Antiutopía Y Control

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Antiutopía Y Control A ntiutopía y control L a distopía en el mundo contemporáneo y actual Elisabetta Di Minico A questa tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons . Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimi ento 3.0. España de Creative Commons . Th is doctoral thesis is licens ed under the Creative Commons Att ribution 3.0. Spain License . ANTIUTOPÍA Y CONTROL LA DISTOPÍA EN EL MUNDO CONTEMPORÁNEO Y ACTUAL Elisabetta Di Minico Universitat de Barcelona Facultat de Geografia i Història Departament d'Història Contemporània Programa Societat i Cultura Director: Andreu Mayayo i Artal Mayo 2015 INDICE INTRODUZIONE .............................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 11 1.UTOPIA E ANTIUTOPIA L'Utopia ...................................................................................................................... 19 L'Antiutopia ................................................................................................................. 38 2 . LA DISTOPIA POLITICA 2.1 When the Sleeper Awakes ................................................................................... 61 2.2 The Iron Heel ........................................................................................................ 72 2.3 My ........................................................................................................................ 83 2.4 Blokken ................................................................................................................ 91 2.5 Brave New World .................................................................................................. 99 2.6 Swastika Night .................................................................................................... 111 2.7 Anthem ............................................................................................................... 122 2.8 L'Uomo è Forte ................................................................................................... 131 2.9 Kallocain ............................................................................................................. 141 2.10 1984 ................................................................................................................. 150 2.11 Fahrenheit 451 .................................................................................................. 167 2.12 Facial Justice .................................................................................................... 174 2.13 This Perfect Day ............................................................................................... 188 2.14 THX 1138 .......................................................................................................... 198 2.15 The Handmaid's Tale ........................................................................................ 204 2.16 Ministerio .......................................................................................................... 217 2.17 Moscow 2042 ................................................................................................... 224 2.18 V for Vendetta ................................................................................................... 234 2.19 Give Me Liberty ................................................................................................ 247 2.20 Equilibrium ........................................................................................................ 257 2.21 Snowpiercer ..................................................................................................... 264 3 . DISTOPIA E POTERI DOMINANTI 3.1 I poteri dominanti e la sacralizzazione della politica ........................................... 271 3.2 Il controllo nei poteri dominanti ........................................................................... 290 3.3 Controllo, violenza e morte ................................................................................. 334 3.4 Il dolore del corpo e della mente ......................................................................... 351 4. DISTOPIA E POTERI SUADENTI 4.1 I poteri suadenti .................................................................................................. 381 4.2 Il controllo, la persuasione e i poteri suadenti ..................................................... 397 4.3. Corpo e mente nei poteri suadenti ..................................................................... 435 CONCLUSIONI ........................................................................................................... 457 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................ 467 BIBLIOGRAFIA ........................................................................................................... 477 1 2 INTRODUZIONE Chi controlla il passato controlla il futuro, chi controlla il presente controlla il passato. Tra gli slogan di partito di Oceania, lo stato-incubo creato dallo scrittore inglese George Orwell nel suo capolavoro 1984, questo è, forse, il più atroce e il più attuale. É atroce ed attuale perché la storia, nonostante, per definizione, sia lo studio del passato, può essere sfruttata nel presente per controllare la popolazione. Riscrivendola o falsificandola, si può influenzare e traviare l'opinione pubblica, finendo con il condannare realtà e verità ad una impietosa damnatio memoriae . Chi ha il potere di modificare la storia, può alterare il corso degli eventi e costruire un futuro in base ai propri bisogni socio-politici. Un popolo senza memoria è addomesticato e schiacciato. È un popolo che può essere facilmente privato delle sue possibilità di scelta e della sua criticità, è un popolo “unidimensionale” che accetta bonariamente le paure, i desideri, le dottrine che gli vengono inculcate da chi lo guida. É un popolo che può confondere, nella sua vita quotidiana e reale, proprio come in 1984 , la guerra con la pace, la libertà con la schiavitù, l'ignoranza con la forza. Se il Partito poteva ficcare le mani nel passato e dire di questo o quell'avvenimento che non era mai accaduto , ciò non era forse ancora più terribile della tortura o della morte? Il Partito diceva che l'Oceania non era mai stata alleata dell'Eurasia. Lui, Winston Smith, sapeva che appena quattro anni prima l'Oceania era stata alleata dell'Eurasia. Ma questa conoscenza dove si trovava? Solo all'interno della sua coscienza,che in ogni caso sarebbe stata presto annientata. E se tutti quanti accettavano la menzogna imposta dal Partito, se tutti i documenti raccontavano la stessa favola, ecco che la menzogna diventava un fatto storico, quindi vera. 1 1 George Orwell, 1984 , Milano, Mondadori, 2010, p.37. 3 Per sminuire o annullare il valore non solo della storia, ma anche della conoscenza e della consapevolezza presso una data comunità, l'autorità si affida ad un controllo viscerale, che può agire sia in maniera negativa, attraverso violenza e paura, sia positiva, sfruttando la propaganda, manipolando l'informazione e l'educazione e facendo appello al piacere e al benessere. La presente tesi di dottorato ha l'obiettivo di studiare, dal punto di vista politico, sociale e culturale, le più rilevanti tipologie di controllo a cui varie forme di governo, dalle dittature alle democrazie, hanno sottoposto e sottopongono i propri cittadini. La ricerca, inoltre, vuole smascherare alcuni meccanismi repressivi del controllo socio-politico, che, purtroppo, pur appartenendo, nell'immaginario collettivo, alle realtà totalitarie o autoritarie, sono stati assorbiti anche dalle attuali democrazie. Focalizzandosi principalmente sul XX e XXI sec., l'analisi storica, sociologia e psicologica del fenomeno parte, però, da un punto di vista inusuale, quello letterario della distopia. Oscuro e disincantato opposto dell'ottimista utopia, essa è un genere letterario che descrive il peggiore dei mondi possibili e racconta di popoli pesantemente manipolati, disperati e repressi. Nelle opere distopiche, ambientate solitamente in contesti futuri o fantascientifici, ogni elemento, interno o esterno ai protagonisti, dal corpo alla mente, dalla politica alla geografia, dall'architettura alla televisione, può essere un agente dell'incubo, può essere funzionale alla costruzione di una realtà spaventosa. Si è scelto un approccio interdisciplinare alla ricerca nella speranza di poter stimolare un dibattito tra più ambiti accademici e divulgativi, perché per poter comprendere a pieno una realtà, bisognerebbe cercare di analizzarne ogni sua sfaccettatura. Tale decisione, inoltre, è motivata dalla convinzione che l a forza e il successo della distopia siano racchiusi nella chiara volontà di critica socio- politica del genere. L'intenzione dichiarata della letteratura e del cinema distopico, infatti, è di mettere in guardia i loro fruitori dalle possibili conseguenze di situazioni politiche, sociali o ambientali già degenerate nelle realtà di riferimento degli autori. Lo fanno usando mondi immaginari, lontani nel tempo o nello spazio, invece che ambientazioni contemporanee ai lettori o spettatori, ma, 4 nella maggioranza dei casi, il male esposto non è altro che la trasfigurazione di una paura o di un problema reale, drammaticamente attuale. Attraverso la violenza, la tortura e la paura, i domini distopici provano a soggiogare
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