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Middle School Scholars' Newsletter Middle School Scholars’ CONTENTS Drake’s Chair at the Bodleian by ​ Newsletter Toby Hindley… p2-3 Michaelmas Term 2018 Cultural Differences in Traditions of the Dead by Alfie Marshall… p3-5 ​ The History of General Augustus The Oxford Issue Pitt Rivers by Henry Wooding… ​ p5-6 The Haida Totem Pole by Nicholas ​ Pearson… p6-8 The Oxford Museum of Natural History and its Architecture by ​ Jakob Hobbs… p8-9 The History of the Bodleian Library by Thomas Rolfe… p9-11 Introduction The Bodleian, Literary Classification and Copyright Libraries by Rory Bishop… p11-13 It’s been an active term for the Middle School ​ ​ Scholars. We’ve had a lecture from Dr Sally Why Do Some Rocks Glow? by Rodgers about the relationship between ​ poetry and music, the Middle School Scholars Daniel McNamara… p13-15 Presentations Evening and Dinner, as well as Particle Physics: A Summary of the 5th Year trip to Oxford, with a talk from OA Prof. Ian Shipsey’s Talk by Ashwin Ollie Sayeed yet to come. ​ Tennant… p15-17 This inaugural edition of the newsletter is full of an eclectic range of articles by the fifth year From the Pitt Rivers: A Model of a scholars inspired by their Oxford trip, and we Mongolian Temple, and Some think it showcases the three key values of Shrunken Heads by Will Wakelam… ​ Abingdon’s scholarship programme at its best: p17-18 independence, inquiry and initiative. We hope you enjoy it and have a wonderful Christmas. Bee Colonies by Will Taylor… ​ p19-20 Knowing by Johan Nerlov… p21 Andrew Jamison ​ Head of Middle School Scholars 1 To this great ship which round the Globe has Drake’s Chair at the Bodleian by ​ run, Toby Hindley And matcht in Race the Chariot of the Sun, This Pythagorean Ship (for it may claime Without Presumption so deserv’d a Name On our trip to Oxford we By knowledge once, and transformation now) visited New College In her new shape, this sacred Port allow. (where we received a Drake and his Ship, could not have wisht from guided tour from OA Fate Anthony Bracey), the A more blest Station, or more blest Estate. Bodleian Library, the Pitt For Lo! A Seate of endles Rest is giv’n Rivers Museum, the To her in Oxford, and to him in Heav’n. Natural History Museum and the new Particle Sir Francis Drake was an Physics Lab. During this English sea captain, trip we saw many interesting things and were naval officer and told a lot about the history of places and what explorer born in 1540. He went on inside these parts of the college and discovered many new city. On the trip there was one particular lands on his journeys artefact that as soon as I saw it I thought would and helped to expand be interesting to research and write about: Sir the British Empire in his Francis Drake’s chair in the Divinity School time, famously claiming within the Bodleian Library. what is now California for England during his The artefact itself is an oak chair made of incursion of the Pacific. By doing this he also Francis Drake’s ship, the Golden Hind, that started an era of conflict with the Spanish over travelled the seas exploring the world under the west coast of the Americas, which hadn’t Queen Elizabeth I’s orders. The chair was previously been properly explored by Western fashioned by John Davies in 1662 after the countries. ship’s structure decayed due to the bad weather and rain in Deptford where it had Through this and other big events, namely the been left on the orders of the queen in 1581. Spanish Armada where he was second in Most of the very little good remaining timber command, he became disliked by the Spanish was fashioned into the chair after it was and was branded a pirate. This is not because broken up. The rest of the timber is believed to of his conflicts with the Spanish but mainly be buried in Convoy’s Wharf, a former Tudor because of his privateering and raids on shipyard. On the back of the chair hangs a Spanish waters where he would capture short poem by Abraham Cowley, in both Latin Spanish ships and treasure shipments and rob and English, which commemorates the history them of their goods, taking these spoils back of the chair. The verse goes: to the queen. It even got to the point where King Philip II offered 20,000 ducats (£6 million 2 in today’s money) as a reward for his capture understated chair that had we not have been or death. This is why when he was knighted for shown, I wouldn’t even have noticed. his services to Queen Elizabeth I it was done by a Frenchman and not the queen, in order to stop there from being any conflict with Spain. Sir Francis Drake is one of the most famous sea Cultural Differences in Traditions captains in history and like any sea captain he of the Dead by Alfie Marshall ​ had his own equally famous ship, the Golden Hind, which the chair is made from. During a recent trip to Oxford, we visited the Pitt Rivers Museum, and I was inspired by an The Golden Hind was an English galleon that exhibit on “Treatment of the Dead” to write became only the second ship in history to about this subject. I have outlined several circumnavigate the globe between 1577 and different ways in which different cultures 1580. The ship was originally known as Pelican around the world treat death and the dead. but was renamed in 1578 mid-way through the circumnavigation in honour of Sir Christopher South Korea - There was a law passed in 2000 Hatton whose crest was a golden hind. Hatton ​ was one of Drake’s main sponsors for his world which said that anyone burying a loved one voyage hence why Drake changed the name of had to remove the grave after 60 years. This the ship in honour of his donation. During its law, in addition to graveyard space depleting, circumnavigation it was tasked unofficially by led to cremation becoming a much more Queen Elizabeth I to steal treasures off the popular option than in the past. Ten years ago, Spanish and Drake achieved this with great 6 out of 10 people were buried traditionally, success. On 1 March 1979, off the coast of but due to cultural changes this figure has now Ecuador, the Golden Hind challenged and changed to captured the Spanish Galleon Nuestra Señora 3 out of 10. de la Concepción, capturing the largest However, treasure to that date: over 360,000 pesos there is (equivalent to around £480 million in today’s another money). When Drake returned, half this money option - went to the queen, letting her pay off all of her several government debt and still leaving her with a companies quarter of the money left to invest in a new make “death beads”, which is when the trading company for the Levant. All of the deceased’s remains are compressed into investors of the trip got a 4700% return for small, shiny beads in blue-green, pink, or what they put in (£47 for every £1). black. They are then displayed in dishes or in glass containers to keep them nearby. To conclude, this artefact is a very interesting Tibet and Mongolia - Many Vajrayana one that has travelled the world and been a ​ Buddhists in Tibet and Mongolia choose to huge part of history, now converted to a very have a traditional sky burial - around 80% of Tibetans still choose it today. They believe in 3 the transmigration of spirits after death, which is when the soul leaves the body and moves on. In order to return the body to the earth, they chop it up into pieces and lay these pieces on a mountaintop, where it is exposed to nature and vultures. This has been done for thousands of years up to the present day. The Philippines - Many different ethnic groups In some traditions, fluids from the platforms ​ in the Philippines have unique traditions for can help to determine the killer of the the dead. The Apayaos wrap the deceased deceased. person in a mat (ikamen) and they are carried on the shoulders of the immediate male family Madagascar - The Malagasy people of members. They are then buried under the ​ Madagascar hold a ritual called “famadihana” kitchen of their homes. The Tinguian peoples (the turning of the bones). Every 5 or 7 years, dress the dead in their best clothes and sit families celebrate at their ancestral crypt, with them on a chair for many weeks. They then dancing and music, and take the bodies of sometimes put a lit tobacco source between their ancestors from their graves and lift them their lips. The Ilongot is buried in a sitting onto their shoulders to celebrate with them. position, and if she is a woman her hands are Some people spray the bodies with expensive tied to her feet to stop the “ghost” from perfumes or splash them with wine. They roaming. The Caviteño use trees to bury their believe the bones of their ancestors “must dead. When a person is terminally ill or very never become lost in the world” and this ritual old, they choose a tree they want to be buried is very important for that reason. in, and a hut is then built near it. When they die they are placed vertically inside the hollowed Ghana - In Ghana, people want to be buried in ​ out trunk of the selected tree.
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