A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol.XXXV.-No • .,. . per Annum. [NEW SERIES.] ] NEW YORK, AUGUST 12, 1876. [$3.20[POSTAGE PREPAID.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

THE IMPROVED HARRIS-CORLISS . NEW IMPROVEMENTS IN THE HARRIS-CORLISS STEAM are no long passages at each end of the to become The general arrangement of the governing mechanism ENGINE. filled with live steam. The exhaust is correspondingly is such that the quick opening and closing of the at The Harris-Corliss steam engine has achieved so wide a located beneath the cylinder, has similar advantages, and exactly the proper time is secured by positive devices. Of celebrity, and has been brought so prominently into public through its situation frees the cylinder of water in a tho­ these last, the prominent feature is the combination of notice of late years, through the trials which it has success- rough manner eccentric and wrist plate, the latter affording an increasing fully undergone in several fairs, that we deem it unneces- The form of the valves will readily be understood from speed at the end of the throw of the eccentric to compensate sary, in the present connection, to review in any detail the Fig. 3 (see 98), in which a valve is shown in section for its slow motion, at that period, in opening the steam general construction of the machine. From the engravings, at A. The valves are circular slides, motion being imparted valve. At the same time, the steam valve at tke opposite Figs. 1 and 2, herewith, showing both the and the to them by levers keyed to valve stems. These stems have end of the cylinder commences to lap its port, also by the sides, it will be perceived that the mechanism a fiat blad!,)of the length of the valve in the steam chest, and motion of the eccentric, but by a reverse or subtraction of which moves the valves is outside the steam chest, hence the valves oscillate on centers or fixed bearings in the front speed, produced by the same wrist plate, which speed is susceptible to constant supervision and easy access. The or back bonnets. In their adjustment, an important im­ constantly decreasing till the throw of the eccentric is com­ valve gearing is mainly a simple eccentric. The same valve provement has been made, to which we shall allude further pleted. The rapid opening and slow closing of the exhaust admits and cuts off steam, and its location is such that there on Continued on page 98.

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J,itutifi, �tutti,au. [AUGUST 12, 1876. MODERN ROWING RACES. The Rev. Dr. Hepworth, of this city, an enthusiastic yachtsman, has, since the above was written, published a �mttitalt. Our aquatic sports seem to be assuming an artificial na· work in which our yachting is mercilessly criticized. He says ture which is rendering them more and more unlike those of the yachts: "They have generally very graceful lines, �titlttifitESTABLIS:I::I:.ED 1846. of an earlier and less "advanced" period. Rowing races great breadth of beam, which makes them roomy and com­ certainly have become reduced to competitions in which the fortable under deck, but are often so overloaded with spars conditions imposed by Nature, which give zest to the exer­ MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. and canvas that they are unfit for rough outside work. Our cise and, through their very variety, constantly call forth topmasts run up to such an incredible hight that,when the boat PUBLISlIED WEEKLY AT fresh skill, are carefully eliminated. There is no sport more begins to roll in a seaway, it seems as though she would NO. 87 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. exhilarating, more healthful, or more reliable in results than never stop until she had jerked out her spars. this, when genuinely followed; but as it is now practised BEACH. " The crowning defect. and one which we are beginning O. D.MDNN. A. E. it is scarcely possible to place it on a level with the sports of to acknowledge, is the shape of the bows. 'I'hey are so the turf. It is an undeniable fact that horse racing has TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. sharp that they not only cut through the water when it is ...... $3 20 resulted in vast improvements in the breed of horses, and One copy, one year, postage Included ...... smooth, but they also cut into it and under it when there is One copy, six months, postage Included...... 1 60 thus a genuine good is gained, which at least neutralizes the Club Rat es . any seaway on. The only thing that holds the head of a evils attending the practice. But we doubt if any corre· Ten caples, one year, each $2 70, postage included ...... $27 00 yacht up in rough weather is its preposterous bowsprit and sponding advantage can be shown in favor of modern strug­ Over ten copies, same rate each, postage included...... 2 70 jib-boom. We crawl along inshore and run for a harbor iT The postage Is payable In advance by the publishers, and the sub­ gles at the oar. when the wind blows a reefingbreeze. The play of a coast­ crlber then receives the free of charge. We have learned to build boats so light and fragile that er or lumberman is the agony of a yacht." NOTE.-Persollssubscribing will please to give their full names, and Post almost the rope dancer's skill is required to maintain one's Office and State address, plainly written. In case of changing residence In this country, where a large standing navy no less than equilibrium in them. They are utterly useless save in water state former address, as well as give the new one. No changes caa be made an army is deemed ullnecessary, it follows that not only the unless the former address Is given. as smooth as glass. The oarsmen are educated to so fine a military but the marine service must in time of need be de Scientific American Snpplement. pitch of physical culture that exhausted Nature too often ­ rived from the people. Our geographical position moreover A distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN, but of the same size, passes the dividing line, and the superb athlete breaks down and published slmultaneouslv with the regular edition. renders it likely that a war between ourselves and a foreign and becomes a life-long invalid. In fine, boat, water, oars, TERMS. power would mainly be waged afloat. An advantage to the ...... $5 00 training, conditions of wind and weather, everything attend­ One year by mall community therefore primarily exists in fostering aquatic SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SuPPLEMENT, to one address...... 7' 00 ing the sport,are all subservient to the single aim of disposing skill, while there are other advantages, sufficientlyindicated Single Caples...... • ...... 10 mertso �bat by muscular work they can accomplish a cer­ The safest way to remit. is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. above, which also might be secured. In this view the pres­ tain distance in a certain time. So far as boat and water Address MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y. ent condition of our aquatic sports is plainly one which iT Subscriptions received and single caples of clther paper sold by all play any part, a result equally useful would be reached did might greatly be modified to the general benefit. the news agents. the crews, instead of risking their lives under a torrid sun, seat themselves comfortably in a gymnasium and pull in ...�" .. VOLUME No.7. NEW SERIES.] 1'hirty-jir8t Year. XXXV., [ concert against machines which would register the mechan­ THE VENTILATION OF RAILWAY CARS. Scarcely less important than the long-vexed and almost NEW YORK, SATURDAY, AUGUST 12, 1876. ical effect of their efforts in foot pounds, the crew with the largest registered number to be declared the winners. hopelessly unsolved problem of securing good air in public Contents. 'I'he reports of the recent regatta at Saratoga tell us that assembly rooms is the proper ventilation of public convey­ (I1lustr�Ald articles are mark;ed with an asterisk.) the Cornell men won by sheer force of strength. They ances. Under no other conuitions are we packed so numer­ Aerolite in Kentucky ...... 98 Ladder, step and extension*...... 102 showed no technical excellence in their rowing ; their ap­ ously in limited spaces ; and as a rule our journeys are of Aerotherapv ...... 101 Leather, vegetable...... 99 (11) ...... Answers to' corrcspondents...... 107 Light througl,la pertures 107 pearance was not especially graceful; they lacked what is longer duration than the times we spend in places of public Arched work, building (22) ...... 107 Mildew in bmldlngs (S) ...... 107 Bces and theIr institutions X' " .103, 104 Naval items ...... 100 technically called form; but they lifted thei: boat, as it were, amusement, instruction, or worship. Bird, a �igantlc ...... 102 New books and publieations...... 105 Birds WIth teeth ...... 102,Occultations, stellar (7) ...... 107 by main strength, and pushed it forward with the power The problem, so far as it relates to railway cars, was dis­ , cracks in ...... lOS'Paper, mml-stalned (39)...... 108 k (34) r n and endurance of giants. cussed at considerable length at the recent convention of �f,ig�:�g�'i��t irv��:��::::::::::: l��:�:I��ts���f�;n :�� f�rei;£n::: i� Business and personal ...... 107 Patents. offiCIalhst of. ... t ••••••••• 108 vVe do not think that such work is entitled to the name the Master Car Builder's Association. Neither the commit­ Calf heads (15) ..... 107'Pen, improved fountain*...... 08 skins for drum 1 tee's report nor the subsequent remarks of the members of Cellars, water ill(:JO) ...... l07,Plpes for pumps (2S) ...... 08 of skillful boating; and certainly, in point of heroism, it must ...... (17) ...... 107 Cement, Portland . . . 100 Potatoes, j>reserved be considered inferior to that ability which guides the life­ the association give much cause, however, for expecting �g��� �g� �rr��f:r����' (30).':.'::: ;� boat through the surf to the wreck, or pulls a.gainst vary­ any immediate relief from the poisonous atmosphere the tra­ 3��i�ri��t�i::iy�g��o�i��i�sioj;,:a:: 181 . . .. Charcoal, measuring, etc. (.1G)•••• 108 lrower for foo,t lathes (29) . . . .. lOR l d 1 veling public has to put up with as a rule. The important g��'.i'r�ta�ll�����5\�::::::::::::::: i��lk�r1�vr:.:/c�� ���t�I��?o·n::::::::::: �� ing tides and currents, or urges the sharp bowed whale boat concussionand weight (Sl) ...... 108 Rheumatism...... 99 in pursuit of the sea monster, or even hamlles the oar in a fact that pure air is desirable in public conveyance� is recog­ Crank shaft, balancing a (19).... . 107 Rocket composition (18) ...... 107 ...... !I!) .Dam, building a (21)...... 107 Rope clamp, a simple*...... high running sea. To our minus, races occurring, not in nized in a languid sort of way; but, so the committee say: Diamonds and water (40) ...•.•..... 108 Rowing races, modern...... 96 Dust, allaying...... 99!Sawlng smoothly (26) ...... 108 hot July but in cool October, and not in mere shells on a " The subject (of securing it) is still practically encumbered English colonies at Centennial. ... 97 sea, the, why jt, is sal: ...... !);'3 with difficulties, and our only hope is that, by treating it Facts ...... 101 Speed placid lake, but in staunch cutters in a sea and tide way, and formulre . . l lI egovernor, newi ...... 102 �l��J!isO!l�£�?a�li�����6scj.vc�: ��!�r:�� :n�f���rl�e irf;r��·:g�riiss; �� would be infinitely more beneficial to the participants, and piecemeal, the difficulties may one by one be overcome." ]<'rlctionpulleys (3) ...... 107 Teasing hair and wool (30) .•...•.. lOS at the same time would call for the display of higher qual­ The past year has been " quite barren" of improvement in Gold and mercury (38) ...... 108 Telescope difficulties (24) ...... 107 Grass in gravel waH.:s,etc. (11) . ... 107 Test col r, a new ...... 97 ventilatiilg devices, still an increasing interest in the matter Grease on emery wheels (5) ...... 107. 1 Thundcrer expl ion, the.. �7 ities, both of physical strength and calm judgment. Grinding tools, etc... (25) 107, (33) l08jTide currents In harborsO S ...... 100 among car builders shows that "some progress is being made i o g ... � .... ����iri�� �r��6tl'iig��;(�3y: ::'. : ".: igi::f.���l��:t1� t:· S·.· steam'er: : :: : :: 19.� in the right direction." Heating by hot water (12) ...... 1G7 TriClc1e, making a (27) ...... IDS OUR YACHTS AND YACHTING. Hydrogen for balloons, etc. (44). lOR l unnel, the Hoosac...... 102 But two or three recent devices were noticed by the asso­ Ice, weight of (9) ...... •...... 107 Tunnel under the Hudson river. . . 97 and pumps (32) ...... 108 lVentilating a bedroom (50)...... 108 There are abundant criticisms which may justly be urged ciation, and of these nothing positive was determined. Mr. Ink, (16) ...... l07 ventilating a school house (37! .... 108 against our present so-called yachting. Our yacht fleets Daniel S. Darling, of Brooklyn, submitted the model of a Ink, VIOlet, on wool (49) .•...... 108 1Walls of butcher shops, etc . . (36). 108 Inks, logwood ...... 101 Water coolers, galvanized (10) .... 107 are supposeu to be a nursery of marine architecture, a con­ ventilated car, by which he claimed to meet all the require­ Insect :powdergun, ncw* ...... 991 Water, horse !;lowerof (35) ...... 108 InventlOns patented in England .. 106 'Vater, purifymg (42) ...... 108 stant field for experimentation in the construction of sailing ments of the case. By this plan the fresh air is taken in Iron pipe, weight of.,...... 99iWater tanks for h?useS ...... 10� o (23) craft of tl1e finest possible form. The building of yachts is through an opening at the crown in the ends of the car, im­ Yap�'ri���'p��I.�.V�I.:::::::::::::: 15&1i��;�gla:�I��Jlfuid 13� Kerosene dangers, timely...... 971 '(48)::::::: presumed to have higher aims than the mere furnishing of mediately under the roof, the opening to be regulated ac­ pleasure boats. We have, it is true, produceu many beauti­ cording to the speed of the train and the quantity of air de­ THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. ful models, famom! the world over, hut some of the best sired. 'I'heinflowing air is received in an air chamber and Vol. II., No. 33. judges of naval architecture assert that we have never sur­ delivered through side openings a quarter of an inch wide, F9r the Week ending August 12, 1876. passed the celebrated America, built by Steers nearly a quar­ extending the whole length of the car. With an inlet 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS. ter of a century ago. 'rhat vessel has recently been in inches by 6, and a speed of 20 miles an hour, a steady sup­ I. THE INTEHNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF lS76. With 20 Engravlngs.­ dry dock refitting, and certainly it is difllcult to imagine ply of 800 cubic feet of fresh air a minute is promiseu, or The �ingle Rail Railway, 4 engs.-The Carriage ExhlbHs, 12 engs.-Hall­ more exquisite lines than her under-water body presents. enough to effectan entire change of air in the car every three way Car Exhibits.-Car Couplers.-House Furnishing, etc.-Heating and Cooking Apparatus.-United states Mortar Carriage and Truck, 2 engs. We cannot therefore claim any material advance in the minutes. No attempt appears to be made in this plan to -The Locomotive "Lion," 1 cng.-Brazilian Exbibits, etc.-Minerals, hull architecture; nor can we assert that we have huilt prevent the entrance of smoke and dust ; while the current, Leather, Jewelry, Coffee, Cotton, Sugar, Hilles, Tobacco, Rubber, Tim­ vessels with improved seagoing qualities. The Amer­ entering the body of the car in sheets, would seem to be 1 ber, Fibers, Silk.-Liberty Printing Press, eng. ica crossed the ocean years ago to sail for the Queen's cup. specially favorable to drafts, though the inventor is of opin­ n. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS. With 8 Flgs.-Street Pavements. By F. SHANLY, C.E.-Steel Rails, English Experlence.-New Process for A faw yachts have done so since, but the pleasure vessels ion that in a car ventilated in this way the fresh air will be Iron.-Zinc as an Anti· Incrustator.-Car Wheel Boring Machine, 1 eng.­ rarely go to sea during a stormy season of the year. Yet diffused very gently. Preventing Smoke from Steam Boilers, 2 ftgs.-New Puddling Furnace, pilot boats even smaller in size constantly cruise hundreds Mr. H. A. Gouge, of New York, also presented a model il­ 2 engs.-New Air Pump, etc., 3 figs. of· miles from land in midwinter, and in the fiercest gales ; lustrating some improvements on his mode of car ventila­ Ill. TECHNOLOGY.-Seaweed CharcoaL-New Contlnuons Cotton Spin· nlng Machine, 5 ftgs.-Test of Strength of Dovetail Joints, 1 ftg.-Anl­ and Long Island and New England fishermen unhesitating­ tion. This plan has been tried the past year in a car run­ line Green with Cotton Warp.-Tlnning of Metals. ly put to sea in storms which would send every yacht close­ ning on the Boston and Albany road, giving, it was report­ IV. ELEC'l'RICITY, LIGHT, HEAT. ETC.-The Magneto·Inductlve Ma­ reefed into the nearest harbor. Nor has our yacht squadron ed, very good satisfaction in warm weather. In cold wethera chine.-Lowe's Graphic Hygrometer.-New Pyrometer, 1 figure.-The Rndiometer, 1 ftgure.-ImprovedGalvanic Battery.-Meteorology: Ob­ shown itself of value as a school for seamen. The wretch­ the warming of the car was defective, especially on an ac­ servations by Professor LOOMIs.-Electro-Magnetic Rotations.-Liquid ed incompetence exhibited in the circumstances attending commodation train; but that difficulty Mr. Gouge was confi­ Films.-The Electric Light. the disastrous capsizing of the Mohawk, the largest sailing dent he could overcome. Another car on the same road was V. CHEMISTRY, ETC.-Action of Zinc on CobaE Solutions.-Us�lc Acid. yacht in the country, in New York harbor a few days ago, -Direct Test for Calcium.-Potassium Calcium Ferrocyanide.-Con· provided with a fan ventilator, with excellent results in centrated Solution of Salicylic Acid.-New Process of Astrlngents.­ is too fresh in the public mind to need any commenting upon warm weather and with a moderate rate of speed ; but it Rusting of Iron.-Cerium.-Lanthanum.-Didymium. in this regard. was very difficultto heat the air sufficiently in cold weather, Vl. NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.-New Microscopic Ampllfter.-Mlcro­ So far as competition goes, the yacht race has become a and the air was rather close when the car was not in mo scopical Structure of Rocks.-American-Indian Stone Tubes and Pipes, 7 engravings.-Artificial Crystalline Formations of Snow, 56 diagrams. matter of speed, no matter how gained. We have seen re­ tion. -Icc Period in Great Britain. peated instances of vessels fitted with sails so largely out Still another plan was tried on the same road, the manage­ VIr. MISCELLANEOUS.-Population of the United States. Now and One of proportion to the hulls that a moderate breeze wouid be ment of which seems to be commendably in earnest in this Hundred Year> Ago.-Working Dogs.-The Philadelphia Public Build­ very liable to throw the latter on their beam ends. But to matter: a plan devised by Mr. Gates, of Boston. It consists ings, 3 engravings, elevation and plans.-Loall Collection of SCientific Apparatus, in London. counteract the enormous heeling tendency, racing crews of in lowering the head lining a few inches so as to make an The Scientific Alllerlcan Supplelllent unusual numbers are brought on board, and each man is air chamber between it and the roof, from which chamber Is • distinctive publication Issued weekly every number contains 16 oc- provided with a sand bag. lIe is simply living ballast, and the fresh air enters the body of the car through wire cloth pa i h d i t '��in� �� :�bsSC���i��v��� "s�i.���M:N�:Z$5�� � his duty is to transport himself and sandbag as far to wind­ or perforations extending the entire length of the car. The ��.to subscribers. Single caples, 10 cents. Sold by all news��i������� dealers tllrough­ ��!fd� out the country. ward as he can get. The pressure on the sails is met,not by entrance and exit of the air is regulated by swing sashes at COMBINED HATES.-The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SCIENTIFIC AMER­ build, nor by displacement, by breadth of shoulder, but by each end of the car. So far the plan seems to work well, ICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent together for one year, postage free to sub­ scribers, on receipt of $7.00. weight of men and sand bags. Not long ago a catamaran but a longer trial masi; be made before a decided opinion To SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SunSCRIBERS WHO WISH TO TAKE THE SUPPLE­ (two parallel hulls covered by a transverse staging and can be expressed in regard to its merits. A similar device XENT.-A subscriber to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN may change at any time to the SUPPLEMENT, or may have both sent to him by remitting to us rigged with mast and sails) fairly vanquished a number of is on trial on the Pennsylvania Road. the dl1l'erencebetween the amount already paid for the SOIENTIFIC AMERI­ CAN and the SUPPLEMENT prices above mentioned. crack yachts. 'I'he yacht owners loudly protested against Favorable report was also maue of the Winchell ventila Remit by postal order. Address being conquered by so outlandish a craft, forgett ng the fact tor, with which certain western roads have been experi. MUNN & CO., PUBLISHERS, ,i 37 Park RoW, New York. that the ingenious builder merely gained stability by a de­ menting. The Canada Southern has had it, without deflec­ All the numbers of the SUPPLEMENT from its commencement, January 1, vice substantially the same and very much more effective, tors, on four cars, and the representative of the road pro­ 1876, can be supplied; subscriptions date with No. 1 unless otherwise or­ dered. though of course more obvious, than theirs. Certainly the nounced its operation very satisfactory. A little smoke got ' f a Slred number of the SUPPLEMENT sent to any Ur;;� gtr"e��f���� l0 glnt�� means he adopted were not a whit more artificial. 111, but not enough to be troublesome. The system consists

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1titutifit AUGUST 12, 1876. �1Uttitau. 97 in an air chamber in the roof, extended into a hood covered have seen its rapid ascent; and certainly it seems impossible similar size, and one of the largest in the world. A pyra­ with very fine wire gauze, and carrying in the end a wicket that they could have failed to remark that the mid of wine bottles, it is said, contains over 100 kinds of opened and closed by a rod. In the bottom of the chamber was not lifting after the 30 lbs. set pressure had been at­ wine. There is a small collection of peculiar birds, among is a register through which the air is forced down the center tained, and to have taken measures promptly to discover the them being the "settler's clock" (dacelo gig(Jntica) that aisle of the car. The rear gate acts as an exhaust. So far cause; but the most cautious of men, on the other hand, can­ salutes the rising sun with a sound resembling a laugh, and the plan resembles Mr Gates'. For summer use, when the not reasonably be expected to foresee and guard against the the Herodias crane that carries, attached to the middle of windows have to be open, the rear gate is closed, and deflec­ consequences of such inconceivable blunderIng as here ap­ its back, a number of long skeleton feathers which it can tors are used to prevent any inrush of smoke or dust at the pears to have been the case. 'fhis is the third serious dis­ erect at pleasure. Kangaroo leather, used for boot tops, is windows, and to serve as an exhaust. The ehief objection aster which has occurred to the English ironelads within a displayed in abundance, besides excellent exhibits of wool, seems to be that it is costly, and the air is not warmed. year, the previous casualties, the sinking of the Vanguard woolen fabrics, and native woods. Evidently there is a good field here for our inventors to and the collision of the Iron Duke, being due to negligence Queensland divides her wall space into black panels, in cultivate, one likely to be profitable�o them and very bene­ but little less culpable. which are descriptions and statistics of the different parts ficialto the traveling public. .. (u .. of the country. Near the appropriate tablets are land­ THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. .. 411 .. scapes, and also specimens of products of the various sec­ As the days have grown cooler, the attendance at the TIMELY KEROSENE DANGERS. tions. A gold pyramid. and exhibits of wines, wools, oils, Centennial already shows gratifying signs of increase. Ex­ While the mercury remains in the nineties and occasion­ etc., fill the cen tel' of the court. cursion parties, wisely postponed until the conclusion of the ally rises above 100°, it will be a prudential measure to keep New Zealand exhibits bituminous coal from sixteen dif­ hot weather, are now arriving in rapid succes,�ion. Whole a sharp watch on any kerosene oil that is being used. There ferent seams, a pyramid of gold, a fine collection of ores militia regiments from this city, college students by the are large numbers of rascally or ignorant dealers who sell and samples of crude petroleum too heavy for anything but hundred, miners of the Reading Coal and Iron Company a compound containing gasoline and other light products lubricating purposes. A singular substance is the Kauri by the thousand, bands of workmen from factories, besides which will readily flash at 1000 and often at 90°. As it is gum, a vegetable deposit found about six feet below the the throngs of individual visitors, fill the buildings to an ex­ the gas or vapor rom the oil that explodes, it is hardly ne­ surface of the ground, in lumps of all shapes and sizes. It f tent which is suggestive of the crowding which must take cessary to point out the danger of keeping a material in the is supposed to have been distilled by Nature from a species place when the September rush begins. The Granger ex­ house which, during the intense heats of summer, will reach of conifer. It is worth $200 a tun in New Zealand for mak­ cursions, and the farmers generally, are waiting to gather a state when such explosive gas is freely evolved. ing varnish. '1'here are also some good specimens of the the harvests, and also for the great agricultural dinplay of Public attention may also here be called to the peril in­ plwrmium tena:c or New Zealand flax, worked into ropes live stock, etc., to open later in the season. From present curred in using kerosene on traveling conveyances. vVe n)­ and mats, and an interesting collection of garments, weap­ indications we think that those who contemplate a careful tice that in several instances it is being used on railway cars ons, etc., of the Maoris, besides industrial products of all study of the Exposition will do well to make their visits in place of the safe candle; and on steamboats where coal gas kinds. now rather than risk later the annoyances which must is not employed, it is the only mode of illumination. It is Tasmania shows prindpally wool, wheat, and the dressAd follow the presence of a great crowd. If the interest which curious to remark that for marine purposes the thoroughly furs of a number of singular animals found only in the Aus­ the people are taking in the Bhow on one hand, and the reliable sperm oil is gradually becoming obsolete; and that tralian group, including the platypus, kangaroo, wirubut, comparatively small attendance during the past few weeks, even for vessels' side lights, where certainty of continuous bandicoot, and the Tasmanian devil. There is a curious are any criterions, the estimates made of the throngs which illumination is the prime necessity, kerosene is being used. jelly for table use among the food productions, made of sea­ will pack the buildings in September and October are Sperm oil is actually difficult to obtain in this city, even in weed, and a photograph of the last aboriginal Tasmanian, more likely to be exceeded than otherwise. Every depart­ comparatively small quantities. the sole member of a race supposed by Haeckel to be near­ ment is now in perfect order, and the most elaborate of Of course, in the confined limits of vessels and railway est of all to our alleged monkey ancestors. examinations can be comfortably and leisurely made. cars, the perils from kerosene are greatly augmented; and Ceylon sends coffee, nutmegs, tapioca, pepper, gums, and Preparations for the liVA stock show, to be open from where inspections by government officials, as in the case of gamboge, all raw products. Singapore sends a similar dis­ September 21 to October 4, are being rapidly advanced. A steamboats, may carefully be made, we think that such play, with the addition of some plumbago, and an elephant new entry is announced, which will be of the greatest inte­ should include a most rigid investig�tion into the kind and carved in that material by a native. Mauritius displays rest to our stock raisers, in the shape of a drove of 100 of nature of oil employed. 'fhere are, of course, certain kinds samples of arrowroot, sugar, medicinal plants, and a collec­ the choicest English cattle from the flocks and herds of Lords of kerosene in the market practically as safe as sperm oil; tion of ethnological types. 'fhe Archipelago of Seychelles, Chesham and Walsingham, the Royal Agricultural School, but on the other hand, the poorer and more dangerous grades a dependency of Mauritius, sends sixty-seven varieties of and others. The show of sporting dogs, to be held on Sep­ are cheaper, and hence are used both through ignorance and woods, besides cocoa, cloves, and coffee. tember 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, also will be very attractive, a superb cupidity. The steambolt law is extrtJmely explicit on the The Cape of Good Hope covers the inside of the allotted collection being expected from the celebrated English ken­ subject of explosive compounds, and it covers all cases, section with skins of wild animals and elephants' tusks, and nels. A large nnmber of valuable prizes have been offered whether the material is barreled for freight, or innocent­ crowds the space inside with ostrich plumes, dried plant�, by private parties for the finest animals of various breeds. ly contained in the cabin chandelier. It distinctly states that wools, etc. There are some curious necklaces and brace­ The American Forestry Association are to meet on the "no products of petroleum shall be used on any steam ves­ lets of melon seeds and steel beads, ostrich eggs converted grounds early in September, and probably some useful sug­ sel for illuminating purposes that will ignite at a lower tern. into cups and card baskets, and a model of a leviathan incu­ gestions will be forthcoming relative to the preservation and perature than 1500 Fah." The penalty for carrying danger­ bator, flanked by two ostrich chicks as specimens of its protection of forest trees. ous explosives is $5,000 fine, or three years' imprisonment, or work. The Gold Coast colony exhibits curiously artistic THE ENGLISH both. The law is certainly stringent enough, and it remains COLONIES. gold ornaments and wood carvings, the work of natives. for the authorities to enforce it, otherwise some frightful Four of the five Australian colonies, Victoria, New South Jamacai, West Indies, displays nuts, barks, spices, rum, conflagration aboard a steamboat may be the result of their vVales, South Australia, and Queensland, are represented arrowroot, and yam flour, breadfruit meal, cassava starch, neglect. at the Exposition. The fifth colony, West Australia, a coffee grown at 5,000 feet above the sea level, said to be the 'Ve mention steamboats more especially because at this penal settlement of scanty population, sends nothing. The finest in the world; beautiful fancy articles made from a season of the year they are almost always crowded, and an vast gold production of Australia and New Zealand is repre­ lace bark of the lagetta tree, and artificial flowers, looking accident, even through panic alone, may easily assume very sented by a tablet which faces the visitor at the entrance of like wax work, but formed from the cuticle of the leaf of serious proportions. Kerosene, we think, has no place on the Victorian section. This gives statistical figures showing the Yucca alvifolia. The Bahama Islands send exquisite railway cars; it does not give an adequate light for reading that, since 1851, the colonies have produced $1,220,823,034, wreaths and sprays made from little pearly white shells, at night, nor is it in any respect, save, perhaps, in point of a vast sum which affords an idea of the great role which baskets made of mimosa beans, and specimens of tortoise expense, an advantage over the time-honored candle. In the precious metal has played in the development of these shells, sponges, etc. Bermuda contributes corals, palm leaf case of a collision or overturn of the cars, the breakage of young and vigorous provinces. An excellent feature of the fans, cups and boxes of cedar, and a model of the great the lamps and spilling of the oil have often produced .a fire Victorian exhibit is a collection of photographs grouped in floating dock, besides sending frequent shipments of vegeta­ and a panic, and will so again if the companies persist in al· frames of uniform size, illustrating the scenery, towns, and bles to Agricultural Hall. From Trinidad we have fifty­ lowing its use. principal buildings in each of the shires into which the col­ seven samples of native woods, crude gutta percha, Angos­ ony is divided. 'fhe most striking landscapes are presented tura bitters, crude asphalt from the great Pitch Lake, and THE THUNDERER BOILER EXPLOSION. in large oil paintings. Wheat, barley, oats, and wool, the various vegetable fibers adapted for cordage. Guiana sends The double-turreted English ironclad Thunderer was re­ last in fleeces of remarkable size, are the principal agricul­ samples of sngar and rum. cently the scene of a terrible boiler explosion. The vessel tural products exhibited. There are, besides, a fine collec­ This completes the list of the productions of the English was built some three years ago but, had never been fitted for tion of minerals, cases of stuffed birds and animals, shelves colonies: a display which for completeness and instructive sea nor had her machinery tested. She had eight boilers of of ales and wine, cordage, stone ware, and food prepara­ value is, as a whole, one of the finest in the great Fair. the common low pressure type, which supplied steam to tions of all kinds. .. u� .. twenty-six small engines for performing various work, be­ The adjoining section is that of South Australia, the agri­ Progress ot· the RanW'ay Tunnel under the Hudson sides to the main propelling engines, of 800 horse power. cultural resources of which are better than those of any River, NeW' Yorl

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [AUGUST 12, 1876. (Continued fr om firstpage). engine, from 10 to 1,000 horse power, in a manner both views enlarged. Fig. 4 is a transverse section. It is made of ports are also obtained by the same eccentric and wrist thorough and exact. one piece of sheet metal having clasps, A, bent up from plate, but with greater rapidity, as the travel is greater on The machine is based entirely on the Corliss system, and elongated wings, B, which last are separated by a slit and the opening of the exhaust. was constructed under the same patents during their con­ fittedto the concave inner side of the pen. Below the wing The constant variations of load upon the engine are com­ tinuance. It therefore embodies the advantages of engines plates is the reservoir, C, whence the ink !lows down to the municated to the steam valves instantly by the governor. of that type, together with those secured by the improve­ point of the pen. The spring clasps firmly secure the de­ The latter is extremely sensitive, and in reality performs ments invented by its manufacturer. vice to the pen in the manner indicated in the sectional very slight labor, since it puts forth only the force neces· The Harris-Corliss engine gained gold medals at the Cin­ view. sary to move a small stop, and indicates merely the change cinnati fairs of 1873, 1874, and 1875, and in the last-men­ The inventor states that the large quantity of ink taken required, to the levers which move the valves. There is an tioned year an additional premium of $300 in gold. It is not up at one dipping is always under control, and that a clear ingenious stop motion provided, which, should the regulator exhibited in the Centennial Exposition, we are requested to sharp outline is left by the pen. The capillary attraction of become inoperative through any cause, effectually prevents state, on account of the inability of the manufacturer and the inner sides of the device is so great that the possibility the engine running away. The mechanism is such that the the Centennial authorities to reach an arrangement satisfac­ of the ink dropping out, when inverted, is avoided, while steam valves are then not allowed to hook on, and therefore tory to the former. For further informltion, address the the quantity of ink contained will last from 20 to 30 minutes. they cannot open. Consequently the engine is stopped by manufacturer, Mr. William A. Harris, Providence, Rhode The attachment, being made of gold or silver, or heavily pla­ this mechanism alone, although the screw valve may be Island. ted, is unaffected by the action of the ink, and will last in­ wide open...... definitely. Patented through the Scientific American Pat­ The principal improvement to which it is the object Why Is the Sea Salt t ent Agency, June 13, 1876. For further information, ad­ of the present article to direct the reader's attenten­ Professor Chapman, of University College, Toronto, says dress the inventor, Mr_ Henry H. Perkins, P. O. Box 585, tion, as has already been noted, is found in the means of that the object of the saltness of sea water is to regulate Utica, N. Y. packing the valve stems so as to obviate the stuffingboxes, evaporation. If any temporary cause raises the amount of while at the same time rendering them self-packing. Hith_ saline matter in the sea to more than its normal value, To Preserve Flowers and 'plants. erto, in order to prevent the grinding of the cast iron faces evaporation goes on more and more sl@wly. If the value be The following instructions are from the pen of Rev. G· of the valve and bonnet, a collar has been placed out on the depreciated by. the· addition of fresh water in undue excess, Henslow, one of the best practical botanists in England. valve stem so as to bear against a heavy cast iron bracket or the evaporating power is the more and more increased. He The materials required are common , thick bonnet secured to the side of the cylinder. This white , cotton wadding, and millboard, counteracted the thrust on the valve stem-if we all cut to the same size. The plants should be gath­ may use the term-due to the steam pressure with­ ered in dry weather, and soon after the flowers open, in, which otherwise would force the faces mentioned when their colors are brightest. Succulent plants together, cause wear, and speedily render the me­ such as daffodil, orchis, or stone crop) should be put chanism untrue. In addition to this collar, the into scalding water, with the exception of the flow­ usual gland and for the val ve stem were ers, for a minute or two, then laid on a cloth to dry. required. Apart from there being here a multipli­ Arrange the specimens and papr,rs in the following city of parts, which it would be a great advantage order : Millboard,cartridge paper, wadding (split open, to simplify, the casting, of course, had to be paint­ and the glazed side placed next to the cartridge paper), ed, and the paint in time would, by the heat, be­ blotting paper, the specimens, having small pieces of conie cracked and worn; while the lubrication of the wadding placed within and around the flowers to stem, with consequent unsightly dripping, aided in draw off all the moisture as quickly as possible, blot­ Fig. 3.-THE HARRIS-CORLISS STEAM ENGINE. rendering the whole contrivance one for which a ting paper, wadding as before, cartridge paper, mill- neater and better arrangement might well be sought. gives the results of various experiments in reference to board. When the specimens, etc., are thus arranged heavy The new device which has lately been substituted (but evaporation on weighed quantities of ordinary rain water weights should be put on them ; about 30 lbs. the first day, which has now been tested by the manufacturer for nearly and water holding in solution 2·6 per cent of salt. The ex­ 60 lbs. afterwards. Remove them, from under pressure, four years), and a sectional view of which is given in Fig. 3, cess of loss of the rain water compared with the salt solu­ in a day or two ; carefully take nway all the papers, etc., seems to remove all difficulties. It obviates the stuffing box tion was, for the first twenty-four hours, 0·54 per cent, except the blotting papers between which the specimens are completely, and shifts the thrust collar from the outside to at the close of forty-eight hours, 1·46 per cent, and so on placed ; put these in a warm air to dry, while the removed the inside of the cylinder, ·and, abolishing the extra cast iron in an increasing ratio. papers,etc., are dried in the sun, or by the fire. When dry bracket, causes the collar to bear directly against the bonnet, (but not warm) placo them in the same order as before ; put D is the valve stem on which is shrunk the steel col­ aU under the heavier pressure for a few days, when (if not E. IMPROVED FOUNTAIN PEN. a, lar, F, which, as shown, fits in a recess, of the bonnet. The annexed engravings represent an ingenious little in­ succulent) they will be dry. The opposing faces are finely scraped in manner similar to vention, well calculated to be of service to the large class of Flowers of different colors require different treatment to ­ planer slides or lathe ways. Consequently they approxi persons who constantly use the pen. It is a fountain at- preserve their colors. Blue flowers must be dried with heat, mate very closely, and are packed by the steam itself acting either under a case of hot sand before a fire, with a hot iron, outward on an area equal to the section of the valve stem, or in a cool oven. Red flowers are injured by heat ; they re­ D. It will be seen at once that the joint is self-packed, quire to be washed with muriatic acid, diluted in spirits of while its chances of wear are exceedingly small, certainly wine, to fix the color. One part of acid to three parts of very minute in comparison to what might be the case with spirit is about the proportion. The best brush with which cast iron surfaces, perhaps 8 inches in diameter, under to apply this mixture is the head of a thistle when in seed, other arrangements. The bonnet,E, now becomes a finely as the acid destroys a hair pencil, and injures whatever it polished casting, rendered light by the hollow chamber touches (except glass or china); therefore it should be used within. Into this space all drip enters, and is carried off with great care. Many yellow flowers turn green even after by the pipes, G, which, as shown in the large engraving, ex­ they have remained yellow some weeks ; they must there­ tend from bonnet to bonnet, so as to keep all clear and empty. fore be dried repeatedly before the fire, and again after they The other improvement which may be noted is not repre­ are mounted on paper, and kept in a dry place. Purple sented in the engravings. It is, however, a novel flowers requir@ as much care, or they soon turn a light packing, devised by Messrs. Babbitt and Harris, and which brown. White flowers turn brown if handled or brushed has been in practical use by them for some four years and a before they are dried. Daisies, pansies, and some other half. Its efficiencywill be understood from the fact that flowers must not be removed from under pressure for two or single'acting engines, in the cylinders of which it has been three days, or the petals will curl up. As all dried plants applied, have frequently run for an entire day .at a time (ferns excepted) are liable to be infested by minute insects, with the back cylinder head off, and this with no leakage a small quantity of the poison corrosive sublimate, dissolved past the piston. The general construction is simply a pack­ in spirits of wine, should be added to the paste, which it ing ring, in sections, inserted in a groove in a chunk ring, Ifi!l 3 will also preserve from mold. The best cement for fixing and held out, not by steam, but by spiral springs made of the speeimens on to the paper or is gum paste. It German silver. When steam is admitted into either end of is composed of thick gum water and flour mixed in warm the cylinder, the packing ring is carried by the steam over water, by adding the two together, warm, and of a consist­ to the side of the groove in the chunk ring, making a joint ence that will run off the hair pencil. there and allowing the steam to pass down by and under the • u ... packing ring. The latter is thus balanced, while a very Tree Frog Eggs. light spring is able to exceed the action of gravity and hold Professor Peters has lately described the mode of deposit the ring out. The packing is very easily taken out and put of its eggs employed by a species of tree frog (polypedates) in, as it is all held in its place in the chunk ring by pins for from tropical Western Africa. This species deposits its eggs, that purpose, which are removed before putting on the fol­ as is usual among batrachians, in a mass of albuminous lower. It is stated to be free from the defects of steam pack­ jelly ; but instead of placing this in the water, it attaches it ing, and, with proper cylinder oil, not to require renewal to the leaves of trees which border the shore and overhang a for years. The engine is comely in all its proportions, as the water hole or pond. Here the albumen speedily dries, form engravings show, and finished in the best manner possible. ing a horny or glazed coating of the leaf, enclosing the un­ It remains now to sum up briefly the advantages which are impregnated eggs in a strong envelope. Upon the advent claimed for the machine, which claims seem, from its con­ of the rainy season, the albumen is softened, and with the struction, to be well founded. They are economy of fuel, eggs is washed into the pool below, now filled with water. wear, oil, and all that relates to the production of power; an Here the male frog finds the masses, and occupies himself increased amount of work, regularity of speed under vary­ with their impregnation. ing load and pressure, accessibility of all parts; no portion of the regulating medium acts through stuffingboxes nor enters the steam chest, nor is out of sight of the engineer ; the cyl­ Aerolite in Kentucky. inders are bored out of hard, strong iron; the shafts are made The Louisville Courier-Journal states that on July 18, of hammered wrought iron, with ample bearings; the stop at 4 A.M., Mr. White, watchman of the Weatherford en­ motion, as already explained, prevents running . away; gine house, while on duty, was startled by a loud report and the recessed valve seats prevent the possibility of tachment for pens of all kinds, easily attached and detached, like that of a pistol, al).d instantly following some heavy shoulders wearing on them. Lastly, and we reserve it to and supplying a large quantity of ink without interfering substance feel into the street a few feet distant. Mr. White the last because it is a point the value of which we have with the elasticity of the pen. The disadvantage often met searched, and found imbedded in the ground a stone, of the frequently urged upon engineers, the small parts of the en­ with in fountain pens, no one of which, of course, can be appearance of dark flint, weighing about two pounds. The gines are interchangeable; and therefore should accident oc­ constructed to suit the requirements of all hands, is thus stone was broken to pieces and examined during the day by cur, the injured portion can be speedily and accurately re­ avoided, for the writer, after securing a pen that suits him, several scientific gentlemen, who pronounced it genuine placed from the manufactory. The manufacturer even keeps has only to apply the attachment. meteoric substance. The probable solution is that the ex' extra cylinders on hand to meet such emergencies, while, by Fig. 1 of the engraving represents the device in full size plosion occurred at a greater distance than was supposed, the aid of special tools, he is enabled to construct the whole and in place. Figs. 2 and 3 are, respectively, front and rear and that this was but a small fragment of a large aerolite.

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit AUGUST 12, 1876.] J-mtritau. 99 MEDIEVAL IRON WORK. prevent the growth of weeds, and thus, on private roads and The Great Suspension Bridge over the East River, bet",een New York and Brooklyn. Some of the most interesting relics of the middle ages are walks, prove labor-saving. A similar application of salts in to be found in the specimens of metal work which adorn solution was made in London three years ago, with complete The towers and anchorages of the East River bridge are many old mansions in Europe. It is astonishing to see the success. now about completed, and the work of constructing the beauty of proportion and detail, the adaptation of the object bridge proper will shortly begin. to its purpose, and the elaboration of the work, and then to Vegetable Leather. The plan of operation"!, as given by the engineer, is as fol­ reflect that the whole design was the creation of the smith A new utilization of sea weed is suggested in the manu­ lows : A steel rope, three fourths of an inch in diameter, who performed the labor, who thought out the graceful facture of a fabric named as above. Sheets of carded wad­ will be temporarily fastened to the New York anchorage, form at the time he wielded the hammer. Schools of aFt, ding are placed on hot polished metal plates, and coated with thence conveyed over the top of the tower and the coil con­ so called, there were none in those days ; but every work­ a concentrated decoction of sea weed, lichen, pearl moss, veyed to Brooklyn by means of a scow.. The rope will then man received, unconsciously, an art edu­ be passed over the Brooklyn tower and to cation. In Germany, especially, the ap­ the anchorage, but will be left slack and prentice traveled from place to place, under water until late at night or early learning the art, and improving his mind in the morning, when few vessels are as he went. He saw the church of St. passing, when it will be pulled taut. This Sebald, in Nuremberg, with its shrine or steel rope will be also temporarily se­ tomb, on which Peter Vischer and his five cured to the Brooklyn anchorage and the sons labored 13 years ; he saw the wonder­ coil borne back to N ew York by the scow, ous cathedral of Munich, the Church of and the ends connected, thus forming an the Apostles at Cologne, and the wonder­ endless rope, working on pulleys at each ful gothic minster at Antwerp. And in anchorage and on each tower, and worked nearly every city he visited, he found ar­ by machinery on the Brooklyn side. By ticles of every day use fashioned with rare means of this endless rope other similar skill and pure taste ; and so he acquired ones will be put up as required for the the art of construction an d ornamenta­ further construction of the bridge. First, tion at the same time, and learnt that use two steel wire ropes, 2t inches in diame­ and beauty are, in all true art, insepara­ ter, will be carried across and made se ble. cure to temporary fastenings at each an­ We illustrate herewith a wrought iron chorage. These will be 3t feet apart, and window grille or lattice, made in the six­ placed a little to the south of the middle teenth century and now to be seen in a of the tower, running over the top. They house at Ratisbon in Bavaria, a city which will be used for the construction of a tem­ can boast numerous works of art industry porary bridge for the use of the work­ from the hands of mediawal artists. The men. Oak planks, 1 t inches in thickness, design is remarkably graceful, and the will be laid upon the ropes, with spaces elaborate wOl:kmanship shows skill in of about half an inch, both for the pur­ handicraft of the very highest order. poses of economizing material and to lessen the effect of the wind upon it. They

RheulllatislIl. will be fastened by strips runnjng length­ The Jo urnal des Oonnaissances, Mi di­ wise across the ends, which will be bolted cales contains a review of certain curious to the ropes by U-shaped clamps. observations made by Dr. G. Esbach on The bridge will be completed by the conformation of the fingers in various stretching small ropes on each side about diseases. In person� that perspire easily, 3 feet above the flooring and secured to or in the case of disorders that induce every ten feet. It will be rendered firm profuse perspiration, such as rheumatism, by guys. typhus fever, etc., the transversal curva­ Three other steel ropes, of the same ture of the nail is increased to exaggera­ magnitude as those used in the construc­ tion. This symptom, which scarcely ever tion of the foot bridge, will be stretched fails to present itself in rheumatic sub­ across the river over the tops of the tow­ jects, has led Dr. Esbach to establish, by ers-one 27 feet south of the foot bridge a statistical method, the sudoral etiology at the edges of the piers, one over the of that affect,ion, and in the immense ma­ north edges, and one midway between the jority of cases he has found the following north rope and the foot bridge, with a result : A man who perspires easily, and space between the north and south ropes who inhabits a ground floor, becomes, of 81 feet. The object of these last-men­ soo'ner or later, rheumatic; if, on the con­ tioned ropes is to support small cross trary, he lives in a dry apartment, he is bridges, technically called cradles, and never troubled with that malady. On the necessary for the construction of the oth­ other hand, a man who is not subject to er portions of the bridge. WINDOW GRILL AT RATISBON, BAVARIA. perspiration may live in a damp room with There will be fiveof these cradles, one impunity. Rheumatism appears thus to be placed on its or other mucilaginous vegetation. The sheet is then dried in each land span between each tower and its anchorage, real ground; dampness may be the cause of it, but only in quickly, thus giving to the surface applied to the metal and three at equal distances in the river span. They will such habits as perspire freely. plate a gloss like that of leather. Rolling and compressing project 10 feet beyond the outside cable, and will support •••• • between heated cylinders follows, and then a coating of pulleys for the endless ropes. The whole temporary struc­ IMPROVED SPANNER WRENCH. boiled linseed oil is applied. Afterwards a thin coating of ture will be 200 feet above high water at its center and low­ Mr. A. Frank Skinner, of Plattsmouth, Neb., has pat­ yegetable wax is given, and another rolling to soften the est point, so that no water craft will be interrupted by it. ented (March 30, 1876) through the ScientificAmerican Pat­ sheet finishes its preparation, when it is ready for bronzing, After this work is completed, the construction of the bridge ent Agency, a novel improvement in spanner or any other treatment. proper will be proceeded with, and the first step will be the wrenches, which we illustrate herewith. .. 4.1 .. stretching of the main cables, which will be put up at the It consists in providing a nut wrench A SIMPLE ROPE CLAMP. same elevation as the temporary bridge and lowered. These with two equal arms, of which the rigid A simple clamp, by which a rope's end may be tightly se­ cables will be composed of nineteen strands, each strand be­ one has a pushing point slightly curved, cured, was patented January 4, 1876, by Mr. Levi H. Page, ing made up of 330 wires, No. 7 gage-that is a little more while the pivoted arm has a drag hook on of Chicago, Ill. The clamping jaws, as shown in the en­ than t of an inch in diameter. The material used will be the on its end. gravings, are formed by two semi-tubes, A and B, made with best quality of steel wire. The ropes of the temporary A is the handle of the wrench, the for­ teeth on their inner faces to hold the rope and prevent its bridge will not be taken down, but finally incorporated into ward part of which is curved outward and slipping out. A pin. C, passes through lugs on each to the superstructure of the bridge. forward, and is pointed to form the rigid form a hinge joint. This pin may be removed to attach ••• 1 .. jaw, B, the said jaw and handle being thus the end of the rope by placing it on one jaw, when the other A NEW INSECT POWDER GUN. formed in one piece. C is the movable jaw, is laid upon it and the pin inserted. An inclined groove is This is one of those simple little devices which frequently upon the outer end of which is formed a cut in the solid ends of the clamping jaws, above the hinge, prove very remunerative to the inventor. It is a substitute hook, and its inner end is inserted and to receive a wedge, D, which is formed on the edge of the for the numerous more costly syringes, bulbs, and spring pivoted in a socket formed in the angle at spirally threaded stem, on which is a nut, resting against a powder ejectors, now employed for throwing insecticide pow­ the intersection of the jaw, B, and handle, washer. E is a swivel ring on the end of the stem, D, and der into crevices of furniture, etc. A, as shown in the figure. In forming the F a hook on the ring for attachment of the weight to be wrench the handle, A, and jaw, B, are It is simply an elongated rubber bulb or nipple, the for­ forged in one solid piece, and an eye or ward part of which is tapered to a point, socket is punched in it to receive the loose and is curved to one side, as shown. jaw, C, which is then formed and pivoted The other end of the bulb is open, in the. said eye or socket. In this way a is inclined, and has a collar formed A very convenient and effective instrument upon it. By this inclination of the col­ is produced, having great strength and lar, when the ,ubber is applied to the power, and adapted to fit any spanner neck of a bottle and is held in a horizon­ nut. tal position, a quantity of the powder .4.1 .. will rest in the belly of the bulb, and A Ne", Way of" Allaying Dust. lifted, or whatever else the rope is to be fastened to. When can be projected upward by compressing Mr. A. Houzeau has recently suggested to the French the rope is inserted between the serrated jaws, and they are the said bulb. Academy of Sciences a mode of preventing dust on roads, connected by the pin, by turning the nut, D2, the wedge, D, The device may be made with its etc., which, if experience demonstrates its practicability, acting against the inclined faces of the recesses, the jaws pointed end closed so tlJat it may be ap­ will be found both simple and useful. He proposes simply will be forced against, and the teeth into, the rope, holding plied to the neck of a bottle containing to mix with the water, wherewith the thoroughfares are it firmly. the powder, and sold with said bottle. sprinkled, a small quantity (amount not stated) Of chloride .411 .. In this case the buyer cuts off the point of calcium. This, he thinks, will form a patina or crust of THE weight per yard of cast iron pipe in lbs. is found by of the bulb with a pair of shears. It considerable resisting power, which will last for several subtracting, from the square of the outside diameter in was patented through the Scientific American Patent days and which will hinder both the drying of the soil and inches, the square of the inside diameter in inches, and mul­ Agency (May 30, 1876) by Mr. C. B. Dickenson, of Brook­ its disintegration by vehicles, etc. At the same time it will tiplying the remainder by 7'35, lyn. N. Y.

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. roo Ititutifit �tutritau. [AUGUST r2, r876. Japanese Paper. fFor the Scientific American,] Mr. Hilgard offers as illustrations the two harbors of New EFFECTS OF TIDE CURRENTS ON HARBORS. York and 8harleston. In Japan, paper finds a very wide field of usefulness, out­ The effects of running water are very strikingly percepti­ Of the two entrances to New York harbor, the channel side of the commoner but perhaps more important applica­ ble on the banks of rapidly flowing rivers. The channels of through the Sound is subject to but little natural modifica­ tions, for writing, printing, wrapping, and wall paper. The the Missouri and Mississippi rivers are continually changing ; tion. But it is widely different at the Sandy Hook entrance. peculiar strength and toughness of Japanese paper fit it for and the griefs of shipowners and captains, and the shrflwd In the place where the beacon on the end of Sandy Hook many uses which would hardly be anticipated, Japanese devices of pilots on this account, have been most attrac­ now stands, there was 40 feet of water 15 years before it paper handkerchiefs, with which we are all familiar, are tively depicted by Mark Twain. Many a time has a planter was built. The cause of this accumulation is attributed to quite soft, and pleasant to use, and at the same time nearly retired, with his home and plantation on one side of the river, a northward current along both sides of the Hook. This as tough as cloth ; and from twisted strips of paper torn and awakened in the morning to find that the river had cut invasion of Sandy Hook upon the best entrance to New from these, an excellent string may be temporized, really a new channel on the other side of his property. The cres­ York . harbor is not a matter to be lightly considered. The quite strong and serviceable. cent-shaped bayous so common along the south Mississippi, depth of this channel, at mean low water, is 22 feet, and is In Japanese houses, paper not only covers the walls and are results of this change of river bed by washing across maintained by the water (1) in Raritan Bay and east of ceilings, but is used on light sliding doors which divide from one curve to another in a straight line, instead of fol­ Staten Island, (2) in Newark Bay and on Jersey flats, (3) one room from another, and on the folding screens which lowing the direction of the bend. '1'he work of Captain lower waters of the North river, and (4) the Sound tide protect from the too abundant drafts. Light wooden Eads, now in progress at the mouth of the Mississippi, flowing through Hell Gate. The effect of the last of these frames, on which a single thickness of paper is stretched, shows both the effect of water disposition and the ability of is chiefly due to the fact that the Sandy Hook tide wave form the winilows, admitting light but not sunshine, and man to counteract it by means of jetties whi ch produce reaches the docks at New York before that from the Sound, air in plenty but not wiud. These paper shoji, however, as scouring action. the two meeting at Hell Gate ; and the conditions of this might be expected, fail completely against rain, and must That the waves and tides are materially and constantly tidal circulation are such that, if at the point of meeting a be supplemented by sliding-to or outside wooden storm modifying the physical geography of the sea coast has been partition were placed, the water on one side would be some­ doors. long observed. Places which were once on the very edge of times 5 feet higher, and at other times 5 feet lower than on Made waterproof with oil, paper serves for umbrella cov­ the sea are now removed to the distance of miles from the the other side. Even in the absence of such a partition, in ers and rain coats, and in large sheets is used to protect coast line by the agency of tidal deposit ; and others, which the most contracted part of the passage the water is often baggage and merchandise. were formerly at considerable distance from the water's a foot above its level only 100 feet distant. Hilgard esti­ In the form of an admirable artificial leather, it is used edge, have since been washed away by tidal erosion. The mates that the closing of Hell Gate would cause a loss of for pocket books, boxes, etc. famous Pass of Thermopylre.which was, in the time of Hero­ no't.less than 3 feet in the depth of Sandy Hook channel. An inferior pasteboard is also made from paper, which dotus, so narrow that but a small squad of soldiers was ne­ The effect on this channel of the firstthree divisions is de­ is sometimes used for boxes. '1'hin sheets of wood, how­ cessary to prevent the passage of the whole Persian army, pendent upon the amount of water and its distance from the ever, cut by hand with a large plane, being both cheaper is now separated from the sea by a vast area of marine bar. The direct and necessary effect of diminishing the and better, usually replace this material. deposit. area of the tidal basin is to diminish proportionally the Articles of papier mache are common, but are usually dis­ Professor J. E Hilgard, of the Uniteil States Coast Sur­ depth of the, channel. He ventures the assertion that the guised by lacquer, and can hardly be distinguished from vey, has made some interesting observations regarding tidal proposed enterprise of occupying the Jersey flats with docks ordinary wooden lacquer ware. jnfluence on harbors, aud the modifying effects of encroach­ and wharves " would occasion a loss of not less than 1 foot Japanese paper is usually made from the inner bark of ment to meet the growing necessities of large cities. It is in the depth of the bar off Sandy Hook, and certainly not the paper mulberry (Brou88onetia papyrije1'a), which is well known that a tidal wave, when uninfluenced by the more than 2 feet." And he very significantly adds the fol­ grown and cultivated for the purpose. The bark of the contour of the coast, is but inconsiderably elevated, and the lowing remarks, which should not go unheeded : "When passerina , and of the Edgeworthia papyrijeTa, are front slope is about equal in length and similar in form to we yield to the demands of commerce any portion of the also said to be used. the fear slope. But as it enters a bay, harbor, or river, the tidal territory, to be used for its wharves and docks, we Japanese paper is always made by hand, and is therefore crest of the wave becomes more elevated as the passage for must do so with full cognizance of the sacrificewe are about of necessity made in small sheets ; the more common size, it becomes more constricted, and also the front slope ac­ to make in the depth of water over the bar ; and in order to known as kanshi, being about nine and a half by twelve quires much greater abruptne.ss than the opposite one. Con­ form any well founded judgment in regarl to the effectof and a half inches, though both larger and smaller sizes are sequently the time occupied by the flood tide is shorter than such encroachments, it is necessary to be in possession of the used to a limited extent. that occupied by the ebb tide. This phenomenon of tides fullest knowledge of all the physical facts involved in the The paper as generally sold is unsized, the thick india may be artificially illu�trate

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Jtitutifit AUGUST 12, 1876.] �tUtritltu. 101 ­ Runge, in 1848, discovered that a dilute solution of the with a pattern printed in a white opaque ink with a pearly the company; one could hardly witness it without an in coloring matter of logwood, to which had been added a small luster. Colored wall papers are rarely used, except for halls creased feeling of security. quantity of neutral chromate of potassium, produces a deep and vestibules. This wall paper, like other Japanese pa- One hundred axles are made from a given melting, and pers, is made only in small sheets. from that number, five are selected promiscuously, as fair- black liquid, which remains clear, does not deposit, and may be employed as an ink. Perfectly neutral litmus paper is The imitation leather, or leather paper, is made of a spe- ly representing the quality of the metal. These are separ­ not affected by it; it does not attack pens ; it is very cheap, cial kind of paper, tozasenka-gami, of which several layers ately laid between heavy blocks which support the extreme ­ are employed to give the requisite strength. The inner ends, and a wedge-shaped iron, weighing 1,640 Ibs., is drop­ and so easily penetrates writing paper that it cannot be re moved by washing even with a sponge-in a word, it has all layers are saturated with oil, ye-no-abura, from the fruit of ped upon the middle, from hights varying from 25 to 40 the properties of an excellent ink. On exposure to the air in the Oelt'is Wildenowiana, giving the material softness and feet. If they break, the whole one hundred are returned flexibility. The morocco-like surface is obtained by pres- to the furnace; if not, the ninety-five are used; only the five the inkstand, it sometimes decomposes very rapidly, its col­ oring matter being deposited in the form of Jarge black sure from an engraved wooden block, and finally the whole are remelted, these having, of course, been strained by the is covered with.a varnish of lacquer. severe test. Several were thus tried before the visitors, flakes, which leave a colorless liquid above them. 'f his gel­ atinization is a great defect in this ink, particularly as one "Herr Von Brandt, formerly German Minister to Japan, in not one breaking. The great steel works of the Cambria does not know the precise conditions which determine it. a paper* read before the German Asiatic Society, gives a very and Pennsylvania Companies were also visited, and afford­ Different means have been proposed to prevent this action ; minute and interesting account of the method of making ed much valuable information as to the improved method of the best seems to be that of the addition of carbonate of so' crape paper, from which I condense ,the following descrip- manipulating iron. On the grounds of the last named, a dium recommended by Bottger. tion : The paper to be craped, ordin ary Japanese paper, steam hammer, striking blows of 200 tuns weight, was seen The author has used an ink prepared in this manner for with some colored design printed upon it, is dampened and in operation. upwards of two years, and has not observed any decompo­ spread in a pile on a large slab of wood, in such a way that At Williamsport, an opportunity was afforded to see one sition, although this may to a considerable extent be due to the edges of no two sheets shall be parallel. Alternating of the largest lumber mills of the country, a huge monster the fact that the inkstand employed Was one which allowed with these sheets are pieces of ordinary white paper, placed that drags up the helpless logs from the river and, with a but little exposure to the air. between the colored sides of two printed sheets, and sheets roar and a rush, turns them into a million and a quarter of of takanaga paper. The whole pile is then tightly rolled on marketable boards per week, feeding itself on the sawdust To prepare this ink, take extract of logwood, 15 parts ; water, 1,000 parts; crystallized carbonate of sodium, 4 parts; a smooth stick, and covered with a long band of dampened which is led automatically under the boiler. Rather mo­ neutral chromate of potassium, 1 part. linen, rolled diagonally and tightly over the whole. The notonous food, though it be "fine board," as some one re­ Dissolve the extract of logwood in 900 parts of water, al stick with its roll of paper and cloth is then pressed longi- marked. low it to deposit, decant, heat to ebullition, anel add the car­ tudinally in a rude lever press. The arms of this press are. The visit to the oil regions was a very interesting feature ­ provided with holes through which the ends of the round of die trip, this industry being so peculiarly American. The bonate of soda; lastly, add, drop by drop, with constant stir stick may pass, so that the roll of paper alone receives the sight of deTricks innumerable, scattered over a strip of ring, a solution of the neutral chromate in 100 parts of The ink thus obtained has a finebluish black color ' pressure. The takanaga sheets are made of strong paper, country 150 miles long, some working, others silent and water. it flows well from the pen and dries readily. The chrom composed of several thicknesses of ordinary paper fastened abandoned, was suggestive of the singlliar history of this � together with rice paste, which have been previously 'creased most singular traffic. It is now conducted upon a method­ ink powder of Platzer and the acid ink of Poncelet are imi­ tations of the original ink of Runge. in regular parallel corrugations by a similar process, and ical and paying system. Thorough investigation was made An ink obtained from a decoction of logwood and chromE which serves to impart the desired regular creasing to the of the processes by which the petroleum is pumped from colored sheets when they are together compressed as de depths of 1,400 feet to the tanks of the different owners, alum is not to be recommended; the characters written with scribed. After the first compression, the paper is unrolled whence, after being gaged, it is drawn by union pipe lines, it have little depth of color, and are of a somewhat greyish from the sticks, and the sheets are separated. The takana- as they are called, and sent through iron veins, nine miles shade. Decoctions of logwood to which alum has been added give ga paper is smoothed out, and the pile made up as before, or more, to the railway station, where, loaded into iron cars, a reddish or violet color, which darkens slo wly, particularly but in such a way that the creasing may come at an angle it is dispatched on its mission of lighting the world, and re­ with ink prepared from the wood and not the extract. Such to the former fold of each sheet. The process is thus re- ducing the price of gas. During the visit to this strange reo peated seven times, and the sheets .finallydried. The paper gion, an incident, not in the programme, occurred; a tank inks prepared with alum alone are costly, because to obtain a sufficiently deep tint one is obliged to employ decoctions thus treated resembles crape very closely both in texture containing a million gallons oil was struck by lightning and and in elasticity. burnt, causing a scene very impressive, though not without or solutions of the extract in a very concentrated condition. It is otherwise when a metallic salt is added along with the "The Japanese paper, excellent as it is, does not supply all special pleasure to a gas director. The latest decision of alum. Alum produces a reddish purple color in d<>coctions the wants of the peQple ; and this account would be imper- Science is that petroleum is not a distillation from coal but of logwood, while metallic salts produce in the oxidized so­ fect did I not allude to the manufacture of paper from rags, from immense masses of coraline deposit. Fossil coral is lution of the coloring matter a precipitate of a black or b lu after foreign methods, which is now being conducted on a found overlying the spongy sandstone in which the oil oc­ - large scale in several parts of Japan. In Tokio alone there curs. ish black color. These inks are analogous to the so called are three or more papermills, fitted with the most approved The scenery through the diversified valleys of New York alizarine inks; the ink is colored by the tint produced by the alum. Under the influenceof air there is produced between American and Englisht machinery, and capable of turning and Pennsylvania was greatly admired; while the romance the metallic salts and the coloring matter a reaction which de­ out large quantities of paper. The government consumes of Watkins Glen and the grandeur of Niagara each con· termines the formation of a bluish black precipitate. To lar'l'e amounts of foreign writing paper ; the newspapers tributed their peculiar enjoyment to the party, and the dis· prevent as much as possible this action of the air upon the use foreign printing paper ; and the educational institutions tingnished gentlemen returned to Philadelphia, enthusias­ ink before it is applied to the paper, there is added, as in the require, in addition to these, drawing paper, , tic over the trip. Colonel Scott was unable to accompany case of alizarine inks, a trace of sulphuric acid, designed to etc. All of these are now made in J apan ; and it seems like- them, but was happily represented by his subordinates, who dissolve the precipitate which may be produced. This acidity ly that the rude and expensive process of making paper by not only illustrate, in the highest sense, the rare abilities of the ink has several disadvantages ; it attacks the pens hand, which I have described in these pages, is soon des- necessary to the best type of modern railway management, used for writing with it unless they are either of gold, plat­ tined to disappear before the power of machinery, which but are thorough gentlemen, understanding how to exercise inum, or gutta percha. Sulphate of' copper or sulphate of makes a better paper, at less cost, from inferior and less republican hospitality with a grace which called forth the iron may be the metallic salt used in such inks-the former expensive material.-Henry S. Mu nroe, E.M.,i n American admiration of the foreign and the pride of the native born Ohemist. guests. It is not too much to say that their courteous con- is preferable. One of the best formulas for this kind of ink sideration put hunger, thirst, and discomfort out of the is the following, given in proportions for a manufacturing question, and rendered the trip, from beginning to end, a scale: 20 parts, by weight, of extract of logwood are dissolved continual holiday. in 200 parts of water, and the solution clarifiedby subsidence One very delightful fruit of the excursion was the evi­ and decantation. A yellowish brown liquid is thus obtained. dent fraternal feeling produced among the gentlemen of In another vessel, 10 parts cf ammonia alum are dissolved The Centennial Excursion by the Pennsylvania in 20 parts of boiling water; the two solutions are mixed, Railroad, different nationalities, brought together under circum­ stances so favorable to the development of pleasant senti­ there being also Il;dded i part of sulphuric acid, and finally To the Editor of the Scientific American : ment. Its expression was frequent and earnest ; and when, 1t parts of sulphate of copper. The ink should be exposed President Thomas A. Scott recently extended to the Cen­ after a snperb dinner at the House, Niagara, they to the air for a few days to give a good color, after which it tennial judges and many of the foreign commissioners an joined voices in singing with the band each others' national should be stored in well corked bottles. invitation for a trip over the Pennsylvania Railroad and airs, it seemed as if one of t.he noblest results to go out Bottger gives the following formula: 30 parts of extract some of its branches, so planning the same that it should from our Centennial observance was already in part real­ of logwood are dissolved in 250 parts of water; 8 parts of combine, with a practical examination of the line and its ized, the quickening of the sentiment of universal brother­ crystallized carbonate of soda and 30 parts of glycerin of auxiliaries and resources, all the features of a pleasure trip hood. Honor to Colonel Scott for conceiving and carrying density 1'25 are added; and lastly, 1 part of yellow chromate as well. By the courtesy of other roads the train ran into out so delightful and so useful a scheme. G. S. D. of potassium and 8 parts of gum arabic, reduced to a powder New York State to see Watkins Glen, Genesee Falls, and and dissolved in several parts of water. This ink does not attack pens, does not mold, and is very black.-E. U. Viedt. Niagara. Aerotherapy. This excursion, occupying five days, was made by about .4" .. 1'0 t1�e Editor of the Scientific American : 175 gentlemen, representing the various nationalities of the Faets and Simple Formulre Cor Mechanics, Farmers, In your issue of July 29. it is stated anomously, that world, and was in every respect a most delightful affair. and Enll:ineers. aerotherapy in medical treatment by compressed air is new. The party was conveyed by special train, ample in its accom­ I saw it in 1857 at Benn Rhydding, in Yorkshire,England,at a Two hundred and seventy cubic feet of new meadow hay modations, and represented the convenience of modern great hydropathic establishment, where there was an apart­ and 216 and 243 feet from large or red stacks will weigh a travel, including the luxury of elegant lunches while run­ ment of iron, very handsomely .fitted up, for the purpose. tun ; 297 to 324 cubic feet of dry clover will weigh a tun. ning at fifty miles per hour. The company had provided, And in 1875 I saw another, which had been in operation for Laths are 1t to 1 t inches by 4 feet in length, are usually accommodations along the route at the best hotels, and each many years at the Townsend House, the spacious and ele­ set t of an inch apart, and a bundle contains 100. evening brought a banquet to crown a pleasant day. While A tarred rope is about one fourth weaker than untarred traversing the superb roadway of the main line, occasional gant establishment of Dr. Grindrod, at Malvern, Hereford­ shire, England. white rope. Tarred hemp and manilla ropes are of abont stops were made to allow an inspection of some of the fine Portland, Me. NEAL Dow. equal strength. Wire rope of the same strength as new iron bridges designed by Mr. Wilson, the engineer in charge hemp rope will run on the same sized sheaves; but the of these structures. At Altoona the extensive shops of the greater the diameter of the latter, the longer it will wear. company were visited; the various methods in the trans­ Logwood Inks. One wire rope will usually outlast three hemp ropes. Run­ forming of raw materials into engines, cars, and the vari­ Logwood inks have been much employed for several years ning wire rope needs no protection ; standing rigging shonld ous items pertaining to the outfit of a railway were exam­ on account of their cheapness and the beauty of their tint; be kept well painted or tarred. ined with great interest. There was mnch cl1reful note-ta­ the greater part of the so-called copying inks are prepared The coefficient of friction of leather belts over wooden king by the foreign visitors; and indeed a fair field for0 bser­ at the present time frpm this coloring matter. Both the drums is 0'47 qf the pressure, and over turned cast iron pul­ vation is presented here, as operations are on the largest rasped logwood and the commercial extract are subject to leys 0'28 of the pressure. scale, and the assemblage of mechanical appliances is some· falsifications;it is well, therefore, to make use of the whole A mixture of 9 parts phosphate of soda, 6 parts nitrate of thing marvelous, from the giant derrick that picks up a logwood, and rasp or grind it as required; it is necessary, al­ ammonia, and 4 parts dilute nitric acid is a freezing com­ whole locomotive as if it were a baby, and moves it tender· so, to consider the presence of an excess of moisture and of pound which will cause a fall in temperature of 71 0 Fah. ly to any desired point, to the delicate scroll saw that cuts foreign substances, which may be used to adulterate it, as Three fourths of a cubic foot of water evaporated per dainty designs in birdseye maple. The testing of axles was insoluble substances, cutch, etc. hour will produce 1 horse power. very interesting, as showing the extreme care exercised by The inks prepared from logwood are of four classes: 1. Cold blast iron is stronger than hot blast. Annealing cast. Inks with logwood and chrome; 2, inks with logwood and iron diminishes its tensile strength . • .. Die Aufertlgung des Krepp papiers. Tshlrlmengaml," Mltthlellungen des Deutscheo Gesellschaft, 5teB Heft, JuU, 1874, s. 5. alum ; 3, inks with logwood and copper ; 4, inks with log­ The safe load in tuns which an iron chain will withstand t See Engineering, vol. XXI. pp, 400,422. wood and iron equals the square of the diameter divided by 9.

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit 102 !mtritau. [AUGUST 12, 1 876. IMPROVED DEVICE FOR HEATING AIR FOR FURNACES. A Gigantic Bird Crom New lUexleo. loose and crumbling rock. In aU, about four thousand five The invention herewith illustrated is designed to econo­ Professor Cope exhibited, recently, to the Philadelphia hundred feet have been arched, the longest section being mize fuel through feeding the furnace with hot air for the Academy of Science a tarso-metatarsus of a bird, discovered fivehundred and the shortest ten feet. Thus the workmen support of combustion. 'fhe waste heat of the furnace is by himself during the explorations in New Mexico, conduc­ were not all together, but were scattered along the line. Af. utilized to warm the entering draft, and the devices adopted ted by Lieutenant G. M. Wheeler, U. S. A. The character ter a section of the tunnel had been selected as needing arch. for effecting this include a hot jacket for the boiler, which of its proximal extremity resembleil in many points those of ing, the miners began to remove the rock from the sides and is another source of economy. '1'he engraving represents the order cursores (represented by the strutldonidm and di­ roof for a depth of about three feet, that being the averag e the invention in longitudinal section, Fig. 1, and transverse nornis); while those of the distal end are, in the middle and thickness of the arching. In performing this work constant section, Fig. 2, as applied to a locomotive boiler. inner trochlere, like those of the gastornis of the Paris basin. care was used ; and when the extreme liability to danger from The products of combustion pass as usual falling rock is considered, it is a wonder that through the boiler flues to the smoke box, so few accidents have occurred. The rock and thence by tubes, A, extending through 1 taken down was removed daily and dumped casings, B, to the building, whence they Fiy. at different points along the road from the escape through the tubes, C, forming the tunnel, that from the roof being received smoke pipe. Surrounding tubes, C, is a and carried out by platform cars that reached casing into which the incoming cold air within a few feet of it. When the section enters through the hood, as shown by the to be arched had been properly prepared, /trrows, passes down iRto the casings, B, the masons began their work, laying the /tnd along to jacket, D. The draft then brick on wooden centers, which were put up passes to another casing, E, at the bottom, every five or six feet. The brick work was /tnd finally enters the ash pit at F. not laid close to the wall in all parts, a space The hood on the smoke stack is made being left for the water to run down. Sheet to turn so as to be adjusted to the motion iron was placed between the brick and the of the engine. The water space at the wall for protection against water, and the back of the furnace may be provided with brick was laid with waterproof cement. No tubes, G, in place of stay bolts. These, part of the arching has been slighted, the leading into the hot air passage will, it is whole work being carefully and thoroughly claimed, cause a current of heated air to done. be thrown in above the fuel to burn the A telegraph wire has been put through smoke. They may be provided with dam­ the tunnel, and offices stationed at both ends, pers to regulate the current. The exhaust and warning will be given every time a train pipes are led into a coil or ring, at H, sur­ enters and leaves the tunnel. Manager Pres­ rounding the steam dome. In the ring are cott has appointed R. B. Campbell superin­ numerous jets, so placed as to play into THONGER'S DEVICE FOR HEATING AIR FOR FURNACES. tendent of the tunnel, for the present at the annular space contained between the least, and Mr. Campbell keeps ten men ex­ dome and casing, thus dividing the fresh air from the Its size indicates a species with feet twice the bulk of those amining the sides and roof and taking down loose rock smoke. This arrangement, the inventor states, will allow of of the ostrich. The discovery introduces this group of birds wherever found. Before each train goes through, the entire a much larger area than is usually given to the chimney of to the known !a unm of North America, recent and extinct, length of the tunnel is walked over by four men, stationed a locomotive, insuring a corresponding strength and steadi­ and demonstrates t.hat this continent has not been destitute at different points, to see that the track is unobstructed ness of draft. It is also claimed that, in combination with of the gigantic form of birds, heretofore chieflyfound in the The length of the tunnel is a little under five miles. Southern Hemisphere faun(lJ. . � .. .

Fig 2 Birds with Teeth . IMPROVED SPEED GOVERNOR. The same author has also recently given an interesting Mr. James M. King, Walnut Station, Minn., has recently account of a remarkable group of birds with teeth, obtained invented a simple and practical regulator for the clearing ap ­ from the cretaceous beds of Kansas, where th e associated paratus of thrashing machines, to compensate for the irre­ vertebrate fossils are mainly mososauroid reptiles and pter­ gular motion of the horse power. It consists of a belt-tight­ odactyls. They constitute a sub-class, odontornithes, com­ ening pulley mounted on a counterbalanced beam, with means prising two orders: The ichthyornithes, having teeth in sock­ ets, biconcave vertebrre, a keeled sternum, and wings well developed, represented by ichthyornis and probably apator­ nis, and the odontolcm, with the teeth in grooves, the verte brreas in recent birds, a sternum without keel, and rudimen­ tary wings, represented by hespeornis. The occurrence of toothed birds in England has been described by Professor Owen from the London clay of Sheppy . .. u, . The Hoosac Tunnel. The North Adams Tr anscript says the temperature of the Hoosac Tunnel, at North Adams, Mass., is about the same for regulating the tension of the belt, and a slipping pulley all the year round, the thermometer standing generally at or cover on the driving pulley. A is the driving pulley ; B, 60°. The air is pure except when there are a great many the slipping pulley or slipping cover of the driving pulley ; trains going through, filling the tunnel with smoke, the tun­ C the transmitting band ; D the counterbalance tension pul­ the hood facing the motion of the engine, the device would nel being able to thoroughly ventilate itself under ordinary ley, and E the pulley to be driven. The tension pulley, D, probably S3 accelerate the draft as to allow feed water heat­ circumstances. is, in this example, controlled by an adjusting weight, G, ers to be introduced into the exhaust pipe. In addition to The brick arching is not all in any one place, but in on lever, F; but it may be actuated by other means, if pre­ encasing the boiler in a hot jacket, a portion of the hot air sections, wherever there was a possibility of danger from ferred. may be led through the jacketing around the cylin- The invention was patented on May 30, 1876. ders so as still further to check loss by radiation. -.-.. The New S. Steamer Trenton. Patented through the Scientific American Pat­ U. ent Agency, in the United States and abroad, June The Trenton is said to be one of the finest and 20, 1876. The inventor, Mr. Charles Thonger, of probably fastest vessels in the naval service, being Courtright,Ontario, Canada (who may be addressed fittt'd with compound engines, two low pressure for further information), desires correspondence, and one high pressure cylinders, the former 78 inch­ relative to the device, with locomotive engine es in diameter, and the latter 58t inches in diame­ builders and railway managers. ter, and all of 4 feet , with an indicated ...... 3,500 horse power. She has eight cylindrical boil­ IMPROVED STEP AND EXTENSION LADDER. ers, 12 feet in diameter, and 10'25 feet long, with We illustrate herewith a new ladder, which will 510 feet of grate surface, and 12,000 feet of heating doubtless prove convenient and useful for house surface. The propeller is the Hirsch four-bladed and store use, for painters, for fruit gathering, etc. screw, 19'5 feet diameter, and 28 feet mean pitch As represented in the engravings, it is constructed The length of the vessel is 253 feet between per somewhat similarly to an ordinary step ladder, be­ pendiculars, 48 feet beam, and 23 feet depth of­ ing really two ladders (one with steps and one hold from main deck. She is to be full ship rigged, with rounds) hinged together. We are informed and will be armed with eleven 8-inch rifled guns. that it is as simple and light as an ordinary step­ She is also to be a ram, being provided with a ladder, and can be lengthened to double its length prow extending eight feet beyond the bow. The by simply swinging the ladder with the rounds vessel, of 2,300 tuns burden, was designed by Na­ upward, which can be done by anyone in a mo­ val Constructor Isaiah Hanscom. Heretofore it has ment. When arranged as a step ladder, it can be been difficult to make the sailors comfortable in used by two persons at the same time, one going cold weather, owing to the danger of the heating up either side. One size of hinge will answer for apparatus, from bursting tubes, and the necessity any size or length of ladder, as the hinges are ad­ of shutting off the steam at night in order to sleep. justable to various widths and thicknesses of This annoyance has been overcome by bdopting a wood. The locking bar is self-acting, and will new open-base radiator, which is so arranged that lock the ladder together when not in use, as shown water can never accumulate in the pipes from con­ in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 represents the ladder in position densation, causing unequal expansion and frequent as a stepladder, the same locking bar holding it, bursting of the tubes. Another improvement for and Fig. 3 shows the ladder extended, the same the comfort of the sailors is a new kind of galley, locking bar again securing it. The inventor capable of cooking for a force of 800 men at once, claims that the device can be manufactured as and in less time than has been consumed hereto­ cheaply as any ordinary step ladder, and will find fore. a ready market. Patented January 11 and April The Trenton will be capable of going at a mean 11, 1876, by E. J. Schneider. For further infor­ speed of 13 knots, is very strongly built and braced, mation address M. Schneider & Sems, 35 South and will be, it is expected, one of the most formid­ Main street, Dayton, Ohio. able cruisers of the navy. SCHNEIDER'S STEP AND EXTENSION LADDER.

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. AUGUST 12, 1876.] Ititutifit �tUtritl1u. 103 BEES AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS. rear the young, defend the common home, stand sentinels at their instinct is wonderfully flexiblein its power of conform. [We extract from a contemporary magazine, entitled its entrances, collect and store the provisions, elaborate the ing itself to circumstances ; and if they are prevented from Ho me and &hool, a most excellent educational monthly, wax, build the comb, guard, attend, and provide for the building in one direction, they build in another. Cells are published by J. P. Morton & Co. , Louisville, Ky., the fol­ queen, and take charge of the sanitary department. The then excavated from this arch, and after the foundation is lowing article on the instinct and habits of the bee. It is drones perform no work of any kind, and seldom exceed dug the remainder of the comb is built upon it (Fig. 7). Or from the pen of a lady, Sophie B. Herrick, who evidently fifteenhundred in an ordinary swarm. dinary cells are six-sided, but the upper rows in the comb understands her subject; and it is so well written that we There are two other kinds of bees noticed by apiarians are necessarily only five-sided. The sh-sided cells are of forbear to alter or curtail it.-EDs.] which are frequently found in swarms ; these they call the two sizes : those built for worker broods number twenty-five, It is both curious and interesting to study the govern­ black bee and the captain bee. They both, upon microsco­ and those for drone broods sixteen, to the square inch. The ment, the laws, the political economy of a kingdom which pic examination and careful dissection, show an internal royal cells we will describe later. The comb, when finished, is precisely the same today that it was six thousand years structure identical with that of the worker. It seems to be consists of a sheet of double cells arranged back to back ago; whose antiquity is so great that it enjoyed an ancient very well established now that the black bee is only a de­ w.ith the utmost nicety, so that the greatest economy of space rule when China, Assyria, and Persia were still in their in­ moralized worker, who, having once tasted the sweets of and material is secured (Fig. 8). Maraldi, the inventor of fancy. The bees have not only possessed a stable and or- stolen fruits, has abandoned honest labor, and given him­ self up to pilfering as a profession. Squeezing through small holes in the pursuit of his nefarious business, he has bedaubed himself with honey, and so plastered down and darkened the delicate plumage of his body. The captain bee has probably unintentionally adorned himself with the pol­ linia of some orchidous plant, and in this way gained the top which distinguishes him from his comrades. The Queen Bee. The old-fashioned beehives (Fig. 3) were so constructed that the whole internal economy of the colony was a myste­ ry. Nothing of it could be ascertained except in the exam­ ination of results after the destruction of the colony. Though some of the ancients devoted years to the study of the hab­ its of these insects, a large proportion of the results given to-the world was almost valueless. Fact was so mixed up with fancy, observation with conjecture, that the value of the whole was greatly impaired. Some of these difficul­ Fig. 5.-BEE (magnified), SHOWING THE WAX BETWEEN 'I'HE Worker. Drone. ties have been removed by the introdnction of glass observ­ SEGMENTS. Fig. i.-DOMESTIC BEES. ing hives, though many still beset every observer, from the the glass hives, measured the angles of the cells with great fact that bees love the darkness, and in every way endeavor care ; he found them to be respectively 1090 28' and 700 32'. derly government through all these centuries, but they have to obscure their movements within the hive from observa­ M. Krenig, a well known mathematician, without any pre­ managed to retain their character as models of wisdom, in­ tion. vious knowledge of this measurement, was requested to de­ dustry, and thrift, while nation after nation has sprung We will suppose that we are observing a new hive into termine by calculation what should be the angles of a hex­ into being, lived its day, and then dwindled away into in­ which a swarm of bees has been introduced in order that agonal tube with a pyramidal base, in order that the least significance. every peculiarity of bee life and work may be considered in possible material should enter into its construction. His an­ Many of the lessons which man learns only by bitter ex­ their natural order Before the swarm left the old hive, each gles, reached by the methods of calculus, were 1090 26' and perience a thousand times repeated seem to have been bee had gorged itself with honey ; beside this provision, a 70" 34'. stamped by the divine power upon the very entity of the quantity of filled comb is generally supplied to them, so that In curving their comb, as they are sometimes forced to do, lower creation ; and this, if nothing' else, would make their they may not suffer in their new home. and in conforming themselves to many adverse circumstan­ habits, instincts, and life history well worth our study. ces, bees often show wonderful wisdom and skill in the va­ In every swarm there are three kinds of bees, which not riation of size and shape in their cells. In curved comb, for only differfrom each other in form and structure, but whose instance, the shape of every individual cell must be changed functions are entirely distinct. These are the queen bee, from the ordinary hexagonal tube with parallel sides. In the workers, and the drones (Fig. 1). The queen, who is this case the bases of the double row of cells are of the the only perfect female in the hive, is the mother of the usual size and shape ; the cells on the concave side of the whole swarm. In shape sheis easily distinguished from the comb narrow from the base to the open end, while those on other bees: her body is long and slender, her wings small but the convex side widen. When a transition from worker to strong and sinewy, her legs are wanting in the brush and drone comb, or vice VM'Sa, is necessary, it is effected by in­ pollen basket which characterize the worker, her head is in terposing several rows of cells of gradually increasing or form a flattened sphere, and her sting is curved. The work­ decreasing size. These irregular cells are used for the sto­ ers were supposed to be sexless till the delicate dissectiops ring of provisions, never for food. of Mdlle. Jurnie, at the suggestion of Huber, determined When first completed the comb is pure white and very them to be imperfectly developed females. These. are the brittle ; it is afterward strengthened and somewhat discol smallest bees in the hive; their bodies are shorter than that ored by the addition of propolis. This is a gum collected of the queen, their wings of the same size. The four hin­ from certain trees by the bees, and is used to make the hives der legs are furnished with brushes of stiffhair, with which both airtight and watertight. The fragile white comb il!! to collect pollen ; the two hindmost with spoon-shaped ca­ sometimes varnished with a thin coating of propolis, and at vities, in which it is packed away for transportation to the times the bees have been observed pulling down the first built comb, and working the wax over with an admixture of this gum. The propolis is often kept ready for use in a lump placed in an accessible part of the hive. In this form it hardens till it is almost like stone ; when the bees desire to use it, they have been observed to soften it by the application of the same saliva with which they imbue the wax. When sufficient comb has been supplied to the hive the Fig. 4.-CLUSTER OF BEES. Fig. 2.-LEG OF BEE (magnified). workers begin to collect stores ; they rove the fields for pol­ Before anything else can be done, comb must be built. A len and honey. The pollen dust is gathered by the bee with hive (Fig. 2). The head of the worker is triangular, and number of the workers, therefore, fillthemselves with honey its brushes and packed away in the pollen basket It is ge its sting straight. The drones are the males ; in size they and suspend themselves i,n festoons or curtains (Fig. 4), and nerally collected in the moruing, whUe the moisture renders are about one third larger than the workers; in form they there they remain motionless for about twenty-four hours. it cohesive enough to be formed into the little balls with are thicker, and in color darker. Their jaws and probosces At the end of that time, in the little depressions on the un which they fill their baskets. When this is impossible, in are shorter than those of the common bee ; they are desti­ der side of the abdomen, between the overlapping rings of consequence of the dryness of the air, the bee rolls himself tute of brushes, pollen baskets, and stings. and have heads the body (Fig. 5), will be seen thin scales of pure white wax. in the pollen, and flieshome as dusty as any miller. In the somewhat similar to the queen. It is a kind of external fat secreted by the bee from the hive the farina is collected from his body and packed away. honey it has assimilated, much as the fat of animals is se­ It has been known since the days of Aristotle that these lit­ creted, especially from saccharine food. Some of these tle insects never store the pollen of different flowers in the scales are solid wax, others thin films,and others again only same cell. Each bee comes home loaded with a homogeneous delicate spiculre. Bees, like the higher animals, do not all mass, and no temptation is sufficient to induce him to visit secrete the same amount of fatty matter from a given quan­ tity of food. The bees loosen themselves, and one of their number, using the pincers at the joint of one of its third pair of limbs, seizes a wax scale from its own body and brings it to its mouth. The scale is turned about in every direction by the claws, and its edge is broken down and offby the mouth of the bee. These particles are then accumulated in the hollows of the mandibles, from which it iSBtles in the form of a very narrow ribbon. The tongue, during this opera­ tion, assumes a great variety of shapes, being sometimes flattened like a trowel and again pointed like a pencil. Af­ ter the tongue has imbued the whole ribbon with a frothy Fig. 6.-BEES CONSTRUCTING CELLS. saliva, which gives to the wax opacity and adhesiveness, it is again accumulated in the mandibles, and again issues more than one kind of blossom in a single excursion. If forth in the ribbon-like form. The wall: thus prepared is the flowersvisited by the bee yield both pollen and honey, he applied to the vault of the hive by a oingle bee (Fig. 6). Af­ loads himself with both on the same trip. ter the store of wax of this founder bee is exhausted, others The honey is gathered by means of the bee's mouth, which follow. Though there is perfect harmony among the build­ is a most complicated organ (Fig. 9). The proboscis pene­ ers, there is no cooperation in the true sense of the word, trates the nectarium of the flower ; by the aid of the tongue Fig. a.-INTERIOR OF AN OLD-FASHIONED HIVE. unless the fact that the many wait, while the one assumes and other portions of the mouth, the honey is drawn up and There is, unless in exceptional cases, only one queen in a the part of architect and lays the foundation, can be called conveyed into the honey receptacle-a sort of second stomach swarm ; her function is simply to supply her realm with cooperation. A solid arch of wax is built in an inverted surrounded by powerful muscles, which enable the bee to subjects. The workers number from ten thousand to sixty position in the upper part of the hive. These little insects regurgitate its contents when it reaches the hive. The sac­ thousand i they perform the whole labor of the hive; they always prefer to begin at the top and build downward, though charine secretion of flowers undoubtedly undergoes some

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 104 Ititutifit .!tutritau. [AUGUST 12, 1876. change while in the stomach of the bee. Honey made from when she becomes old, she lays only drone eggs. The mi the workers. The amount of food supplied to the maggot the clover, sugar and water, from fruit juice, does not pos­ croscope proves that in each of these cases the spermatic is ample, but it is carefully proportioned to its needs ; no sess a flavor that wouldreveal the source from which it had sack has withered away, and can no longer perform its func­ food is ever left in the cell when the workers close it in to been obtained. The taste is not, however, wholly indepen­ tion of vivifying the eggs as they pass it. How the queen undergo its final transformation. dent of its source : certain plants yield much more delicate is able to effect this fertilization at will, though an ascer­ Huber's observations of the cocoon spinning were made honey than others. The honey of Mount Hymettus, of N ar­ tained fact, is an unexplained mystery. through the walls of blown glass cells into which the eggs bonne, and of Pontus, all owe their exquisite and peculiar While thousands of busy workers have been laying in had been removed. 'l'wo minute threads issue from the lar­ flavors to the plants frequented by the bees. provision for the young of their swarm and for themselves, va's upper lip ; these become gummed together at a short These provisions stored by the bees have their specificuses. the queen has not been idle. She has been actively employed distance from the mouth. The constant shortening and The honey is used as food for the mature bees, and is the in supplying the brood comb with eggs, sometimes to the lengthening of its body finally enables it to complete its de­ material from which wax is secreted. The pollen forms the number of three thousand a day. She generally begins the licate silky covering. The common bees completely enve­ food of the larVal, and supplies to them the nitrogenous season with laying only worker eggs ; these she is very care­ lope themselves, whils the queen spins a partial cocoon, matter necessary to growing larVal and pUpal. Many exper­ ful to deposit only in their appropriate cells. If by acci­ iments have at last proved that pollen has its use also in the dent or by way of experiment the hive possesses only drone secretion of wax. With pollen alone bees secrete no wax ; comb, the queen will drop her eggs about anywhere rather without it and with abundance of honey they at first secrete than place them in the wrong cells, where they will not only it abundantly, but soon seem exhausted. perish, but, in all probability, fill the comb to no purpose.

Fig. 7.-CEJ,LS. As our hive is supposed to be supplied with a perfect, fer­ tile queen, it will be necessary to go back a little. An old queen almost invariably leads off the swarm. She is there­ fore ready to begin stocking the comb with brood as soon as the workers have built it. Soon after our queen was hatched in the parent swarm. she took her first and only flight, with the exception of that in swarming time. A single fertiliza­ tion is sufficient to impregnate the hundreds of thousands of eggs laid by the queen during her life of several years. Like many other insects she is fecundated on the wing. Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, by the aid of microscopic in­ vestigation, discovered a small sack opening into the oviduct

Fig. 9.-HEAD OF THE HIVE BEE (magnified). Although the queen knows what kind of an egg she is about to lay, the workers cannot distinguish their sex, as has been Fig. lO.-STING AND VENOM GLANDS (magnified). proved by repeated experiments. This discriminating in­ stinct, which is perfect in the fertile queen, is wanting to which only reaches to the second abdominal ring. The co­ the unfertilized drone-laying queen. She will frequently coon done, the bee has reached the second of its transforma­ deposit her drone eggs in worker cells, or on the edge of tions, and becomes anymph or pupa. comb, or any where else, though there may be empty drone The drones require twenty-four days, the workers twenty, comb in the hive. The bees have a wonderful way of di­ and the queen sixteen, to complete their development, from viding their labor, and then taking it for granted that each the laying of the eggs to emergence as a perfect insect. portion has been faithfully done. Where the workers find When the time for their exit comes, the common bees make eggs in comb they assume that the queen has performed her part well, and they give it the treatment appropriate to the brood which should be found in that particular kind of cell. After the eggs are laid they remain apparently unchanged for three or four days (according to the kind of bee which is to be developed) ; each one then hatches out into a small white maggot. The smaller workers, called nurse bees, now devote themselves unweariedly to the care of the larVal. They swallow the pollen, with probably a minute quantity of honey, and after a partial digestion regurgitate it for the Fig. n.-FERTILE WORKER. QUEEN, NOT BORN BUT BRED. benefit of the young. The food is not only administered to their way out of the cells as best they can, while the queen Fig. S.-PART OF COMB. the baby bees, but they appear to be always immersed in a receives every care and assistance. In this the common bees of the queen, which is the permanent receptacle of the sper­ sort of bath of the jelly-like substance, and to take in as would seem to need help far more than the queens, since matic fluid. Dzierzon, Von Siebold, and, in fact, all the much of their nutriment by absorption as by direct feeding. their cocoons bind them more closely. greatest living naturalists of the world, have been forced The little nurses are models of watchfulness and care ; but Each insect, as it quits the cell in which it was reared, into the remarkable conclusion that female bees, workers, occasionally they have to be reminded of their duties by the leaves behind it its cocoon. As soon as a cell is vacated, some and queens are produced from fertilized, and drones from tapping of the baby bee against the side of the cradle. of the workers go in to clean it out and prepare it for future unfertilized, eggs. The sex of the egg is determined by sev­ ·When the nurses think it time to feed their charges, the at use ; in doing this the filmof silky threads is not removed, eral causes : if the queen from any malformation of the tention of the larVal is attracted by some motion on their but is incorporated into the walls of the cell ; as many as wings is unable to leave the hive, if she does not effect her part, and the always welcome food administered. In four seven of these cocoons have beeK removed, one after the flight before the expiration of three weeks from the time or six days the larva has reached maturity ; the nurse bees other, from a single brood cell. While the successive depo­ she is hatched, if she is starved for twenty-four hours, if then cap over its cell with a brown, porous, convex cover­ sit of the cocoons strengthens the comb, it also contracts the she is subjected to intense cold for any length of time, and the caps of the drone cells being more curved than those of cells, and in these smaller apartments the nurse bees are

Fig. 12.-LARV A OF THE DEATH'S HEAD MOTH. Fig. 13.-THE DEATH ' S HEAD M:OTH.

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. AUGUST 12, 1876.] I citutific !mtricatt. t05 reared. These bees differ from the other workers only in devotion worthy of all praise. Increased room and two behavior of some of these highway robbers. One of them their size and in the functions which they fulfill. days' feeding on different food have wrought this miracle. will arrest a luckless humble bee on its way home laden A colony of bees frequently becomes queenless either by It is remarkable, too, that the queens require four days less I with honey, and force it to disgorge its treasure. Violence accident or through natural causes. In this case a most sin­ to develop, and live six or eight times longer than the work- will not do here, for the humble bee's honey pocket is far gular scene may be witnessed in the hive. The bees leave ers. beyond the reach of our little thief. He does not kill his their ordinary work when the news has been communicated Among the workers of a swarm there are found, here and victim, but only calls " stand and deliver at the peril of throughout the hive ; they huddle together as if in the deep­ there, a few which are fertile. In the cases where investi- your life," and generally succeeds in exacting that for which est consternation. A great buzz, apparently of consulta­ gation has been possible, it is found that these workers, when I he asks. When the humble bee yields and gives up its tion, is heard. Finally they seem to come to the conclusion larvae, occupied cells adjacent to the royal cell, and so, it is honey, the bee allows it to depart in peace, and licks up the that there is no mending the matter, and they agree to set probable, partook of the royal jelly and became partially sweets with great gusto. to work to make another queen. Several worker larVie, in transformed. They have bodies which are longer and slen- Our little honey bees, with all their wisdom and virtue, cells not adjacent, are selected and devoted to royalty. (Se­ derer than common bees, and which approximate more near- have their faults ; and robbery, wholesale and otherwise, is veral are chosen, to provide against contingent loss). 'I'he ly to those of the queen. They never lay anything but not the only one. They sometimes make themselves thor­ worker maggot chosen may be two or even three days old. drone eggs. oughly drunk on the juices of ripe fruits, and may be seen '1'he firstthing the bees do to each of the selected larvae is Before swarming time several queens are reare.d (in this lying on the ground in a state of intoxication. to enlarge its cell by cutting away the partition walls of three case on the edge of the comb, and frequently they depend There are some things in the history of the honey bee adjacent cells, thus throwing them into a single apartment. fr0m it by a sort of stem). It is not by any means true which show a fidelityand devotion that is really touching. The worms occupying two of these three cells are destroyed, that swarming takes place always in consequence of the 'I'hereis something almost human in their loyalty toward and all the ordinary food removed. The maggot is then sup­ overcrowding of the hive. It seems to be closely connected their sovereigns. Several instances are upon record where plied with different food, knownas royal jelly, and with a with extreme heat, whether as cause or effect has not been bees watched over and guarded t�e remains of their queen much larger quantity of it. This jelly is a translucent sub­ very satisfactorily ascertained. A number of royal cells for days, licking and caressing her as though they were try­ stance, possessing a slight acidity and astringency of taste. have been constructed, so that when the old queen leads off ing to restore her to life. 'r hough food was supplied they The embryo bee which has been taken from the ranks and the swarm a new one may be ready to emerge and take her refused to eat, and at the end of four days every bee was anointed queen receives the most devoted attention. She is place in the old hive. The queen wanders over the comb in dead. royally supp�ied with a superabundance of food. When she a restless way; her agitation is communicated to the other When a queen makes a royal progress through the hive is ready to go into the condition of a nymph, the bees cap her bees ; a commotion arises ; the bees gorge themselves with she is always attended by a body guard, not a particular cell over with a pendent convex cover ; and the cell looks, in Ihmey, send out a few scouts to discover a secure place for number of bees which are devoted to her person, but a body this condition, more like a roasted peanut than anything the. swarm, and finally pourout of the entrance in a steadily guard which forms itself at her approach out of the sub­ else. When the queen is mature, the bees thin the cover of increasing stream. Among them is the queen, who general- jects through whom she is about to pass, but who fall back her cell by scooping out waved circles, till it becomes easy ly rises, and the workers cluster around her. Sometimes into their regular work when she has gone by. She never to distinguish the royal nymph within. She is generally re-. she falls and is lost in the grass, and then the bees return lacks the most dutiful and devoted attention ; those about tained prisoner by her subjects for some days after she has to the hive from which they have just issued. An inverted her, whenever she moves, caress her, offer her honey, and reached her full development. 'I' his is more frequently the hive is held below the cluster of bees, which have happily cluster around her to keep her warm if she is chill. case when the queens are reared for swarming time than found their queen and settled around her. As many as vVhen a swarm loses a queen, they are at firstin deep and when they are made by the bees in order to supply a defi­ thirty swarms have come from a single stock in one season; violent grief ; if a new queen is immediately given to them, ciency. some of these, however, were in the second generation. they refuse to accept her. If, however, twenty-four hours '1'he captive queen seems very impatient of her detention. Usually the fertilization of the queen takes place in June; is allowed to elapse, they reconcile themselves to the idea of She utters a cry, called by apiarians piping. The workers after this, early in July, there is a general massacre of the her 10s3, and receive a substitute with royal honors. supply her with honey hy means of a small hole in the cap drones. When there is no queen, or only a drone·laying The instinct of the bee denies all our traditions of instinct; of the cell, through which she extends her proboscis to be queen, in the hive, this slaughter is deferred. The bees fall it adapts itself to circumstanclls, overcomes new and unex­ fed. Many observers, and among them some of the most upon the defenseless drones, pierce through their abdomi- pected obstacles, benefitsby experience, employs temporary accurate and faithful, say that the worker bees stand with nal rings with their little barbed and poisoned darts, and expedients, and t.hen casts them aside when the occasion for their heads inclined, as if in reverence, while this note is then twist themselves over in order to extricate the sting their use is gone, in a way which is marvelously like rea­ sounding. without injury to themselves. son. It is, indeed, difficult to draw any line between the 'rhemoment a queen is released her whole energy is con­ The sanitary regulations of the hive are very wonderful ; two qualities when looked at in minute detail ; it is only in centrated upon one point. She traverses the comb eagerly nothing uncleanly or offensive is ever allowed to remain its cumulative power, which produces such differenteffec ts, seeking for other royal cells. When she finds one, she falls which it is within their power to remove. Reaumur men- that we can dare to make the distinction, and then we are upon it in fury, tears away the cover, and stings the nymph tions that a snail once invaded one of his observing hives still at a loss for a definition. It is strange to findin the in­ within to death. In this way she destroys every possible and attached itself to a pane of gl ass. The weight of the sect world, among an order of beings so low in the scale of rival to her own power within the hive. creature was toogreat for even bee industry and enterprise, the naturalist, a faculty so nearly akin to the divine gift of 'I'he bees generally provide against the simultaneous but not too much for bee ingenuity. They fastened the shell reason which is man's crowning glory. But it is just here, emergence, of the several qneens which they rear, by selec­ securely to the glass by means of propolis, and then sealed among the bees and among the ants, that it is most marvcl­ ting larvae in different stages of development. Occasionally, over the mouth of the shell with a quantity of the same ous and most perfect. however, two queens come out at once. They soon meet as gum. A slug which was once caught in one of Maralde's ======they wander over the comb in search of royal cells. \Vhen hives met a similar fate, except that, in this case, the whole NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. this is the case, the workers, who under every other combi­ body of the creature was entombed in the propolis. HAY FEVER OR SUMMER CATARRH ; its Nature and Treatment. nation of circumstances defend their queens with their very This same substance is used to exclude every enemy of By George M. Beard, A. M., M. D. New York city : Harper & lives, draw back, clear a space, and watch to see the result the insect tribe, as well as moisture and draft. The bees Brothers, Franklin Square. of the royal combat. The two queen, rush upon each other, know very well that currents of air are desirable and drafts The theory held In this work, relative to the very distressing malady to they grapple, and each endeavours to sting her antagonist treacherous. While they cut off every avenue for the en­ which it is devoted, is that the disease is a complex re �ultant of a nervous SYSWID especially sensitive in this direction, acted upon by the enervating fatally. If they happen to get into such a position that the trance of air where it would make them liable to disease, influences of heat , and by any one or several of a large number of vegeta­ thrust of the stings would prove fatal to both at the same they supply a steady ventilation where it is needed. Lines ble and other irritants. The book is the direct resul t of the author's prac­ time, their instinct teaches themto withdraw; the hive must of workers station themselves radially from the door to tical investigation, and it deals with its subject with a thoroughness and not again be left queenless; private animosity must yield in care which the serious nature of the ailment has long demanded. Although, every portion of the hive : by a constant and well timed mo­ from the nature of the disease, no specific will likely ever be found for it favor of the public weal. They, however, soon rush again tion of their wings, steady currents of air are generated, which will meet every case , yet remedies almost approaching specificshave at each other. Finally one or the oth!1r gains such an ad­ which keep the hive pure and sweet. The force of the cur­ already been found for individual cases j and thpre are but few cases tllat vantage that she can destroy her rival without forfeiting rent is sufficient to turn small anemometers. cannot obtain more or less relief from some one of the many remedies that have been tested and laid down in this work. her own life, and then the fatal thrnst is given. It was long A guard is always stationed at the door of the hive to ex­ MANUAL OF THE VERTEBRATES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, believed that the queen, like the drones, possessed no sting. clude enemies. The insects inside assume that the guards including the District East of the Mississippi and North of because she will allow herself to be torn limb from limb have done their work properly; for after robber bees or any North Carolina and Tennessee. By David Starr Jordan, M.S., rather than use it on any but a royal antagonist. other intruders have found their way in, it is generally long M.D., etc. Price $2.00. Chicago, Ill. : Janson, McClurg, & Co., The peculiar treatment by means oJ which the larva of a before any notice is taken of them. Occasionally a large 117 & 119 State street. worker is converted into a queen is, as far as w€ at present moth, the 8phinx ((trop08, or death's head moth, effects an This is an excellent catalogue of the vertebrates of the prinCipal part of this country. The definitions are espeCially clear and accurate, and 1t11c kr,ow, without a parallel in the annals of natural history. entrance (Figs. 12 and 13) in spite of the vigilance of the classification Is such as to afford the greatest facility in identifying species. A difference of food, in kind and amount, increased room, guard. Once inside, the ravages of this creature are terri­ The informatIon is]thoroughly and judiciously condensed, so that the book, and possibly a change rof position, to which the embryo in­ ble. On dissecting one a tablespoonful of honey was found although dealing exhaustively with a very widely extended subject, Is con · sect is subjected, has wrought a transformation almost too venient in size, and may be carried by the tourist, to whom, if he have in its stomach. A very curious instance of transmitted in­ a taste for natural history, it will be especially valuable. wonderful for belief. It is not a mere superficial change telligence is recorded of a swarm of bees, in connection hANDBOOK OF MODERN STEAM FIRE ENGINES, including the Rnn­ which has been effected, but one which penetrates far below with this foe of theirs. One of these moths had committed ning, Care, and Management of Steam ]<'ire Engines and Fire form and structure, to the very mystery of life itself; it is a a serious raid upon the winter store of the swarm before it Pumps. With Illustrations. By Stephen Roper, Engineer, transformation alike of function, of structure, and of in­ was discovered ; several years afterward another member of Author of "Handbook of Land and Marine Engines," etc. Price Philadelphia, Pa. : Cl xton, Remsen, Haffelfin­ stinct. 'I'he larva which, under the ordinary conditions of the same family of moths entered the same hive ; the bees $3.50. a & gel', 624 to 628 Market street. development would have become a worker, which would at once took measures to secure themselves; the moth was This book is claimed, by its author, to be the only one treating Its speCial have gathered the provisions and stored them, which would excluded ; barriers of wax were erected so that the door subject thoroughly ; and he has succeeded in compiling a handy volume on have defended the hive and guarded it, which would have would not admit it, though the opening was still large enough the subject. He states, with becoming candor, that " its value to the class reared the young, and performed the thousand domestic, for the bees themselves. The tradition of this Goth had of men for whom it is intended, lies not so much in its originality as in the judicious selection, arrangement, and prescntation of the matter it con­ civil, and military offices of the common hive, is converted evidently been handed down : they knew all about him the tains j" to which might well be added the authorization of such selections into a queen who does not possess a single habit in common second time he came. Several generations of workers had by giving due credit to the sourp-cs whence they are derived. The volume. with the workers. 'rhe whole structure of the insect is also been born and had died in the meantime, for the workers which is in neat, pocket book form, is compendious and well arra.nged, and changed. The head, instead of being triangular, is round, will be useful to any member of a fire brigade who desires to understand live only from fiveto seven months at the furthest. 'r he or­ the science of his machinc. the legs lose the pollen baskets and brushes, and the ovar­ dinary bee moth is a terrible enemy to the hive, and does USEFUL TABLES AND INFORMATION ApPERTAINING TO THE USE OF ies, which in the common bee are rudimentary, become much greater damage than the sphinx, because its attacks WROUGHT IRON, for Engineers, Architects, and Builders. enormously developed. The instincts are not only changed, are so much more insidious, and because it not only de­ Compiled by A. G. Hqumann, C. E. Price $1.50. Pittsburgh, out in many cases are reversed by this difference of treat­ vonrs the honey, but the brood as well. Pa. : Carnegie, Brothers, & Co. ment. The worker goes out of the hive many times every Bees are pugnacious little creatures, if roused by any fan­ These tables are 'among the best we have ever seen, and comprise calcula­ of the weights of iron beams of all forms of cro ss sectlo"O-, and the day, the queen but twice in her life. The worker tions is ready cied wrong or by the very human vice of cupidity. They comparative strengths of cast and wrought iron of all size s. Some exten­ to sting anything which interferes with it, but never under are not disposed to sting if let alone, but are sure to revenge sive mensuration tables are given in addition, and also formulre for bridges any circumstances uses its sting upon a queen ; the queen any hurt or indignity. Whole swarms often engage in and roofs, the latter being founded on the writing'S of Professor Rankine. It sale. will die sooner than use its sting upon any ordinary foe, pitched battles ; this is almost always for the possession of is altogether a thoroughly trustworthy handbook, and deserves a large ·THE TEXTILE COLORIST, a of Bleaching, Print- but will fiy in fury upon another queen and thrust her territory. One piece of carele,sness on the part of a bee Monthly Journal ing, Dyeing, etc. Edited by Charles O'Neill, ]<'.C.S., etc. New through. The maternal instincts belonging to the brute keeper. and a whole swarm is sometimes demoralized ; if York city : John Wiley & Son, 13 Astor place. cr3ation are curiously divided between the workers and the they once gain access to honey, and can steal it, they are We are pushing England very hard in the manufacture of colored textile queen. As mother the sovereign carefully deposits her eggs very apt to abandon all pretense of honesty, and give them abrics ; and we are now enabled to learn how many of her bcst designs and where they will have the best chance of coming to maturity; selves up to a predatory life. Some of them, as has been most effective colors are produced. The monthly magazine before us con­ here her care ceases. Just at this point tains complete treatises on various methods of dyeing and producing varie­ the workets take up before said, are professional sneak thieves ; others are high­ gated efi'ects as prac Used in the best factories in England, the explanations the maternal duties, and they perform them with a zeal and waymen. Huber and other apiarians mention the shameless being illustrated by pieces of fabric attached to the page . Though only

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J06 [AUGUST 12, 1876. serial, the "Text.ne Colorist" Is handsomely printed In book form, and PARQUET FLOORING.-S. P. Groocock, New York city. IMPROVED CARPET RAG LOOPER. will, when bound in volumes, form au encyclopredlaof the very interesting PIPE COUPLING, ETc.-E. A. Leland, New York city. art-manufacture of which it treats. Charles F. Gronquist, Genoa, Ill.-This is a contrivance of a PREPARING BONE BLACK, ETC.-O. Lugo, New York city, et al. knife for slitting the rags to be looped together, with a hole in it, THE FATIGUE OF l\lETALS UNDER REPEATED STRAINS. From the W. C. REFRIGERATOR.-D. Smiley, Brooklyn, N. Y. through Which a looping hook is caused to project over the rags German of Professor Ludwig Spangenburg. Price cents. 50 SEWING BOOKS WITH WIRE, ETC.-H. R. Heyl, Philadelphia, Pa when pressed down on it, for making the slits, to pull the free end New York city ; D. Van Nostrand, Murray and 27 Warren 23 SHAPING METAL, ETC.-W. SeUers et al., Philadelphia. Pa. of the rag through the hole previous to the escape of the slitted street. SMELLING BOTTLE.-H. Warner, Boston, Mass. SPEED INDICATOR, ETC.-C. Neer, Brooklyn, N. Y. ends from the knife, so that when the slits pass off they draw over This Is an excellent treatise on a subject which has been much experl. A. the end of the rag passing through the cutter, forming a loop, mented on and discussed in thIs country, It forms No. 23 of Mr. Van Nos- STATION INDICATOR.-C. Evans, Upland, Pa. STOVE.-H. L. McAvoy, Baltimore, Md. which is tightened up by catching hold of the rag by the thumb trand's "Science Series." Toy and finger, and drawing it up taut in the slits. THE FEENCH l\lETRIC SYSTEM; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, ETC. FIGURES.-L. Schmetzer (of Chicago, Ill.) , Rothenburg, Bavaria. OF WEFT KNITTIlI'GLOOM .-C. L. Spencer, Providence, R, 1. IMPROVED SUPPORTER. By John W. Nystrom, C. E. Price, free by mail, 50 cents. DOLI, WOOD PAV1ilMENT.-B. F. Pond, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mrs. E. C. McCutchins, Washington, D. C.-This invention con­ Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennington & Son, 127 South Seventh street. This little work Is a complete summary of all the arguments,pro and con , sists of a metallic ring or girdle, to surround the waist of the doll, on the subject of the Introduction of the metric system Into English-speak. attached to legs madc of stout wire, with their lower ends bent Ing nations. Many of the objections seem trivial at first ; but when con­ outward and fiattened to form feet. The girdle is closed by a sidered In relation to the tens of millions of people who are aSked to adopt string or pin passing through holes in its end, and is provided with the system, their Importance Is readily secn. NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. an upright back piece or support on its rear portion, through holes TABLE OJ;' MECHANICAL l\lOTIONS. By W. Clark, C.E. London, IMPROVED BUCKWHEAT CLEANER. in which stringsrun and tie over the breast of the doll. England : 53 Chanoery Lane. IMPROVED BOOT AND SHOE. Harker R. Ward, LoYeton, Pa.-This consists of a horizontal Some useful diagrams, arranged to filla sheet folded In a pocket case. David J. Rogers, Bardstown, Ky.-This invention is an improve­ concave and cylinder, respectively armed with spirally arranged ment in the class of boots and shoes provided with wooden soles, strips of clothing thereon. The essential function of the machine and relates particularly to the mode of securing the wooden heel, DECISIONS OF THE COURTS. is to act upon the grain after it has been treated by the hulling and also the rear edge of the wooden sole, to the leather sole, by stones, to detach the matters not removed from the grains by the screws, in such a manner that the screws are concealed and pre­ United States Circuit Court---Southern District oCNew stones. vented from tearing out of or wearing the sol e. York. IMPROVED COMBINED PLOW AND CULTIVATOR. CORSET LOOM.-HUGO CARSTAEDT V8. THE UNITED STATES CORSET COMPANY. IMPROVED FOUNTAIN PEN. Charles Frank, Freeburg, IlL-This embodies several new me­ Shipman, J: Henry N. Hamilton, White Plains, N. Y.-The lower end of a e n I chanical devices whereby the machine may be readily adjusted 5 tube, which serves as a socket to receive the handle, is halved and Stii�: cC.;'r��� 8���M f�z\','; f';, r1�e�1��i:�����t 19;ih"e����! c'�rin�� ��� for use as a plow or as a cultivator, and which can be conveniently ate n b closed with a plate, which is extended into a tongue. The lower l��;gv!���� fn t�: �e��rils% }�� ��o��V�� �e�Vi��2'i��g �I�� manipulated. These devices enable the frame to be raised or low­ f���� part of the tongue fits into the hollow of an ordinary pen, and fabrics. " ered so that the plows may work at any depth, allow of the plows t o r e forms a chamber to receive and hold the ink. The tongue is per­ Lia�t ����i�h�':;'tJfc��s ��0'::'1� cg,:;'p;��� f�� v��I:;I�:�g:, r:j���W�� and cultivators to be easily attached or detached, and permit of t'h'r;� forated with numerous holes, into which the ink enters, so that was issued upon said decree. the tongue being adjustably secured to the frame. The portion of the pateut improvement which Is referred to in the second the ink may be partly supported by capillary attraction, and thus chim, consisted, as stated in the specification- IMPROVED STRAW CUTTER. In a series of needles or points arranged upon a stationary bar in such rela­ rendered less liable to run out too rapidly. The pen may be rea­ tion to the take-up rollcrs that the fabric Is continually carried across said needles, to be received by their points, and to be arrested when a reverse mo­ Alexander Anderson, London, Canada.-This relates to a_straw dily removed from and inserted in the holder by sliding down a tion of 8uy parts of the fabric is commenced. cutter in which the cutting box is arranged obliquely to the plane ring. 'rhe mechanism Is thus described: K is a cross bar immediately behind the roller, C, and provided with a iii which the cutter works ; and it consists in the combination of a IMPROVED FAUCET. series of needles, k k, in its lower edge, which catch in the goods and prevent gage with a vertically sliding cutter and diagonal feed box, for Minrad Obermiller, Toledo, Ohio.-This relates to a pump at­ lts being drawn backward, under any circumstances, when the take-up me­ regulating the feeding of the hay and straw to the cutter. The chanism releases it. tached to a faucet, contrived in such a manner that when the fau­ The second claim Is for- said gage is so mounted and connected with the cutter that it k k, cet is opened it forces air into the barrel, either through the faucet The needles or points fixed in a statIonary bar, and arranged as speci- moves out of the way of the cut material to allow it freedom for I k r r or a tap fitted in the barrel. �i�1' �'6. ��:t����:�i�� �� gf r���rv�Jb:��:rr ;�rltr, �E� t�S w�:� escape when the cutter acts, and moves back in time to perform a reverse movement of any part of said fa1?;ricis-commenced, ������� Bubstantiallyt�:r as herein .etforth. its function when the cutter rises. It is also fixed adjustably to IMPROVED ARTIFICIAL TEETH. The result of this Improvement, which, It Is said, In the opinion of the court upon the final hearing, was " the arresting of the fabric when it is re­ gage the material longer or shorter, as desired. Merrick BemiS, New London, Conn.-The object of this inven­ leased from the tension of the take-up, and so holding the cloth that It Is IMPROVED REVOLVING HARROW AND PULVERIZER. tion it to furnish sets of teeth for eating purposes for those whose prevented from doubling up in the center," was prevlouslyunattalned in cor­ front teeth remain good, which will enable them to thoroughly set weaving. Thomas A. Kershner, Seymour, assignor to himself and Alexan­ masticate their food, and, at the same time, will avoid the neces­ The defendants have modified their needle bar since the Injunction was Is­ der Carr, Medora, Ind.-The new feature consists in the teeth sued, so that it now consists of a number of small independent needle rollers sity of having the remaining teeth drawn. It consists in artificial mounted upon a fixedshaft, which runs across th'e width of the cloth In the made with cnrved forward edges, concaved rear edges, and broad same positIOn and relation to the take-up which the shaft had before. teeth in which the plates are formed to fit over the natural teeth, heads pointed to the rearward, in combination with a rotating Each of these roller" rotates forward toward the take-up, or in the direc· and in which the teeth are all molars, and are arranged with the tlon of the cloth when the cloth Is being moved forward and taken up by the cylinder. take-up mechanism, but the rollers are revented from moving backward longer side inward. e e ns o f t IMPROVED MILK COOLER. :nhJ�!�1 r;�gIf:J t� �:�g :�1e�� 1�� h r;ft�r ���:t����:;�1dlro��;���� � 4 11. rests the fabric when a reverse movement has commenced, and prevents the William Eaton and John A. Randall, Norwich, N. Y.-This is a t I a s t double milk pan, consisting of two milk compartments, separated ,*'h �n �'h'e� e�� �o ���r����� a'ri �"

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. AUGUST 12, 1876.] $titutifit !mtritllU. It could be softened by soaking in hot water.-A. commencing about 2.30 A. M. with a duration of (18) R. R. asks : l. What is the composi­ The Charge�u�tUt�� for Inserti

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J 108 tltutifit �lUtritau. [AUGUST 12, 1876. (26) J. E. L. asks : How many revolutions right ? A. If the space in the wall could be mada (47) F. Mc. M. asks : How can I take nitric [OFFICIALl per minute, and what particular way of filing a perfcctly airtight, so that the cool air could not acid out of a mixture, and leave the mixture un­ circular saw will enable us to cut % inch dry, escape and warm air take its place, the air alone altered ? A. You mnst state the other constitu­ IND EX OF INVENTIONS straight grained, black walnut boards into 11linch would be better than sawdust ; but as this is im­ ents of the mixture. It is not possible to answer FOR WHlcn strips, smoothly, so as to dispense with planing practicable in your case, you had bettcr fill in your question without knowing them. Letters Patent 01' the United States u'ere A. with the latter. afterward ? Make the saw about 6 inches in (48) B. asks : 1. vVill common sheet zinc Granted in the Week Ending diameter, of No. 19 gage, 6 teeth to the inch, each G. A. (37) C. M. A. says : We are building a three­ do to put in mnriatic acid for soldering fiuid, or alternate tooth to be filed to a very 1iaring (bev· July 11, 1876, story school house,with two rooms on each fioor; is a purer quality necessary ? A. Sheet zinc will AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. eling) edge on the front side. Twist each alternate each room is 28x28 feet, and 12 feet high. We are answer perfectly. 2. What is indicated when [Those marked (r) are reissued patents.] tooth a very little for the set. Use a fine oilstone to have one ventilating 1iue for all four rooms; small, black, irregularly shaped lnmps appear on the front part of each tooth after filing, so as A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list , each room is to seat 60 scholars. How large should 1ioating in the acid after the zinc is dissolved ? A. to present a wide and very sharp cutting edge to including both the specifications and drawings, will be the ventilating fiue be, and how largE' and what These are the impurities of iron and carbon plane the sides of the kerf. File the tops of the furnished from this ottice for one dollar. In ordering. should be the pOSition of the registers? Each room contained in the metal. please state thenumber and date of the patent desired, teeth square aeross.-J. E. E., of Pa. A. 37 is heated with a wood stove. Bulld a brlckfiue, (49) 1. H. 'f . asks : Is there anything that and remit to Munn &Co., Park How. New York city. (27) J. L. B. a,sks : I have three wheels, 24x44 inches, between the two rooms in each story, will remove violet ink from woolen goods ? A. Alarm register, fire,J. Busha ...... 179,767 two of 40 and one of 48 inches in diameter, all of and run np through the center of it a 20 inch di­ We do not think you will be able to remove it Anchor tripper, R. G. Sandes ...... 179, 731 which weigh 38 Ibs. Please give me the dimen­ ameter heavy sheet iron smoke pipe, kept in place completely without injury to the fabric. Try hot Animal's intestines, cleaning, 'V. Adamson ..... 173 ,735 sions for making a tricicle, using said wheels. by means of a 4 inch brick cross partition, from alcohol and water. !lag bolder, G. Marsh ...... 179 ,712 A. Thc ordinary method is to have the driving the middle of each side, dividing the large fiue 654 (50) P. M. asks : 1. '" here is the proper Bale tie, W. B. Hayden...... 17:), wheel in front, the standard in which it is hung into 4 shafts or smaller fiues, averaging about 10 Bed bottom frame, VI{. J. Myers ...... , ...... ·1 7!l,812 place to !Jut a ventilating register in a sleeping being capable of turning in any direction, at the by 16 inches each. The latter will give yon a sep­ Bed bottom spring, W. erich ... . " ...... 17�l, 770 room, right above the hot air register or about ...... 17�1,81�J will of the rider. If your driving wheel would arate ventilation 1iue for each room, the air in TIedbot tom spring, E. Seeley A 18 inches down from ceiling downward ? A. . . . . 17!J,687 not stand erect, the bearing must have been very which will have a constant npward current by Bee hive, O. A. Davis ...... ventilating register should not be placed too near .. . 179, 740 short, or the workmanship very poor. means of the heat imparted to it by the central Billiard table beveler, ,LC. Stanton ...... a hot air register, as the warm air in that case ...... 179 ,777 smoke pipe. 'l'his pipe should also be divided in­ Boiler damper, J. Enright ...... (28) P. B. G. says : I am running a steam will have a tcndency to pass direct from the one Bolt for fastening doors, cam, I. T. Dyer .." .... 1 'j'\l ,6�9 to 4 parts, to afford a separate smoke fiuefor each pump located 18 feet above the river, and draw to the other without circulating in the room. A Bottle stopper, Runkel' & McDermott ...... 171l, 7(j(j stove. Put in two 14x22 inch registers in each ...... 179, 655 the water through 200 feet of suctiou, and force desirablc place is on the opposite side of the Buckets, making, I. Hogeland room, one near the fioor and one near the ceiling; ...... 179,685 the water 25 feet above the pump. The suction room, near the fioor. It is better, however, to Burner, lamp, F. Dameke ...... : by these you can grade the ventilation to suit cil'­ l ...... 179. 807 pipe is 172 inches in diameter, which is rather have two registers in the flue, one at bottom and ro ls pad for. J. McGrath cumstances. Can. oil. w. H. & W. J. Clark ...... 179.683 small for the pump. When running, the valves one at top, and graduatc the extent of thcir open­ & . 179,710 (38) B. D. asks : 1. I h ave a piece of gold, Cun, Mariatt Cook ...... and piston thnmp heavily. I use a foot valve. ing by experiment. 2. What are the right pro­ Car axle lubricator, J. C. King ...... 179,798 I would like to know if I can remedy the matter which has been polished with mercury. What portions for an cllipse ? I gcnerally make one 9 ...... 179,7n6 will remove the mercury ? A. Heat it strongly Car starter, A. F. Kaufmann ...... by putting a vacuum chamber on the suetion ? inches in hig-ht for every foot in width ; but I do Car truck, G. O. Eaton ...... 179.744 A. We do not imagine that you will find any rem­ over a 1iame until the mercury has all been driven not know the right proportion. A. Ellipses may Carriage curtain fastening, S. N. I�ong ...... 179, 7C8 edy other than the use of a larger pipe very elli­ off. Do not inhale the vapor. 2. Will mercury in­ be constructed of any proportion in harmony Cement for leather, 'V. Dippert ...... 17!J, 771 A. cacious. jure gold ? Yes. It forms with it a soft amal­ with their usc. The proportion you have adopted Chain link, ornamental, J. L. Hodey ...... 179, 790 gam. is a good one for ordinary purposes. Chair, R P. Burkhardt ...... 179,68C (2D) G. F. B. says : 1. I am using a foot Chair, M. Ohmer ...... 171) ,721 power lathe for wood turning, and I would like (3D) E. \17. V. asb': Do you know of any­ MINERALS, ETc.-Specimens have been re­ Chair cushion fastening, A. A. Latbrop ...... 179, 660 to kuow what part of 1 horse power I exert in thing that will take mud 011' paper ? We had a ceived from the following correspondents,and Chair, dentist's, O. C. White (r) ...... 7,223 treading said lathe ? A. Probably not more than 1iood in Dubuque, ana the water got in our house. Cheese hoop, A. D. Wcstbrook ...... 179 ,R33 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN examined, with the results stated : ,'2 or ,'0' 2. Of what diameter and stroke should Two volumes of and Pictur­ Chimney and vcntilat.ing flue, A. H. Bourne . . . .. 179,67R a small engine be to suecessfnlly run said lathe ? esque America got wet and full of mud. A. Try S. E. E.-It is black oxide of manganese, con­ Clothel:!line supporter, W. Eat on ..." .. " .... " ... 1"79, 650 A. Diameter 172 inches, stroke 3 inches. 3. What the following : Moisten the paper thoroughly and taining a large percentage of sesquioxide of iron. Clutch, machinery, F. "'T. Flagg ...... 179,6fJ2 horse power does it require to run a circular saw then dry under considerable pressure. When per­ -N. T. W.·�It is galena or sulphido of Jead.-H.K. Coffee, apparatus for making, A. SelIc ...... 17!), 820 . , ...... 179,R14 so as to cut up 1 inch hard wood boards to good fectly dry (which will probably require a week or (June 27) It is iron pyrites and chalcopyrite.-J.H. COffins,making, "'T. O'Day ...... 171), 809 advantage ? A. From 1 to 172' more) the greater part of the clay may be re­ T.-No. 1 is a 'piece of hornblende. No. 2 is an Cooler, lard, C. Meister J. . . . 17\) ,783 moved by means of a good stiff brush ; it will not, iron ocher.-J·. F. F.-It is a kind of Tripoli pow­ Cooler, milk, H. Goldhart ...... (30) VV. 'f. Eays : I have a D inch circular . . . .. 179,659 however, be practicable to remove, completely, der, used for polisbing purposes.-M. F. T.-One Cotton, etc., opening, R. Kitson ...... saw, and in the room below a 4 feet 6 inch drive Cotton picker. Wright & Smith...... 179,752 all 0 f the stains. is iron pyrItes, the other quartz rock and mica.­ wheel with crank, with a leather belt round the Counteri!link, W. B. Er3kinc ...... 179,778 J. S. H.-It does not contain lead nor silver. A 179,681 wheel and pulley of mandrel; it is extremely hard (40) P. ask s : Will water have any mechan­ Curtain ftxt.urebracket, Chase & Hemingway ... . complete analysis would be necessary to deter­ .... 179,667 work, turning hy hand, even to cut thin pine. ieal effect on a diamond,falling on it drop by drop, Dental plate, molding celluloid, J. C. Hobie mine all of its constituents.-H. E. F.-It is black & 171) ,758 How can I remedy that or make it easier ? A. It time not being limited ? A. Yes. Die stock, Billings Price ...... mica.-W. W. E.-It is galena or sulphide of lead. Dividers, 'V. S. How ...... 179, 7D3 will be very hard work turning such a machine asks . hat can be ap ied J. H. W test pl If in large quantities, it is a valuable ore.-We Drill feeding turning device, G. H. Heynolds ... 179,S18 by hand. Power stored up in a heavy balance (41) to the colors of two samples of woolen fabric to have received some minerals in a match box,with Electricity, tin from scraps, etc., by, N. S. Keith liD ,658 wheel when the saw is not in actnal usc will as­ 179,'713 indicate their comparative ability to withstaud no letter. No. 1 is apiece of trap rock. No. 2 is Engine, compound steam, G. n. Massey ...... sist greatly in making each cut. F...... 17D, 7R2 such exposurc to light, heat, etc., as the furniture a partially decomposed granite, containing iron Engine, gas, W. Gilles I have also a home made machine for teasing A. & . . . . 179, 834 of an ordinary sitting room is subject to ? pyrites. No. 3 is red sandstone. No. 4 is apiece of Engine, carding, Wright Smith...... hair or wool. It consists of a frame and 2 drums, Dittmar ...... 17!l ,688 This could best be determined by an analysis of glass.-H. K. (July 5).-It is decomposed sand­ Explosive compound, C. one about 15 inches, the other 6 inches diameter, Faucet , Ohmnacht & Weiss ...... 179, 722 the coloring matter of each. stone, not valuable.-E. L. S.-It is a piece of with teeth in each. They are made to revolve in Faucet, seli-closing, H. C. Meyer ...... 179 , 717 slate, with a little iron ocher adhering.-We are C. H. asks : How can we purify our cis­ ...... 179, 644 opposite ways by a strap over a pulley at the end (42\ Fence, B. Burtchett ...... - in receipt of a small section of brass pipe, the 1V...... 179, 733 of each drum, with a crank on the larger one. tern water? It has thousands of little semi trans­ Fence, J. Shaver A. thread on the outer surface of which is much .J ...... 179, 75,1 'J' he hair wraps round the drums and clogs it parcnt " mites " in it. Try the addition of sev­ Flat iron heater, S. Adams ...... and deeply corroded. It is labelled "Oneida Com­ . . . 179 ,684 without getting teased. How can I remedy it ? eral bushels of finely ground wcll bnrnt charcoal. FrUIt jar filler, etc., R. E. Clark ...... munity." There is no letter with it.-W. W. N.­ Furnace, glass, G. W. & C. W. Foster (1')...... 7,211) A. I am of opinion that you cannot obviate the It is probable that the pump tube has contami­ Iron pyrites (sulphide of iron).-B. McD.-No. 1 is Gaiter, button, P. Fischer ...... 17\) ,799 difficulty, and that a back and forward or recip­ nated the water by decay. magnesian limestone, containing crystals of iron Gas engine, F. W. Gilles " ...... 179,78 rocating motion over a stationary toothed bed .... 179, 826 (43) J. S. P. says : 'f he walls of the room in PYrItes. No. 2 contains silica, alumina, lime,mag­ Gas from petroleum. etc:, making, B. 'Vallis would be preferable.-J. E. E., of Pa. n. Fogarty ...... 171), 652 which cotton lint is thrown from the gin are nesia, and iron.-C. S. B.-The specimen consists Gas machine, T...... 17'),726 (31) 'V. H. says : Is there any difference quite rough, and long locks of lint hang from the of partially decomposed sulphide of iron. We do Gas regulator, C. C Place ...... 179,GfiR walls and ceilings. If the gin strikes fire (which Gas hydraulic main, F. A. Sabbato:=}...... between concussion and weight ? If I break a not think it is of meteoric origin. . . .. l';n,737 block of iron by dropping a 2 tun weight from a sometimes happens) the house is burnt. Would a Gearing. A. B. Smith ...... : . . . . . 1'79 ,673 hight that gives it a striking force of 120 tuns, coating of 1 part liquid sal ammoniac 2 parts sul­ Glassware, hollow pressed, W. Beck ...... 179 , 760 :K E. asks : What are the colored fluidsput Governor, J. G. Rodemer ...... could I break a similar block by placing upon the phate of lime, as given on p. 405, of your vol. 34, Grain for malting, germinating, R. D'Hcureusc. 179, 700 same space covered by drop weight (about 3 or so-called soluble g'lass, be the best or cheapest in bottles for display in druggists' windows ?­ ...... 1'19, 704 B. C. asks : How can I make a soap for extract­ Grain scourer, F. E. Klopfleisch ...... inches in diameter) the same weight, 120 tuns ? for making the room fireproof ? A. The recipe is crimper, D. }�obe8 ...... " .... 179. 693 ing grease and dirt from woolen cloth, without in­ Hair If not, why ? I have broken an anvil block by the a good one, and we think would offerno little pro­ Harness collar,Dut.eh,Lange & Saclunann...... 179, 800 juring the texture ?-C. J. J. asks : How can I pol­ above weight. Practical men say that 500 tnns tection from fire. The parts are by weight. By Harvester, C. Denton ...... 17!l,6�6 ish and color wooden smoking' pipes ?-W. J. B. laid on same space would not tear the block. sulphate of lime, plast�r of Paris is to be under­ Ht."ater, feed water, T. F. Blackwell ...... n9,676 Weight of block,12 tuns. A. The sndden applica­ stood. asks : What is th e best mocking bird food ?-T. C. Honey extractor, J. Emmons ...... 179, 651 D. asks : What is the lowest point marked by the tion of a load, as in the first case, ordinarlly has a B. asks : 1. Is there any truth in Hook, wardrobe, J. E. Bryan ...... 171), 765 (44) VV thermo meter in any of the polar expeditions ? ];' ...... 1"19, 827 greater elIect than its gradual action, as in the the statement that a French chemist has discov­ Horseshoe calk, Walk...... Horseshoe na.ilplates, rolling, D. Fraser ...... 179, 694 second. One reason for this seems to be that, ercd a means of producing a gas 9 times lighter Hose coupling, S. H. Loring (1') ••..•••••...... •••• 7,221 when a force is suddenly applied, there may not than hydrogen, and non-combustible ? A. Thcre COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Hydrant, W. Todd ...... 179, 742 be time to communicate the shock all over the is no truth in the statement. 2. Would hydrogen The Editor of the ac­ Ink apparatus, indelible, 'V. A. Weed ...... 179 , 748 struck body, so as to allow it to olIerthe maxi­ knowledges, with much pleasure, the receipt of or coal gas preserve or lose its buoyancy if bottled Ironing apparatus, D. Bennett ...... , ...... 179, 675 mum resistance before rupture takes place. A. ­ original papers and contributionsnpon the follow­ or kept from contact with air ? It would suf Ironing apparatus, W. Sprague ...... 179, 739 fer no change. 3. What would be the size of a ing subjects : ...... 179 ,715 (32) E. E. asks : How does an inj ector Ironing board, J. C. Merritt sphere of copper filled with hydrogen, made thick & . . 179,664 compare with an oldfashioned plunger pump for On the Meteor of July 8. By J. M. D. Joint coupling, Briggs Clarkson ...... and solid enough fvr safety in ballooning, with a ...... 179 , 640 forclUg water through a good heater ? A. There On a National Monument. By L. S. B. Knobs, making door, J. P. Adams. ... . lifting cR,pacity of 300 Ibs. ? A. If made of copper, On a Little Brag. By Y. Lamp extinguisher, L. Houriet ...... 179,657 is a difference of opinion on this subject, the ma­ . 179, 791 it would require a sphere of about 150 feet in di­ Lamps, lighting street, Helm & Clements ...... jority inclining to allow a little superior economy On Irrigation. By F. C. B. . 179 ,6�7 ameter. On account of the great weight of the On Oracles. By A. 1\1. S. Lamps, making glass, Dillaway ...... to the . .. . 179,762 material used, the balloon would be little,if any, Lathe dog, R. E. Brown ...... (33) L. H. E. asks : r d ng Also inquiries and answers from the following Leather, etc., cutting, P. A. Cassidy ...... 179 ,645 In g in i lathe and stronger in prfo'purtionthan one of smaller dimen­ L. . . . 179 . 773 planer tools, chisels, etc., should the stone run to E. C.-F. W. W.-C . J. G.-C. F. S.-H. W. C.­ Line fastener, W.D. Doremus ...... sion, of lighter fabriC, but having a like snrplus . - . S.-.J. M. S.-J. J... . 179, 801 or from the grinder ? A. Towards the operator. A H. F B.-A. B. L.-J. S. L.­ Lubricating compound. T. H. aRochc ...... buoyancy. F. G. B. Lubricating compound, J. G. Upper ...... 17!l, T-l4 P. says : We are running a 20 R. . . . 1'19 .666 (34) u. T. (45) W. A. 'f . asks: Reading in the ScrE�­ Lubricator, H. Pein ...... horse engine. The pump would not work to sat­ TIFIC A�IERICAN, of March 25, an account of the HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Mail bag discharger, A. J. liarper ...... 170, 787 17!l ,805 isfy us, so we blew out steam and water, after ta­ aqueduct of La Vanne, France, being bnilt of Correspondents whose inquiries fail to appear Manure spreader, T. A. McDonald ...... " ...... 17n ,�72 king all the fire out. Three hours after, we com­ sa.nd, gravel, and cement, it struck me that, if should repeat them. If not then published, they Mattress tick, J. J. Donahoe ... . 1. A. . . . 1i9,7SH menced refilling by hand pump, letting water in not too costly, such a composition would do in the may conclude that, for good reasons, the Editor Mill, corn, Hedges ...... C...... 179 ,731 at the safety valve. After the water had been Mill, fanning, Saunders southern part of California for fencing, as it is declines them. The address of the writer should �lillstone, G. Motley ...... 179 .�:15 pouring in about 15 minutes, there was a loud very expensive fencing- with boards. Do you always be given. Millstone ru1Jber, J. H. Miller ...... 17D,719 noise in the boiler, as though it had been struck think, to make walls from 4 to 6 feet high, of the Enquiries relating to patents, or to the patenta­ Molasses gate automatic, J. M. UIsh ...... 179, 82:1 with a heavy sledgehammer. Upon examination proper thickness, thata less proportion of cement bility of inventions, assignments, etc., will not be Mop and brush holder, D. Edward (r)...... 7, 218 we found a crack 14 inches long across the crown would do ? And would it be necessary to put it published here. All such questions, when initials Music stand, revolving, M. Mendelsohn ...... 179, 810 sheet. Can you tell us the causc ? A. Your boiler through a mill ? A. Adobe fences are in u�e in only are given, are thrown into the waste basket, Mustache guard, :M.J. A. Keane ...... j79, 79'7 was probably warm, and the contraction Clue to New Mexico, and might be adopted in Southern as it would fill half of our paper to print them all ; Newspaper file, P. E. Sloa.n...... 17�), fl22 . ... 17!) ,725 putting in cold water produced a strain, causing California. They are built of sun-dried bricks, but we generally take pleasure in answering briefiy Ore-stamping- machine, J. Patterson ...... 179, 043 both the crack and the noise . composed generally of clay and a little straw. Of by mail, if the writer's address is given. Organ attachment , rceu, J. N. Brown ...... 7, 217 course a much more permanent fence could be Hundreds of inquiries analogous to the following Packing lubricant. J. B. Boone (r)...... (35) J. K. Jr. aEks : What is the horse Packing, piston, T. H. & J. E. Quinn ...... 170, 817 made of cement concrete. No specially skilled are sent : "Who buys white soapstone ? Who power of the following stream of water ? The PailF, bail ear for. J. Walton (1')...... 7,222 labor would be required in its construction, nor buys corundum ? 'Vho makes the best brass wire? stream is 7 inches square, fiows at the rate of 3 Paper barrel, C. C. Lochman ...... 17\), lj07 any very elaborate machinery. To 1 barrel of Who sells barometer tnbes ? Who manufactures . . 17fl, 7{i8 feet per second, and runs on to an overshot wheel Paper-hanging machine, R. Bustin ...... cement or good hydraulic lime, 3 barrels of clean Yankee " notions "? Whose is the best rotary ...... 17H, 831 whose diameter is 1� feet. A. Find the cubic feet Pavement , concrete, C. M. 'Varrcn sand and 2 barrels of broken stone might be used ; engine ? Who sells spectroscopes ? Who makes P...... 179,670 of water that falls per second, multiply this by Pen holder and fountain pen, G. Tindall the whole should be well mixed together. thc best propeller wheelS for steam yachts ? Who Pencil case, E. TyrrelL...... 1'19 ,743 the weight of a cubic foot of water in Ihs., and makes wind wheels ? Whose is the best elevator Pencil case and sharpener, A. G. Bateheldcr..... 170,tl41 by the fall in fect, and divide the product by 550. J. asks : 1. How big a box will just & ...... 179. 811 (46) A. for raising water ? Who makes the best flexiblc Pianoforte pedal action, Miller Fuller The resulting power is quite small, and possibly contain 20 bushels of charcoal ? A. The bushel 1'19,6!)O hose for conveying water? Whose is the best steam Pianoforte leg protector, W. S. Evans ...... some of your data may be incorrect. contai 50·f cubic inches, nearly ; therefore, . . . . 1'79, 751 �s....i?1 fire eng'ine ?" All such personal inquiries are Picture frame for fiorists, D. Wilhelmi ...... Picture hanger and carpet stretcher, C. G. Miller 1179 ,718 (36) J. B. says : person wishir g to build 3 .y2150·4X20=the dimensions of the box required. printed, as will be observed, in the column of A Pipe joint, A. O'Neill ...... 179,815 a butcher shop with double board walls thinks 2. Is it right to hea.p such a box ? A. No. 3. "Business and Personal," which is specially set Pipe molding. Smith & Wade ...... 119,669 that, by leaving between the walls nothing but What is the legal weight of a bushel of charcoal ? apart for that purpose, subject to the charge Pipes, union for, B. R. Hagar ...." .. � ...... 179,698 A. There is no legal weight for charcoal : it varies r, he will do best, while I think that,if he would m.entioned at the head of that column. Almost PI,man connection. F. S. Hyde ...... 179,794 greatly III weight, owing fill the space up with sawdust, it would be cooler. to the absorption of any desired information can in this way be exp€­ Pitman connection, F. McWhorter ...... 179, 714

moisture and incomplete charring. " " f-:3he walls will be about 6 inches apart. Am I ditiously obtained. Plating machine, J. H. Brown. ..•...... 179, 763

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. AUGUST [2, 1876.] Plating machine miter, Lennartson et al...... 179,662 facturers had to pay Howe a royalty, and he de­ • REVERSIBLE Planter, corn, S. Dixson ...... , ...... • 179,648 rived from that apparently trivial item an im­ STEAM PUMPS Planter. corn. Hall ...... 179,785 FIRST PRIZES. VIENNA. PARISJ�NEW YORK • E. L. mense income. BALTIMORE. BOSTO�. HOISTING ENGINE Planter. seed, S...... FOR ALL PURP 0 S E S • H. O·Neal...... 179.723 We therefore recommend any person who is Send for circular of recent patented Improvements. . . Plow, J. Heckendorn ...... 179, 699 THE NORW L S a about to purchase a patent, or about to com­ A � ��{i �:�.:f� c PI"" �r��\}'·c6'.� {6�"f:��Tsra.N.Y. Plow for laying 01Iland . Preston et al ...... • 179.728 o . onn. frtl�E�WB�b mence the ma.nufacture of any article under a LATHES- Plow, sulky, L. D. Bowman ...... 179,761 Gf? �50 °O SCREW-CUTTING FOO 'l' license, to have the patent carefully examined • Foot Drill Presses. Send for Circular to . . H E S tW Pocketbook fastening. F. F. Weiss ...... 179,749 T ION ClUTC H. L. SHEPARD, Cincinnat.i, O. Potato peeler, L. P. Law ...... 179,705 by a competent party, and to have a research FRIC . . . . made in the Patent Office to see what the condi­ S . . VATOR ANUFACTURERS AND PATENTEES hav­ Press, J. Eccles ...... 179,775 NO ELE . tion of the art was when the patent was issued. �A ing useful articles, suitable for the Hardware Trade Press and sausage stufier! lard, J. G. Baker . . . .. 179, 757 M i n a n t i t d s Press, power punching, Gaylord . . . VOLNEY W. MASON &GO.PRDV. R.I. E. L...... 179,781 He should also see that the claims are so worded At Centennial Exhibition. Machinery Hall. :d�r�::f� � . �J1:ri , g::� t!�������:, ���lr�, ��i . . D. 9. 66. Pulley. W. A. Wales ...... 179, 746 as to cover all the inventor was entitled to when Also at entrance to Annex. Small samples may be sent, same to be rf>itn;ruedif desired. .. . . Pump II:-tHeys, clutch for. B. G. Martin ...... 179.804 his patent was issued ; and it is still more essen­ Pump, Durre...... 179. 689 ON H S H. tial that he be informed whether it is an infringe­ WOODWORTH SURFACE PLANERS $125. Planers P c.<'\tllfc�:t � a�� M� f�:.�W!�Jsfer. Mass. Railway tube and car, A. S. Hallldic . . 00•••••••••• 179,786 and Matchers. $350. S. C. HILLS. 51 Conrtland ment, as above suggested, or not. Parties desiring street. New York. SAFETY l!0ISTING Register, hot air, M. A. Goodwin ...... 179,653 Respirators. filling. W. A. Mckentyre ...... 179.664 to have such searches made can have them done through the Scientific American Patent Agency, MachInery. Roofingmaterials, C. M. Warren, 179,828, 179,829, 179,830 T B &; CO by giving the date of the patent and stating the . Saccharine liquor from cane, M. S. Bringier ...... 179,679 No. 348 BROADWA.p. �w �� ·. Sash fastener, J. W. Morsel!...... 179.720 nature of the information desired. For further OTIS' J i Saw clamp, J. Shelly ...... 179.734 information, address MUNN & CO., PARK Saw-filingmach ine. G. Wlborn ...... 179,750 37 RoW, New York. Satehel. Vale Blalre ...... 179.745 MANUFACTURER OF ]'IRST CLASS TAPS AND E...... DIES. Pawtucket. R. 1. Scissors and shears. C. A. Rogers ...... 179.730 Scraper. wheel. J. H. Holt ...... 179.656 Men to travel and sell goods to Screw cutting die chuck , J. G. & G. J. Born ... . . 179,677 deaiers. No peddling. $/010 a Inside Pa ge, ea chinsertion --- ,,;> eents a Ilne. WANTEDmolltb hotel UIHJ traveling exvell�e8 ...... Screw driver, J. Frearson ...... 179,695 MONITOR MAN'UJo'A CTURING (;0 • UincllIoati,Ohl0 . - ILTERED .TLfBANDRI CATTNGOIL Bac k Pa ge, ea chinsert ion --- Sl.00 a li n e. oald. pURE . NATURAL . UNADULTERATED Separator. grain. R. F. Shinn ...... 1';9.821 SEND $ 8Q!l FOR BBL OF 47 GALS Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate ORWICH Sewing machine. J. Hollowell ...... 179.702 University Scientific andIIIlIItary Schoo l. I G...... per line, by measurement. as the letter press. Adver· Northfield. Vt. Address Prof. DOLE. JAS.M BINGHAM CHARLES U �__ � ______� ______Sewing machine, embroidery, C. Marin ...... 179,709 tisements must be received at publicatwn ojft ce as early N OIL CITYJP� as Friday morning to appear �n next issue. Sewing machine, piping, II. Jones ...... 179,795 Sheet metal gage, W. H. Laidler ...... 179,799 STEAM ENGINES FOR SALE. . . . I olIerthe following very superior Todd & RalfertyEu - For the Best and Cheap­ Shirt bosom. S. Laskey (r)...... 7.220 FLEETWOOD SCRO LL SAW, e c i 1 UNCHING est address THE STILES adapted to the fl�[RS (���:fIh S p AND .• Shoe. J. Zwicker ...... 179,'153 Especially . l � 4 � e: 1�X2�, ���9��� & PARKER PRESS CO ...... Finest Rutl most Artistic Work, one 7x16, one 5xlO���� on �legs�r4�, �one� ii 8x12,�f� portable� one 8x16, PRESSES. . . DROP MIDDLETOWN. CONN Shoe· exhibiting device. W. C. Belshe ...... 179.674 sttch as Inlayin RDtl Sorrento double hoisting; all first class and entirely new. Also Shoe lace fastener, J. W. & T. A. McDonald ... 179, 806 O 8• SHELL. IVORY various sizes and kinds of Boilers. will also furnish .. �::�iY.l�ix��? I LOSSOM ROCK, HAR R OF SAN FRANCISCO. Shoemaker's lap iron, J. A. Fricker ...... 179,780 speclflcatlou.and estimates for all kinds of rope and bag­ O .. . . . or ­ Full Account of its RemovalB , Method and Cost. By et al . . Every Machin.. Wprranted as re ging machinery. Send for descriptive circular and price. Shuttcr fastener, Northup ...... 179,665 presented. Price $10 to $15. Address J. C. TODD. Col.B H. S. Williamson. With 25 illustrations, dia rams, Silk-cleaning implement, J. O'Connor ...... 179,813 Send for Descriptive Circular 10 Barclay St., New York, or Paterson, N. J. tln e n G D. . . and Stamp �iicefc{� :�rs . tori��y��d i� J8ilriW�lh�°'AKllM�'1� Sled, boy'S. Weigand & Schuh ...... 179.832 JR1"6K�'1rds��&�fs�S�1��'ls. SUPPLEMENT. No. 24. To be had at this Olliceand of Soldering clamp. F. C. &; C. E. Smith ...... 179.823 FRAMES. &c. all News Dealers. Spinning and doubling. Taylor & Ramsden ...... 179.741 TRU:.lIP BRO'S, M'f'rs, Spooling bobbin supporter. 1. Allen ...... 179.672 Wilmington. Del. N. . . BRADFORDSuccessora to Jas. BradfMILordL ",CD. Co. Spring. door. J. B. Starkweather ...... 179.824 MANUFACTURERS OF Stencil plate, universal. J. A. David ...... 179.686 NVALIDITY OF STATE LAWS French Buhr Millstones, Stone, artifiCial, Linden & Gieseler ...... 179,706 IAll laws of CONCERNINGState legislatures THE that SALE in any OF manner PATE}!TS. inter­ Portable Corn & Flour Mills, Lehigh Emery Wh�. eels. Stove. R. Eickemeyer ...... 179.776 fere with the free sale of Patent rights, such as the re­ Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, say: Perfectly satisfied Smut Machines, etc. Also, dea e in Bolting Cloths and. Stove, petroleum cGoking, F. Hildebl'aJ).dt. . . . 179,701 quiring of the agent or patentee to filecopies of patent, they are the best we have ever used. " -LEHIGH VAL· ... . take licenses, procure certificates, comply with forms, LEY EMERY WHEEL CO., Weissport. Pa. Generall rs Mill Furnishing. Stove pipe thimble. it. W. Hogers ...... 179.729 or which release the payee of ordinary notes of hand Olllce & Factory.158 W. 2d Bt. Stove pOlish, A. Simmons ...... 179.736 given for patents, have been declared unconstitutional (aN{;INNATI, O. and void by the States Courts. State EAGLE FOOT LATHES, J:]· R;.;Stcwart,prt8' w .R.Dunlap,Se�. Tailor's measure, R. G. McLellan ...... 179,808 Unlteu All judges, sllerlffs, or other State fficials, who undertake With Scroll and Circular Saw Attach­ ��5�mf"'E S � ON APPLICATION. Thill coupling, Clapp & Van Patten . . . O ...... , .. 179.682 to interfere with patentees or their agents in the free ments, SUde Rest, Tools, &c. j also Small Tire tightener, Martin, Davie, and Thornton . ..".. . 179,711 sale of patents, make themselves liable in damages and Metal Hand Planers, &c. other punishment. The decisions of the Pnited States Engine Lathes, Lo OUNDRY MACHINE SHOP FOR SALE­ . . . < Neatest designs, superior finish. w & Tire tightener and jack. W. H. Gibbs ...... 179.697 s ar v ln A Pric es. Tire upsetter, W. c ntu f Our new Catalogue describe. Wishing to remove to my Farm, I will Sell my Foun­ M I r ...... 179.663 r8X'iS �t?�l�KP�W�. ��! ig. ?oTfiii�. '; • these and every tool necessaryfortheAm- dryF and Machine Shop at a low figure. Address T611gs. pipe. J. Passeno ...... 179.816 had at this olliceand of all newsdealers�g��. ¥�� ateur or Artlzan. Send for It. W. Sodus. N. Y...... WM. CH SE & O.IlRYA}!, Trap, animal, J. J. Hayden ...... 179,788 L. A CO. 95 & 97 Llbertv St. New York. Trap. hog. F. A. Leslie ...... 179.802 CENTENNIA.L MILLS. C Umbrella runner. W. P. Ferguson ...... 179.691 Under garmeut. P. H. Lee . . : ...... 179.661 Harrison's Standard Flouring 'Under skirt. E. D. Smith ...... 179. 738 and Grinding Mills Veblcle axle. W. H. Ward ...... 179.746 Excel all others In Macblnery Hall In the quantity and Vehicle wheel, Luecht & ...... 179,803 it n e o Neunsingcr . .. .. ��: :�O e� :!Ef �Ic: Vehicle wheel, T. ,Weaver ...... 179.671 Inarl� [e),�t. � : : � ��ya��h��:di�f ::� Ventilating apparatus, F. Greaves ...... 179,784 and others are invited to examine their pecu� ...... liariMillersties. Call on or address And Wagonstandatd, J. Metz ...... 179,716 four book. f ...... EDWARD HARRISON, O per day at home. Samples wortb U Washing machine. eil ann R. H m ...... 179.792 Post 59. Sec. E. No. 8. Machinery Hall. Phlladelphla,Pa. tJ to free. STINSON & CO., Portland, Me. Watch, anchor escapement. F. L. Champod ...... 179,769 Beautiful Designs. $". $20 . . Send 3c. stamp for our new and revised Catalogue and Water wheel. R. M. Gaddy ...... 179.696 OW TO BUILD CHEAP BOATS. By Pad­ price list (4th edition, JU t Issued) to Water wheel, H. Platt ...... 179.727 dlefast. A series of articles showing how any S person build a boat, with economy. Each article Is GEO. W. READ & CO. Waxing composition. & W. C. Blakiston . . . 179.759 H may R. .. . . accompanied by drawings and diagrams, with minute 186 to 200Lewis St. foot 5th and 6th Sts., E.R.. N.Y. Weather strip, J. Arkins ...... 179,756 directions, dimensions, &c. No . The Three· Dollar Scow Web drawing, hook for, S. Jordan ...... 1. .-Dlrectlons for con· M. . . . 179,703 structlon. with 7l11ustratlons. Contained In SCIENTI· Webbing, etc., joining, J, H. Palmer ...... 179,724 FIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 25. Price 10 cts. Window blind. J. & W. F. Behe!...... 179.642 No .2. The Five-Dollar Rowing Skiff.-Wlth full di­ Small Tools of all kinds; also GEAR WHEELS, parts Window shade roller. J. Shorey ...... rections for construction. 13 illustrations. Contained of and materials of all kinds. Castings of ...... 179.735 In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 26. MODELS.s No . 3. A Fo urteen·Doliar Sailing Skiff.-Wlth 14 il­ rs�b��� &E R s a a s DESIGNS PATENTED. lustration. Full directions for construction of boat, � �F:lGilt� , � �b�th� �J�lt�� J��� : 9,38'1.-SCARF BOXES.-J. H. Fleisch. New York city. 9,385.-TEA SET HANDLES.-E. Haviland, Brooklyn,N. Y. §t��f.r10 centsf'I'l;\'rg. A����'i3A��ilp��kM"i�T.�g:�J�i>�I�� NO .4. A 1'welve·Dollar Row Boat.-14 JJustrat ons . 9.386.-REvOLVER CYLINDER.-W. A. Hulbert, Brook- t e t I i lyn. N. Y. flk�� �:f:h�� s��x::�Yt� ��tg�da C. Newell, Yonkers, how to bend and arrange the ribs,ol�:��� dimensionsi�:�:;2 of all1��:�: the 9,387.-CALENDAR, ETC.-D. N. Y. arts, and oirections for conl!ltructionin full. Contained 9,388.-HANDLE SOCKETS.-\V. M. Smith, West Meri­ En den, Conn. lWl�:;��l: n! �;�t�u� ?t � h 3af!ihls 9,389.-DRAWER PULL.-P. J. Clark et al .• West Meri­ Olliceand of all News�[;' Dealers. M� � � � den, Conn. 9,390 to 9,392.-CENTER PIECE.-S. Kellett, San Fran­ cisco, Cal. 9,393.-HANDLE LUG8.-W. M. Reid. Amsterdam. N. Y. $�� A WEEK to Agents. Old & Young, Male & Fe­ male. in their locality. Tenns& OUT]'ITFREE. [A copy of any one of the above patents may be had by f f Address P. O. VICKERY & CO., Augusta. Me. emitting one dollar to MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city. SOLID WEALTH! SHA FTS.PU LLEYS.HANGERS SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES. IN GIFTS! . COUPLINGS ETC. On each Caveat ...... S 10 $ 600,000 In On each Trade mark ...... S2;> m:T Grande8t Scheme ever Presented to the Public ! ..Al RON BRIDGE BUILDING-A complete de­ Stock. and for Sale by S & co .• On filingeach application for a Patent (17 years) . . . . . l;> SCription, with dimensions, working drawings, and WILLIAM SELLERS I Avenue Bridge. Pb!ladelphla, . . . espectlves of Girard Pa. Philadelphia. and Liberty St • On Issuing each original Patent ...... S20 A FORTUNE FOR ONL w fo T n g n 79 New York. On appeal to Examlners-In-Chlef ...... S10 Y $12. ce��. '6����\��� °l� lli���·I. 2� a'i.� �"6J l8iEm�h� Price lists and pamphlets on application. S20 AM:ERIOAN SUPPLEMENT,10 cents per copy. To be On appeal to Commissioner of Patents ...... ad at thl. ollice, and of all news agents. On application for Reissue ...... S30 THE KENTUCKY BLAKE'S PATENT On filinga Disclaimer ...... S 10 CASH DISTRIBUTION COMPANY On an application for Design 3% years) ...... S10 l a I t c N. F. BURNHAM'S Stone and Ore Breaker ����g� t���ft '¥''iJi� ��\.�fc '§''c f:�f� :l �;!��}��t Crush es all hard and Brittle Substances to On application for De ign (7 years) ...... Sl;> t o 18"4 TURBINE S ...... h f t el rl Gr D S required size. Also, any kind of On application for Design (14 years)...... S30 Win'l)itt iI�'li?, l:, il�: c):�y �� �"R��K'� for ROADS and for CONCRETE, &c. FORT, KY., Water Wheel Address BLAKE CRUSHERNew Haven, CO Conn.., THE VALIDITY OF PATENTS. THURSDAY, AUGUST 31, 1876, Has DISPLACEDhnndreds of other The inexperienced purchaser of a patent does on which occasion they willdistribute to the ticket hold· Turbines. but HAS NEVER BEEN IT- The HO A D LE V not generally appreciate the importance of having PO RTABLE STEAM ENGI NE. its claims examined, and their validity and scope WITH AUTOMATI CAL CUT -OFF REGULATOR AND BAL ANCED VALVE. definedby some person experienced in such ­ s'ffiro , P. B�;;;:��=:��:. THE BEST:�MOST ECONOMICAL ENGINE MADE ters, before parting with his money. It is not un· SeN£) FOA 'C/R Cl/£A R. Thos. P. Porter .. Ex-Gov. Ky., Oen '. Ma nager usual for the assignee, jnst as he is commencing 0 0 0 ! TheJ.C.HOADLEY CO. LAWRENCE. MASS. POSITIVEL Y NO POS'I'PONEMENT! ard the manufacture of articles under his recently '.-<- STATE WHERE YOU SAW n{1s. purchased patent, to find that it is an infringement On e Gran d Cas h Gift ...... S100,000 upon some previously issued patent, and that he 8:�One a�::SGrand 8::tCash mGin ::::::::::::::::::::::...... �R:883 has not only made a worthless investment, but 20,000 ne Gr.lnd Cash Gift ...... ;.... 10,000 that he is likely to get mulcted in damages if he 8ne Grand Cash GUt ...... ;>,000 Sl, proceeds with his manufacture. Cases are con­ 1 g38 tinually coming to our knowledge wherein parties 10088 �!:tCash Gifts8m: ofg: 400 �:�t:ea ch..::::... 40,000&3:883 100 Cas h Gi fts of 300 each..... 30,000 have made purchases in good faith, and paid con­ 200 Cash Gins Of 200 ea ch..... 40,000 The fact that thIS shaftIng bas 75 per cent greater siderable sums of money on the assurances of the 600 Cash GUts of 100 ea c h..... 60, 000 strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gage, than any 10,000 Cas h GUts of 12 each..... 120,000 patentee and a mere glance at the patent, pre­ other in llse,rendersit undoubtedly the most economical. OW TO MAKE SPIRAL SPRINGS. By Total , 11,11)6 Gifts , All Cas h .. . 600,000 We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED suming that all that the drawing of the invention . . ... COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, Joshua Rose. With three engravings of the tools, PRICE OF TICKETS ost approved t r on whichH are easily made, and complete practical directions showed was protected by the claims, when, in fact, Whole tickets, $12; Halves. $6; Quart�E!t.: $3 ; 9 Ti c ets, ��HcOft t�; £:; �()�i' L"1..(J&�'EtiJ�� r i n H n n iI'OW; k s i8 :��� the point covered was almost infinitesimal. An­ $1 Tickets. $300; TIckets. 95!J4 Tickets. Try Street. 2nd 3rd AvenEues. Pittsburgh. Pa. c nao���I��A fn �6�:����I� i!i�I�7i §u��f.� 0ZckrlJ I a 46� a Canal and Chicago. MEN'r.'No. 20. To be had at this ollice and at all News other manner in which purchasers are sometimes $\ion·. E ' ;���. 190 S. Street, III. Stores throughout the eountry. board � lr t.:�O� g�· Frankfort, the entire Pl""Stocks of (,his shafting In store and for sale by deceived is that the claims, although broad enough of City �Councilmen. Hon. Alvin Duvall. late A to s . Chief Justice of Kentucky. and other distinguished ��8���lgt� do� ,��Ih���er� ·lt: * . Y. ARVARD UNIVERSITY DENTAL and worded properly to cover the invention, con­ t r��1Tg�et d e PIERCE & WHALING. Milwaukee. WI�S. H e a O l tain a single element protected by some prior g�fJ�;: ; �� n"t :;i'ay ���l:������IB �����i�� unde/t?l����' PIJ� :!s� f87�: :�a� },!';g �� tend the drawing. � a day at home. Agents wanted. Outfit and 1877, with a recess of ones�gt� week at ��� and another patent, which covers the very part in the new Remittances can be made by ­ Christmas Mon� Express, Draft, Post $12 terms free. TRUE & Co., Augnsta. Maine. in February. The teaching is consecut.ivethrough a machine which is necessary to insure its efficiency. office y order or Registered Letter, made payable course of two years, the instruction of one year- not to KENTUCKY CASH DIS7'RIBUTION CO"l£PA NY. SPARE THE CROTON &; SAVE THE COST. d h n xt e 'l'heHowe sewing machine patent illustrates this. All communications, orders for Tickets, and applica­ P£J�fi�if�l�l t�a� gf t1 e ;J�:;a�� ��d���i ����� ��� tions for Agencies should be addressed to by the same Professors. t.his plan, the amOl�nt of It protected but little that any of the manufac­ HON. THOS. P. PORTER, instruction given is double Bythat of any other strictJ'yden- turers cared to use, except the one small part Gen eral Ma na" er . Fr ankfort. Ky. Drivenlarge consumersor Tube Wells G. W. BARROW CO., furnished to of Croton and Ridgewood l n r or &; W . D W &B O., 414 WaterSt .•N.Y . .essential to all sewing machines ; and all manu- Gen er al East ern Agents, "10 Broadway. N Water. M . ANDRE S R �f�������e��%��ll J fr :��;t�tEE�; ��;�t2 .fr�: . Y. Who control the patent for Green'sAmerlcanDriyen Well. mont Street. Boston,f Mass. le

© 1876 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. lIO Ititutifit �mtritan. [AUGUST 12, 1876. SCH LENKER'S Th e S'Glen t'fi A IDerlGa ' n .• Stationary-Die and Revolving-Die I C P e ' r..���e �g� : : : : : : : : '! ::n� �JW;'e. En graving8 may head adverti8ementB at tile 8ame rate REFERENCE BOOK ThSTROe TanlteU DSBURC 00., vel' line, by measurement, as the letter press. Ad� THE BEST AND CHEAPEST MADE. PA vertisements must be received at publication Offi ce as Bolt Cutters. _ • EMERY WHEELS &GRiNDERS early a8 Frl,daymornzng to app ear in ne�t issue. HOWARD IRON WORKS, A Bound Book Buffalo, N. Y. of 144 Pages, for 250. tv' Send for Catalogue . .Al c �Ir&;'��J�� �;;"�:�idl�d\E:lgcI� 1'.1.Vachl-nl-sts' _ Prices down, down. co�� �� :\l':n8!0�e I NEW and IMPROVED PATTERNS.Tools ENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK, containing 144 Send for newillustrated catalo e. Never were so low befo re fo r ed n � QeAya:�2,. f�g�� !�d �l : e Lathes, Planers, lJrills, hold Patents covering auxiliary or supplementary Steam ference.;��:,s:[ ':J ;P v�r,f:tl'i��';;k� ��'i: l�ts�� r�� . &c. Jets for raising water to start Injectors, and shall ever printed. Among its contents are: NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., I f n s d t 1. The Census 01 the United States, by States, New Haven, Conn. C�o':Wl,t��J:�!'i:'f' ��t!�S:e'li�� � �� f.�i:� tC� ��[J Territories, and Counties, infull,showing also thearea patented Inventions. Our lifting fnjectors are the only of the several States. M. SELIG JUNIOR &; CO. Waltham Watchos. a a depth of 18 to 20 2. Table ofOccnpations.-Showlng the principal oc- Importers of American Machinery, lrools,Agrlcultura ��:: ai':m;�i�� ftl�ff tti':, ��I���� cupatlons of the people of the United States, and the Implements, Wholesale and Export Hardware OUR REDUCED PRICE-LIST NOW READY. NATIf�¥. b s d In each occupation. Com- chlne n and Ya- I�eR��&I:i�New York. �N� F:��f �� l�� 8.:�:N:. roNr;g'�� ��G�:�� ;.s�. BERLIN, Table of GUies having over 10,000 Inhabitants-Com­ GERMANY. OR SALE-A Valuable Patent, iu whole or plied from the last Census. We continue to send Bingle Watches by Express to part, for renovatIng Black Crape Laces, &c., which 3. Law8 makesF them superior to new. Address A. J. SHRIVER, The Patent of the United States In full. any place, no matter how remote, with bill to collect on I O PORTLAN No. 157 West Fayette St., Baltimore, Md. l!J :r.������ ����'j:;� �m�l�a1t:;��t;�r F;l:�t�Ui�� ROMAN & KEENE'S. ForD Walks. CEME Cisterns. Founda­NT delivery, with privilcge to the purchmier to open the Caveats j Forms tor Assignments. in whole and part j tions, Stables, Vellars:, Bridges, Reservolrs�BrewerieB. etc. package and examine the Watch before paying, and s a O Remit 10 cents for Practical Treatise on Cements. ���ti��� iI�� ��'IJ&�3�� :�J�'eflt��:�tYo�:f�:ie�!1 S. L. MERCHANT & Co., 76 South St. New York. with no obligation to take it unless it is perfectly satis­ Principles applicable to Infringements; Synopsis of the Patent Laws of Foreign Countries, Costs, Procedure, factory. Rights of Employers and Employees In respect to In­ HE CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EX ventions; State Laws concerning Patents. HIBITION OF 1876.-The full History and Progreso HE UNION IRON MILLS, Pittsburgh, Pa.- 4 Tof the Exhibition. maps of the grounds. engravings of Write for the Price-List, which Is sent free to all. United States Trade MarkRegi t ti sh 0 the buildings, news and accounts of all the most notable The attention of Engineers and Architects Is called i ng t,be Trade Mark Law In full, Witt �re�nons fi:� objects.c are given weekly In the SCIENTIFIO AMERI­ Me ntion .n your letter or Po8tal toT our Improved Wrought-Iron Beams and Girders (pat- Registering Trade Marks, Costs, etc. I:'lr Card that adver· Unit St CAN liluPPL�MENT. Terms $5 for t e year; single ented), In which the componnd welds between the stem Ii d t C L 1 or L I b co· tisement was seen in Scientific American. and llanges, which have proved so objectionable In t eod i ht :- a b e s, In pies 10 cts. To behad atthis oftlce,andofall news agents. Address C l a o W a b l , full. With DI:,'e �Tons�V,[plnses, e� All the back numbers, from the commencement on Jan­ �:�n� it fI�Pz���t ��:'� is ;a Jg;:ble a� �iKr�; 6. The Princip al Mechanical Movements. De- uary 1, 1876, can be had. Those who desire to possess a :a�� � �� I ! rl r e a b I gre t com�ete and splendid IIInstrated Record of the Centen' BOWARD &. CO., 3���:i� �:�����':iC �b'i'i�"n lr�riUA\��Nt�g��:g,�!� ���:!'e �o ¥:i��'i�;:!"n� �ls�:�: U�g���:iB,';,� a d have the SCIENTIFIC AMERI· ! ,- ' as Applied to Practical Purposes. With g�k l�';�¥.'E� ��il� No. 222 Fifth Aven ue, New York. ill�f::''ll���� 8. The Modern Steam Engine.-Wlth engraving, DAMPER AND LEVER showing all the parts, names, etc., and a brief history REGULATORS BEST GAGE COCKS. Common-Sense Rockers and Chairs. of the Invention and Progress of Steam Power. MURRILL & KEIZER, 44 Holliday St., Bait. No Office, Llbrnry, Public or e I o e it 9iat�:�g� fo�: /o;���� �t��� �1���:,1;Sn � �g:��; ���ri�� h� �i1t�I��O��� ��Z:y of Water. Rocking� Chairs. So Roomy! so 10. 48 HARTFORD Easy and so Cool t these sultry Knots.-Presenting engravings of dllIerent days. Try my Puritan Rocker kinds of Rope Knots, with explanations as to tying. or Old Point Comfort, a.ndyou 11. Tables 01 Wehrbts and Measnres.-Troy Rest. Weight; Apothecaries' Weight; AvoIrdupoIs, or·Com­ will !Ind mercial Weight; French Weights; United St,tes Stand- STEAM BOILER d r e e ; M prf'end stamp for Illustrated ft hif t:��:�f ����� ��::�� M�:s�;e i V:��� Price List to Cu'i:IC, er Solid Measnre' Measuring Land by Weight, F. A. SINCLAIR, with engraving of a sectIon of the English , and a sec­ Inspeotion & Insuranoe Mottville, N. Y. tion of the French rule, of equal lenith . 12. Valuable Table@: (1) Table of the Velocity and Force of the Wind. COMPANY. (2) Table of the SpeclllcGravity au. Weight per Cu­ To Engineers-A Valuable Investment. C o Cubic lnch, of the principal substances used t t i r p� t�� l�r.� W. B. FRillLII,V. Pres'!. I. I. ALLEN, Pras't G:.:':l��p���, �n�g� Z;;lt��I�h�'ii�8�2�� �:ltk'W � i':J (8) Table of the Heat-Conducting Power of various Steam Power, Machinery and Tools of the best .:descrtp.­ M l o e l L I. B. PIERCE, SBc'J. Uon, Valuable Stock of Patterns, Boiler Shop. Machine (lf �/a'l,1e �� �:� k1Tn��� 6�';{�t1tuentsabsorbed or Shop, Blacksmith's Shop, Foundry, and other Buildings. & SIS OO re ov I 1 e lIo. tlYE' S The present Proprietors would be willing to retain an THE HEA LD �) f��f�g}'�� �:�h��:u��� agd ¥�:�!t�r°ls�' Interest with a Skillful an c a t lIectsof Heat npon various bodies, gJ,pi��'bt'ii\: � tOWE. m��iln���ih�, �{c� !J;!�!g���u�!��'l!!fe�! 13. Miscellaneous Intormation.-Force of Expan­ Millstones, portable MillS, Smut Machines, Packers,MII sion by Heat; small Steamboats, proper dimensions of Picks, Water Wheels, pulle s and Gearing, specially engines, boilers, propellers, boats; Incubation, Tem­ adapted to !lourmllls !. perature of i To Ma ke TraCin Paper;� Constituents of j. ��n:30fEc:��i�'ti lIaI0,N. Y. I es n \ n U ;�; O�I:�l:.����� ����I�� He�i"�'i'p �f;�J � gp��IE� Gravity of Liquids, Solids, Air, 'll'd Ga1 ses; Gunpow­ der-Pressure, Heat,' and Horse Power of; Copying Ink, to Make ; Heat, Its mechanical equivalent explained; Molecules of Matter, size and motion explained; Light- n s I n t n �� �r��:�:,s-���m:e'd� A��':,':,� �: ��'::,� � J;;;:�':,� Yielded from Coal by best Engines; Sound-Its velocity [ESTABLISHED 1846.] THREE CYLINDER PUMP ­ and action; L ld Glues Recipes value of Bralns ASKELL'SHand or Power. Cheaper than a Steam Pump. � o lI \vaves; Speed 0 i HWill outwear a Rotary Pump-do more work, with less B�gt';.';���a'i-t, et����iiua�J;,b:&egfpes. power, than any other pump. Not liable to get out of The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. r sm c Adapted to any Price onl 25 cents, ma be had of News A ents In all Munn & CO.'s Patent 01lices. �rg� Of ��a ���:. J��d :gr 'C'fr��la�: S � u t a f the underslgne N. Sent by CHASE MACHINE COMPANY, Boston, Mass. �:I\ oOi r�c�I�� � ��'e� �IC�. OF THE The Oldest AKencv lor Solicitinlr Patent. in the MUNN & CO., Publishers, United St ate•• SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, TO iNV ENTORS FOR 18'-6. THIR TY YEA RS' EXPERIENClJ; . AND MANUFACTURERS. THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER MORE PATENTS have been secured through this HE agency, at home andabroad, than through any otherIn IN T WORLD. the world. They employ as their assistants a corps of the most ex­ '4It THIR TY-FIRST YEA R. perienced men as examiners, ,speCificatIon writers,and PERFECT and Shaped_ Diamond Carbon'" P ints. Indispensable• for Trueing Emery Wheels, GrindstonesO Hardened Steel draftsmen that call be found, many of whom have been NEWSPAPER FILE. and Paper Calender Rollers, Drilling, Planing, Moulding I· VOLUME XXXV.-NEW selected fromthe ranks of the Patent Office. --:0:-- and sawing stone. J. DICKINSON, 64 Nasean St., N.Y. SERIES. SIXTY THOUSAND Inventors have availed them­ The Koch Patent :File, for preserving newspapers .elves of Munn & Co. s services In examining their In­ magazines, and pamphlets, has been recently Improved NON-COMBUSTIBLE STEAM BOILER &: PIPE The publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ' and price reduced. Subscribers to the SCIENTIFIC .A.M­ beg to announce that on the first day of July, ventions and procuring their patents. ERICAN and SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT can be MUNN & CO., In connection with the publication of s plled for tile lowprice of $1.50 bY:mail, or l.2� at the 1876, a uew volume commenced. It will continue 'M',C a e f to be the aim of the publishers to render the cor,­ the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine In­ ? �W r�ER¥6i�" ��;;r�lrl� � ec�:�';W��� ventions, confer with inventors, prepare drawings, ape­ S6I� hB WITH "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENT. teuts of the uew volume more attractive and use­ every one who wishes to preserve the paper. CO20 VERING Address Saves 10 to percent. CHALMERS SPENCE CO., ful than any of its predecessors. clllcations, and aSSignments, attend to llIlngapplications Foot E. 9th St •• N. Y.; 1202N. 2nd St., St: LouiS, Mo. In the Patent Office, paying the government fees, and MUNN & CO., To the Me chanic and Manufacturer watch each case step by step while pending before the ex­ Pu'JIlshers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN aminer. This Is done through their branch office, corner WH I PPLE'S No person eugaged In auy of the mechanical pur F and 7th streets, Washington. They also prepare and suits should think of doiug without the SCIEN­ DOWN TO Patent Door Knob. from filecaveats, procure design patents, trademarks, and re­ The .. Danbury" Drill Chuck-the$8. " old00. reliab le." Awarded a Bronze Medal at the American Institute FBlr TIFIC . AMERICA.". Every number contains Issues, attend to rejected cases (prep&red by the Inventor greatly Improved,now all solid cast steel, jaws strength- for 1874. "The Ju s sa •• We consider this method of six to ten engravings of new machines and iuven­ d n a e a n '1tJ ra a tions which cannot be found iu lilly other publica­ or other attorneys), procure copyrights, attend to Inter­ �f J�J';��: ;nl:al� �:::-s� �;'e� ::lf'iie�� Pt�e {���� j�f I��g.�ed fg�he !ti:;Js�,:,mr�'l::fa\e��r., �r; ferences, give written opinions on matters of Infringe­ & Manufa turers, Danbury,Conn. I tion. to HULL BELDEN CO., c r;Iatcd to suit ment, furnish copies of patents, and, In fact, attend ��; �����: �f�i70����;·'te':,���� 8i;�� . The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Is devoted the &'i THE PARKER & WHIPPLE COMPANY to every branch of patent business both In this and in for­ •• 97 W. C. D UYCKI NCK, West Meriden, Conn or Chambers St., N. Y. iuterests of Popular SCience, the Mechauic Arts, eign countries. IMPORTER, MANUFACTUBER, ANl> DEALER IN e,Commerce A special notice Is made In the SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ Manufactlfres,Iuveutlons,Agrlcultur CAN of all Inventions patented through this agency, with ists',and En­ Niagara and the 'industrialpursuits generally; audit is val­ Railway, Machin uable aud' lnstructive not ouly in the Workshop the name and residence of the patentee. Patents are of­ = ...... SteamPum pWorks ten sold, In part or whole, to persons attracted to the in­ gineers' Supplies. and Manufactory, but also in the Household, the ESTABLISHED 1826. Library, and the Readiug Room. Each volume vention by such notice. liO and li2 JOHN STREET, Patents obtained In Canada, England, France,Belgium, P. O. Box 4101. NEW YORK. CHARLES B. HARDICK, contains huudreds of Notes, Receipts, and Sugges­ Germany, Russia, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, the British b No. 23 Adams Str e et. tions and Advice, by Practical Writers, for Work­ Colonies, and all other countries where patents are BROOKLYN, N. Y. Ing Men and Employers, in all the various arts. granted, at prices greatly reduced from former rates. MACHINERY, TERMS SUBSCRIPTION -- POSTAGE Send for pamphlet pertaining speclaIly to foreign patents, K OF IRON &: WOOD WOR ING MAOHINERY PAID BY U S. which states the cost,time granted,and the requirements OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Diamond Solid Emery Wheels, or each country. One copy Scientific American, oue year . Copie@ 01 Patent8. led Shafting. PRICES-6x'l:(,'1 .25; 8xl, $2.25;12xl%' , $5.50;16x2, $12.50; . Cold Rol 24x8. All $3 20 BELTING, &c. 18x2 $16.00; 2Oi2,$19 .50; $42. other sizes at pro­ One copy Scientific Americau, six months. .6 Persons desiring any patent Issued from 1836to Novem­ HANGERS, PULLEYS, COUPLINGS, portionate prices. Fast cutting, free from glazing, they A mericau, three mouths 1 0 er 26, 1867, can be supplied with official copies at rea­ &c. Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Price List. are the best Solid Emery Wheels. Give dlam. of holes One copy Scieutific 1. 0 b GEORGE PLACE, In your order for wheel.. Eme Grinders une alled b One copy ScientificAmerican aud oue copy 0 sonable cost, the price depending upon the extent of E Y ess AM/l RICAN TWIS(lt' DRILr drawings and length of speclllcatlons. w�":3;flt§�Bt��i��1;tlr�&g'J1c�1WE:f R �'8'.: ���:.g�\tet, 1i��� Scientific American Supplemeut, both Any patent Issued since November 27, 1867, at Which 121 Chambers & lOS Reade Sts., N. Y. City. for one year, post-paid ...... •.. 7.00 time the Patent Officecommenced printing the drawings Portland and Keene's Cement. The ScientIffc American Supplement. and specillcations, may be had by remitting to this of­ OGERS' TANNATE OF SODA BOILER SCALE PREVENTIVE. From the best London Manufacturers. For sale by A weekly paper, uniform In size with the SCIEN­ llce $1. R JOS. G. ROGERS & CO., Madison, Ind. JAMES BRAND, 85 Beekman St., New York. A copy of the claims of any patent Issued since 1836 will pr- Send for book on Boller Incrustation. A Practical Treatise on Cement furnished for 25 cents. TIFIC AMERICAN, but a distiuct publication. It contains workiug drawings of eugineeriug works, be furnished tor $1. OGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCEN­ When ordering copies, please to remit for the same as TRIC MILLS-For grinding Bones Ores, Sand Old &. and elaborate treatises ou every branch of Science above, and state name of patentee, tItle of Invention, Crucibles,B Fire Clay, Guanos, 011 Cake, Feed, Corn, MouldingPlaning, Re·sawlng, and TenoningMatching. Machines. Scroll and Mechauics, by eminent writers, at home and Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, e abroad. illustrated cover protects the hand­ and date of patent. Spices, Co:tree, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, �tW�� Jt�:;bIl'� �o�%'fifft �:��: u.·y. An A pamphlet containingthe laws and fuIl directions for etc., and whatever cannot be ground other mills. Send for Catalogue. .• Y. somely printed sheets. Price, $5.00per annum r iI c ( 118 LibertySt N. city. obtaining United States patents sent free. A hand­ tlJ'Ii lrfv� '¥'ii��'6w� :�c���:or ��stJAJ�FR�'Glt;t Single copies 10 cents. somely bound Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 DUS. corner of White and Elm .• Todd Remit by l'ostal order, draft, or express. pages and many engravings and tables Important to every Sts New YorK & Rafferty Machine CO. patentee and mechanio, and Is a nseful handbook of ref­ Ad

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