Master Thesis Report
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MASTER THESIS REPORT Wat-IF: Decision-Support Tool for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Netherlands Roozbeh Aminian S2241692 MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE ACADEMIC YEAR 2019/2020 Supervisors: First supervisor: Dr. Kris R.D Lulofs Second supervisor: Dr. Frans H.J.M. Coenen External supervisor: Dr. Corina J. Carpentier 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents..................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. 7 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................... 11 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Problem statement ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Research objective ........................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Research questions .......................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Reading guide .................................................................................................................. 16 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 17 2.1 Research framework ........................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Defining key concepts ..................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Research strategy ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Research unit ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Research boundary .................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Research limitation ................................................................................................... 21 2.4 Research materials and accessing method ....................................................................... 21 2.5 Ethical statement .............................................................................................................. 25 2.6 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 25 2.6.1 Method of Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 25 2.6.2 Descriptive data analysis method.............................................................................. 26 2.6.2.1 Measures of central tendency ............................................................................. 27 2.6.2.1.1 The mean ......................................................................................................... 27 2.6.2.1.2 The median...................................................................................................... 27 2.6.3 Qualitative Content analysis method ........................................................................ 28 2.6.4 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) ...................................................................... 28 2.6.5 SWOT ....................................................................................................................... 30 2.7 Validation of Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 31 2 3 THE DEFAULT SETTINGS OF WWTPS IN THE NETHERLANDS ............................... 32 3.1 Commonly used wastewater treatment steps by Dutch WWTPs .................................... 35 3.2 Default values of water quality parameters namely, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, COD and BOD in influent and effluent at Dutch WWTPs ....................................................................... 36 3.3 The volume of influent to each Dutch WWTP ................................................................ 36 3.4 Total costs and energy consumption of wastewater treatment processing ...................... 37 3.5 The default settings for the Wat-IF model ....................................................................... 38 4 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SCENARIOS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ....................................................................................................................................... 40 4.1 The application of innovations at WWTPs in the Netherlands ....................................... 41 4.1.1 Innovative treatment technologies for the removal of micropollutants .................... 41 4.1.2 Innovative monitoring concepts for the optimization of treatment efficiency ......... 42 4.2 Promising innovative technologies and scenarios at WWTPs ........................................ 43 4.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon dosing to Activated Sludge systems (PACAS) ........... 43 4.2.1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 43 4.2.1.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 44 4.2.1.3 The implementation of PACAS at Papendrecht WWTP in the Netherlands ..... 44 4.2.1.4 Results ................................................................................................................ 45 4.2.2 Ozone oxidation with sand filtration......................................................................... 45 4.2.2.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2.2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 46 4.2.2.3 The implementation of ozone oxidation with sand filtration at De Groote Lucht WWTP in the Netherlands .................................................................................................. 46 4.2.2.4 Results ................................................................................................................ 47 4.2.3 Granular Activated Carbon filtration (GAC) ............................................................ 48 4.2.3.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 48 4.2.3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 49 4.2.3.3 The implementation of Granular Activated Carbon filtration (GAC) at Horstermeer WWTP in the Netherlands ............................................................................. 50 4.2.3.4 The 1-STEP® filter ............................................................................................. 50 4.2.3.5 Results ................................................................................................................ 50 4.2.4 UV H2O2 oxidation treatment system ....................................................................... 51 4.2.4.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 51 4.2.4.2 Introduction of UV/H2O2 based advanced oxidation ......................................... 51 4.2.4.3 The implementation of UV/ H2O2 treatment at WWTP Aarle-Rixtel in the Netherlands ......................................................................................................................... 53 3 4.2.4.4 Results ................................................................................................................ 53 4.2.5 Advanced Process Control ........................................................................................ 53 4.2.5.1 The application of APC for ASP ........................................................................ 54 4.2.5.2 The implementation of APC at Dutch WWTPs ................................................. 56 4.3 TRL analysis of new innovative technologies and scenarios .......................................... 57 4.4 Interview analysis ............................................................................................................ 58 4.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 60 5 COSTS, CARBON FOOTPRINT AND WATER QUALITY ............................................. 62 5.1 Costs ................................................................................................................................ 62 5.2 Carbon footprint .............................................................................................................