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Aquidneck Island's Reluctant Revolutionaries, 16'\8- I 660

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Rhode Island History Pubhshed by Th e Rhod e bland Hrstoncal Society, 110 Benevolent St reet, Volume 44, Number I 1985 Providence, Rhode Island, 0 1~, and February prmted by a grant from th e Stale of Rhode Island and Providence Plamauons Contents Issued Ouanerl y at Providence, Rhode Island, ~bruary, May, Au~m , and Freedom of Religion in Rhode Island : November. Secoed class poet age paId al Prcvrdence, Rhode Island Aquidneck Island's Reluctant Revolutionaries, 16'\8- I 660 Kafl Encson , presIdent S HEI LA L. S KEMP Alden M. Anderson, VIet presIdent Mrs Edwin G FI!I.chel, vtce preudenr M . Rachtl Cunha, seatrory From Watt to Allen to Corliss: Stephen Wllhams. treasurer Arnold Friedman, Q.u ur<lnt secretary One Hundred Years of Letting Off Steam n u ow\ O f THl ~n TY 19 Catl Bndenbaugh C H AR LES H O F f M A N N AND TESS HOFFMANN Sydney V James Am cmeree f . Dowrun,; Richard K Showman Book Reviews 28 I'UIIU CAT!O~ S COM!I4lTT l l Leonard I. Levm, chairmen Henry L. P. Beckwith, II. loc i Cohen NOl1lUn flerlOlJ: Raben Allen Greene Pamtla Kennedy Alan Simpson William McKenzIe Woodward STAff Glenn Warren LaFamasie, ed itor (on leave ] Ionathan Srsk, vUlI1ng edltot Maureen Taylo r, tncusre I'drlOt Leonard I. Levin, copy editor [can LeGwin , designer Barbara M. Passman, ednonat Q8.lislant The Rhode Island Hrsto rrcal Socrerv assumes no respcnsrbihrv for the opinions 01 ccntnbutors . Cl l9 8 j by The Rhode Island Hrstcncal Society Thi s late nmeteensh-centurv illustration presents a romanticized image of Anne Hutchinson 's mal during the AntJnomian controversy. Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island where she and her followers formed the fir .~t Aquidneck Island sett lem ent at Pocasset m 16)8. From Scribner's Popula r Histor y of the Uni ted Sta tes (1897). Reprinted courtesy of the Pawtucket Public Library. Freedom of Religion in Rhode Island: Aquidneck Island's Reluctant Revolutionaries, 1638-1660 Sheila L. Skem p Rhode Island has been both praised and vilified for ItS apparent in ­ M ~ Ske mp I~ A ~ M ~ um Professor of H I ~ lOry al rhe Uru versuv of ...t1 ~I ' Slp r 1. ability to come to terms with the rest of the world. Founded by heretics She recentl y coedued Sex. Race. and Ihl' from the proudly Puritan colon y of Massachusett s Bay, filled by the Role of Wom l'n In fhl' Soufh [lac kson eighteenth century wi th independent me rchants who gladly traded Uru venlty Press.01 MI S ~ I S S l ppl . r<,Hl JI and ISc u rre ndv W nllO~ a luographv DILDy· with the French enemy during wartime, possessed of politicians who all sl ~O" ern Ol Wilh am frank lin long ignored the attempts by the Founding Fat her s to " fo rm a more per ­ fect unio n," Rhode Island often marched to a different beat. As one his­ I Sydney V [aml's. Cotomal Rhode Is. torian has poin ted out, the words "except in Rhode Island" seem to ac­ land. A Htvunv [Ne....YOlk. 197 <; 1. H"I. company any generalization about coloni al America.' Rhode Island wa s different from its very incep tion , part icula rly where spiritual matters were concerned. Religious diversity cha rac rcnzed the colony almost immediatel y, and the sett lements quickly severed the connection between chu rch and sta te , so that religious li berty-not m ere toleration-was the accepted order of the day. Even those inhabi­ tants wh o rcicctcd religion altogethe r were welcomed in Rh ode Island. The m ove toward se parat ion of ch urch and sta te ca me relativel y eas­ ily to the ma in land sett lement of Prov iden ce, fou nded in I fq f,. There Roger Willi ams dominated the sce ne, forcing sett lers and su bsequen t gene rations of historian s to accep t an y di scussion of reli gious liberty on his te rms. Will iams conce ptualized and publicized his notion of " soul libe rty" before hi s ban ish me n t from Ma ssach usetts, and founded Providence with the ex press in te ntion of allo wing its member s freedom of conscience. In 16 38, Anne Hutchinson and her followe rs formed another Rh ode Island, locat ed on the island of Aquidn eck in N arragansett Bay. Al­ though they, too, had been cas t ou t of the Bay co lony for the ir con­ trover sial reli gious beliefs, Aquidneck's settlers did not im mediately embrace Wi lli ams's vision of rel igiou s liberty. Indeed, the ev ide nce indio ca tes that Hu tchinson's followers m oved with rel uctance toward this policy. They came to Rhode Island de te rmined to form a se ttlemen t that would generally adhere to the values and pract ices they had known in the pa st . Conseque ntly, they plan ned to develop the same close hond bet ween church and sta te that existed in Ma ssachusetts- an d tha t was accepted in all west ern countries in the seventeenth ce ntury, Unli ke Roger Will iams, they had no doubts concern ing the desirability of maintaini ng this close rela tionship. They simply failed to attain it . 4 A Q UI D NE Ck I SLA ND ' S RE LU CT ANT REVOLUT IONARI ES "luhn wmtbrop, Wmfhmp \ Journal, The Aquidneck expe rience foreshadowed the collapse of state-e n­ " Hn lU1Y of New En~l<Jnd" 16jO-164'1, forced religiou s opinion that wou ld occu r in all the American colonies . 1 vnls In lohn F I ~ m c "'l ," cd.. Ollg,1n1J1 NIJrTrJlJv/!! \ of fUIlv American H'\lon' Rhode Island's sett lers discovered that the individualism inherent in (N e w Yor k, 111011 1, I. 177, 1114, 11 . .41 Sec Protestantism, coupled with the impossibility of cont rolling beliefs in aiM), Ww.:ud lohn son, ,(jhn.~on · 5 Wonda ­ Workmg /'wl',dence. / 6 2 /1 - / 6 0 IN c w a count ry where dissenters cou ld si mply pull up sta kes and retreat still YOlk , 1 ~ l o l . further into the wilderness, made a policy of religious freedom neces­ ' Wlllu m Coddengton . A Demonsrra­ sary, if not desirable. wm nl True l.ol'e (London. 16to4l. 17. and lohn Clarke fl1,....ewes from New ­ To grasp why Aquidneck's mhabuams were forced to accept religious EORlanJ, In .\1 oi ~ <,;iIc h u ,;.etl ~ He-tor rca l liberty by 1641, one must first understand why so ma ny of Hutchin ­ Socrctv Coll/'cl /</m, 41h Sc.- r'. II, 1 l , 14 Coddington evenruallv oi,r;rcC'd With thrs. son's supporters followed her to Rhode Island during the Antinomian mtcrpre ranon 10' , In tun ycus, he told Controversy. Here, the record is confusing. Contemporary critics of lohn Wm t hlur thai he had lett because h e­ " 101 ' :<0 no t Wilho it to hue In the tver ol con­ "Rogue's Island ," as lohn Winthrop called It , claimed that the colony tenuon wu h y\}uncll l.md ot he TS wh om I was little mo re than a haven for the lazy, the licentious, and the igno­ honored In the Lord ]." SeC' Wilham Cod­ rant. Its settlers, they insisted, went to Rhode Island only to indulge dm,(tun 10 'uhn Wm t hrop , ."'n11, 1640 In WZnlhrop Pa[lf:U. /4yll-164Y, ~ yob their wicked passions and base desires.' Not surprisingly, those who 18of.lUn. 1919-1947 1. IV, 141'_ migrated to Aquidneck quarreled with this view, Some clai med that •For 'l.uma tlo n~ see Edmund S. •"'urg.m, The t'uman Dilemma The Swry 0' totm they left Massachusetts for purely religious reasons, as a result of their Wm lhf{JP \ Bo~tun , '."slt l, I S" Larz er Zrn. attraction to Ann e Hut chinson's controversial versio n of Puritanism . Putnarnsm In Amt"TIC<I .'IJ/"w CU/ lUre In <I Said William Coddi ngto n, one of Hut chinson's most eminent support­ .....ew ""arid IN,,"w YOlk. I'P l l. b7. •md Am y S Lang, "Annnormamvm and th e ers,"the Difference, it was abou t Grace. So all the Differences in 'Aroencamzanon' ..1D octrine." Ne w En . the Count ry was about Grace." Others, like Reverend lohn Clarke, gl<lnJ QU<lrlf"rly LlV (1.,,1t1), )VI. See also Sldnl'y Mead, The Ln'ely ExpeTlm enr The claimed that they went to Rhode Island simply "for peace sake," be­ ShtJplnx vf ChTls"unlf~' In Amellc<I INe.... cause "they were not able so to bear with each other in th eir differen t York, 111 1» 1. ) 11 • •and J\:rry .\ h ller. "The understandings and consciences :'! Conrnbunon 01{he Prot estant Churches 10 Reh~ l<lu ~ Lrbcnv In Cu luntal Amcr· The co nt roversy over th e motives of Aquid neck 's first settle rs has not rca." Chu rch Hrsunv IV I l lllSl. III abated . Historian s tend to view the island 's founders in one of two ways. Some, whil e: th ey do not vilify th e colony's early settle rs as did Puritan detractors, cont inue to argue tha t the Antinom ians were reli ­ gious "zealot s" looking for "a privat e heaven on eart h:' They em pha­ size th e individualistic strain inh erent in Antinomianism , asse rting that the view s attributed to Hutchinson by both her su pporters and criti cs irrevocably led to "a concept of the individual as finally being more important than th e state," and they claim that her beliefs were "fundame ntally inimical to the format ion of com munity." This argu­ ment implicitly assum es tha t Hutchinson and her followers were phil o­ sophically prepared, even before th ey left Mas sachusetts, to do away with state interference in matters of conscience ; that th eir spiritual values, untainted by the need to co mpromise or adapt to circums tances, provided the impetus for th eir acceptan ce of religiou s freedom.' More on target , but also unsatisfactory, are the "secular" interpreta­ tions of Rhode Island's origins.
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