Al Kitab Journal for Human Sciences
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Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS ACP African Caribbean Pacific K kindergarten Adm. Admiral kg kilogramme(s) Adv. Advocate kl kilolitre(s) a.i. ad interim km kilometre(s) kW kilowatt b. born kWh kilowatt hours bbls. barrels bd board lat. latitude bn. billion (one thousand million) lb pound(s) (weight) Brig. Brigadier Lieut. Lieutenant bu. bushel long. longitude Cdr Commander m. million CFA Communauté Financière Africaine Maj. Major CFP Comptoirs Français du Pacifique MW megawatt CGT compensated gross tonnes MWh megawatt hours c.i.f. cost, insurance, freight C.-in-C. Commander-in-Chief NA not available CIS Commonwealth of Independent States n.e.c. not elsewhere classified cm centimetre(s) NRT net registered tonnes Col. Colonel NTSC National Television System Committee cu. cubic (525 lines 60 fields) CUP Cambridge University Press cwt hundredweight OUP Oxford University Press oz ounce(s) D. Democratic Party DWT dead weight tonnes PAL Phased Alternate Line (625 lines 50 fields 4·43 MHz sub-carrier) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States PAL M Phased Alternate Line (525 lines 60 PAL EEA European Economic Area 3·58 MHz sub-carrier) EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone PAL N Phased Alternate Line (625 lines 50 PAL EMS European Monetary System 3·58 MHz sub-carrier) EMU European Monetary Union PAYE Pay-As-You-Earn ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism PPP Purchasing Power Parity est. estimate f.o.b. free on board R. Republican Party FDI foreign direct investment retd retired ft foot/feet Rt Hon. Right Honourable FTE full-time equivalent SADC Southern African Development Community G8 Group Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, SDR Special Drawing Rights USA, Russia SECAM H Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire (625 lines GDP gross domestic product 50 fieldsHorizontal) Gen. -
Cultural Orientation | Kurmanji
KURMANJI A Kurdish village, Palangan, Kurdistan Flickr / Ninara DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 2018 CULTURAL ORIENTATION | KURMANJI TABLE OF CONTENTS Profile Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Government .................................................................................................................. 6 Iraqi Kurdistan ......................................................................................................7 Iran .........................................................................................................................8 Syria .......................................................................................................................8 Turkey ....................................................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Bodies of Water ...........................................................................................................10 Lake Van .............................................................................................................10 Climate ..........................................................................................................................11 History ...........................................................................................................................11 -
Into the Tunnels
REPORT ARAB POLITICS BEYOND THE UPRISINGS Into the Tunnels The Rise and Fall of Syria’s Rebel Enclave in the Eastern Ghouta DECEMBER 21, 2016 — ARON LUND PAGE 1 In the sixth year of its civil war, Syria is a shattered nation, broken into political, religious, and ethnic fragments. Most of the population remains under the control of President Bashar al-Assad, whose Russian- and Iranian-backed Baʻath Party government controls the major cities and the lion’s share of the country’s densely populated coastal and central-western areas. Since the Russian military intervention that began in September 2015, Assad’s Syrian Arab Army and its Shia Islamist allies have seized ground from Sunni Arab rebel factions, many of which receive support from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey, or the United States. The government now appears to be consolidating its hold on key areas. Media attention has focused on the siege of rebel-held Eastern Aleppo, which began in summer 2016, and its reconquest by government forces in December 2016.1 The rebel enclave began to crumble in November 2016. Losing its stronghold in Aleppo would be a major strategic and symbolic defeat for the insurgency, and some supporters of the uprising may conclude that they have been defeated, though violence is unlikely to subside. However, the Syrian government has also made major strides in another besieged enclave, closer to the capital. This area, known as the Eastern Ghouta, is larger than Eastern Aleppo both in terms of area and population—it may have around 450,000 inhabitants2—but it has gained very little media interest. -
Remote Warfare Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Remote Warfare Interdisciplinary Perspectives ALASDAIR MCKAY, ABIGAIL WATSON & MEGAN KARLSHØJ-PEDERSEN This e-book is provided without charge via free download by E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info). It is not permitted to be sold in electronic format under any circumstances. If you enjoy our free e-books, please consider leaving a small donation to allow us to continue investing in open access publications: http://www.e-ir.info/about/donate/ i Remote Warfare Interdisciplinary Perspectives EDITED BY ALASDAIR MCKAY, ABIGAIL WATSON AND MEGAN KARLSHØJ-PEDERSEN ii E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2021 ISBN 978-1-910814-56-7 This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Please contact [email protected] for any such enquiries, including for licensing and translation requests. Other than the terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the use and dissemination of this book for student learning materials/scholarly use. Production: Michael Tang Cover Image: Ruslan Shugushev/Shutterstock A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
The Lines That Bind
THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT ANDREW J. TABLER, EDITOR THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT Andrew J. Tabler, editor THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. Policy Focus 151, December 2016 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this pub- lication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2016 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 Design: 1000colors Cover image: 1916 map by Royal Geographical Society, annotated by Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot. CONTENTS List of Maps iv ANDREW J. TABLER 1 Introduction FABRICE BALANCHE 3 The Levant: Fragmentation and Remapping MICHAEL KNIGHTS 26 Iraq: Identifying a Steady State DAVID POLLOCK 32 Ending a Century of Subjugation: Sykes-Picot’s Kurdish Legacy DAVID SCHENKER 38 Jordan: Resilience and Stability amid Persistent Challenges SAM MENASSA 46 Lebanon, Sykes-Picot, and U.S. Foreign Policy SONER CAGAPTAY 53 Turkey Faces Its Toughest Tests GHAITH AL-OMARI 58 Palestine: State Institutions Before State Lines DAVID MAKOVSKY 65 Israel’s Enduring Struggle over Land BRIGITTE CURMI 70 The Arab World in 2016: Bringing the State Back In MARTIN KRAMER 79 Repairing Sykes-Picot Contributors 86 MAPS MAP 1 19th Century French, British, and Russian Imperialism in the Mediterranean 6 MAP 2 The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 8 MAP 3 Population of States under Mandate, 1922 10 MAP 4 The Levant after 1919 Versailles Treaty 12 iv ANDREW J. -
M a P P I N G Refugee Skills and Employability Data and Analysis from the Talent Catalog
SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER 2017 M A P P I N G REFUGEE SKILLS AND EMPLOYABILITY DATA AND ANALYSIS FROM THE TALENT CATALOG DATA AND ANALYSIS FROM THE TALENT CATALOG TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 – Introduction 4 Talent Beyond Boundaries 5 The Pilot Project 6 The Talent Catalog 7 2 - Talent Catalog Analysis 8 Outreach, Registration, and Data Collection 9 Methodology 10 3 - Data Analysis Summary 12 4 - Data Analysis 14 Occupation 15 Table 1.1, Top 10 Industries 15 Table 1.2, Top 30 Occupations 16 Nationality 17 Table 2, Top 15 Nationalities 17 Table 2.1, Top 10 Current Locations of Syrian Participants in the Talent Catalog 18 Table 2.2, Top 10 Current Locations of Palestinian Participants in the Talent Catalog 18 Table 2.3, Current Locations of Iraqi Participants in the Talent Catalog 18 Table 2.4, Top 10 Occupations of Syrian Participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.5, Top 10 Occupations of Palestinian Participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.6, Top 10 Occupations of Iraqi Participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.7, Top 5 Languages (Other than Arabic) Spoken by Syrian participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.8, Top 5 Languages (Other than Arabic) Spoken by Palestinian Participants in the Talent Catalog 20 Table 2.9, Top 5 Languages (Other than Arabic) Spoken by Iraqi Participants in the Talent Catalog 20 Location 21 Table 3, Top 10 Locations 21 Education 22 Table 4.1, Post-Secondary Education Levels 22 Chart 4.2, Types of Post-Secondary Education by Percent 22 Table 4.3, Top 10 Majors for People with Post-Secondary Schooling 22 Table -
Explaining Syria By
Explaining Syria by Esmond Wei An honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science Undergraduate College Leonard N. Stern School of Business New York University May 2015 Professor Marti G. Subrahmanyam Professor Joseph Foudy Faculty Adviser Thesis Adviser Acknowledgments I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to my thesis adviser, Professor Joseph Foudy. Throughout this entire process of formulating, conducting, and articulating this thesis, Professor Foudy has been there to provide insight, direction, and resources to make this entire endeavor possible. I appreciate all that he has done throughout the school year and recognize that none of this would be possible without him. I would also like to thank Professor Marti Subrahmanyam for his commitment to the Stern Honors Program. It was truly an unique program to participate in and it would not have been possible without Professor Subrahmanyam and others committing to the program in the manner that they have. Explaining Syria Abstract: The Middle-East has historically been a hotbed of tension, instability, and conflict. Yet, despite the volatile dynamics in the region, until recent years, the region has been governed surprisingly resilient regimes. Only recently, did the Arab Spring dislodge these resilient governments. As the spotlight is currently on the world’s response against the Islamic State and the ongoing civil war in Syria, the popular explanation to this conflict is that sectarianism drove Syria into this crisis. However, we believe that sectarianism alone did not cause the war. Rather, it was a regime that enacted economic policies that strengthened its grip on power but sacrificed long-term effects on growth. -
Local Intermediaries in Post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Local Intermediaries in Post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity
Local Intermediaries in post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Local Intermediaries in post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Edited by Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Contributors: Armenak Tokmajyan Ayman Al-Dassouky Hadeel Al-Saidawi Roger Asfar Sana Fadel Published in June 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung P.O. Box 116107 Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2210 Lebanon This publication is the product of a capacity building project for Syrian researchers that was designed and implemented by Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur. Each participant conducted independent research and authored a paper under the editors’ supervision. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be printed, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Layout and Cover Design: Milad Amin Translation and Editing: Hannah Massih, Livia Bergmeijer, Niamh Fleming- Farrell, Rana Sa’adah and Yaaser Azzayyat CONTENTS Building from the Wreckage Intermediaries in Contemporary Syria........................................................4 Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Politics of Rural Notables...........................................................................21 Armenak Tokmajyan What We Can Learn from the Rise of Local Traders in Syria........................43 Ayman Al-Dassouky Informal State-Society Relations and Family Networks in Rural Idlib..........67 Hadeel Al-Saidawi The Role of the Christian Clergy in Aleppo as Mediators The Nature of Relationships and their Attributes.......................................93 Roger Asfar The Leaders of Damascus The Intermediary Activists in the 2011 Uprising.........................................119 Sana Fadel Building from the Wreckage Intermediaries in Contemporary Syria Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Seven years of war in Syria have shattered many of the social and political relations that existed before the conflict. -
Liberal Tought in the Eastern Mediterranean
Liberal !ought in the Eastern Mediterranean Late 19th Century until the 1960s Edited by Christoph Schumann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 !!"#$%&''()*(+,-+./+'00111+++"#$%&''()*(+,-+./+'00111+++ 223*435667111*8598621:;3*435667111*8598621:; CHAPTER THREE “LIBERAL COLONIALISM” AND MARTIAL LAW IN FRENCH MANDATE SYRIA Michael Provence Introduction Imperialism has dramatically returned to the Middle East. For many in the region, particularly in Palestine, the age of colonialism never ended, but some intellectuals in Europe and America have welcomed a new age of muscular imperialism. Niall Ferguson, for whom the principal lament of today’s neo-imperialism is that Winston Churchill can no longer lead its charge and Rudyard Kipling can no longer sing its praises, writes widely from his endowed Harvard chair. Many glib commentators like to blame all the problems of the Middle East today on British and French imperial maneuvers to fashion dependencies out of the lost provinces of the Ottoman Empire—as if malicious European diplomats somehow invented the ancient !ssures between Shiites and Sunnis, or willfully encouraged Jewish settlers to colonize Palestine.1 European diplomats of the interwar Middle East may not have been malicious, but widespread ignorance, short-sighted incompetence, and self-delusion certainly bequeathed a miserable inheritance to the post- colonial era. Colonial authorities zealously exploited and deepened sectarian and class cleavages in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. More than encouraging Jewish colonization, British politicians quite literally deeded Palestine to Europe’s Zionist movement, and in so doing gave the world the Arab-Israeli con"ict. In the Middle East, endless su#ering and misery are widely viewed as the colonial legacy of the twentieth century. -
EGYPT/UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC 1960–January 1963
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files EGYPT/UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC 1960–January 1963 Internal and Foreign Affairs A UPA Collection from Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files EGYPT/UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC 1960–January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 774, 786B, 874, 886B, 974, and 986B and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 674, 686B, 611.74, and 611.86B Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide compiled by Blair Hydrick A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 2081420814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files. Egypt/United Arab Republic, 1960–January 1963 [microform]: internal affairs and foreign affairs / [project coordinator, Robert E. Lester] microfilm reels. Summary: Reproduces records of the National Archives, College park, MD, Record Group 59, General records of the Department of State, Decimal files for the UAR and Egypt: 786b, 774, 886b, 874, 986b, and 974 (internal affairs) and 686b, 674, 611.86b, and 611.74 (foreign affairs) for 1960–January 1963. Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Blair Hydrick and Barbara Brown, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files. Egypt/United Arab Republic, 1960–January 1963. ISBN 1-55655-807-4 1. United Arab Republic—Foreign relations—United States—Sources. 2. United States—Foreign relations—United Arab Republic—Sources. 3. United Arab Republic— Politics and government—1952–1970. I. Title: Egypt/United Arab Republic, 1960– January 1963. II. Lester, Robert. III. Brown, Barbara. IV. Hydrick, Blair. V. United States. Dept. -
A Biography of Zakī Al-Arsūzī
CHAPTER 1 A Biography of Zakī al-Arsūzī Written by Hiroyuki Aoyama Revised by Malek Salman Introduction This Chapter is a comprehensive biography of Zakī al-Arsūzī, seeking to clarify the background against which his linguo-philosophical and political ideologies are based. It highlights the significant role al-Arsūzī played in politicizing Arab nationalism. The factual outline of al-Arsūzī’s personal history is mainly derived from “≈ayāt al-Arsūzī fī Suªūr (A Brief Account of al-Arsūzī’s Life),”1 which offers the earliest and reliable biographical article. Based on this article, some details are added by referring to the following studies and documents: al-Arsūzī’s Al-Mu’allafāt al-Kāmilah (Complete Works), memoirs of al-Arsūzī’s disciples, and previous literature written on al-Arsūzī’s linguistic and philosophical theories. When contradictory information is found, supplementary comments are provided in the endnotes. The Early Days At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Syria witnessed a series of rapid political changes. Although the Ottoman Empire had ruled the Arab East, including Syria, for about four hundred years, it was shaken by the political interference of the European powers on one hand, and by the rise of the Arab nationalist movement, on the other. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, Prince Fay≠al, sharīf (governor of Mecca) ≈usayn’s son, declared the Arab government in Damascus for a short period, preceding the French mandate. - 1 - The Alexandretta Province, where Zakī al-Arsūzī spent his early days with his family, was also not exempted from the turmoil of all these political changes.2 Zakī al-Arsūzī (Zakī bn Najīb bn Ibrāhīm al-Arsūzī) was born in June 1900 as the youngest of four brothers and a sister of an ‘Alawi family in Latakia.3 His father, Najīb, was a lawyer, also known as a member of an Arab clandestine society opposing the Ottoman rule.