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How Movements Drive Population Development of Harbour Seals and Grey Seals in the North Sea
SEALS IN MOTION How movements drive population development of harbour seals and grey seals in the North Sea SOPHIE MARIE JACQUELINE MICHELLE BRASSEUR SEALS IN MOTION How movements drive population development THESIS COMMITTEE of harbour seals and grey seals in the North Sea PROMOTOR Prof. Dr. P.J.H. Reijnders, Professor of Ecology and Management of Marine Mammals, Wageningen University and Research. SOPHIE MARIE JACQUELINE MICHELLE BRASSEUR CO-PROMOTOR Dr. G.M. Aarts, Researcher Marine Ecology, Wageningen University & Research. Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor OtHER MEMBERS at Wageningen University Prof. Dr. A. D. Rijnsdorp, Wageningen University & Research. by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. T. Härkönen, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, Dr. D. Thompson, University of St Andrews, Scotland. in the presence of the Prof.dr. P.J. Palsbøll, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public This research was conducted under the auspices of the Netherlands Research on Wednesday 30 August 2017 School for the Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE). at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula. 2 3 hoofdstuk Sophie Marie Jacqueline Michelle Brasseur Seals in Motion - How movements drive population development of harbour seals and grey seals in the North Sea 176 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017). With references, with summaries in English and Dutch. ISBN: 978-94-6343-612-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18174/418009 FREQUENTLY, GREY SEALS (FRONT) AND HARBOUR SEALS (BACK) SHARE THE SAME HAUL OUT 4 (PHOTO: HANS VERDAAT) 5 Seals in motion hoofdstuk ALL SEAL TRANSMITTERS WHERE DEPLOYED WITH THE HELP OF The “WADDEN UNIT” oF THE 6 MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS (PHOTO: J. -
On the Beach Nature Explained
BOOK REVIEWS land disappeared under water, including viewing it as an indifferently designed work On the beach the legendary Rungholt, east of the of other purpose. The author's skills lie in present island of Pellworm. A second Donald J.P. Swift the collecting and ordering of information. Mandrdnke occurred on 11 October, Chapters that attempt to take an overview, 1694. But the main and partially enduring such as those on natural preconditions and The Morphodynamlcs of the Wadden land losses, resulting in the formation of barrier-island development, are not Sea. By Jurgen Ehlers. A.A. Balkema: Jade Bay, the Dollart and the Zuider Zee, altogether successful, although they are 1988. Pp.397. DM 185, £52. 75. did not occur as the result of single events, always interesting. On the other hand, the but gradually, through many smaller relentless procession of maps, aerial THE Wadden Sea is the intertidal zone of stages. These land losses were due to a photographs and, above all, photograph the German Bight of the North Sea. lack of technical infrastructure capable of after photograph at ground level, has a Varying in width from 10 to 50 km, it is an protecting the vast forelands from the hypnotic effect. Somewhere through the expanse of tidal channels, flats, inlets, destructive effects of later surges in later 393 figures, these vistas of misty dunes, flood and ebb deltas, barrier islands and decades. Land reclamation occurred, but beaches and marshes, and of tidal flats estuaries that extends from Den Helder only through projects that lasted for extending to the horizon, seep into the in the Netherlands to Blavandshuk in centuries. -
The Cultural Heritage of the Wadden Sea
The Cultural Heritage of the Wadden Sea 1. Overview Name: Wadden Sea Delimitation: Between the Zeegat van Texel (i.e. Marsdiep, 52° 59´N, 4° 44´E) in the west, and Blåvands Huk in the north-east. On its seaward side it is bordered by the West, East and North Frisian Islands, the Danish Islands of Fanø, Rømø and Mandø and the North Sea. Its landward border is formed by embankments along the Dutch provinces of North- Holland, Friesland and Groningen, the German state of Lower Saxony and southern Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein. Size: Approx. 12,500 square km. Location-map: Borders from west to east the southern mainland-shore of the North Sea in Western Europe. Origin of name: ‘Wad’, ‘watt’ or ‘vad’ meaning a ford or shallow place. This is presumably derives from the fact that it is possible to cross by foot large areas of this sea during the ebb-tides (comparable to Latin vadum, vado, a fordable sea or lake). Relationship/similarities with other cultural entities: Has a direct relationship with the Frisian Islands and the western Danish islands and the coast of the Netherlands, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and south Denmark. Characteristic elements and ensembles: The Wadden Sea is a tidal-flat area and as such the largest of its kind in Europe. A tidal-flat area is a relatively wide area (for the most part separated from the open sea – North Sea ̶ by a chain of barrier- islands, the Frisian Islands) which is for the greater part covered by seawater at high tides but uncovered at low tides. -
Laat Griend Weer Wandelen Zor6 Een Studie Naar De Broedecologie
Kader r. Grote stern en drieteenstrandloper (p. r 86+1 87) Twee vogelsoorten krijgen binnen de monitoring rond Griend extra aandacht: de grote sLern (Thalasseus sandvicensis; foto 7) en de drieteenstrandloper Laura Govers Foto r. Luchtfoto van Criend uit (Calìdris alba; foto 8). De kolonie grote oktober zot6, na de ingrepen sterns, eens het vlaggenschip van het Tjisse van der Heide (foto: Natuurmonumenten/ eiland, daalde van meer dan rr.ooo Han Olff Jasper Doest). broedpaar in zoo4 naar het dieptepunt Smeele van 6oo paar in zot6 (fìg. 5; p.r86). Quirin De sterns broeden nu elders, in de !lad- & Addo van der Eijk denzee vooral in Utopia op Texel en de Feugelpôlle op Ameland. Om de oorzaak van de afname te achterhalen startte ¡n Laat Griend weer wandelen zor6 een studie naar de broedecologie. Mogelijk pakt de 'samenwerking' met Het eiland Griend, halverwege broedende kokmeeuwen (Chroicocepha- Harlingen en Terschelling in de lus ridibundus) nadelig uit. Kokmeeuwen Belang van Griend beschermen sterns tegen onder meer Waddenzee, kromp tot voor kort in Griend kalft al vele decennia aan de west- agressieve zilvermeeuwen (Larus argen- omvang. ln deze bijdrage wordt kant af. Tonder ingrijpen dreigt het eiland tatus), maar stelen wel vis van de sterns. binnen 25 tot 50 jaar van de kaart te ver- beredeneerd hoe Griend 'zich De verhouding tussen kokmeeuwen en dwijnen. Natuurmonumenten, beheerder grote sterns zou uit evenwicht kunnen gedraagt'en waarom in zo16 van Griend, wil dat vanwege de hoge ziin. 2oo.ooo kuub zand is opgeworpen natuurwaarden voorkomen. Het natuur- Het aantal drieteenstrandlopers van de belang van Criend is onweerlegbaar. -
Ecology of Salt Marshes 40 Years of Research in the Wadden Sea
Ecology of salt marshes 40 years of research in the Wadden Sea Jan P. Bakker Locations Ecology of salt marshes 40 years of research in the Wadden Sea Texel Leybucht Griend Spiekeroog Terschelling Friedrichskoog Ameland Süderhafen, Nordstrand Schiermonnikoog Hamburger Hallig Rottumerplaat Sönke-Nissen-Koog Noord-Friesland Buitendijks Langli Jan P. Bakker Friesland Skallingen Groningen Tollesbury Dollard Freiston Contents Preface Chapter 7 04 59 Impact of grazing at different stocking densities Introduction Chapter 8 06 Ecology of salt marshes 67 Integration of impact 40 years of research in of grazing on plants, birds the Wadden Sea and invertebrates Chapter 1 Chapter 9 09 History of the area 75 De-embankment: and exploitation of enlargement of salt marshes salt-marsh area Chapter 2 Chapter 10 17 Geomorphology of 81 Concluding remarks natural and man-made salt marshes Chapter 3 Bibliography 25 Plants on salt marshes 88 Chapter 4 Species list 33 Vertebrate herbivores 96 with scientific names on salt marshes and English names Chapter 5 Colofon 43 Invertebrates 98 on salt marshes Chapter 6 49 Changing land use on salt marshes 2 Contents 3 Studies of the ecology of the Wadden Furthermore, the intense long-term Sea unavoidably touch upon the part field observations and experiments by Preface salt marshes play in this dynamic Jan Bakker and his colleagues provide coastal system. Considering the role a wealth of information on other of salt marshes inevitably leads to the structuring factors of salt-marsh eco- longstanding ecological research by systems. The interactions between Jan Bakker, now honorary professor vegetation characteristics and sedi- of Coastal Conservation Ecology at mentation rates, the impacts of atmos- the University of Groningen in the pheric deposition on vegetation Netherlands. -
Geology of the Dutch Coast
Geology of the Dutch coast The effect of lithological variation on coastal morphodynamics Deltores Title Geology of the Dutch coast Client Project Reference Pages Rijkswaterstaat Water, 1220040-007 1220040-007-ZKS-0003 43 Verkeer en Leefomgeving Keywords Geology, erodibility, long-term evolution, coastal zone Abstract This report provides an overview of the build-up of the subsurface along the Dutch shorelines. The overview can be used to identify areas where the morphological evolution is partly controlled by the presence of erosion-resistant deposits. The report shows that the build-up is heterogeneous and contains several erosion-resistant deposits that could influence both the short- and long-term evolution of these coastal zones and especially tidal channels. The nature of these resistant deposits is very variable, reflecting the diverse geological development of The Netherlands over the last 65 million years. In the southwestern part of The Netherlands they are mostly Tertiary deposits and Holocene peat-clay sequences that are relatively resistant to erosion. Also in South- and North-Holland Holocene peat-clay sequences have been preserved, but in the Rhine-Meuse river-mouth area Late Pleistocene• early Holocene floodplain deposits form additional resistant layers. In northern North-Holland shallow occurrences of clayey Eemian-Weichselian deposits influence coastal evolution. In the northern part of The Netherlands it are mostly Holocene peat-clay sequences, glacial till and over consolidated sand and clay layers that form the resistant deposits. The areas with resistant deposits at relevant depths and position have been outlined in a map. The report also zooms in on a few tidal inlets to quick scan the potential role of the subsurface in their evolution. -
Research on Bar-Tailed Godwits Limosa Lapponica
Texel, November 2017 Research on Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica In 2001 the Royal Dutch Institute for Sea Research (Royal NIOZ) launched a study on the ecology of the bar-tailed godwit. In addition to the mainly shellfish eating red knot Calidris canutus, which we have been studying since the late eighties, we want to learn more about the ecology of a species whose food consists mainly of bristle worms. In May 2001 a project started with color-rings on bar- tailed godwits in the Dutch Wadden Sea and the Banc d'Arguin in Mauritania, one of the major wintering areas of the species in Western Africa. Every year, birds are caught and ringed by ringers of VRS Castricum (on the Dutch North Sea coast), VRS Calidris on the island Schiermonnikoog and wilsterflappers Joop Jukema, Catharinus Monkel, Jaap Strikwerda and Bram van der Veen. These wilsterflappers are ringing on the islands of Texel, Terschelling and Ameland and catch hundreds of bar-tailed godwits in the meadows each spring. They do this with a traditional catching method that they used in the past to catch golden plovers for their income (wilsterflappen). Waders are also caught by the NIOZ with mist nets in the periods around the new moon in the Wadden Sea and in Mauritania. The color ring combination consists of four color-rings and a flag (a ring with a kind of streamer). The flag colors that have been used since 2001 are shown in Figure 2 and are in chronological order, Yellow (Y), Red (R), Lime (L) and Black (N). -
Op Een Onbewoond Eiland in De Waddenzee De Wadden
op een onbewoond eiland in de Waddenzee De Wadden De Wadden Deze brochure geeft een uniek overzicht van alle onbewoonde eilanden en zandplaten in het natuurlijke Werelderfgoed Waddenzee. Er zijn een tiental plekjes in het Mooiste natuurgebied van Nederland (publieksverkiezing oktober 2016) waar geen mensen wonen en soms ook niet mogen komen. Hier heeft de natuur het rijk alleen. De beheerders zijn trots je deze parels te mogen presenteren. In deze brochure kom je meer te weten over de natuur, locatie en toegankelijkheid van elk onbewoond plekje. Daarnaast biedt de brochure extra informatie over één bijzonder aspect van zo’n zandplaat of eiland. De volgende eilanden en zandplaten komen aan bod: • Razende Bol • Engelsmanplaat • Richel • Simonszand • Griend • Rottumerplaat • Robbenbank • Rottumeroog • Rif • Zuiderduin Wil je na het lezen van deze brochure meer informatie over deze onbewoonde plekjes? Kijk dan op: www.waddenzee.nl/beheren/onbewoonde-eilanden De Waddenzee is een uniek en dynamisch natuurgebied met een rijke biodiversiteit. Het is het leefgebied voor meer dan 10.000 soorten planten en dieren. Sinds 2009 behoort de Nederlandse Waddenzee, samen met het Duitse en Deense deel, tot het UNESCO Werelderfgoed. De Waddenzee is waardevol, bijzonder en onvervangbaar. Het is daarom erg belangrijk dat we dit gebied voor de toekomst beschermen en behouden. Een overzicht van de Waddenzee in Nederland. In de kaart zijn onder andere de waterstromingen aangegeven (donkerblauw), de droogvallende delen van het gebied (lichtbruin) en de kwelders (groen). Bron: www.waddensleutels.nl. Over deze brochure Deze brochure is een gezamenlijke uitgave van Staatsbosbeheer, Natuurmonumenten, Landschap Noord-Holland, Rijkswaterstaat en de Waddenunit (Ministerie van Economische Zaken). -
PREDATION on JUVENILE FLATFISH by CORMORANTS PHALACROCORAX CARBO in the DUTCH WADDEN SEA Nederlands Instituut Voor Onderzoek
NIOZ-RAPPORT 1995 - 10 75 PREDATION ON JUVENILE FLATFISH BY CORMORANTS PHALACROCORAX CARBO IN THE DUTCH WADDEN SEA Cindy J.G van Damme I Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee Mariene Ecologie This report is not to be cited without acknowledgement of the source. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel The Netherlands ISSN 0923 - 3210 Cover design: H. Hobbelink Photo on front cover reproduced from “Mens en Vogel” with permission of D. Hubant/L. Vogelenzang PREDATION ON JUVENILE FLATFISH BY CORMORANTS PHALACROCORAX CARBO IN THE DUTCH WADDEN SEA Cindy J.G van Damme NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH Marine Ecology SAMENVATTING SUMMARY Sterfte van jonge platvis in het Nederlandse Predation by great cormorants Phalacrocorax deel van de Waddenzee als gevolg van predatie carbo on juvenile flatfish in the Dutch Wadden door aalscholvers Phalacrocorax carbo werd Sea was studied. Predation pressure was bestudeerd door middel van analyse van braak- estimated based on the analysis of regurgitated ballen en de reconstructie van vissoort en pellets and the reconstruction of fish species grootte aan de hand van de gevonden otolieten. and size based on otoliths found. Pellets were Braakballen werden in de herfst verzameld op collected in one main colony and in the main de slaapplaatsen van de belangrijkste kolonies. night roosts in autumn. Cormorants arrived in Aalscholvers arriveerden in mei en de aantallen May and total numbers in the Dutch Wadden in de Nederlandse Waddenzee namen ver Sea increased from about 1600 in May to 5100 volgens toe van 1600 in mei tot 5100 in in August. -
Effect of Food Shortage on the Reproductive Output of Common Eiders Somateria Mollissima Breeding at Griend (Wadden Sea)
Food and success in Common Eiders 29 29 shortage breeding Effect of food shortage on the reproductive output of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima breeding at griend (Wadden Sea) 1 2 RenéOosterhuis & Klaas van Dijk Oosterhuis R. & Van Dijk K. 2002, Effect of food shortage on the reproductive output of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima breeding at Gnend (Wadden Sea). Atlantic Common Eiders Seabirds 4(1): 29-38. Following a food-induced major mortality of Somateria mollissima in the Dutch Wadden Sea in winter and spring 1999/2000, the Griend evaluated in with In reproductive output at was comparison previous seasons. Common 2000, the number of breeding pairs showed a decline of 38% and female Eiders commenced breeding some 2-3 weeks later than in three previous years. Mean size in clutch- 1999 clutch- clutch 2000 (4.6 eggs 1) was similar to (4.9 eggs 1), but the hatchingprobability declined from 0.41 in 1999 to 0.18 in 2000. In 2000, the majority of the nests were deserted prior to hatching, often a few weeks after incubatinghad started. The number of chicks hatched in 2000 was only a quarter of that in 1999. Observations elsewhere the Dutch Wadden Sea indicated similar in poor breeding in winter results. We suggest that afood shortage and spring was the principal cause for the low reproductive output of Common Eiders in 2000. Adult femalesprobably failed to accumulate sufficient energy stores needed for their prolongedfast during laying and incubation. 'Kluisgat 14, 9732 EM Groningen, The Netherlands, E-mail: reneoosterhuis@ hetnet.nl; 2 BirdLife/Vogelbescherming Nederland, P.O. -
The Exploitation of Living Resources in the Dutch Wadden Sea: a Historical Overview
Helgol Mar Res (2005) 59: 31–38 DOI 10.1007/s10152-004-0204-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Wim J. Wolff The exploitation of living resources in the Dutch Wadden Sea: a historical overview Received: 5 July 2004 / Revised: 5 September 2004 / Accepted: 6 September 2004 / Published online: 18 January 2005 Ó Springer-Verlag and AWI 2005 Abstract An overview, based on written sources and the past 2,000 years: at least 10 species of algae, 10 personal observations, is presented of exploitation of invertebrates, 13 fish, five birds and four marine mam- living resources in and around the Dutch Wadden Sea mals. Habitat destruction played a part in at least 26 during the past few centuries. It is concluded that before cases, overexploitation in probably 17 cases, and in at about 1900 exploitation was almost unrestricted. least three cases pollution was involved. Two species Exploitation of plants has been documented for salt- disappeared due to unknown causes. The introduction marshes and eelgrass beds. Fisheries have occurred for of exotic marine species was not involved in any of the two species of hydroids, two species of polychaetes, one extirpation cases. echinoderm species, at least seven species of molluscs, So, habitat destruction and overexploitation stand three species of crustaceans, and tens of species of fish. out as the most important causes of disappearance of Hunting and egg collecting targeted almost all species of species from the Dutch Wadden Sea. The importance birds. Finally, two species of seals were exploited: of habitat change and destruction is immediately clear if information on exploitation of cetaceans is not avail- one considers the long history of embankments and able. -
Dikes – Cultural-Historical Backbones of the Wadden Sea Area, an Introduction Meindert Schroor
Dikes – cultural-historical backbones of the Wadden Sea area, an introduction Meindert Schroor Dikes and embankments in the Wadden Sea area to some extent form the largest, more or less coherent as well as oldest ‘man-made’ landscape in Europe. They protect the extremely fertile accretions of marshlands or marshes, deposited by the North Sea and its coastal Wadden Sea around the German Bight. What makes them even more special is that these marshes form only a very small north-western rim of a great North European Plain, extending from the Netherlands well into Russia. This plain is basically a Pleistocene landscape with a great similarity of podsolic soils formed in cover-sands often slightly undulating. It moreover is a coulisse-landscape of farming lands interspersed with patches of forest and heathlands, as well as tracts of more or less cultivated moors, interrupted occasionally by hilly countryside strewn with lakes. In their appearance as well as in their history the marshes alongside the Wadden Sea however differ completely from this dominant north-central European landscape. Dikes belong to the oldest large-scale technical works. Prior to the 20th century they as a rule were wholly built of clay, whereas nowadays they have a clay cover over a sandy heart, the clay being planted with grass and grazed by sheep, a familiar view of all the dikes in the Wadden Sea area. The Waddenland: Marshlands (green) along the Wadden Sea. 1 It was the innate fertility of the marshes combined with their rather dense and growing population that led to the building of dikes.