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Het Woord Als Zwaard KU LEUVEN FACULTEIT LETTEREN BLIJDE INKOMSTSTRAAT 21 BUS 3301 3000 LEUVEN, BELGIË Het woord als zwaard. De relatie tussen de bisschoppen van Metz en de abdij van Sint-Truiden in de vroege en hoge middeleeuwen. Winand Van Meerbeek Masterproef aangeboden binnen de opleiding master in de Geschiedenis. Promotor prof. dr. Brigitte Meijns Academiejaar 2012-2013 204.907 tekens Inhoudsopgave Inleiding: vita felicissimi patris Trudonis presbiteri ................................................................ 1 1. Het theoretische kader .............................................................................................. 1 2. Probleemstelling en opzet van het onderzoek .......................................................... 4 I. De belangen van Metz ................................................................................................... 8 1. Het woord als zwaard: de Vita prima Trudonis Hasbaniensis ................................ 8 1.1. De Vita prima Trudonis: datering, auteurschap en ontstaanscontext ...................... 8 1.2. De proloog: een blijk van nederigheid… of toch niet? .......................................... 16 1.3. De belangen van Metz: analyse van de Vita prima Trudonis ................................ 18 2. Het zwaard afgevlakt? De Vita sancti Chlodulphi ................................................. 31 2.1. De Vita Chlodulphi: datering, auteurschap en ontstaanscontext ........................... 33 2.2. Cultus of politiek middel: analyse van de Vita Chlodulphi ................................... 37 II. Het bisdom Luik klauwt terug ................................................................................... 41 1. De Vita secunda Remacli: datering, auteurschap en ontstaanscontext .................. 41 2. Notgers verborgen belang: analyse van de Vita secunda Remacli......................... 51 III. De visie van Sint-Truiden ........................................................................................... 57 1. De Vita secunda Trudonis: datering, auteurschap en ontstaanscontext ................. 57 2. Sarchinium of Zerkingen: analyse van de Vita secunda Trudonis......................... 62 Besluit: vroegmiddeleeuwse heiligenlevens ontleed ............................................................ 69 Bibliografie .............................................................................................................................. 71 Bijlages .................................................................................................................................... 86 Bijlage 1: Vita prima sancti Trudonis .................................................................................. 86 Bijlage 2: Vita prima sancti Chlodulphi ............................................................................. 110 Bijlage 3: Vita prima sancti Remacli .................................................................................. 116 Bijlage 4: Vita secunda sancti Remacli .............................................................................. 119 Voorwoord “Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto” (Vergilius, Aeneis I, 118). Dit citaat van Vergilius, letterlijk vertaald “hier en daar verschenen er zwemmers in de immense zee”, schetst uitstekend het voorbije academiejaar. Het was immers een jaar vol beslommeringen en moeilijkheden, maar net zoals Aeneas, de held van het epos, heb ik de veilige thuishaven bereikt. Dit zou echter niet gelukt zijn als ik me niet had kunnen vastklampen aan enkele boeien, die me houvast hebben gegeven. Een woord van dank is dan ook op zijn plaats. In de eerste plaats wil ik mijn promotor, professor Brigitte Meijns, bedanken voor de begeleiding van mijn masterproef. Door haar enthousiasme heb ik drie jaar geleden vol goede moed voor de richting middeleeuwen gekozen, een keuze waar ik absoluut geen spijt van heb. Daarnaast wil ik haar assistenten Jelle Lisson en Ortwin Huysmans bedanken voor de vele aanwijzingen en suggesties. Bovendien wil ik mijn appreciatie uiten voor de mensen van de Historische Kring van Sint- Truiden, in het bijzonder meneer Jo Vanmechelen voor de nuttige publicaties die hij me heeft aangeraden. Ook de Erfgoedcel Haspengouw moet ik bedanken voor hun financiële steun. Verder ben ik veel dank verschuldigd aan de jonge classici die me hebben geholpen met het vertalen van vele Latijnse teksten, namelijk Kristel Van Mulken, Andy Peetermans, Yannick Anné en Xanne Huybrecht. Zonder hun hulp had ik de nuances van het Latijnse taalgebruik niet kunnen doorgronden. Ook het personeel van de Centrale Bibliotheek, de Letterenbibliotheek en de IBL-dienst verdienen een woord van dank. Dankzij hun geduld en toewijding heb ik veel broodnodige literatuur gevonden, en ik kon altijd hun hulp verwachten. Tot slot bedank ik mijn vrienden en familie, bij uitstek Andrea Bardyn en Philippe Bawin voor de opmerkingen die ze me gegeven hebben over de masterproef, mijn zus Herlinde Van Meerbeek voor de taalsuggesties, mijn broer Koenraad Van Meerbeek voor de hulp bij de layout, en Claudia Houben, omdat ik altijd op haar steun en vertrouwen kan rekenen. Samenvatting Volgens de Vita prima sancti Trudonis (784-791) van Donatus werd Trudo geboren in de eerste helft van de zevende eeuw. Het heiligenleven beschrijft hoe hij naar Metz zou zijn getrokken, waar hij tot priester werd gewijd, en hoe Trudo zijn bezittingen schonk aan bisschop Chlodulf van Metz (654/655-670/686). Ten gevolge van deze schenking was de abdij die Trudo oprichtte in Sarchinium (Zerkingen, waar in de elfde eeuw de stad Sint- Truiden ontstond) volgens de Vita prima sancti Trudonis een eigenklooster van de bisschop van Metz in het niet direct aangrenzende bisdom Tongeren-Maastricht (het latere bisdom Luik). Het relaas van Trudo’s schenking in de Vita prima sancti Trudonis werd in de vroege en hoge middeleeuwen door meerdere hagiografen overgenomen en aangepast naargelang hun eigen wensen en intenties. In deze studie trachtte ik om aan de hand van een discoursanalyse de visie van de schrijvers over de relatie tussen de bisschop van Metz en de abdij van Sint- Truiden te achterhalen. Dit onderzoek toonde aan dat er zich drie groepen aftekenden op basis van de herkomst en de motieven van de schrijvers. De eerste groep bestaat uit hagiografische teksten van het bisdom Metz. Daartoe behoort de vermelde Vita prima sancti Trudonis. In dit heiligenleven legitimeerde Donatus, een diaken uit Metz, in opdracht van aartsbisschop Angelram van Metz (784-791) de banden van de bisschop van Metz met de abdij van Sint-Truiden. Daarnaast schreef een anonieme monnik uit de Sint-Arnulfusabdij van Metz in de tiende eeuw of aan het begin van de elfde eeuw de Vita Chlodulphi. Hoewel dat heiligenleven op het eerste zicht eveneens kon dienen als juridisch instrument voor de bisschoppen van Metz, toont de tekstanalyse dat het vooral werd geschreven om de cultus van de heilige bisschop Chlodulf te promoten. De tweede groep bevat hagiografische teksten uit het bisdom Luik. Uit een vergelijking met de Vita prima sancti Remacli, geschreven door een anonieme monnik uit de abdij van Stavelot in de eerste helft van de negende eeuw, blijkt duidelijk hoe Heriger van Lobbes (†1007) in zijn Vita secunda sancti Remacli (972-980) de hypotekst van Donatus aanpaste om de belangen van het bisdom Luik te behartigen. Heriger schreef het heiligenleven in opdracht van bisschop Notger van Luik (972-1008) en ondersteunde daarmee diens politiek ten aanzien van de abdij van Sint-Truiden. De hagiografieën uit het klooster van Sint-Truiden vormen de derde groep. Diederik, de latere abt (1099-1107), herwerkte op aandringen van proost Gerardus (†1093) de Vita prima sancti Trudonis. Het heiligenleven dat hieruit voortkwam, namelijk de Vita secunda sancti Trudonis (1083-1093), trok het gezag van de bisschop van Metz over de abdij in twijfel. De Gesta abbatum Trudonensium van abt Rodulfus (1108-1138) lichten ons in over de context waarin Diederik zijn Vita secunda sancti Trudonis schreef, met name de twisten in de abdij van Sint- Truiden aan het einde van de elfde eeuw, waarin verschillende bisschoppen van Metz een negatieve rol speelden. Inleiding: vita felicissimi patris Trudonis presbiteri “Sint-Truiden – Trudofeesten 2012 – In het licht van Trudo. De Heilige Trudo, die Sint-Truiden ruim 1300 jaar geleden stichtte, wordt om de 7 jaar feestelijk herdacht. De Trudofeesten evolueerden van een indrukwekkende ommegang in de straten naar een volwaardig feestjaar met tentoonstellingen en culturele manifestaties. Sint-Truiden heeft een waardevol religieus verleden en telt tal van historische locaties waar deze tentoonstellingen en manifestaties volledig tot hun recht komen.” Met dit persbericht opende de stad Sint-Truiden het Trudojaar, waarin ze haar stichter met allerlei festiviteiten in de schijnwerper plaatste.1 Als geboren Truienaar wekte deze gebeurtenis mijn interesse voor het hagiografische dossier van de heilige Trudo, dat doorheen de middeleeuwen tot stand kwam. De verscheidene teksten waarin de heilige een prominente rol speelt, vormen samen een complex geheel van betekenislagen en verborgen agenda’s. Die teksten zijn de basis voor mijn masterproef. Vooraleer ik inga op de specifieke aard van het bronnenmateriaal en de onderzoeksvraag, wil ik eerst stilstaan bij enkele methodologische en theoretische kwesties. 1. Het theoretische kader Hagiografie: een definitie Hagiografie betekent letterlijk “geschriften over heiligen”. Het woord is afgeleid van het Grieks: hagios, heilig of heilige, en graphein, schrijven. Middeleeuwse
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