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Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bieedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs kiduded in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicalty in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9* black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zbeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA UMI 800-521-0600 EFFECTS OF THE CONSUMPTION OF FRESH AND PROCESSED TOMATO PRODUCTS ON BLOOD AND TISSUE LYCOPENE CONCENTRATIONS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Charlotte Moxley Allen, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Professor Steven J. Schwartz, Advisor Professor John B. Allred Professor Steven K. Clinton Professor David B. Min Professor Anne M. Smith UMI Number 9962371 UMI* UMI Mlcroform9962371 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The consumption of tomato products has been associated with a reduced risk of several cancers in epidemiologic studies. Lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in tomatoes, is hypothesized to be one component contributing to the health benefits of tomato products. This research has been designed to evaluate the effects of consuming various tomato products on the lycopene concentrations circulating in blood and in buccal mucosal cells (BMC) and/or human milk secretions. Three distinct Clinical Studies were designed to evaluate the objective. The first compares blood and BMC lycopene after consumption of sauce made from two different tomato varieties; one predominantly 2\\~trans lycopene and the other predominantly tetra-cû lycopene. The second examined blood and BMC lycopene concentrations after standard, daily servings of three commercially available tomato products. The third investigated how blood, BMC, and human milk lycopene changed in a group of lactating mothers consuming either fresh tomatoes or processed tomato sauce. The first study demonstrated an increase in total blood lycopene concentrations that was significant only when the tetra-cw lycopene sauce was consumed, although there was no change in BMC. We observed a 48% drop in total plasma lycopene during the lycopene free diet portion of the second study, and a significant increase over baseline o f90 -192% for all groups. BMC lycopene concentrations increased during intervention by 42 - 165%. Total plasma lycopene increased in the third study by 12% and 23% for fresh and processed groups, respectively, while the milk lycopene increase was significant for the processed group only. No change was observed in BMC. This research demonstrates that daily servings of processed tomato products will increase blood lycopene to protective levels in less than 2 weeks. That increase can be observed in BMC tissues after 2 weeks. Cis lycopene isomers are absorbed from the diet and result in increased blood m-lycopene. Blood lycopene concentrations will increase rapidly in a group of lactating women when consiuning slightly higher than typical lycopene amounts in the diet. The transfer of lycopene from blood to breast tissue is rapid and is observed in milk secretions especially when processed tomato products are consumed. til Dedicated to my parents Barbara and Lowell. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Steve Schwartz, for the opportunity to develop a unique, non-traditional graduate program. His flexibility in allowing me to tailor my graduate experience to my special circumstances has made the difference in my success. The members of my graduate committee. Dr. Anne Smith, Dr. John Allred, and Dr. David Min are acknowledged for their support and patience. I would like to extend special gratitude to Dr. Steve Clinton who was always readily available to offer comment and support and whose editing input has been an invaluable leaming experience. Special thanks to the members of the Haas Lab for their input and technical assistance. Moral support and motivation from Carla and Sari are especially appreciated, without them my experiment schedule would have been unbearable. My husband, Scott, has been a source of support and love through all the challenges of my graduate career as well as the first to celebrate my successes. To him, I am profoundly grateful. VITA April 2,1969 .............................................. Bom - Aberdeen, MD 1987 ............................................................ Graduated Aberdeen High School 1991 ............................................................ B.S. Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 1996 ............................................................ M.S. Food Science and Technology Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 1996 - present ............................................ Graduate Research Associate The Ohio State University Columbus, OH PUBLICATIONS D. Wright, R. Caldwell, C. Moxley, and M. S. El-Shall. 1993. Homogeneous nucléation in supersaturated vapors of polar molecules: Acetonitrile, benzonitrile, nitromethane, and nitrobenzene. J. Chem. Phys. 98 (4): 3356-3368. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Food Science and Nutrition VI TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION............................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................... v VITA............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW Carotenoid Introduction and Nomenclature........................................... 1 Biosynthesis ........................................................................................... 2 cis-trans Isomerization........................................................................... 3 Analytical............................................................................................... 7 Carotenoids in Food and Diet ................................................................ II Metabolism............................................................................................ 17 Potential Role in Human Disease.......................................................... 20 Antioxidant Mechanism and Action ...................................................... 22 Animal Studies....................................................................................... 24 Human Intervention............................................................................... 25 Objective............................................................................................... 30 References............................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 2: Diets Rich in cû-Lycopene Increase Circulating cû-Lycopene Isomers in Humans......................................................................................................... 44 Abstract................................................................................................. 45 Introduction........................................................................................... 47 Subjects and Methods ........................................................................... 49 Results................................................................................................... 54 vii Discussion............................................................................................. 56 References............................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 3: Plasma Lycopene Concentrations Increase in Healthy Adults Consuming Standard Servings of Processed Tomato Products Daily ............... 70 Abstract................................................................................................. 71 Introduction..........................................................................................
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