DOCSLIB.ORG

The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1970 Airborne Microbes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1970 Airborne Microbes Gregory Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, volume 177, plate 14 LID 'V AM f> F. KON1NCH1.YKK SOCIETEI T IW LONDOK, #* e .,0 i>e' *v .Jf <r jr a* i> C ' jffls/t , ■ v,' V. r «• / / . / v r ^ ;yV V ;# #€*&■, ,*!!#«: (f#j!Jv/V.‘ / i ,^/t; . r/ik- /' /41 /' //*s/r y. c **wti£'4i4$£t*t. rt$\> ?: oV « W tff' M *lft X * v , - ^ry // IIP V?" fW t / / f /f*S<rV ♦ S f r ' f * ' # : :; /*'V>r4V' # r ;' Ay y ? > <f/ / Vv"<0 , .AY / »t* I ISH1B (Facing p. 469 Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 177, 469-483 (1971) Printed in Great Britain T h e L e e u w e n h o e k L e c t u r e , 1 9 7 0 Airborne microbes: their significance and distribution B y P. H. Gregory, F.R.S. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. {Delivered 5 November 1910—MS received 16 November 1970) [Plate 14] I ntroduction Under the date 9 October 1676 Antony van Leeuwenhoek wrote a letter to Henry Oldenburg about the Protozoa. It was read to this Society in February of the following year, and contained reference to claims that someone in Rome had seen extraordinarily small living creatures hovering in the air. ‘For my part ’, wrote van Leeuwenhoek, ‘notwithstanding the manifold observa­ tions made by me on the subject, I have up till now seen no smaller animalcules moving in the air than those which are so big that we can easily discern them with our naked eye... ’ The very small particles which he had always found moving about in the air consisted of dusty debris of larger bodies. He continued: ‘But I will not deny that there may be living creatures in the air, which are so small as to escape our sight; I only say that I have not seen them. Nor do I believe that they would be able to remain alive in the air about our horizon, but rather that they would be found in the clouds and could remain alive in the continual dampness, and so would be conveyed to us, alive in mist and rain.’ {Collected Letters, 2 , 155, 1941.) A quarter of a century later, in a letter about rotifers adressed to Hendrik van Bleyswyk, he wrote: ‘... in all kinds of water, standing in the open air, animalcules can turn up. For these animalcules can be carried over by the wind, along with the bits of dust floating in the air; and on the other hand, animalcules which are a hundred million times and more smaller than a coarse grain of sand, can be borne aloft, along with the water particles, albeit not as high as the clouds, but at least a little way up; and then when the sun goes down, they fall to earth in what we call dew; and they may well be taken up too [again?] and carried along by the wind.’ (Cited from Dobell 1932, p. 267.) To account for the ubiquitous occurrence of microbes van Leeuwenhoek was forced to the conclusion that they could be airborne. And he raised four of the essential questions that have been asked repeatedly during the microbial explora­ tion of the atmosphere. 30 [ 469 ] Vol. 177. B. (27 April 1971) 470 P. H. Gregory (1) How can we overcome the technical difficulty of observing such organisms in a mobile medium like air? (2) Can such tender microbes remain alive in the apparently uncongenial medium of the atmosphere ? (3) Is the atmosphere inhabited by an enduring aerial plankton, a population of microbes passing their lives drifting in the atmosphere, comparable with the populations he had discovered in fresh water? (4) Were his little organisms wafted about by wind from place to place in air­ borne dust? Clearly his answer to this question was: ‘Yes’. D evelopment oe aerobiology The study of airborne microbes has nearly always been pursued for ulterior motives, usually to throw light on some aspect of disease, or more recently in relation to palynology; seldom, unfortunately, since van Leeuwenhoek’s time, out of sheer curiosity. Now, after 300 years, it is time to report back on the status of airborne microbes. ‘ Microbes ’: this rather unfashionable term is deliberately chosen here because it has a wider scope than the word ‘micro-organisms ’. ‘Microbes ’ can include not only bacteria, moulds, yeasts and protozoa, but also viruses on the one hand and pollen grains on the other. Both viruses and pollens play an important role when airborne, but for different reasons neither quite qualify to be called micro-organisms. Serious examination of the air for its microscopic life began just over a century ago with the rise of bacteriology. Surely, it seemed, the air must be the source from which people became infected with the fevers that then plagued city life. Pasteur (1861) concentrated airborne city dust by aspirating the air through a soluble filter and found moulds, yeasts and bacteria. Cunningham (1873) trapped airborne dust in a Calcutta jail and tried to correlate his catch with outbreaks of cholera and other diseases among prisoners for whom he had good clinical records. Interest waned when it became clear that the main agents spreading major epidemics were contaminated water, milk, food, vector insects and lice, rather than airborne microbes. One achievement remained from that period. C. H. Blackley (1873), a Manchester physician, demonstrated a correlation between the incidence of hay fever and hay asthma in his patients and his measurements of the pollen concentration of the air. Interest increased again when the treatment of hay fever by injecting small doses of pollen extracts to desensitize the patient was developed early in this century. Interest is still growing with the discovery of new and unsuspected respiratory allergens. A fresh impetus to the study came from aeronautics. Once man had made machines to fly, he could study the properties of the atmosphere, including its microbial content. Some balloonists sampled the atmosphere for microbes. Harz (1904), for instance, found quantities of moulds and bacteria at 2000 m altitude, using a horse’s stomach pump to aspirate air through a filter. Plant pathologists Airborne microbes: their significance and distribution 471 soon used the aeroplane, pioneered by Stakman, Henry, Curran & Christopher (1923) who found pollen grains and fungus spores (including viable uredospores of cereal rusts) at up to 3300 m over the Mississippi Valley. The study of airborne microbes slowly evolved into ‘Aerobiology’, a term made current by Fred C. Meier of the United States Department of Agriculture. Un­ fortunately his ambitious programme for exploring the upper air by aircraft ended tragically when he perished on a flight across the Pacific Ocean in 1938 (Haskell & Barss 1939). ‘Aerobiology’ is now taken to include the study of airborne viruses, bacteria, protozoan cysts, spores of fungi and lichens, small algae, plant spores and pollen grains, all of which I have referred to as the ‘ air spora ’ (a term analogous to flora and fauna). Aerobiology was firmly established with the publication of a sympo­ sium under that title by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Moulton 1942). At this stage the discipline showed signs of bifurcating into extra­ mural and intramural aerobiology. There is now sign of another bifurcation, into study of the large spore types that we expect to be hardy and to survive the rigours of at least a short flight if not passage into the upper atmosphere; contrasted with aerobiology of the smaller, tender organisms whose viability and infectivity is in question (Gregory 1961; Dimmick & Akers 1969). Intramural aerobiology was stimulated by the need to study overcrowded buildings during the two World Wars. This application led to the development of the slit sampler for airborne bacteria by Bourdillon, Lidwell & Thomas (1941), and to the evolution of a type of sampler known as the liquid impinger. Another stimulus to aerobiology developed when the use of toxic gases in World War I conjured up the possibility of using microbial agents against military and civilians in future wars. It is known that in several countries research has been done on the hazards of attack and defence. A United Nations Report (1969) warns us th at: ‘Infection through the respiratory tract by means of aerosols is by far the most likely route to be used in warfare’. Paradoxically, now that the results of some of these investigations are published, this disturbing prospect has greatly benefitted aerobiology. Commenting with backsight on van Leeuwenhoek’s letters, we realize that he failed to find microbes in the air because examining air through a high-power light microscope reveals nothing. This troublesome fact beset would-be aerobiologists up to World War II. It had to be overcome on an ad hoc basis by depositing what was floating. The procedure adopted by most investigators was simple. Think of a method; then use it. We lacked principles for air sampling. The commonest device was a horizontal sticky microscope slide or a Petri dish of culture medium, exposed to the air, and then examined for deposited microbes. The horizontal slide is not inappropriate for studying microbes deposited on a surface; sometimes a plant pathologist needs just this, but an allergist must know the airborne concentration. I once incurred wrath by describing the horizontal slide 3 0 -2 472 P. H. Gregory method as a ‘logarithmic lie ’: logarithmic because it is so heavily biased in favour of large particles. Our topic is not about dusty surfaces, but about microbes suspended in the air. A short publication by May (1945) marked a turning point in aerobiology. It not only described a valuable sampling device, the Cascade Impactor, but also firmly delineated for the first time the principles of efficient air sampling.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Libros Sobre Enfermedades Autoinmunes: Tratamientos, Tipos Y Diagnósticos- Profesor Dr
    - LIBROS SOBRE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES: TRATAMIENTOS, TIPOS Y DIAGNÓSTICOS- PROFESOR DR. ENRIQUE BARMAIMON- 9 TOMOS- AÑO 2020.1- TOMO VI- - LIBROS SOBRE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES: TRATAMIENTOS, TIPOS Y DIAGNÓSTICOS . AUTOR: PROFESOR DR. ENRIQUE BARMAIMON.- - Doctor en Medicina.- - Cátedras de: - Anestesiología - Cuidados Intensivos - Neuroanatomía - Neurofisiología - Psicofisiología - Neuropsicología. - 9 TOMOS - - TOMO VI - -AÑO 2020- 1ª Edición Virtual: (.2020. 1)- - MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. 1 - LIBROS SOBRE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES: TRATAMIENTOS, TIPOS Y DIAGNÓSTICOS- PROFESOR DR. ENRIQUE BARMAIMON- 9 TOMOS- AÑO 2020.1- TOMO VI- - Queda terminantemente prohibido reproducir este libro en forma escrita y virtual, total o parcialmente, por cualquier medio, sin la autorización previa del autor. -Derechos reservados. 1ª Edición. Año 2020. Impresión [email protected]. - email: [email protected].; y [email protected]; -Montevideo, 15 de enero de 2020. - BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL DE SALUD del S. M.U. del URUGUAY; y BIBLIOTECA DEL COLEGIO MÉDICO DEL URUGUAY. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 2 - LIBROS SOBRE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES: TRATAMIENTOS, TIPOS Y DIAGNÓSTICOS- PROFESOR DR. ENRIQUE BARMAIMON- 9 TOMOS- AÑO 2020.1- TOMO VI- - TOMO V I - 3 - LIBROS SOBRE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES: TRATAMIENTOS, TIPOS Y DIAGNÓSTICOS- PROFESOR DR. ENRIQUE BARMAIMON- 9 TOMOS- AÑO 2020.1- TOMO VI- - ÍNDICE.- - TOMO I . - - ÍNDICE. - PRÓLOGO.- - INTRODUCCIÓN. - CAPÍTULO I: -1)- GENERALIDADES. -1.1)- DEFINICIÓN. -1.2)- CAUSAS Y FACTORES DE RIESGO. -1.2.1)- FACTORES EMOCIONALES. -1.2.2)- FACTORES AMBIENTALES. -1.2.3)- FACTORES GENÉTICOS. -1.3)- Enterarse aquí, como las 10 Tipos de semillas pueden mejorar la salud. - 1.4)- TIPOS DE TRATAMIENTO DE ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES. -1.4.1)- Remedios Naturales. -1.4.1.1)- Mejorar la Dieta.
    [Show full text]
  • Thèse Coccidiose Du Poulet
    اجلمهورية اجلزائرية الدميقراطية الشعبية République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire وزارة التعليم العايل والبحث العلمي Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Constantine 1 جامعة قسنطينة Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires 1 معهد العلوم البيطرية Thèse Présentée en vue de l’obtention du Doctorat en Sciences Vétérinaires Option : Pathologie aviaire Coccidiose du poulet : Etude pharmacologique et immunologique Présentée Par : DJEMAI Samir Membres du jury : Gamma 횪 휸 Omicron 횶 흄 Président BENCHEIKH ELFEGOUN Professeur Université de Constantine Mohammed Chérif Examinateur BENAKHLA Ahmed Professeur Université d’El-Tarf Examinateur AISSI Meriem Professeur École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire- Alger Examinateur ALLOUI Nadir Professeur Université de Batna Directeur de thèse MEKROUD Abdeslam Professeur Université de Constantine Année universitaire : 2016 / 2017 قَا َل َر ُسو َل ا ه َِّلل َص هَّل ا ه َُّلل عَلَْي ِه َو َس هَّل :« اللههُ هم انْ َف ْعِِن ِب َما عَله ْمتَِِن، َوعَِل ْمِِن َما يَْن َف ُعِِن، َوا ْرُز ْقِِن ِعلْ ًما تَ ْن َف ُعِِن ِب ِه » . ]السلسةل الصحيحة-حديث رمق 3151- ا أللباين[. Le Prophète- Que la prière d'Allah et Son salut soient sur lui- disait : « Ô Allah ! Fais- moi profiter de ce que Tu m’as appris, Apprends-moi ce qui m’apporte bénéfice et Accorde-moi une science par laquelle Tu Vas me faire profiter ». [Silsila Sahiha n°3151-Cheikh Al-Albani]. Prophet Muhammad-Peace be upon him- said : « Oh Allah ! Make useful for me what you have taught me, (and) teach me knowledge that will be useful to me and grant me such knowledge that will benefit me ». [Silsila Sahiha n°3151-Cheikh Al-Albani].
    [Show full text]
  • Life, Not Itself: Inanimacy and the Limits of Biology
    Life, Not Itself: Inanimacy and the Limits of Biology The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Roosth, Sophia. 2014. “Life, Not Itself: Inanimacy and the Limits of Biology.” Grey Room 57 (October): 56–81. doi:10.1162/grey_a_00156. Published Version doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00156 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14023015 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Ernst Haeckel. Bathybius haeckelii . Plate 17 from “ Beitrage zur Plastidentheorie,” Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medizin und Naturwissenschaft , vol. 5, 1870. 56 doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00156 Life, Not Itself: Inanimacy and the Limits of Biology SOPHIA ROOSTH Origins: Mud and Slime Something that for three months had looked like a rock got up and moved about a foot, then settled down again and looked like a rock for three more months. Another rocklike thing sprouted an arm and waved it about for twelve hours, then remained motionless for the rest of the six months. Life proceeds without haste in the deep. So the New York Times reported on time-lapse photographers seeking valuable minerals on the Pacific seafloor in 1977. 1 How quickly must life proceed to count as life? What defines life when the animating processes that mark the living slow into imperceptibility, as life deanimates, slackening or pausing from the temporalities of biological phenomena into epochs geological? Such an uncanny discovery, made possible by the temporal disruptions of stop-motion photography, tests the limits of the organic and the inorganic, the living and the lifeless, in the silty beds of a salty sea.
    [Show full text]
  • HOMOTECIA Nº 4-15 Abril 2017
    HOMOTECIA Nº 4 – Año 15 Lunes , 3 de Abril de 2017 1 Considerando que estamos aun viviendo en los años de inicio del Siglo XXI, nos encontramos con un significativo número de jóvenes que egresan como profesionales de la educación, profesión a la cual la sociedad venezolana actual exige al docente involucrado en esta labor, participar en un proceso de cambio. Pero un cambio que está más allá del momento coyuntural político que se vive a nivel nacional, que aunque afecta con grave intensidad al país, es transitorio. Un cambio contextualizado no en la popularizad a globalización, comidilla coloquial actual de los llamados intelectuales , sino a una mundialización cultural que, surgiendo por consenso natural total, afecta con mucha fuerza a todas las naciones del planeta. Pero se sucede estructurado organizacional y curricularmente en principios muy diferentes a los que tuvimos que enfrentar las generaciones docentes que ya pasamos. En aquel entonces, el mercado laboral que ofrecía el llamado Ministerio de Educación, presentaba programas de asignaturas ya BENJAMIN OLINDE RODRIGUES elaborados y sólo exigía al docente esforzarse en reproducir estos saberes, situación (1795 – 1851) que aparentemente ocurría de igual manera en una gran mayoría de países en el Nació el 6 de octubre de 1795 en Bordeaux , y murió el 17 de diciembre mundo la cual llevó a la UNESCO tomar cartas en el asunto y opinar como de 1851, a los 56 años, en París ; ambas localidades en Francia. conclusión a su estudio del caso , que la educación impartida así producía una Matemático conocido por su fórmula para los polinomios de Legendre.
    [Show full text]
  • 30388 OID RS Annual Review
    Review of the Year 2005/06 >> President’s foreword In the period covered by this review*, the Royal Society has continued and extended its activities over a wide front. There has, in particular, been an expansion in our international contacts and our engagement with global scientific issues. The joint statements on climate change and science in Africa, published in June 2005 by the science academies of the G8 nations, made a significant impact on the discussion before and at the Gleneagles summit. Following the success of these unprecedented statements, both of which were initiated by the Society, representatives of the science academies met at our premises in September 2005 to discuss how they might provide further independent advice to the governments of the G8. A key outcome of the meeting was an We have devoted increasing effort to nurturing agreement to prepare joint statements on the development of science academies overseas, energy security and infectious diseases ahead particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and are of the St Petersburg summit in July 2006. building initiatives with academies in African The production of these statements, led by the countries through the Network of African Russian science academy, was a further Science Academies (NASAC). This is indicative illustration of the value of science academies of the long-term commitment we have made to working together to tackle issues of help African nations build their capacity in international importance. science, technology, engineering and medicine, particularly in universities and colleges. In 2004, the Society published, jointly with the Royal Academy of Engineering, a widely Much of the progress we have has made in acclaimed report on the potential health, recent years on the international stage has been environmental and social impacts of achieved through the tireless work of Professor nanotechnologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Cell Biology (ECB): Lessons, Challenges, and Opportunities for the Integrative Study of Cell Evolution
    J Biosci (2021)46:9 Ó Indian Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00129-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Review Evolutionary Cell Biology (ECB): Lessons, challenges, and opportunities for the integrative study of cell evolution 1 1 PARSIFAL FIDELIO ISLAS-MORALES ,LUIS FJIME´ NEZ-GARCI´A , 2 3 MARIA MOSQUEIRA-SANTILLA´ N and CHRISTIAN RVOOLSTRA * 1Departamento de Biologı´a Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, 04510 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico 2Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-9600, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) MS received 17 May 2020; accepted 27 November 2020 Evolutionary Cell Biology (ECB) has gained increasing attention in the last decades. Here we explore whether ECB is truly inter-disciplinary through the combination of cellular and evolutionary biology to offer evidence-based insights regarding the major questions of cell evolution. Since 2012, ECB asserts to utilize the increasing potential of high-throughput omics data (in silico) with morpho-functional (in situ) information, although challenges remain for a complete integration. For instance, the limited number of model organisms and cultivation techniques available excludes the majority of the extant diversity of cells from the scope of experimental inquiry. At the conceptual level, the simplification of evolutionary pro- cesses influenced by cultural views of evolution, such as adaptationism or Scala Naturae, challenges effective interdisciplinary work. Without a profound understanding of evolutionary theory and an inte- grative view of cell biology, the formulation of questions and experiments properly addressing evolution and diversification of cell complexities can become misleading.
    [Show full text]
  • How New Science Is Transforming the Optical Microscope | Roy
    How new science is transforming the optical microscope | Roy... http://royalsociety.org/events/2012/optical-microscope/ How new science is transforming the optical microscope 6.30pm – 7.30pm on 13 February 2012 at The Royal Society, London Watch the video The 2012 Leeuwenhoek Lecture will be given by Dr Brad Amos FRS There are two rules for making an optical microscope; the lenses must be small, since defects of colour and focus increase with lens size, and the lenses must capture light from the object over as wide an angle as possible to record fine detail. This was understood a century ago, however, lasers, computers and chemically-specific labels have produced an explosion of Flea. Credit: Medical Research Council development recently. To see molecular detail, a hundredfold improvement in resolution is needed, but has not yet been obtained. A new method will be described, which can show anatomy at the scale of micrometres and subcellular detail in the same image of a specimen such as a mouse embryo. This is the first microscope system to disobey the ʻsmall lensʼ rule. Brad Amos is an Emeritus Research Group Leader in the MRC Lab of Molecular Biology in Cambridge and a Visiting Scientist in the University of Strathclyde. With John White and others in LMB, he pioneered the optomechanical development of the biological laser- scanning confocal microscope in the mid-80s and demonstrated its usefulness for biomedical work with fluorescent probes. This had world-wide impact in fields ranging from cell and developmental biology, neurobiology and even in fields of materials science 1 of 2 12/04/2012 12:32 How new science is transforming the optical microscope | Roy..
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Water Quality and Climate Variables on Growth of the Harmful Alga, Prymnesium Parvum by Md Rakib Hasan Rashel, B.S
    Influence of Water Quality and Climate Variables on Growth of the Harmful Alga, Prymnesium parvum by Md Rakib Hasan Rashel, B.S., M.S. A Dissertation In Biology Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Dr. Reynaldo Patiño Chair of Committee Dr. Timothy B. Grabowski Dr. Randall M. Jeter Dr. Michael J. San Francisco Dr. John C. Zak Dr. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May 2020 Copyright 2020, Md Rakib H. Rashel Texas Tech University, Rakib H. Rashel, May 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Reynaldo Patiño, for giving me the opportunity to work in his laboratory, for his continuous support and guidance, and great patience on every aspect of my doctoral program. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my other committee members, Dr. Timothy B. Grabowski, Dr. Randall M. Jeter, Dr. Michael J. San Francisco, Dr. John C. Zak for their time, support, valuable advice and critical assessments I needed during this program. I would like to thank Dr. Matthew VanLandeghem for his time and effort to teach me useful laboratory methods relevant to this project. A special thanks go to my Dr. Tirhas Hailu for her help, friendly suggestions during my doctoral program. I would like to thank Rita Jones and Amanda Garcia from the Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit (TCFWRU) for their administrative support. I would also like to thank my former and colleagues and lab mates, Seydou Toe, Emily Richardson, Brittanie Dabney, Mousumi Mary, Shisbeth Tabora, and Lindsay Williams for their help, support, and shared resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Ouarterly Magaiine of the Society for General
    OUARTERLYMAGAIINE OFTHE SOCIETY FORGENERAL [/ICROBIOLOGY VOLUME 27NOVEMBER 2OOO Thenature of TSEs Viroids- thesmallest living fossils? Virusesrule the waves Astrobiology Transposableelements I Nan o bacte ria L Unculturables and bacterial diversity q ', i i l ffiI;ffiffi'ffi:ffiffi,% l SGM Headquarters MarlboroughHouse, Articles Basingstoke Road, Spencers Wood,Reading RG7 1AG Thetwilight zones of microbiologyJoh n Postgate 162 Tel 01189881800 Thenature of TSEsChris Bostock 164 FaxOl 189885656 emailmtoday@sgm,ac,u k Viroidsand othersub-viral pathogens of plants: SGMWebsite thesmallest living fossils? http:,/,/www.sg m.ac.u k NicolaSpence & DezBarbara 168 Editor Virusesrule - DrlVerielJones thewaves thesmallest and mosr abundantmembers of marineecosystems Editorial Board ProfessorDave Kelly GunnarBratbak&MikalHeldal 171 DrLynne lVacaskie Insearch of asecond evolutionaryexperiment ManagingEditor DonCowan & MonbaGrady 174 JanetHurst MobilegenesNrcholasWest&ChristophTang Production Editor 178 lanAtherton Nanobacteria:goldmine or minefield of intellectual Assistant Editor and enguiryAllan Hamrlton 182 Book Review Manager 'unculturable JaniceMeekings Bacterialdiversity and s'John Fry 1Bo Contributions Theseare always welcome and shouldbe addressed tothe Editor (c/oSG M Headquarters). Regular Features CopyDates SocietyNews I acl.letoc fnr'- roe--- oinl r"- n{ cr-rPY JulyCouncil Meeting 190 at l\,4arlboroughHouse are: NewMembers of Counciland Group Committees 190 General Copy NewHonoraryMembers February2O01issue 20 November 191 NewGroup Conveners
    [Show full text]
  • David Keilin, 1887-1963
    Parasitology (1965), 55, 1-28 With 1 plate Printed in Great Britain Obituary Notice DAVID KEILIN, 1887-1963 The sudden death on 27 February 1963 of David Keilin deprived the scientific world of a biologist the span of whose scientific activities is unlikely to be equalled, much less excelled, in the future. These activities extended from descriptive morphology of protists, fungi and insects to the biochemistry of respiratory enzymes and metallo-protein compounds. It is, consequently, not possible for one person to deal adequately with all aspects of his work and in this appreciation of the man and his scientific achievements the main emphasis will be on his biological work. That bearing on parasitology will be considered in some detail, whereas the later, more biochemical, work will be considered briefly as fuller accounts of it have already been given by E. F. Hartree (Biochem. J. 89, 1-5), T. R. R. Mann (Biogr. Mem. Fellows B. Soc. 10, 185-207) and E. C. Slater (Enzymologia, 26, 313-20). In the brief survey of his biochemical work I have made much use of summaries and reports written by Keilin himself and I have often given the essence of lines of work summed up in his own words which express his conclusions with the elegance, lucidity and brevity characteristic of his style. As I was closely associated with David Keilin and in almost daily contact with him for just on forty years, it is natural that the following account will to some extent reflect my own interests and those aspects of his personality which became manifested during long and intimate contact both in private life and collaboration in scientific and administrative work.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacteria in the Global Atmosphere – Part 1: Review and Synthesis of Literature Data for Different Ecosystems
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9263–9280, 2009 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/9263/2009/ Atmospheric © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Chemistry the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics Bacteria in the global atmosphere – Part 1: Review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems S. M. Burrows, W. Elbert, M. G. Lawrence, and U. Poschl¨ Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany Received: 6 March 2009 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 4 May 2009 Revised: 23 September 2009 – Accepted: 12 October 2009 – Published: 10 December 2009 Abstract. Bacteria are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, of several days) and can be transported by wind over long with concentrations of bacterial cells typically exceeding distances. Measurements show that mean concentrations in 1×104 m−3 over land. Numerous studies have suggested ambient air are likely to be at least 1×104 cells m−3 over land that the presence of bacteria in the atmosphere may impact (Bauer et al., 2002), while concentrations over sea may be cloud development, atmospheric chemistry, and microbial lower than over land by a factor of about 100–1000 (Pros- biogeography. A sound knowledge of bacterial concentra- pero et al., 2005; Griffin et al., 2006). tions and distributions in the atmosphere is needed to eval- The study of airborne microorganisms has a history uate these claims. This review focusses on published mea- stretching back hundreds of years, with the earliest mention surements of total and culturable bacteria concentrations in in 1676 by Antony van Leeuwenhoek (Gregory, 1971). Louis the atmospheric aerosol. We discuss emission mechanisms Pasteur was the first to intentionally observe the microbial and the impacts of meteorological conditions and measure- content of the air, an endeavor that lead to major advances ment techniques on measured bacteria concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles Articles in This Section Include Public Health Policy Or Historical Reports That Are Based on Research and Analysis of Emerging Disease Issues
    Electronic Access Retrieve the journal electronically on the World Wide Web (WWW) at http://www.cdc.gov/eid or from the CDC home page (http://www.cdc.gov). Announcements of new table of contents can be automatically e-mailed to you. To subscribe, send an e-mail to [email protected] with the follow- ing in the body of your message: subscribe EID-TOC. Editors Editorial Board D. Peter Drotman, Editor-in-Chief Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ban Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Fred A. Murphy, Davis, California, USA David Bell, Associate Editor Michael Apicella, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ben Beard, Atlanta, Georgia, USA P. Keith Murray, Ames, Iowa, USA Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Stephen Ostroff, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Associate Editor Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Rosanna W. Peeling, Geneva, Switzerland Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Brandling-Bennet, Washington, D.C., USA David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA David Morens, Associate Editor Donald S. Burke, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Gianfranco Pezzino, Topeka, Kansas, USA Washington, DC, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Patricia M. Quinlisk, Associate Editor Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Des Moines, Iowa, USA Patrice Courvalin, Paris, France Leslie Real, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA Polyxeni Potter, Managing Editor Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Atlanta, Georgia, USA Vincent Deubel, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Nancy Rosenstein, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Joseph E.
    [Show full text]