, produced by 15 research groups using primarily the same GPS measurements, reveals that modeled rates can differ by a factor of 5-8, with largest differences along the most active faults. EarthScope San Andreas interpretive workshop participants (www.earthscope.org/eno/parks) show New estimates of seismic hazard will rely on high Simple dislocation models predict that strain rate how the PBO-GPS station at CSU San Bernardino is resolution measurements of crustal deformation is proportional to slip rate divided by the locking moving relative to North America. Photo: Shelley Olds. and a secure understanding of strain rate derived depth, so even when using similar slip rates, ■ Register & apply for travel support from such measurements. The growing archive strain rates can differ by a factor of 2-3 because of by July 15 for the EarthScope of EarthScope’s Plate Boundary Observatory different fault depth assumptions. Institute on the Spectrum of Fault (PBO) GPS data is uniquely positioned to provide Slip Behaviors, October 11-14 in a large-scale perspective on plate boundary strain; A collaborative effort involving 15 research groups Portland, OR (www.earthscope. however, it cannot accurately resolve the highest is currently comparing large-scale plate boundary org/workshops/fault_slip10). strain rates near the most active faults. Integrating strain rate maps to establish best practices for GPS and InSAR velocities may be key to improving strain rate estimation (see online version for ■ Attend the EarthScope workshop strain rate accuracy and resolution - information participants and results). Two main conclusions can for interpretive professionals in that is critical for assessing seismic hazards. be drawn from comparing the community maps: the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain- 1) Nearly identical GPS datasets result in very Teton region, September 9-12 in Strain rate, which is typically greatest within 10-50 different maps, and 2) It is difficult to determine Jackson, WY. Information and an km of an active fault, is calculated by taking the which maps capture the true strain rate best. application form (deadline August spatial derivative of measured crustal velocities Maps derived from isotropic interpolation suggest 1) are at www.earthscope.org/ (Figure 1). Full resolution of velocity gradients lower rates (e.g., 50-500 nanostrain/year, Imperial workshops/yellowstone. requires a spatial sampling at about 1/4 of the fault) than maps generated from dislocation typical 6-18 km fault locking depth, which is less models and methods that localize strain onto faults ■ Proposals for the next EarthScope than the typical ~10 km spacing of the present- (e.g., 1000-2700 nanostrain/year, Imperial fault). National Office are due October 1. day PBO network along the San Andreas system. The large variations are mainly due to different A physical model or an interpolation method methods used to construct a high resolution ■ The EarthScope Speaker Series must, therefore, be used to compute continuous presents EarthScope science at velocities before obtaining a strain rate map. continued on page 3 college and university seminars. To apply for a speaker visit www. 20 earthscope.org/speakers. San 10 Francisco 0 −10 velocity −20 (mm/yr) ■ EarthScope was selected as one 2000 of 15 NSF exhibits for the inaugural 1500 USA Science and Engineering 1000 500 strain rate (nanostrain/yr) Festival on Washington, DC’s San Andreas Fault 0 -100 km -50 km 0 km 50 km 100 km National Mall October 23-24 (www. usasciencefestival.org). More than 500 organizations will present Los Angeles hands-on activities to inspire the next generation of scientists. ■ The EarthScope Automated Receiver Survey (EARS) is now 2nd invariant strain rate (nanostrain/yr) San Diego implemented at the IRIS DMC 1 10 100 1000 (http://ears.iris.washington.edu). Developed by the University of Figure 1: Strain rate of the San Andreas Fault System from a geodetically constrained analytical model. Deep slip occurs on 41 fault segments where geologic slip rate is applied and locking depth is varied along each fault segment to best fit the GPS data. Dashed white line shows location of inset. continued on page 3 Inset: cross-section across the Imperial fault. Top: velocity profile (black line) and GPS data (gray circles). Bottom: strain rate across the Imperial fault. 2 inSights the EarthScope newsletter Edge-Driven Convection Beneath the Rio Grande Rift The Rio Grande Rift is a series of north-south trending faulted basins extending for more than 1000 km from Colorado to Chihuahua, Mexico and the Big Bend region of Texas. The rift is a Cenozoic feature with a mid-Oligocene (~30 Ma) early rifting stage, possibly related to foundering of the flat-subducting Farallon plate, and a recent late Miocene (~10 Ma) phase, which continues today. There is no clear cause for the resurgence thickened lithosphere beneath the Great Plains flow induced by the edge convection or even in magmatism and extension. However, the and fast velocities in the mantle’s top 500 km delamination of lithosphere. Geodynamic rift location at the edge of the Great Plains, that might indicate thermal and/or density modeling constrained by SIEDCAR will help with its stable, thick lithosphere suggests anomalies. If these anomalies are detected, a determine whether this is happening at the that edge-driven convection along the eastern second goal is to obtain quantitative estimates boundary between the Great Plains and the border of the Southern Rockies may play an of their size, geometry, and contrasts for use Rio Grande Rift. important role in the current tectonics of the in geodynamic modeling. Rio Grande Rift. In particular, edge-driven Edge-driven convection may explain why, after convection may erode the lithosphere beneath Initial results of SKS splitting measurements a long period of quiescence, the Rio Grande the Rift and Great Plains, cause lower crustal to constrain patterns of mantle anisotropy Rift became active again. The SIEDCAR flow, and produce magmatism long
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