Comprehensive Tiv Orthography Comprehensive Tiv Orthography
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Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information
(internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note. -
Harmonizing the Orthography of Gĩkũyũ and Kĩkamba.Pdf
NAME, DATE HERE GĨKŨYŨ AND KĨKAMBA 39 CHAPTER THREE HARMONIZING THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF GĨKŨYŨ AND KĨKAMBA Angelina Nduku Kioko, Martin C. Njoroge and Peter Mburu Kuria INTRODUCTION The term orthography is derived from the Greek word ‘orthos’ which means ‘correct’, and ‘graphein’, which stands for ‘to write’ (Sampson, 1985). The orthography of a language describes or defines the set of symbols (graphemes and diacritics) used to represent the phonemic inventory of that language in the writing and the rules on how to write these symbols. According to Massamba (1986), a language takes a limited number of sounds from the central pool of speech sounds to form its phonetic inventory. In this chapter, orthography is used to refer to the system of symbols used in the writing system of Gĩkũyũ and Kĩkamba. There are three types of orthographies (Read, 1983: 143-152). The first is the ‘phonemic orthography’. In a ‘phonemic’ orthography there is a one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes. This type of orthography has a dedicated sequence of symbol or symbols for each phoneme. Examples of languages that have phonemic ortho graphies are Korean and Kiswahili. The second type is the ‘morpho-phonemic orthography’ which considers both the phonemic features and the underlying structure of words. In this case, words may be written in the same way despite differences in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of the plural marker in English {s} is conditioned by the phonetic environment in which it occurs, yet it is written with the same grapheme <s>. The plural forms ‘cats’ and ‘dogs’ are pronounced as [kӕts] and [dɒɡz] respectively although the two final sounds are written 40 THE HARMONIZATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF KENYAN LANGUAGES with the grapheme <s>. -
1 English Spelling and Pronunciation
ISSN: 2456-8104 http://www.jrspelt.com Issue 5, Vol. 2, 2018 English Spelling and Pronunciation - A Brief Study Prof. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao ([email protected] ) Professor in English, SITECH, Hyderabad Abstract The present paper aims at the correlation between spelling and pronunciation of English words. English spelling is almost divorced from its pronunciation and there is no perfect guide how to 1 learn the pronunciation of the words. The letters of alphabet used are always inadequate to represent the sounds. English alphabet contains only 26 letters but the sounds 44. IPA symbols are needed to understand the intelligibility of the pronunciation and the spelling-designed. Learners of English language have to understand that words from other languages may be adopted without being adapted to the spelling system. Most of the letters of English alphabet produce multiple pronunciations. English Pronouncing Dictionary is needed for better understanding of the spelling and pronunciation. Keywords: Spelling and Pronunciation, Orthography, Intelligibility, Phonetic Symbols Introduction "If we know the sounds of a word (in English) we can't know how to spell it; if we know the ` spelling, we can't know how to pronounce it." (Otto Jespersen, philologist, Essentials of English Grammar, 1905, page 11). "English spelling is almost divorced from its pronunciation and forms hardly any guide as to how words should be pronounced." (Mont Follick, The Case for Spelling Reform, 1964, page 87). English, as a global language of communication, is spoken, written and used widely for many different purposes - international diplomatic relations, business, science and technology. It is also called the library language and medium of instructions in higher education - science and technology, computer and software engineering, medicine and law, pharmacy and nursing, commerce and management, fashion technology and so on. -
National Reading Framework
Amendment 01 - Solicitation Number: 72062021R00001 - LEARN to Read Activity Attachment J.13 – DRAFT National Reading Framework Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council NATIONAL READING FRAMEWORK July 2020 0 1 Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 4 MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ...................................................................................................... 5 RATIONALE FOR A NATIONAL READING FRAMEWORK: EVIDENCE FROM A DECADE OF RESEARCH ON YOUNG CHILDREN’S READING SKILLS IN NIGERIA. ........................................................................................................... 8 NATIONAL EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR READING (NEF-R) ........................................................................... 15 FOUR PERFORMANCE LEVELS .......................................................................................................................................... 15 TABLE 1: DEFINITIONS OF THE PROFICIENCY LEVELS ............................................................................................................. 16 TABLE 2: MINIMAL GRADE-LEVEL EXPECTATIONS – LOWER PRIMARY .................................................................................... 17 TABLE 3: MINIMAL GRADE-LEVEL EXPECTATIONS – UPPER PRIMARY ..................................................................................... 22 CRITERIA FOR GRADE-LEVEL TEXTS ................................................................................................................... -
Handouts for Advanced Phonology: a Course Packet Steve Parker GIAL
Handouts for Advanced Phonology: A Course Packet Steve Parker GIAL and SIL International Dallas, 2016 Copyright © 2016 by Steve Parker and other contributors Page 1 of 304 Preface This set of materials is designed to be used as handouts accompanying an advanced course in phonology, particularly at the graduate level. It is specifically intended to be used in conjunction with two textbooks: Phonology in generative grammar (Kenstowicz 1994), and Optimality theory (Kager 1999). However, this course packet could potentially also be adapted for use with other phonology textbooks. The materials included here have been developed by myself and others over many years, in conjunction with courses in phonology taught at SIL programs in North Dakota, Oregon, Dallas, and Norman, OK. Most recently I have used them at GIAL. Many of the special phonetic characters appearing in these materials use IPA fonts available as freeware from the SIL International website. Unless indicated to the contrary on specific individual handouts, all materials used in this packet are the copyright of Steve Parker. These documents are intended primarily for educational use. You may make copies of these works for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. However, republication or commercial use of these materials is expressly prohibited without my prior written consent. Steve Parker Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Dallas, 2016 Page 2 of 304 1 Table of contents: list of handouts included in this packet Day 1: Distinctive features — their definitions and uses -Pike’s premises for phonological analysis ......................................................................... 7 -Phonemics analysis flow chart .......................................................................................... -
A Contrastive Analysis of English and Tiv Segmental Phonemes: Implications in ESL Learning
International Journal of Innovative Literature, Language & Arts Studies 3(4):1-6, Oct. –Dec. 2015 © SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2015 www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2360-896X A Contrastive Analysis of English and Tiv Segmental Phonemes: Implications in ESL Learning 1NWABUDIKE Christopher Eziafa; 2KAAN, Aondover Theophilus & 3ANASO, George Nworah (Ph.D) Department of Languages and Linguistics, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria [email protected] (Correspondent Author); [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT The goal of contrastive study is to examine the differences that exist between languages and the challenges they pose to second language learners. This paper focuses on a contrastive analysis of the segmental phonemes of the Tiv and English languages with emphasis on the implication of the differences in the learning of English as a second language by people whose first language is Tiv. The study reveals that while Tiv language has more consonants than the English language, both languages have the same number of vowels, but Tiv vowels /a/ and /o/ are not found in English, just as English vowels /∂/ and /æ/ are not present in Tiv. Herein lies the dilemma of the Tiv learner of English language. The work ends with some suggestions on how to eradicate or at least grossly minimize the resultant interference. Keywords: Contrastive analysis, Segmental, Tiv, ESL. INTRODUCTION Contrastive analysis, as a branch of applied linguistics, aims at systematically comparing two or more languages to determine their areas of similarities and differences with their implication on language learning and teaching. Theoretically, contrastive analysis is based on structural linguistics and behavioral psychology. -
The Impact of Orthography on the Acquisition of L2 Phonology:1
Coutsougera, The Impact of Orthography on the Acquisition of L2 Phonology:1 The impact of orthography on the acquisition of L2 phonology: inferring the wrong phonology from print Photini Coutsougera, University of Cyprus 1 The orthographic systems of English and Greek The aim of this study is to investigate how the deep orthography of English influences the acquisition of L2 English phonetics/phonology by L1 Greek learners, given that Greek has a shallow orthography. Greek and English deploy two fundamentally different orthographies. The Greek orthography, despite violating one-letter-to-one-phoneme correspondence, is shallow or transparent. This is because although the Greek orthographic system has a surplus of letters/digraphs for vowel sounds (e.g. sound /i/ is represented in six different ways in the orthography); each letter/digraph has one reading. There are very few other discrepancies between letters and sounds, which are nevertheless handled by specific, straightforward rules. As a result, there is only one possible way of reading a written form. The opposite, however, does not hold, i.e. a speaker of Greek cannot predict the spelling of a word when provided with the pronunciation. In contrast, as often cited in the literature, English has a deep or non transparent orthography since it allows for the same letter to represent more than one sound or for the same sound to be represented by more than one letter. Other discrepancies between letters and sounds - also well reported or even overstated in the literature - are of rather lesser importance (e.g. silent letters existing mainly for historical reasons etc). -
Historicolinguistic Study of Convergence and Divergence in the Tivoid Languages Phylum
HISTORICOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE IN THE TIVOID LANGUAGES PHYLUM by ALYEBO, NELSON ORKAAN PG/Ph.D/08/49237 Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DECEMBER, 2015 HISTORICOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE IN THE TIVOID LANGUAGES PHYLUM by ALYEBO, NELSON ORKAAN REG. NO: PG/Ph.D/08/49237 A Ph.D Thesis submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Ph. D Degree in Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, Faculty of Arts, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. DECEMBER, 2015 APPROVAL PAGE This thesis has been read and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigeria Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. By ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ Dr. Chris Uchenna Agbedo External Examiner Supervisor --------------------------------- --------------------------- Prof. R. I. Okorji Internal Examiner Head of Department -------------------------------- Prof. Pat. Okpoko Dean, Faculty of Arts CERTIFICATION PAGE This is to certify that Alyebo, Nelson Orkaan PG/Ph.D/08/49237, a postgraduate student in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Linguistics. This research work is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any degree of this or any other University. ---------------------------------- ------------------------------- Dr. Chris Uchenna Agbedo Alyebo, Nelson Orkaan (Supervisor) PG/Ph.D/08/49237 DEDICATION To the loving memory of my late grandmother, Mama Ukuma Agbakor; who first showed me the way to school. -
Orthography Development for Creole Languages Decker, Ken
University of Groningen Orthography Development for Creole Languages Decker, Ken IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2014 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Decker, K. (2014). Orthography Development for Creole Languages. [S.n.]. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 01-10-2021 ORTHOGRAPHY DEVELOPMENT FOR CREOLE LANGUAGES KENDALL DON DECKER The work in this thesis has been carried out under the auspices of SIL International® in collaboration with the National Kriol Council of Belize. -
Orthographies in Early Modern Europe
Orthographies in Early Modern Europe Orthographies in Early Modern Europe Edited by Susan Baddeley Anja Voeste De Gruyter Mouton An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 ThisISBN work 978-3-11-021808-4 is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, ase-ISBN of February (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 LibraryISSN 0179-0986 of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ae-ISSN CIP catalog 0179-3256 record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-3-11-028812-4 e-ISBNBibliografische 978-3-11-028817-9 Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie;This detaillierte work is licensed bibliografische under the DatenCreative sind Commons im Internet Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs über 3.0 License, Libraryhttp://dnb.dnb.deas of February of Congress 23, 2017.abrufbar. -
An Overview of Etulo: an Idomoid Language
International Journal of Lan guage and Linguistics 2021; 9(3): 133-139 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijll doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20 ISSN: 2330-0205 (Print); ISSN: 2330-0221 (Online) An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language Chikelu Ihunanya Ezenwafor-Afuecheta 1, Inyani Adams 2 1Department of Linguistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria 2Department of Linguistics, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria Email address: *Corresponding author To cite this article: Chikelu Ihunanya Ezenwafor-Afuecheta, Inyani Adams. An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language. International Journal of Language and Linguistics . Vol. 9, No. 3, 2021, pp. 133-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20 Received : January 12, 2021; Accepted : May 19, 2021; Published : June 7, 2021 Abstract: Etulo is an Idomoid language spoken in two Nigerian states: Taraba and Benue. This work gives an overview of the core linguistic features of Etulo as spoken in Benue state. At the phonological level, we highlight the Etulo sound system, its tonal features, syllable structure and the most common phonological processes attested. At the morphological level, we focus on its derivational morphology which involves morphological processes such as affixation, reduplication and compounding. We give a list of the identified word classes with emphasis on the noun and verbal system. Also discussed, are grammatical features which are considered areal such as its rich class of ideophones and verb serialization. Our findings show that Etulo shares some core structural features with other Idomoid languages such as Idoma. The data used for this study are obtained from Etulo language consultants who are native speakers. -
Written Text
1 Swimming against the current Text of a “keynote address” for video delivery at the first World Congress of Korean Language, October 2020 신사 숙녀 여러분: 만나서 반갑습니다 ! I want to talk today (in English, I’m afraid) about what I believe is a consistent tendency in the historical evolution of scripts around the world. I shan’t call it a “linguistic universal”, because I don’t believe in Chomskyan biological universals of language. Languages are purely cultural products, and like other cultural products their development isn’t controlled by scientific laws. But the tendency I have in mind does seem to hold quite widely, and it can be explained, in terms of the demographic changes we associate with modernity. The reason why this topic may make a suitable opening for your conference is that the one unexplained exception to the tendency which I know of is in fact Korean script. But I’ll come to the case of Korean after I’ve spent some time discussing the tendency more generally. What I believe to be generally true, as I discuss in my book The Linguistics Delusion, is that in newly literate societies writing tends to be a matter of phonetic transcription – if the script is alphabetic, a newly-devised orthography will conform pretty closely to the principle “one sound, one symbol”; while as the script matures and the society modernizes, the orthography tends to evolve in the direction of what I’ll call “contrastiveness”, in the sense that the meaningful units of the language have consistent written shapes which are well-differentiated from the written forms of other meaningful units.