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Activation of Orexin System Facilitates Anesthesia Emergence and Pain Control
Activation of orexin system facilitates anesthesia emergence and pain control Wei Zhoua,1, Kevin Cheunga, Steven Kyua, Lynn Wangb, Zhonghui Guana, Philip A. Kuriena, Philip E. Bicklera, and Lily Y. Janb,c,1 aDepartment of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; bDepartment of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158; and cHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 Contributed by Lily Y. Jan, September 10, 2018 (sent for review May 22, 2018; reviewed by Joseph F. Cotten, Beverley A. Orser, Ken Solt, and Jun-Ming Zhang) Orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons in the hypothalamus Orexin neurons may play a role in the process of general an- play an essential role in sleep–wake control, feeding, reward, and esthesia, especially during the recovery phase and the transition energy homeostasis. The likelihood of anesthesia and sleep shar- to wakefulness. With intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection or ing common pathways notwithstanding, it is important to under- direct microinjection of orexin into certain brain regions, pre- stand the processes underlying emergence from anesthesia. In this vious studies have shown that local infusion of orexin can shorten study, we investigated the role of the orexin system in anesthe- the emergence time from i.v. or inhalational anesthesia (19–23). sia emergence, by specifically activating orexin neurons utilizing In addition, the orexin system is involved in regulating upper the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs airway patency, autonomic tone, and gastroenteric motility (24). (DREADD) chemogenetic approach. With injection of adeno- Orexin-deficient animals show attenuated hypercapnia-induced associated virus into the orexin-Cre transgenic mouse brain, we ventilator response and frequent sleep apnea (25). -
(CCAC) Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals Volume
Canadian Council on Animal Care Conseil canadien de protection des animaux Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals Volume 1, 2nd Edition Sections of this document that have been revised are replaced by links to the relevant documents. The remaining sections are undergoing revision; however, they will continue to be used for CCAC assessments until revised guidelines are published. Editors Dr E.D. Olfert Dr B.M. Cross Mrs A.A. McWilliam Director Asssistant Director Information Officer Animal Resources Centre Animal Resources Centre Canadian Council on Animal Care University of Saskatchewan University of Saskatchewan 1000-151 Slater Street Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 S7N 0W0 S7N 0W0 In keeping with the CCAC policy of revising statements and guidelines as needed, users of this Guide are encouraged to forward any comments to the Secretariat. Citing certain devices or manufacturers is not to be perceived as the endorsement of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) of one particular product over another. Publication Date: 1993 Revision Date: April 2020 © Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993 ISBN: 0-919087-18-3 Canadian Council on Animal Care 190 O’Connor St., Suite 800 Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 2R3 http://www.ccac.ca Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................1 PREFACE.........................................................................................................................2 -
Biocompatibility and Pharmacological Effects of Innovative Systems for Prolonged Drug Release Containing Dexketoprofen in Rats
polymers Article Biocompatibility and Pharmacological Effects of Innovative Systems for Prolonged Drug Release Containing Dexketoprofen in Rats Liliana Mititelu-Tartau 1,†, Maria Bogdan 2,* , Daniela Angelica Pricop 3,*, Beatrice Rozalina Buca 1,†, Loredana Hilitanu 1,†, Ana-Maria Pauna 1,†, Lorena Anda Dijmarescu 4,† and Eliza Gratiela Popa 5 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; liliana.tartau@umfiasi.ro (L.M.-T.);beatrice-rozalina.buca@umfiasi.ro (B.R.B.); [email protected] (L.H.); ana-maria-raluca-d-pauna@umfiasi.ro (A.-M.P.) 2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania 3 Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics, “Al. I. Cuza” University, 700506 Iasi, Romania 4 Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; eliza.popa@umfiasi.ro * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (D.A.P.) † These authors contributed equally to the study. Citation: Mititelu-Tartau, L.; Bogdan, Abstract: The present study reports on the in vivo biocompatibility investigation and evaluation of M.; Pricop, D.A.; Buca, B.R.; Hilitanu, the effects of liposomes containing dexketoprofen in somatic sensitivity in rats. Method: The lipo- L.; Pauna, A.-M.; Dijmarescu, L.A.; somes were prepared by entrapping dexketoprofen in vesicular systems stabilized with chitosan. The Popa, E.G. Biocompatibility and in vivo biocompatibility was evaluated after oral administration in white Wistar rats: Group I (DW): Pharmacological Effects of Innovative distilled water 0.3 mL/100 g body weight; Group II (DEX): dexketoprofen 10 mg/kg body weight Systems for Prolonged Drug Release (kbw); Group III (nano-DEX): liposomes containing dexketoprofen 10 mg/kbw. -
Henry Spira Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered
Henry Spira Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2017 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms017017 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm00084743 Prepared by Colleen Benoit, Karen Linn Femia, Nate Scheible with the assistance of Jake Bozza Collection Summary Title: Henry Spira Papers Span Dates: 1906-2002 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1974-1998) ID No.: MSS84743 Creator: Spira, Henry, 1927-1998 Extent: 120,000 items; 340 containers plus 6 oversize ; 140 linear feet ; 114 digital files (3.838 GB) Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Animal welfare advocate and political activist. Correspondence, writings, notes, newspaper clippings, advertisements, printed matter, and photographs, primarily relating to Spira's work in the animal welfare movement after 1974. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Douglas, William Henry James. Fitzgerald, Pegeen. Gitano, Henry, 1927-1998. Grandin, Temple. Kupferberg, Tuli. Rack, Leonard. Rowan, Andrew N. Singer, Peter, 1946- Singer, Peter, 1946- Ethics into action : Henry Spira and the animal rights movement. 1998. Spira, Henry, 1927-1998--Political and social views. Spira, Henry, 1927-1998. Trotsky, Leon, 1879-1940. Trull, Frankie. Trutt, Fran. Weiss, Myra Tanner. Organizations American Museum of Natural History. -
Quercetin Attenuates Thermal Hyperalgesia and Cold Allodynia in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 42, August 2004, pp. 766-769 Quercetin attenuates thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia in STZ-induced diabetic rats Muragundla Anjaneyulu & Kanwaljit Chopra* Pharmacology Division, Universit y In stitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh , I 60 014, India Received 21 January 2004; revised 5 May 2004 Neuropathic pain is one of the important mi crovascular complications of diabetes. Oxidative stress and superoxide play a criti cal role in th e development of neurovascular complications in diabetes. Aim of th e present study was to eva lu ate the effec t of qu ercetin, a bi onavo noid on thermal nocicepti ve responses in streptozotoci n (STZ)-induced diabetic rats assessed by tail-immersion and hot plate meth ods. After 4-weeks of a single intra venous STZ injecti on (45 mg/kg body wei ght), diabetic rat s exhibited a significant th ermal hyperal gesia and cold all odynia along with in creased plasma glucose and decreased body weights as compared with control rat s. Chronic treatment with quercetin (I 0 mg/kg body wei ght; p.o) for 4- weeks starting from the 4' 11 week of STZ-injection significantly attenuated th e cold all odyni a as well as hypera lges ia. Results indicate th at qu ercetin, a natural anti ox idant, may be helpful in diabetic neuropathy. Keywords: Diabeti c neuropathy, Hyperalgesia, Quercetin, Cold all odyni a, Tail-immersion, Hot plate. Neuropathic pain is one of the most common Based on analgesic and antioxidant properties of complications in diabetes mellitus. -
Effect of Restraint Stress on Nociceptive Responses in Rats: Role of the Histaminergic System
Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 26(December 2011) 139 – 141 www.njps.com.ng Short communication Effect of restraint stress on nociceptive responses in rats: role of the histaminergic system *Ibironke G F and Mordi N E Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan,Ibadan, Nigeria. Summary: Stress induced analgesia (SIA) is well known, but the reverse phenomenon, hyperalgesia is poorly documented. This study investigated the role of the histaminergic system in restraint stress hyperalgesia in rats, using thermal stimulation method (hot plate and tail flick tests). Paw licking and tail withdrawal latencies were taken before and after restraint for about one hour. Significant decreases (p< 0.05) were obtained in these latencies after the restraint in both tests. Administration of H1 and H2 receptor blockers, chlorpheniramine and cimetidine respectively 30 mins before the restraint still resulted in significant (p<0.05) reductions in these latencies, connoting the persistence of hyperalgesia, showing that histamine H1 and H2 receptors did not participate in the mechanism of restraint stress hyperalgesia. We therefore suggest a histaminergic independent mechanism for restraint stress induced hyperalgesia. Keywords: Restraint stress, Thermal stimulation, Hyperalgesia, Histamine. ©Physiological Society of Nigeria *Address for correspondence: [email protected] Manuscript Accepted: July, 2011 INTRODUCTION higher levels of suffering during stressful episodes (Conrad et al, 2007, Fishbain et al, 2006). Numerous Stress can have bilateral effects on pain related pre-clinical models have been developed to reproduce phenomena. Firstly, acute stress can produce various pain modalities that are encountered in the analgesia in humans and animals (Amit and Galina, clinic, however, animal studies assessing the 1986). -
Differential Control of Opioid Antinociception to Thermal Stimuli in a Knock-In Mouse Expressing Regulator of ␣ G-Protein Signaling-Insensitive G O Protein
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 6, 2013 • 33(10):4369–4377 • 4369 Cellular/Molecular Differential Control of Opioid Antinociception to Thermal Stimuli in a Knock-In Mouse Expressing Regulator of ␣ G-Protein Signaling-Insensitive G o Protein Jennifer T. Lamberts,1 Chelsea E. Smith,1 Ming-Hua Li,3 Susan L. Ingram,3 Richard R. Neubig,1,2 and John R. Traynor1 1Department of Pharmacology, and 2Center for the Discovery of New Medicines, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and 3Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 Regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins classically function as negative modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. In vitro, RGS proteins have been shown to inhibit signaling by agonists at the -opioid receptor, including morphine. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of endogenous RGS proteins to the antinociceptive effects of morphine and other opioid agonists. ␣ ␣ G184S ␣ To do this, a knock-in mouse that expresses an RGS-insensitive (RGSi) mutant G o protein, G o (G o RGSi), was evaluated for ␣ morphine or methadone antinociception in response to noxious thermal stimuli. Mice expressing G o RGSi subunits exhibited a naltrexone-sensitive enhancement of baseline latency in both the hot-plate and warm-water tail-withdrawal tests. In the hot-plate test, a measureofsupraspinalnociception,morphineantinociceptionwasincreased,andthiswasassociatedwithanincreasedabilityofopioids to inhibit presynaptic GABA neurotransmission in the periaqueductal gray. In contrast, antinociception produced by either morphine or methadone was reduced in the tail-withdrawal test, a measure of spinal nociception. In whole-brain and spinal cord homogenates from ␣ ␣ mice expressing G o RGSi subunits, there was a small loss of G o expression and an accompanying decrease in basal G-protein activity. -
List of Entries
List of Entries Essays are shown in bold A Afferent Fibers (Neurons) Acid-Sensing Ion Channels AFibers(A-Fibers) NICOLAS VOILLEY,MICHEL LAZDUNSKI A Beta(β) Afferent Fibers Acinar Cell Injury A Delta(δ) Afferent Fibers (Axons) Acrylamide A Delta(δ)-Mechanoheat Receptor Acting-Out A Delta(δ)-Mechanoreceptor Action AAV Action Potential Abacterial Meningitis Action Potential Conduction of C-Fibres Abdominal Skin Reflex Action Potential in Different Nociceptor Populations Abduction Actiq® Aberrant Drug-Related Behaviors ® Ablation Activa Abnormal Illness Affirming States Activation Threshold Abnormal Illness Behavior Activation/Reassurance GEOFFREY HARDING Abnormal Illness Behaviour of the Unconsciously Motivated, Somatically Focussed Type Active Abnormal Temporal Summation Active Inhibition Abnormal Ureteric Peristalsis in Stone Rats Active Locus Abscess Active Myofascial Trigger Point Absolute Detection Threshold Activities of Daily Living Absorption Activity ACC Activity Limitations Accelerated Recovery Programs Activity Measurement Acceleration-Deceleration Injury Activity Mobilization Accelerometer Activity-Dependent Plasticity Accommodation (of a Nerve Fiber) Acupuncture Acculturation Acupuncture Efficacy EDZARD ERNST Accuracy and Reliability of Memory Acupuncture Mechanisms β ACE-Inhibitors, Beta( )-Blockers CHRISTER P.O. C ARLSSON Acetaminophen Acupuncture-Like TENS Acetylation Acute Backache Acetylcholine Acute Experimental Monoarthritis Acetylcholine Receptors Acute Experimental -
Xenopus Laevis
Guidance on the housing and care of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis Barney T Reed Research Animals Department - RSPCA Guidelines for the housing and care of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) May 2005 Guidance on the housing and care of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis) Acknowledgements The author would like to sincerely thank the following people for their helpful and constructive comments during the preparation of this report: Mr. D. Anderson - Home Office, Animals Scientific Procedures Division Mr. M. Brown - MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Dr. G. Griffin - Canadian Council for Animal Care (CCAC) Dr. M. Guille - School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth Dr. P. Hawkins - Research Animals Department, RSPCA Dr. R. Hubrecht - Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Dr. M. Jennings - Research Animals Department, RSPCA Dr. K. Mathers - MRC National Institute for Medical Research Dr. G. Sanders - School of Medicine, University of Washington Prof. R. Tinsley - School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol Special thanks also to those organisations whose establishments I visited and whose scientific and animal care staff provided valuable input and advice. Note: The views expressed in this document are those of the author, and may not necessarily represent those of the persons named above or their affiliated organisations. About the author Barney Reed studied psychology and biology at the University of Exeter before obtaining a MSc in applied animal behaviour and animal welfare from the University of Edinburgh. He worked in the Animals Scientific Procedures Division of the Home Office before joining the research animals department of the RSPCA as a scientific officer. -
The Use of Animals in Higher Education
THE USE OF P R O B L E M S, A L T E R N A T I V E S , & RECOMMENDA T I O N S HUMANE SOCIETY PR E S S by Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D. PUBLIC PO L I C Y SE R I E S Public Policy Series THE USE OF An i m a l s IN Higher Ed u c a t i o n P R O B L E M S, A L T E R N A T I V E S , & RECOMMENDA T I O N S by Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D. Humane Society Press an affiliate of Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D., has been associate director for education in the Animal Res e a r ch Issues section of The Humane Society of the United States since 1993. Born in England and raised in New Zealand and Canada, Dr . Balcombe studied biology at York University in Tor onto before obtaining his masters of science degree from Carleton University in Ottawa and his Ph.D. in ethology at the University of Tennessee. Ack n ow l e d g m e n t s The author wishes to thank Andrew Rowan, Martin Stephens, Gretchen Yost, Marilyn Balcombe, and Francine Dolins for reviewing and commenting on earlier versions of this monograph. Leslie Adams, Kathleen Conlee, Lori Do n l e y , Adrienne Gleason, Daniel Kos s o w , and Brandy Richardson helped with various aspects of its research and preparation. Copyright © 2000 by The Humane Society of the United States. -
Animals and the Dissection Industry How Animals Are Collected and Killed for Dissection and the Alternatives You Can Choose
THE PETA GUIDE TO Animals and the Dissection Industry How Animals Are Collected and Killed for Dissection and the Alternatives You Can Choose Thistle’s Story his is the true story of a tiny kitten packed in crates too small for them to stand who was rescued from a biological up in. The cats’ origins remain unknown, but Tsupply company and spared the they had all spent time in a dealer’s shed, and horror that millions of animals suffer each some were sick or dying. year for science classes. Here’s what the investigator wrote: “When In many ways, Thistle is like any other young they arrive ..., frightened cats come face to cat: He loves games and attention. He races face with a worker who jabs violently at them madly around the room, ending with a metal hook, forcing them with a flying leap onto from two or three already someone’s lap. He cramped crates into pounces on his one. Then it’s on to human the gas chamber. companions’ Many of the cats fingers as they are still moving wiggle between when workers the cushions. He pump even plays with formaldehyde the dogs in his into their veins. house. But you They clench their could also say he is an paws as the chemicals especially charmed cat. surge through their That’s because Thistle was bodies. They are then stored rescued from a biological supply and eventually packaged and shipped company by an undercover investigator. to schools all around the country.” The PETA investigator who saved Thistle was The PETA investigator who observed these working undercover at one of the nation’s conditions managed to save two cats. -
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION for Centuries, Plants Have Provided
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION For centuries, plants have provided man with an array of products crucial to social-economic life. Medicinal plants in particular have been highly valued and used regularly for thousands of years by the people of the world as the medicine of the masses. Man has always searched for that herb that heals the body and soothes the mind and there has never been a shortage of vegetation to investigate with some 20,000 species that have been used by various cultures. Medicinal plants have been used to treat psychiatric and behavioral conditions such as anxiety, depression, seizures, dementia and insomnia (Klemens, 2006). However, as western medicine evolved through the twentieth century, people wanted to swallow pill of a concentrated "active ingredient," or, perhaps a synthetic pharmaceutical equivalent. As a result, potentially valuable herbal formulation may not have been investigated and are forever lost owing to a dramatic substitution of herbs for orthodox drugs. The stigma attached to substance use and abuse also contributes to insufficient documentation and scientific investigation of African psychotropic plants, thus resulting to low priority ascribed to medicinal plants and hence silence and loss of research interest in psychoactive plants (Carlini, 2003). Carlini (2003) reported that “most psychoactive plants first used by the so-called primitive cultures were relegated by European occidental culture to a second plan and considered them as sorcerer’s therapeutics and often viewed in a negative light”. This impression has led to the abandonment of the endowment of nature for therapeutic remedies. Although current drugs used for the treatment of these disorders have gained popularity among the users, there is still a serious and growing concern on their therapeutic effectiveness.