DOCSLIB.ORG

When Manuscripts Meet: Editing the Bible in Greek During and After the Council of Trent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
When Manuscripts Meet: Editing the Bible in Greek During and After the Council of Trent chapter 15 When Manuscripts Meet: Editing the Bible in Greek during and after the Council of Trent Scott Mandelbrote In or around 1599, Thomas James (ca. 1573–1629) studied an unfamiliar Latin Bible, probably in the shop of the stationer John Norton in Saint Paul’s Churchyard in London. He read the preface, which was ascribed to Pope Sixtus v: and viewed it well, considering the singular care that was taken in the mending of it; the supreame Authoritie whereby it was done; the Parties imployed in the dooing of it; the Chiefe Pastor of the Church, sole Iudge of all controuersies; his assistance of a Colledge of Cardinalls; helpe of the best Learned men that could be gotten throughout all Europe; of rare Manuscripts; the best printed Copies; vse of Originals and Fathers; cor- rection of it both before & after the printing; imployment of Correcters and Compositors for the same purpose. Lastly, the approprobation of it by the Church, and in the Church to be read, forbidding all other Bibles, how little soeuer swaruing from this, to be read; commaunding them, whether printed or written, to bee made away: or at the least, to be made of none effect, and not to bee accounted of in respect of this.1 James may already have been acting for Sir Thomas Bodley, who in February 1598 had taken it upon himself to restore the library of Oxford University. Certainly, he lost no time in comparing this new Bible to an earlier printed copy of the Vulgate, “which it was my chance to buy of a Souldier, that was at 1 Thomas James, A Treatise of the Corrvption of Scripture, Councels, and Fathers (London, 1611), 27–28. Cf. Biblia sacra vulgatae editionis ab Concilii Tridentini praescriptum emendata et a Sixto v p.m. recognita et approbata (Rome, 1590); T.H. Darlow and H.F. Moule, Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scripture in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 2 vols. (London: bfbs, 1903–11),[hereafter cited as dm], no. 6181. See also Paul Maria Baumgarten, Die Vulgata Sixtina von 1590 und ihre Einführungsbulle (Münster: Aschendorff, 1911). For the identification of Norton, see G.W. Wheeler, ed., Letters of Sir Thomas Bodley to Thomas James (Oxford: Clarendon, 1926), 4–5; for the location of the shop, see Peter W.M. Blayney, The Bookshops in Paul’s Cross Churchyard (London: Bibliographical Society, 1990), 53–54. The copy viewed by James is probably now shelf mark Bib. Lat. 1590 c. 1, Bodleian Library, Oxford. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���6 | doi �0.��63/9789004�633�4_0�6 <UN> 252 Mandelbrote the sacking of Cales, whose bootie was books.” James rapidly noticed the differ- ences in the two texts, moving on to compare them with another Bible, printed in 1593 at Rome under the authority of Clement viii and edited by Roberto Bellarmino: I found, by a diligent comparing of both Bibles, that the two Popes did notoriously differ amongst themselues; not onelie in the number of the verses, but in the bodie of the Text, and in the Praefaces & Bulls themsel- ues. I should hardly haue beleeued so much, vnlesse I had seene it with mine eyes…2 Following this discovery, James immediately began exploiting such apparent disagreement over the text of the Latin Bible for the purposes of Protestant polemic: “for what talke is there of peace, or hope of amendement, as long as the two Popes, the Holy Fathers of the Church, are at as great enmitie…one Pope against another; Sixtus against Clement, Clement against Sixtus, disput- ing, writing & fighting about the… Bible.”3 In a book that he published in 1600, James drew attention to the discrepancies between the Sixtine and Clementine editions of the Vulgate and to their differences from earlier editions of the Bible sanctioned by the Catholic Church, from rabbinic tradition, and from the consensus of the underlying Greek and Hebrew sources of the text.4 He was far from being the first to notice the problems about which he now gloated: 2 James, Treatise, 228–29. The Bibles used for comparison were dm 6129, printed at Louvain in 1547, endorsed by the Faculty of Theology there, and edited by Johannes Henten on the basis of the work of Robert Estienne, and the quarto editio of dm 6184 (the so-called Sixto- Clementine Bible, originally published in an edition of five hundred copies in folio in 1592). James’s text states that the Louvain Bible came from Calais, but the context makes clear that it was in fact spoil from the Jesuit library at Cadiz. The Earl of Essex sacked Cadiz in July 1596, and his ships also carried off the library of Fernão de Mascarenhas from Faro. See Wheeler, Letters of Bodley to James, 4–5, where Essex is identified as the donor of Bodley’s own copy of the Sixto-Clementine Bible (1592, now shelf mark Bib. Lat. 1592 c. 1, Bodleian Library); K.M. Pogson, “A Grand Inquisitor and His Library,” Bodleian Quarterly Record 3 (1920–22): 239–44; P.S. Allen, “Books Brought from Spain in 1596,” English Historical Review 31 (1916): 606–10; Paul Maria Baumgarten, Neue Kunde von alten Bibeln (Rome: For the author, 1922), 316–22. A later revision of the Louvain Bible (Antwerp, 1583) had in fact been used as the copy-text for the work that James was examining: see mss Vat. Lat. 12959–60, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City. 3 James, Treatise, 31. 4 Thomas James, Bellvm papale, sive concordia discors Sixti Qvinti, et Clementis Octavi, circa Hieronymianam editionem (London, 1600), sig. C3v. <UN>.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service
    Quidditas Volume 9 Article 9 1988 The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service F. Jeffrey Platt Northern Arizona University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Platt, F. Jeffrey (1988) "The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service," Quidditas: Vol. 9 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol9/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. JRMMRA 9 (1988) The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service by F. Jeffrey Platt Northern Arizona University The critical early years of Elizabeth's reign witnessed a watershed in European history. The 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, which ended the long Hapsburg-Valois conflict, resulted in a sudden shift in the focus of international politics from Italy to the uncomfortable proximity of the Low Countries. The arrival there, 30 miles from England's coast, in 1567, of thousands of seasoned Spanish troops presented a military and commer­ cial threat the English queen could not ignore. Moreover, French control of Calais and their growing interest in supplanting the Spanish presence in the Netherlands represented an even greater menace to England's security. Combined with these ominous developments, the Queen's excommunica­ tion in May 1570 further strengthened the growing anti-English and anti­ Protestant sentiment of Counter-Reformation Europe. These circumstances, plus the significantly greater resources of France and Spain, defined England, at best, as a middleweight in a world dominated by two heavyweights.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 in THIS CHAPTER We Examine the Early Records of the Bodleian
    BUILDING A LIBRARY WITHOUT WALLS: THE EARLY YEARS OF THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY ROBYN ADAMS AND LOUISIANE FERLIER CENTRE FOR EDITING LIVES AND LETTERS BODLEY’S REFOUNDATION OF THE LIBRARY AT OXFORD IN THIS CHAPTER we examine the early records of the Bodleian Library in order to explore the protean administrative processes employed by Sir Thomas Bodley and Thomas James, his first Librarian. These early records yield a glimpse of how various aspects of the library were shaped, and of the attitudes towards books and donors demonstrated by Bodley and James. Our research data extracted from these records reveal bibliographical patterns and physical behaviours which allow us to interrogate the intellectual processes at work in populating the library shelves. Erected, famously, ‘for the publique use of students’, we aim to interrogate the tension of the Bodleian’s role as a public institution promoting and preserving for posterity the muniments of early English religion while at the same time serving an academic community, the principal constituency of which were students. We aim to confront to material evidence this idea of the library for the ‘publique use of students’, and dig deeper to find other sources of motivation for the resurrection of the bibliographical monument that was Bodley’s vision. Following his withdrawal from public service in his political role as diplomatic agent in the Netherlands during the conflict with Spain between 1588 and 1596, Bodley directed elsewhere the administrative energy that had defined his career as a legate.1 His decision to return to Oxford, to refurbish the structure and furnish his newly-constructed presses with books resulted in not only soliciting philanthropic gestures from politically powerful friends and contacts but also a new sort of activity; that of organising a brand new kind of institution.
    [Show full text]
  • College and Research Libraries
    By MAX LEDERE~ A Stroll Through English Libraries Dr. Lederer is a fellow of the Library of now, a modern library having been estab­ Congress. lished right below the old one. The Bod­ leian Library, however, is still, as it has been HEN VISITING English libraries, one for ages, a working library, not only one of W looks back to six centuries of devoted the most revered, but also one of the largest service to the reader. Within convenient and most important institutions of its kind. range of the traveler are London and Ox­ The old Bodleian is too well known to ford. The libraries of these two cities offer require a minute description. Generation a good choice for a general view. after generation has climbed the shallow Let us start with Oxford, the ancient seat steps of the quaint wooden staircase. One of learning fQr almost seven centuries, would not suspect when passing the modest whose coat of arms humbly points to the entrance in a corner of the Old Schools eternal source of all truth and wisdom: Quadrangle that he was entering one of the Dominus illuminatio mea. In the venerable noblest repositories of man's wisdom and Merton College Library-the building was learning. Founded in the fifteenth century erected in the years I373-78-the lance­ it was despoiled IOO years later, and then shaped, narrow windows throw a dim light restored by Sir Thomas Bodley at the end on rows of leather-bound volumes, the gilt of the sixteenth century. The !-square titles and edges of which have long ago shaped hall with its beautiful old roofing, faded.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxford INTRODUCTION
    The BODLEIAN LIBRARY Oxford INTRODUCTION xford’s libraries are among the most Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester. Since 1602 it has celebrated in the world, not only for expanded, slowly at first but with increasing their incomparable collections of momentum over the last 150 years, to keep O pace with the ever-growing accumulation of books and manuscripts, but also for their buildings, some of which have remained in books and papers, but the core of the old continuous use since the Middle Ages. Among buildings has remained intact. These buildings them the Bodleian, the chief among the are still used by students and scholars University’s libraries, has a special place. First from all over the world, and they attract an opened to scholars in 1602, it incorporates an ever-increasing number of visitors, for whose earlier library erected by the University in the benefit this guide has been written. fifteenth century to house books donated by HISTORY he first library for Oxford University manuscripts, including several important – as distinct from the colleges – was classical texts. These volumes would have made housed in a room above the Old the existing library desperately overcrowded, T and in 1444 the University decided to erect Congregation House, begun c.1320 on a site to the north of the chancel of the University a new library over the Divinity School, Church of St Mary the Virgin. The building begun in about 1424 on a site at the northern stood at the heart of Oxford’s ‘academic end of School Street, just inside the town wall.
    [Show full text]
  • The Old Bodleian Library Conservation Plan
    - The Old Bodleian Library Building No. 131 The Old Bodleian Library, OxfordJanuary 1 2013 ConservationConservation Plan, PlanJanuary 2013 Estates Services University of Oxford January 2013 The Old Bodleian Library, Oxford 2 Conservation Plan, January 2013 THE OLD BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD CONSERVATION PLAN CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Purpose of the Conservation Plan 7 1.2 Scope of the Conservation Plan 8 1.3 Existing information 8 1.4 Methodology 9 1.5 Constraints 9 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 13 2.1 History of the site and University 13 2.1.1 History of the Bodleian Group 15 2.2 History of the Old Bodleian Library 16 3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OLD BODLEIAN LIBRARY 43 3.1 Significance as part of the city centre, Broad Street, Catte Street, Radcliffe 43 Square, the Oxford skyline, and the Central (City and University) Conservation Area 3.2 Significance as a constituent element of the Bodleian complex 45 3.3 Architectural and aesthetic Significance 47 3.3.1 External elevations 47 3.3.1.1 The Divinity School and Duke Humfrey’s Library 47 3.3.1.2 Arts End and the Proscholium 49 3.3.1.3 The Old Schools Quadrangle 52 3.3.1.4 Selden End, the Convocation House, and Chancellor’s Court 54 3.3.2 Interior Spaces 56 The Old Bodleian Library, Oxford 3 Conservation Plan, January 2013 3.3.2.1 Duke Humfrey’s Library, Arts End, and Selden End 56 3.3.2.2 The Divinity School 58 3.3.2.3 The Proscholium 61 3.3.2.4 The Convocation House and Chancellor’s Court 61 3.3.2.5 The Upper Reading Room and Upper Reserve 63 3.3.2.6 The Lower Reading Room and Lower Reserve 65
    [Show full text]
  • The Building of the Tower of Five Orders III the Schools' Quadrangle at Oxford
    The Building of the Tower of Five Orders III the Schools' Quadrangle at Oxford By CATHERINE COLE N the summer of 1612, John Chamberlain, the Tudor gossip writer, de­ I scribed, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, a visit he had lately paid to Oxford, in the course of which he had viewed the three important buildings recently erected there. In an interesting passage he thus records his im­ press.ions: , ... Sir Thomas Bodley's addition to the library is a fair and substantial building, suitable on the outside to the Divinity Schools, Mrs. Wadham's new College would have been a fine handsome fabric, if it had been as well placed and contrived as it might easily have been, but the most pleasing thing I saw was the new quadrangle at Merton College, a graceful work and one that may stand for a second foundation .. ." Chamberlain had two old friends in Oxford, William Gent and Thomas Allen, both active members of the small committee set up by the University to oversee the progress of the library,' and both residents of Gloucester Hall, whose young principal, Dr. Hawley, was also one of Bodley's chief assistants. Dr. Hawley had lately been affronted by Mrs. Wadham's refusal to build her college on the site of Gloucester Hall and to make him its first Warden.3 It therefore seems extremely probable that Chamberlain is here quoting the views and information imparted to him by these two friends, in whose company he doubtless viewed the buildings. If tlus is so, the statement that the addition to the library was suitable on the outside to the Divinity School, is of interest, since it implies a deliberate intention on Bodley's part to design his building in conformity with a GotlUc predecessor.
    [Show full text]
  • New Bodleian Jewish Treasures
    The Laud Mahzor: an angel hands the Torah to the PASSPORT Israelites, Moses sacrifices a ram, and baking bread marks the festival of Shavuot; below: part of a Cairo Genizah fragment of the Babylonian Talmud, 1123 CE were transferred to the Bodleian. Bodleian archive illuminates The 19th century saw an explosive increase in the Library’s acquisition of Hebrew and Judaica manuscripts under 1,000 years of culture the helm of Bulkeley Bandinel, librarian from 1813, who transformed the Bodleian The 16th-century founder of the Bodleian Library, Sir Thomas Bodley, sparked an interest in Hebrew that into one of the pre-eminent holders of Hebrew and Jewish material in the world. has continued in Oxford to this day. César Merchán-Hamann and Rebecca Abrams uncover the stories Notable collections during this time behind the library’s precious collection of Jewish manuscripts include 12 manuscripts that had belonged to David Luzzatto (also known as Shadal), he Hebrew and Jewish collections time was in a parlous condition, having to enter the collections was a Hebrew a figure who towered over 19th-century at Oxford’s Bodleian Library been almost completely neglected by the manuscript: the text of the book of Genesis Italian Judaism. The Bodleian is rich in T constitute not only one of the University since 1490. Worse still, in 1550 it with interlinear translation, donated by Italian manuscripts from the Middle greatest treasures of the Library, but one had been subjected to a brutal ‘visitation’ Sir John Fortescue in 1601. Other donations Ages up to the 19th century, providing of the foremost collections in the world, by the commissioners.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL ENDOWMENT for the HUMANITIES Lecture
    iNauuimi niiuowmein ior uie nuriiamues - zuiu jenerson Lecture rage i u n i NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES 2010 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities Lecture BIOGRAPHY “When Minds Met: China and the INTERVIEW West in the Seventeenth Century'’ APPRECIATION BY JONATHAN SPENCE LECTURE May 20, 2010, at 7:00 p.m. J o n a t h a n S p e n c e BIBLIOGRAPHY The Warner Theatre Sterling Professor of History ABOUT THE LECTURE Emeritus. Washington, D.C. Yale University NEH Home (As prepared fo r delivery) — Photo by Nancy Ciampton © 2010, Jonathan Spence B share ** t ' . What’s this? It is just over fifty years since I made my first wobbly attempts to read and write Chinese. Within a few weeks I was hooked completely by the complexity and scope of Chinese history and culture, and since that time I have continued to try and understand what makes this extraordinary civilization so difficult to understand and yet so rewarding. Back in 1959-1960, when I was a student, Mao and his pliant colleagues in the People’s Republic of China were driving the entire country into apparently irreversible programs of fundamental economic transformation, known by the optimistic name of the Great Leap Forward. Now, in 2010, that particular Great Leap has faded from global discourse, and has been replaced by a different type of transformative and explosive economic growth, as China has learned how to marshal its vast potential along new tracks of reconstruction and change. I see this invitation to give the Jefferson Lecture as being an opportunity to present some thoughts concerning an earlier period of Chinese history, one in which concepts of cultural change were very much present.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy 43 William A
    The Corporation as a Protagonist in Global History, c. 1550– 1750 Global Economic History Series Series Editors Maarten Prak (Utrecht University) Jan Luiten van Zanden (Utrecht University) Editorial Board Gareth Austin (University of Cambridge) Johan Fourie (Stellenbosch University) Christine Moll- Murata (Ruhr- Universität Bochum) Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (Wageningen University) Şevket Pamuk (Boğazici University, Istanbul) Kenneth L. Pomeranz (University of Chicago) Tirthankar Roy (London School of Economics and Political Science) Peer H.H. Vries (University of Vienna) volume 16 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ gehs The Corporation as a Protagonist in Global History, c. 1550– 1750 Edited by William A. Pettigrew and David Veevers LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC-ND License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Kalamkari Hanging with Figures in an Architectural Setting, ca. 1640–50, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, nos. MMA 20.79. URL: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447118. The figures in this cotton panel were once part of a larger hanging of men and women displayed in Armenian, Indian, Persian and European fashion, originating in the Deccan. They were likely produced either for the Golcondan court or by consumers for circulation and display in India or Europe. They are a striking example of the confluence of cosmopolitan cultural expression prevalent in the Deccan at the time. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pettigrew, William A.
    [Show full text]
  • Brio 56.2-PROOF 2
    BRIO Vol. 56, No. 2 SPECIAL ISSUE: ‘Claimed from Stationers’ Hall’: papers from an AHRC-funded network project Edited by Martin Holmes & Karen E. McAulay IAML (UK & Irl) gratefully acknowledges financial support for this issue of Brio from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland BRIO Vol. 56 No. 2 Autumn/Winter 2019 EDITORS: Martin Holmes and Karen E. McAulay CONTENTS Editorial 1 Obituary: Clifford Bartlett 3 Malcolm Jones ‘Neither exhaustive nor selective’: Legal deposit, Sir Thomas Bodley, 6 and the growth of the music collections at his Library in Oxford Martin Holmes Early music legal deposit (1710-1836) in the National Library of 16 Scotland and its predecessor library, the Library of the Faculty of Advocates Almut Boehme Legal deposit music at University of Glasgow Library, 1710-1836 31 Robert MacLean Discovering Copyright Music in the University of St Andrews Library 38 Briony Harding, Elizabeth Henderson & Karen E. McAulay Stationers’ Hall music at Aberdeen 50 Jane Pirie (Dis)Claimed from Stationers’ Hall: the case of Trinity College Dublin 54 Roy Stanley The ones that got away: Sion College and King’s Inns 60 Karen E. McAulay & Sile O’Shea Skulduggery in St Martin’s Lane: a nasty case of piracy? 62 Margaret Jones Performance potential of Stationers’ Hall collections 77 Brianna E. Robertson-Kirkland Non-Print Legal Deposit and Music in the UK: a progress report 87 Richard Chesser & Rupert Ridgewell Exhibition review 96 Book reviews 99 IAML (UK & Ireland) Executive Committee 110 Notes for contributors 111 Advertising and subscription rates 113 Brio is abstracted and indexed in Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (EBSCO), RILM Abstracts (EBSCO), The Music Index (EBSCO) and the Music Periodicals Database (ProQuest).
    [Show full text]
  • The Bodleian and Its Founder
    By H. H. E. CRASTER The Bodleian and Its Founder In this brief paper Bodley's present librarian constant warfare between the Spaniards brings to date the account of the storied and the Dutch-he was a principal mem­ Oxford institution over which he has pre­ ber of the Council of State of the Dutch side~ for many years. Republic, taking part in all its deliberations. On two subsequent occasions he was ~ent OUR HUNDRED YEARS AGo-on March back to The . Hague ~n special missions. F 2, I 545, according . to the . Greg~lf. ian His political capacity was such that he calendar-Thomas Bodley 'was borri-in the was twice pressed to . accept the office of city of Exeter, England. Like Raleigh and Secretary of State in the. English govern­ Drake and other great figures of Eliza­ ment. Nevertheless he- had no liking for bethan England he was a Qev~~ ·.man. .. His party politics. His tastes were those of a father was a zealous Prote-stant who found scholar, and so, at the age of fifty-three, .I refuge from religious persecution at Geneva, as he tells us in his autobiography, "I re­ and he.re he received his early education. solved to possess my soul in peace all the But the accession of Queen Elizabeth al­ residue of my days, to take ·.my farewell lowed his return to England and his en~ry of state employments, and to retire from as a student into the University of O~ford, the court." His decision to direct his the place with which his name will be for­ talents to another sphere was destined to ever associated.
    [Show full text]
  • At the Bodleian Libraries Authors
    A HISTORY OF PEST MANAGEMENT AT THE BODLEIAN LIBRARIES AUTHORS Kristie Short-Traxler Head of Preventive Conservation, University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries, Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BG Alexandra Walker Preventive Conservator, University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries, Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BG Tania Desloge MSc Candidate, University College London, Conservation for Archaeology and Museums, Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY TIMELINE “I hope those little worms about the covers of your books come by reason of their newness, and that hereafter they will away” 1 Fumigation Chamber, New Bodleian Floor Plans (D Floor) 1944-45 1602 The Bodleian Library Opens Sir Thomas Bodley comments to his Librarian on the presence of bookworm in Bodleian collections Micrographia, Robert Hooke 1665 Scheme 33 (The Bookworm) 1665 Hooke’s Micrographia The incorrect identification of a silverfish as a ‘small silver coloured bookworm...and moth’ further demonstrates a lack of knowledge regarding library and archive pest identification. 2 1923 Ravages of the Bookworm Bookworm infestation found in 30,000 Oriental Volumes. All the woodwork and shelving treated using carbolic and benzene. Books were wiped clean; infestation reoccurred. 3 1931 The New Bodleian Library The Bodleian plans to build New Library building, incorporating PAST PRACTISES a fumigation room for treating infested items. There is little information 4 Library completed in 1940, but used for war purposes. concerning pest 1946 The New Bodleian opens and used as a working library. management from the INTRODUCTION opening of the Bodleian to 1950s –60s No specific knowledge of problems or treatments. the early 20th Century. It is assumed, based on findings This timeline displays the changing 1970s Chemical Treatments used on Collections and known treatments approaches to pest management Infested volumes treated with PDB (moth balls) inside transit cases.
    [Show full text]